2Bouvier's Law Dictionary

1856 Edition

R
RACK, punishments. n en!ine with which to torture a supposed crimina", in order to e#tort a con$ession o$ his supposed crime, and the names o$ his supposed accomp"ices. %n&nown in the %nited 'tates. 2. (his instrument, &nown )y the nic&name o$ the Du&e o$ E#eter's dau!hter, was in use in En!"and. Barr. on the 'tat. 866 12 '. * R. 22+. BACK RENT, En!". "aw. (he $u"" e#tended va"ue o$ "and "et )y "ease, paya)"e )y tenant $or "i$e or ,ears. -ood's .nst. 1/2. RADOUB, 0rench "aw. (his word desi!nates the repairs made to a ship, and a $resh supp"y o$ $urniture and victua"s, munitions and other provisions re1uired $or the voya!e. 2ard. n. 632. RAILWAY. road made with iron rai"s or other suita)"e materia"s. 2. Rai"ways are to )e constructed and used as directed )y the "e!is"ative acts creatin! them. 4. .n !enera", a rai"road company may ta&e "ands $or the purpose o$ ma&in! a road when authori5ed )y the charter, )y payin! a 6ust va"ue $or the same. 8 '. * 7. 68/. 8. 0or most purposes a rai"road is a pu)"ic hi!hway, )ut it may )e the su)6ect o$ private property, and it has )een he"d that it may )e so"d as such, un"ess the sa"e )e $or)idden )y the "e!is"ature9 not the $ranchise, )ut the "and constitutin! the road. 5 .rede"", 2/+. .n. !enera", however, the pu)"ic can on"y have a ri!ht o$ way $or it is not essentia" that the pu)"ic shou"d en6oy the "and itse"$, name"y, its treasures, minera"s, and the "i&e, as these wou"d add nothin! to the convenience o$ the pu)"ic. 5. Rai":road companies, "i&e a"" other principa"s, are "ia)"e $or the acts o$ their a!ents, whi"e in their emp"oy, )ut they can not )e made responsi)"e $or accidents which cou"d not )e avoided. 2 .rede"", 2489 2 7c7u""an, 834. RAIN WATER. (he water which natura""y $a""s $rom the c"ouds. 2. ;o one has a ri!ht to )ui"d his house so as to cause the rain water to $a"" over his nei!h)or's "and9 1 Ro""e's ). 13+9 2 Leo. /89 1 'tr. 6849 0ortesc. 2129 Bac. ). ction on. the case, 0.9 5 <o. 1319 2 Ro""e, ). 565, 1. 139 1 <om. Di!. ction upon the case $or a nuisance, 9 un"ess he has ac1uired a ri!ht )y a !rant or prescription. 4. -hen the "and remains in a state o$ nature, says a "earned writer, and )y the natura" descent, the rain water wou"d descend $rom the superior estate over the "ower, the "atter is necessari"y su)6ect to receive such water. 1 Lois des Batimens, 15, 16. =ide 2 Ro"". 1839 Di!. 4/, 49 2 Bouv. .nst. n. 1638. RANGE. (his word is used in the "and "aws o$ the %nited 'tates to desi!nate the order o$ the "ocation o$ such "ands, and in patents $rom the %nited 'tates to individua"s they are descri)ed as )ein! within a certain ran!e. RANK. (he order or p"ace in which certain o$$icers are p"aced in the army and navy, in

re"ation to others, is ca""ed their ran&. 2. .t is a ma#im, that o$$icers o$, an in$erior ran& are )ound to o)ey a"" the "aw$u" commands o$ their superiors, and are 6usti$ied $or such o)edience. RANKING. .n 'cot"and this term is used to si!ni$y the order in which the de)ts o$ a )an&rupt ou!ht to )e paid. RANSOM, contracts, war. n a!reement made )etween the commander o$ a capturin! vesse" with the commander o$ a van1uished vesse", at sea, )y which the $ormer permits the "atter to depart with his vesse", and !ives him a sa$e conduct, in consideration o$ a sum o$ money, which the commander o$ the van1uished vesse", in his own name, and in the name o$ the owners o$ his vesse" and car!o, promises to pay at a $uture time named, to the other. 