1.0 Title: Experiment of Hydrostatic Pressure on a Plane Surface 2.0 Objective 1.

To determine the centre of pressure on both submerged and partially submerged plane surface. 2. To compare the centre of pressure between experimental and theoretical. 3.0 Theory Review the derivation of the resultant magnitude and point of action of hydrostatic force on a submerged plane surfaces. List these expressions for a vertical that is (a) partially submerged and (b) fully submerged. Sketch a free-body diagram for the quarter-circle block assembly, and prove the following expressions for the moment about the pivot point (O) exerted by the hydrostatic force. Explain why the hydrostatic pressures on the two curved surfaces have no effect on the resultant moment. (a) When the surface is partially submerged (h<H): F = g ( h = h = H) Experimental Theoretically

(b) When the surface is fully submerged (h>H): F = gBD (d- ) h = = Experimental

h =

Theoretically

4.0 Experimental Apparatus

Figure 1: The Hydrostatic Pressure Apparatus

Figure 2: Moments acting while balance weight is being adjusted and the tank is empty

Total Depth of Quadrant, H = 200mm Height of Fulcrum above Quadrant = 100mm Height of End Surface, D = 100mm

Width, B = 75mm Length of Balance, L = 280mm Reservoir Tank Volume,V= 5.5L

5.0 Experimental Procedure: 1. The counterweight was set so that the balance of the beam is horizontal with no water in the tank. 2. The water was set up to some level and will use at least four water levels in this experiment. The water level was leave part of the vertical face exposed. 3. The weights were added to the pan to restore the beam to a horizontal position. The weight was record and Measure H. 4. The h was measure and record. 5. Repeat steps with increasing number of weight until the tank is full of water.

6.0 Experimental Data/ Results: Height of Quadrant, D (m) = 0.075m Width of Quadrant, B (m) = 0.075m Length of Balance, L (m) = 0.265m Quadrant to pivot, H (m) = 0.171m Density, (kg/m3) = 1000 kg/m3 Gravity, g (m/s2) = 9.81 m/s2 Table 1: Experimental data Depth of Immersion Thrust, T 2nd Moment Immersion, (Full/Partial) (N) Experimental, d (m) h (m) 0.050 0.068 0.083 0.097 0.112 0.127 0.141 0.141 0.141 Partial Partial Partial Partial Full Full Full Full Full 0.9197 1.7011 2.5343 3.4613 4.1110 5.9335 7.3137 7.3137 7.3137 0.1413 0.1528 0.1539 0.1502 0.1581 0.1579 0.1593 0.1769 0.2048

Mass, m kg

0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45

2nd Moment Theory, h: (m) 0.1543 0.1483 0.1433 0.1387 0.1398 0.1387 0.1380 0.1380 0.1380

Error (%)

9.2 2.95 6.89 7.66 11.57 12.16 13.37 21.99 32.62

2nd Moment (m) vs Mass (kg)

0.25

0.2 Moment, h'' (m)

0.15

Moment experimental Moment theory

0.1

0.05

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 Mass (kg) 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45

Figure 3: 2nd Moment, h (m) versus Mass (kg) graph 7.0 Discussion From Table 1 the increments of thrust are linear with the mass. But, from 0.35kg to 0.45kg we can see the result is the same, this is because of the reading of depth of immersion is same. This happened due to the reservoir tank volume has reached the limit of its volume. From the Figure 3 we can see that the result from theory value and experimental value is different. This is because, from the formula given, experimental formula has more variable such as width of quadrant, length of balance and etc. that can be effect the result than the theory formula that has fewer variables 8.0 Conclusion From the experiment, we can conclude that the experiment was successful even though there is difference in the theoretical value and experimental value. There is no relative motion between the fluid particles. The only stress will be normal stress which equal to the pressure. There are some errors that may occur during conducting this experiment which may give effect to the result obtained. First, there is parallax error. This error occurs during taking the reading of the water level. To overcome this error, the observers eye must be 90 perpendiculars to the water level in order to get the accurate measurement. Next error is when pouring the water. This happen when the water over poured to the limit that should be poured. To overcome this error, the water must be

ensured poured perfectly to reach the limit. Other error maybe occurs during instrument set up. Lastly, to get an accurate result, the experiment must being done in ideal condition. 9.0 Application in Industry Barometer Life jackets Fuel gauge Water pump Food packaging (canned food) 10.0 References http://www.madsci.org/ http://www.mne.psu.edu/cimbala/Learning/Fluid/Hydrostatics http://www.neduet.edu.pk/Chemical/PDF/FLUID%20MECHANICS%20LAB.pdf Fox, Robert; McDonald, Alan; Pritchard, Philip (2012). Fluid Mechanics (8 edition.). John Wiley & Sons.