2. (his contract is usua""y made in writin! in dup"icate, one o$ which is &ept )y the van1uished vesse" which is its sa$e conduct9 and the other )y the con1uerin! vesse", which is proper"y ca""ed ransom )i"". 4. (his contract, when made in !ood $aith, and not "oca""y prohi)ited, is va"id, and may )e en$oreed. 'uch contracts have never )een prohi)ited in this country. 1 >ent, <om. 135. .n En!"and they are !enera""y $or)idden. <hit. Law o$ ;at. /3 /19 2oth. (r. du Dr. de 2ropr. n. 12+. =ide 2 Bro. <iv. Law, 2639 -es&. 8459 + <om. Di!. 2319 7arsh. .ns. 8419 2 Da"". 159 15 ?ohn. 69 4 Burr. 1+48. (he money paid $or the redemption o$ such property is a"so ca""ed the ransom. RAPE, crim. "aw. (he carna" &now"ed!e o$ a woman )y a man $orci)"y and un"aw$u""y a!ainst her wi"". .n order to ascertain precise"y the nature o$ this o$$ence, this de$inition wi"" )e ana"ysed. 2. 7uch di$$icu"ty has arisen in de$inin! the meanin! o$ carna" &now"ed!e, and di$$erent opinions have )een entertained some 6ud!es havin! supposed that penetration a"one is su$$icient, whi"e other's deemed emission as an essentia" in!redient in the crime. @aw&. ). 1, c. 81, s. 49 12 <o. 4+9 1 @a"e, 2. <. 6289 2 <hit. <r. L. 813. But in modern times the )etter opinion seems to )e that )oth penetration and emission are necessary. 1 East, 2. <. 84/9 2 Leach, 858. .t is, however, to )e remar&ed, that very s"i!ht evidence may )e su$$icient to induce a 6ury to )e"ieve there was emission. ddis. R. 1849 2 'o. <ar. <. R. 4519 1 Bec&'s 7ed. ?ur. 183. 8 <hit. B". <om. 214, note 8. .n 'cot"and, emission is not re1uisite. ""is. 2rin. 23/, 213. 'ee Emission9 2enetration. 4. By the term man in this de$inition is meant a ma"e o$ the human species, o$ the a!e o$ $ourteen years and upwards9 $or an in$ant, under $ourteen years, is supposed )y "aw incapa)"e o$ committin! this o$$ence. 1 @a"e, 2. <. 6419 8 <. * 2. +48. But not on"y can an in$ant unc"er $ourteen years, i$ o$ su$$icient mischievous discretion, )ut even a woman may )e !ui"ty as principa"s in the second de!ree. nd the hushand o$ a woman may )e a principa" in the second de!ree o$ a rape committed upon his wi$e, as where he he"d her whi"e his servant committed the rape. 1 @ar! 't. (r. 488. 8. (he &now"ed!e o$ the woman's person must )e $orci)"y and a!ainst her wi""9 and i$ her consent has not )een vo"untari"y and $ree"y !iven, Awhen she has the power to consent,B the o$$ence wi"" )e comp"ete, nor wi"" any su)se1uent ac1uiescence on her part do away the !ui"t o$ the ravisher. consent o)tained $rom a woman )y actua" vio"ence, )y duress

or threats o$ murder, or )y the administration o$ stupe$yin! dru!s, is not such a consent as wi"" shie"d the o$$ender, nor turn his crime into adu"tery or $ornication. 5. (he matrmonia" consent o$ the wi$e cannot )e retracted, and, there$ore, her hushand cannot )e !ui"ty o$ a rape on her as his act is not un"aw$u". But, as a"ready o)served, he may )e !ui"ty as principa" in the second de!ree. 6. s a chi"d under ten years o$ a!e is incapa)"e in "aw to !ive her consent, it $o""ows, that the o$$ence may )e committed on such a chi"d whether she consent or not. 'ee 'tat. 18 E"i5, c. +, s. 8. 'ee, as to the possi)i"ity o$ commi ttin! a rape, and as to the si!ns which indicate it, 1 Bec&'s 7ed. ?ur. ch. 129 7er"in, Rep. mot =io".9 1 Briand, 7ed. Le!. 1ere partic, c. 1, p. 669 Biessy, 7anue" 7edico:Le!a", *c. p. 18/9 2arent Duchate""et, De "a 2rostitution dans "a vi""e de 2aris, c. 4, C5 Barr. on the 'tat. 1249 / <ar. * 2. +52 2 2ic&. 4839 12 '. * R. 6/9 + <onn. 58 <onst. R. 4589 2 =ir. <as. 245. RAPE, division o$ a country. .n the En!"ish "aw, this is a district simi"ar to that o$ a hundred9 )ut o$tentimes containin! in it more hundreds than one. RAPINE, crim. "aw. (his is a"most indistin!uisha)"e $rom ro))ery. A1. v.B .t is the $e"onious ta&in! o$ another man's persona" property, open"y and )y vio"ence, a!ainst his wi"". (he civi"ians de$ine rapine to )e the ta&in! with vio"ence, the mova)"e property o$ another, with the $raudu"ent intent to appropriate it to one's own %'<. Lec. E". Dr. Rom. C13+1. RAPPORT A SUCCESSION. 0rench term used in Louisiana, which is somewhat simi"ar in its meanin! to our home"y term hotch:pot. .t is the reunion to the mass o$ the succession, o$ the thin!s !iven )y the deceased ancestor to his heir, in order that the who"e may )e divided amon! the do:heirs. 2. (he o)"i!ation to ma&e the rapport has a tripp"e $oundation. 1. .t is to )e presumed that the deceased intended in ma&in! an advancement, to !ive on"y a portion o$ the inheritance. 2. .t esta)"ishes the e1ua"ity o$ adivision, at "east, with re!ard to the chi"dren o$ the same parent, who a"" have an e1ua" ri!ht to the succession. 4. .t preserves in $ami"ies that harmony, which is a"ways distur)ed )y un6ust $avors to one who has on"y an e1ua" ri!ht. Da"". Dict. h. t. 'ee dvancement9 <o""ation9 @otchpot. RASCATL. n oppro)rious term, app"ied to persons o$ )ad character. (he "aw does not presume that a dama!e has arisen )ecause the de$endant has )een ca""ed a rasca", and there$ore no !enera" dama!es can )e recovered $or it9 i$ the party has received specia" dama!es in conse1uence o$ )ein! so ca""ed, )e can recover a recompense to indenni$y him $or his "oss. RASURE. (he scratchin! or scrapin! a writin!, so as to prevent some part o$ it $rom )ein! read. (he word writin! here is intended to inc"ude printin!. =ide ddition9 Erasure and .nter"ineation. "so 8 =in. ). 16/9 14 =in. ). 4+9 Bac. ). Evidence, 0.9 8 <om. Di!. 2/89 + .d. 232. RATE. pu)"ic va"uation or assessment o$ every man's estate9 or the ascertainin! how much ta# every one sha"" pay. =ide 2ow. 7ort!. .nde#, h. t.9 @arr. Di!. h. t.9 1 @op&. <. R. 8+. RATE OF EXCHANGE. mon! merchants, )y rate o$ e#chan!e is understood the price at which a )i"" drawn in one country upon another, may )e so"d in the $ormer.

RATIFICATION, contracts. n a!reement to adopt an act per$ormed )y another $or us. 2. Rati$ications are either empress or imp"ied. (he $ormer are made in e#press and direct terms o$ assent9 the "atter are such as the "aw presumes $rom the acts o$ the principa"9 as, i$ 2eter )uy !oods $or ?ames, and the "atter, &nowin! the $act, receive them and app"y them to his own use. By rati$yin! a contract a man adopts the a!ency, a"to!ether, as we"" what is detrimenta" as that which is $or his )ene$it. 2 'tr. R. 85/9 1 t&. 1289 8 (. R. 2119 + East, R. 1689 16 7. R. 1359 1 =es. 53/ 'mith on 7er. L. 639 'tory, !. C253 / B. * <r. 5/. 4. s a !enera" ru"e, the principa" has the ri!ht to e"ect whether he wi"" adopt the unauthori5ed act or not. But havin! once rati$ied the act, upon a $u"" &now"ed!e o$ a"" the materia" circumstances, the rati$ication cannot )e revo&ed or reca""ed, and the principa" )ecomes )ound as i$ he had ori!ina""y authori5ed the act. 'tory, !. C2539 2a"ey, !. )y L"oyd, 1+19 4 <hit. <om. Law, 1/+. 8. (he rati$ication o$ a "aw$u" contract has a retrospective e$$ect, ana )inds the principa" $rom its date, and not on"y $rom the time o$ the rati$ication, $or the rati$ication is e1uiva"ent to an ori!ina" authority, accordin! to the ma#im, that omnis ratiha)itio mandate ae!uiparatur. 2oth. D). n. +59 Ld. Raym. /439 <om. 8539 5 Burr. 2+2+9 2 @. B". 6249 1 B. * 2. 4169 14 ?ohn.9 R. 46+9 2 ?ohn. <as. 8289 2 7ass. R. 136. 5. 'uch rati$ication wi"", in !enera", re"ieve the a!ent $rom a"" responsi)i"ity on the contract, when )e wou"d otherwise have )een "ia)"e. 2 Brod. * Bin!. 852. 'ee 16 7ass. R. 8619 8 -end. R. 8/89 13 -end. R. 4//9 'tory, !. C251. =ide ssent, and y". 2and. E4869 18 =in. ). 1569 1 Liv. on, !. c. 2, C8, p. 88, 8+9 'tory on !. C24/9 4 <hit. <om. L. 1/+9 2a"ey on !. )y L"oyd, 4289 'mith on 7er. L. 8+, 639 2 ?ohn. <as. 8289 14 7ass. R. 1+89 .d. 4/19 .d. 4+/9 6 2ic&. R. 1/89 1 Bro. <h. R. 131, note9 '. <. m)". R. ++39 1 2et. <. <. R. +29 Bouv. .nst. .nde#, h. t. 6. n in$ant is not "ia)"e on his contracts9 )ut i$, a$ter comin! o$ a!e, he rati$y the contract )y an actua" or e#press dec"aration, he wi"" )e )ound to per$orm it, as i$ it had )een made a$ter he attained $u"" a!e. (he rati$ication must )e vo"untary, de"i)erate, and inte""i!ent, and the party must &now that without it, he wou"d not )e )ound. 11 '. * R. 435, 4119 4 2enn. 't. R. 828. 'ee 12 <onn. 551, 5569 13 7ass. 14+,1839 18 7ass. 85+9 8 -end. 834, 835. But a con$irmation or rati$ication o$ a contract, may )e imp"ied $rom acts o$ the in$ant a$ter he )ecomes o$ a!e9 as )y en6oyin! or c"aimin! a )ene$it under a contract )e mi!ht have who""y rescinded9 1 2ic&. 221, 22 49 and an in$ant partner wi"" )e "ia)"e $or the contracts o$ the $irm, or at "east such as were &nown to him, i$ he, a$ter )ecomin! o$ a!e, con$irm the contract o$ partnership )y transactin! )usiness o$ the $irm, receivin! pro$its, and the "i&e. 2 @i"". 'o. <ar. Rep. 8+/9 1 B. 7oore, 28/. RATIFICATION OF TREATIES. (he constitution o$ the %nited 'tates, art. 2, s. 2, dec"ares that the president sha"" have power, )y and with the advice and consent o$ the senate, to ma&e treaties, provided two:thirds o$ the senators present concur. 2. 'o treaty is there$ore o$ any va"idity to )ind the nation un"ess it has )een rati$ied )y two:thirds o$ the mem)ers present in the senate at the time its e#pediency or propriety may have )een discussed. =ide (reaty. RATIHABITION, contracts. <on$irmation9 appro)ation o$ a contract9 rati$ication. =in. ). h. t.9 ssent. A1. v.B

RATIONALIBUS DIVISIS, WRIT DE. (he name o$ a writ which "ies proper"y when two men have "ands in severa" towns or ham"ets, so that the one is seised o$ the "and in one town or ham"et, and the other, o$ the other town or ham"et )y himse"$9 and they do not &now the )ounds o$ the town or ham"et, nor o$ their respective "ands. (his writ "ies )y one, a!ainst the other, and the o)6ect o$ it is to $i# the )oundaries. 0 . ;. B. 433. RAVISHED, p"eadin!s. .n indictments $or rape, this technica" word must )e introduced, $or no other word, nor any circum"ocution, wi"" answer the purpose. (he de$endant shou"d )e char!ed with havin! F$e"onious"y ravishedF the prosecutri#, or woman mentioned in the indictment. Bac. ). .ndictment, G "9 <om. Di!. .ndictment, G 69 @aw&. B. 2, c. 25, s. 569 <ro. <. <. 4+9 1 @a"e, 628H 2 @a"e, 188 <o. Litt. 188, n. p.9 2 .nst. 1839 1 East, 2. <. 88+. (he words F$e"onious"y did ravish and carna""y &now,F imp"y that the act was done $orci)"y and a!ainst the wi"" o$ the woman. 12 '. * R. +3. =ide 4 <hit. <r. Law, 812. RAVISHMENT, crim. "aw. (his word has severa" meanin!s. 1. .t is an un"aw$u" ta&in! o$ a woman, or an heir in ward. 2. .t is sometimes used synonymous"y with rape. RAVISHMENT OF WARD, En!. "aw. (he marria!e o$ an in$ant ward, without the consent o$ the !uardian, is ca""ed a ravishment o$ ward, and punisha)"e )y statute. -estminster 2, c. 45. READING. (he act o$ ma&in! &nown the contents o$ a writin! or o$ a printed document. 2. .n order to ena)"e a party to a contract or a devisor to &now what a paper contains it must )e read, either )y the party himse"$ or )y some other person to him. -hen a person si!ns or e#ecutes a paper, it wi"" )e presumed that it has )een read to him, )ut this presumption may )e re)utted. 4. .n the case o$ a )"ind testator, i$ it can )e proved that the wi"" was not read to him, it cannot )e sustained. 4 -ash. < <. R. 583. =ide 2 Bouv. .nst. n. 2312. REAL. term which is app"ied to "and in its most en"ar!ed si!ni$ication. Rea" security, there$ore, means the security o$ mort!a!es or other incum)rances a$$ectin! "ands. 2 t&. 8369 '. <. 2 =es. sen. 58+. 2. .n the civi" "aw, rea" has not the same meanin! as it has in the common "aw. (here it si!ni$ies what re"ates to a thin!, whether it )e mova)"e or immova)"e, "ands or !oods9 thus, a rea" in6ury is one which is done to a thin!, as a trespass to property, whether it )e rea" or persona" in the common "aw sense. rea" statute is one which re"ates to a thin!, in contradistinction to such as re"ate to a person, REAL ACTIONS. (hose which concern the rea"ty on"y, )ein! such )y which the demandant c"aims tit"e to have any "ands or tenements, rents, or other hereditaments, in $ee simp"e, $ee tai", or $or term o$ "i$e. 4 B". <om. 11+. =ide ctions. 2. .n the civi" "aw, )y rea" actions are meant those which arise $rom a ri!ht in a thin!, whether it )e mova)"e or immova)"e. REAL CONTRACT, com. "aw. By this term are understood contracts in respect to rea" property. 4 Raw"e, 225. 2. .n the civi" "aw rea" contracts are those which re1uire the interposition o$ thin! Arei,B as the su)6ect o$ them9 $or instance, the "oan $or !oods to )e speci$ica""y returned.

4. By that "aw, contracts are divided into those which are $ormed )y the mere consent o$ the parties, and there$ore are ca""ed consensua"9 such as sa"e, hirin! and mandate, and those in which it is necessary that there shou"d )e somethin! more than mere consent, such as the "oan o$ money, deposit or p"ed!e, which, $rom their nature, re1uire the de"ivery o$ the thin!9 whence they are ca""ed rea". 2oth. D)". p. 1, c. 1, s. 1, art. 2. REAL PROPERTY, (hat which consists o$ "and, and o$ a"" ri!hts and pro$its arisin! $rom and anne#ed to "and, o$ a permanent, immova)"e nature. .n order to ma&e one's interest in "and, rea" estate, it must )e an interest not "ess than $or the party's "i$e, )ecause a term o$ years, even $or a thousand years, perpetua""y renewa)"e, is a mere persona" estate. 4 Russ. R. 4+6. .t is usua""y comprised under the words "ands, tenements, and hereditaments. Rea" property is corporea", or incorporea". 2. <orporea" consists who""y o$ su)stantia", permanent o)6ects, which may a"" )e comprehended under the !enera" denomination o$ "and. (here are some chatte"s which are so anne#ed to the inheritance, that they are deemed a part o$ it, and are ca""ed heir "ooms. A1. v.B 7oney a!reed or directed to )e "aid out in "and is considered as rea" estate. ;ew". on <ontr. chap. 49 0on). E1. B. 1, c. 6, C/9 4 -heat. Rep. 5++. 4. .ncorporea" property, consists o$ certain inherita)"e ri!hts, which are not, strict"y spea&in!, o$ a corporea" nature, or "and, a"thou!h they are )y their own nature or )y use, anne#ed to corporea" inheritances, and are ri!hts issuin! out o$ them, or which concern them. (hese distinctions a!ree with the civi" "aw. ?ust. .nst. 2, 29 2oth. (raite de "a <ommunaute, part 1, c. 2, art. 1. (he incorporea" hereditaments which su)sist )y the "aws o$ the severa" states are $ewer than those reco!ni5ed )y the En!"ish "aw. .n the %nited 'tates, there are $ortunate"y no advowsons, tithes, nor di!nities, as inheritances. 8. (he most common incorporea" hereditaments, are, 1. <ommons. 2. -ays. 4. D$$ices. 8. 0ranchises. 5. Rents. 0or authorities o$ what is rea" or persona" property, see 8 <om. Di!. 5689 1 =ern. Rep. )y Raith)y, 8, n.9 2 >ent, <om. 2++9 4 .d. 4419 8 -atts' R. 4819 Bac. ). E#ecutors, @ 49 1 7ass. Di!. 4/89 5 7ass. R. 81/, and the re$erences under the artic"e 2ersona" property, A1. v.B and 2roperty. A1. v.B 5. (he principa" distinctions )etween rea" and persona" property, are the $o""owin!H 1. Rea" property is o$ a permanent and immova)"e nature, and the owner has an estate therein at "east $or "i$e. 2. .t descends $rom the ancestor to the heir instead o$ )ecomin! the property o$ an e#ecutor or admin:istrator on the death o$ the owner, as in case o$ persona"ty. 4. .n case o$ a"ienation, it must in !enera" )e made )y deed, 5 B. * <. 221, and in presenti )y the common "aw9 whereas "eases $or years may commence in $uturo, and persona" chatte"s may )e trans$erred )y paro" or de"ivery. 8. Rea" estate when devised, is su)6ect to the widow's dower persona" estate can )e !iven away )y wi"" dischar!ed o$ any c"aim o$ the widow. 6. (hese are some interests arisin! out o$, or connected with rea" property, which in some respects parta&e o$ the 1ua"ities o$ persona""y9 as, $or e#amp"e, heir "ooms, tit"e deeds, which, thou!h in themse"ves mova)"e, yet re"atin! to "and descend $rom ancestor to heir, or $rom a vendor to a purchaser. 8 Bin . 136. +. .t is a ma#im in e1uity, that thin!s to )e done wi"" )e considered as done, and vice versa. ccordin! to this doctrine money or !oods wi"" )e considered as rea" property, and "and wi"" )e treated as persona" property. 7oney directed )y a wi"" to )e "aid out in "and

is, in e1uity, considered as "and, and wi"" pass )y the words F"ands, tenements, and hereditaments whatsoever and wheresoever.F 4 Bro. <. <. //9 1 (ho. <o. Litt. 21/, n. (. REALITY OF LAWS. (hose "aws which !overn property, whether rea" or persona", or thin!s9 the term is used in persona opposition to persona"ity o$ "aws. A1. v.B 'tory, <on$". o$ L. 24. REALM. &in!dom9 a country. 1 (aunt. 2+39 8 <amp). 28/9 Rose, R. 48+. REALTY. n a)stract o$ rea", as distin!uished $rom persona"ty. Rea"ty re"ates to "ands and tenements, rents or other hereditaments. =ide Rea" 2roperty. REASON. By reason is usua""y understood that power )y which we distin!uish truth $rom $a"sehood, and ri!ht $rom wron!9 and )y which we are ena)"ed to com)ine means $or the attainment o$ particu"ar ends. Encyc"opedie, h. t.9 'he$. on Lun. .ntrod. ##vi. Ratio in 6ure ae1uitas inte!ra. 2. man deprived o$ reason is not crimina""y responsi)"e $or his acts, nor can he enter into any contract. 4. Reason is ca""ed the sou" o$ the "aw9 $or when the reason ceases, the "aw itse"$ ceases. <o. Litt. /+, 1849 1 B". <om. +39 + (ou"". n. 566. 8. .n 2ennsy"vania, the 6ud!es are re1uired in !ivin! their opinions, to !ive the reasons upon which they are $ounded. simi"ar "aw e#ists in 0rance, which (ou""ier says is one o$ pro$ound wisdom, )ecause, he says, "es arrets ne sont p"us comme autre $ois des orac"es muets 1ui commandent une o)eissance passive9 "eur autorite irre$ra!a)"e pour ou contre ceu# 1ui "es ont o)tenus, devient soumise a "a censure de "a raison, 1uand on pretend "es eri!er en re:!"es a suivre en d'autres cas sem)"a)"es, vo". 6, n. 4319 6ud!ments are not as $ormer"y si"ent orac"es which re1uire a passive o)edience9 their irre$ra!a)"e authority, $or or a!ainst those who have o)tained them, is su)mitted to the censure o$ reason, when it is pretended to set them up as ru"es to )e o)served in other simi"ar cases. But see what Duncan ?. says in 18 '. * R. 283. REASONABLE. <on$orma)"e or a!reea)"e to reason9 6ust9 rationa". 2. n award must )e reasona)"e, $or i$ it )e o$ thin!s nu!atory in themse"ves, and o$$erin! no advanta!e to either o$ the parties, it cannot )e en$oreed. 4 Bouv. .nst. n. 23/6. =ide ward. REASONABLE ACT. (his term si!ni$ies such an act as the "aw re1uires. -hen an act is unnecessary, a party wi"" not )e re1uired to per$orm it as a reasona)"e act. / 2rice's Rep. 849 ,e"v. 889 2"att. on <ov. 482, 15+. REASONABLE TIME. (he En!"ish "aw, which in this respect, has )een adopted )y us, $re1uent"y re1uires thin!s to )e done within a reasona)"e time9 )ut what a reasona)"e time is it does not de$ineH 1uam "on!:um de)et esse rationa)i"e tempus, non de$initur in "e!e, sed pendet e# discretione 6usticiariorum. <o. Litt, 53. (his inde$inite re1uisition is the source o$ much "iti!ation. )i"" o$ e#chan!e, $or e#amp"e, must )e presented within a reasona)"e time <hitty, Bi""s, 1/+:232. n a)andonment must )e made within a reasona)"e time a$ter advice received o$ the "oss. 7arsh. .nsurance, 58/. 2. (he commercia" code o$ 0rance $i#es a time in )oth these cases, which varies in proportion to the distance. 'ee <ode de <om. L. 1, t. 8, s. 1, C13, art. 1639 .d. L. 5, t. 13,

s. 4, art. 4+4. =ide, !enera""y, 6 East, 49 + East, 4859 4 B. * 2. 5//9 Bay"ey on Bi""s, 24/9 + (aunt. 15/, 4/+9 15 2ic&. R. /2,9 4 -atts. R. 44/9 13 -end. R. 4389 14 -end. R. 58/9 1 @a""'s R. 56 6 -end. R. 46/9 .d. 8849 1 Lei!h's ;. 2. 8459 <o. Litt. 56 ). REASSURANCE. -hen an insurer is desirous o$ "essenin! his "ia)i"ity, he may procure some other insurer to insure him $rom "oss, $or the insurance he has made this is ca""ed reassurance. REBATE, mer. "aw. Discount9 the a)atement o$ in$erest in conse1uence o$ prompt payment. 7erch. Dict. h. t. REBEL. citi5en or su)6ect who un6ust"y and un"aw$u""y ta&es up arms a!ainst the constituted authorities o$ the nation, to deprive them o$ the supreme power, either )y resistin! their "aw$u" and constitutiona" orders, in some particu"ar matter, or to impose on them conditions. =atte", Droit des Gens, "iv. 4, C428. .n another sense it si!ni$ies a re$usa" to o)ey a superior, or the commands o$ a court. =ide <ommission o$ Re)e""ion. REBELLION, crim. "aw. (he ta&in! up arms traitorous"y a!ainst the !overnment and in another, and perhaps a more correct sense, re)e""ion si!ni$ies the $orci)"e opposition and resistance to the "aws and process "aw$u""y issued. 2. .$ the re)e""ion amount to treason, it is punished )y the "aws o$ the %nited 'tates with death. .$ it )e a mere resistance o$ process, it is !enera""y punished )y $ine and imprisonment. 'ee Da""o5, Dict. h. t.9 <ode 2ena", 23/. REBELLION, COMMISSION OF. commission o$ re)e""ion is the name o$ a writ issuin! out o$ chancery to compe" the de$endant to appear. =ide <ommission o$ Re)e""ion. REBOUTER. (o repe" or )ar. (he action o$ the heir )y the warranty o$ his ancestor, is ca""ed to re)ut or repe". 2 (ho. <o. Litt. 28+, 434. TO REBUT. (o contradict9 to do away as, every homicide is presumed to )e murder, un"ess the contrary appears $rom evidence which proves the death9 and this presumption it "ies on the de$endant to re)ut )y showin! that it was 6usti$ia)"e or e#cusa)"e. ""is. 2rin. 88. REBUTTER, p"eadin!s. (he name o$ the de$endant's answer to the p"ainti$$'s surre6oinder. .t is !overned )y the same ru"es as the re6oinder. A1. v.B 6 <om. Di!. 185. REBUTTING EVIDENCE. (hat which is !iven )y a party in the cause to e#p"ain, repe", counteract or disprove $acts !iven in evidence on the other side. (he term re)uttin! evidence is more particu"ar"y app"ied to that evidence !iven )y the p"ainti$$, to e#p"ain or repe" the evidence !iven )y the de$endant. 2. .t is a !enera" ru"e that anythin! may )e !iven as re)uttin! evidence which is a direct rep"y ta that produced on the other side9 2 7'<ord, 1619 and the proo$ o$ circumstances may )e o$$ered to re)ut the most positive testi:mony. 2et. <. <. 245. 'ee <ircumstances. 4. But there are severa" ru"es which e#c"ude a"" re)uttin! evidence. party cannot impeach the va"idity o$ a promissory note which he has made or en:dorsed9 4 ?ohn. <as. 1859 nor impeach his own witness, thou!h he may disprove, )y other witnesses, matters to which he has testi$ied9 4 Litt. 865, nor can )e re)ut or contradict what a witness has sworn to, which is immateria" to the issue. 16 2ic&. 1549 2 Bai"ey, 118.

8. 2arties and privies are estopped $rom contradictin! a written instrument )y paro" proo$, )ut this ru"e does not app"y to stran!ers. 13 ?ohn. 22/. But the parties may prove that )e$ore )reach the a!reement was a)andoned, or annu""ed )y a su)se1uent a!reement not in writin!. 8 ;. @amp. Rep. 1/6. nd when the writin! was made )y another, as, where the "o!:)oo& stated a desertion, the party a$$ected )y it may prove that the entry was $a"se or made )y mista&e. 8 7ason, R. 581. TO RECALL, internationa" "aw. (o deprive a minister o$ his $unctions9 to supersede him. TO RECALL A JUDGMENT. (o reverse a 6ud!ment on a matter, o$ $act9 the 6ud!ment is then said to )e reca""ed or revo&ed, and when it is reversed $or an error o$ "aw, it is said simp"y to )e reversed, 1uod 6udicium reversetur. RECAPTURE, war. By this term is understood the recovery $rom the enemy, )y a $riend"y $orce, o$ a pri5e )y him captured. .t di$$ers $rom rescue. A1. v.B 2. .t seems incum)ent on $o""ow citi5ens, and it is o$ course e1ua""y the duty o$ a""ies, to rescue each other $rom the enemy when there is a reasona)"e prospect o$ success. 4 Ro). Rep. 228. 4. (he recaptors are not entit"ed to the property captured, as i$ it were a new pri5e9 the owner is entit"ed to it )y the ri!ht o$ post"iminium. A1. v.B Da"". Dict. mots 2rises maritmies, art. 2, C8. RECAPTION, remedies. (he act o$ a person who has )een deprived o$ the cus:tody o$ another to which he is "e!a""y entit"ed, )y which he re!ains the peacea)"e custody o$ such person9 or o$ the owner o$ persona" or rea" property who has )een deprived o$ his possession, )y which he reta&es possession, peacea)"y. .n each o$ these cases the "aw a""ows the recaption o$ the person or o$ the property, provided he can do so without occasionin! a )reach o$ the peace, or an in6ury to a third person who has not )een a party to the wron!. 4 .nst. 1489 2 Ro""e, Rep. 55, 69 .d. 2389 2 Ro""e, )r. 5659 4 B". <omm. 59 4 Bouv. .nst. n. 2883, et se1. 2. Recaption may )e made o$ a person, o$ persona" property, o$ rea" property9 each o$ these wi"" )e separate"y e#amined. 4. : 1. (he ri!ht o$ recaption o$ a person is con$ined to a hushand in re:ta&in! his wi$e9 a parent, his chi"d, o$ whom he has the custody9 a master, his apprentice and, accordin! to B"ac&stone, a master, his servant9 )ut this must )e "imited to a servant who assents to the recaption9 in these cases, the party in6ured may peacea)"y enter the house o$ the wron!doer, without a demand )ein! $irst made, the outer door )ein! open, and ta&e and carry away the person wron!$u""y detained. @e may a"so enter peacea)"y into the house o$ a person har)orin!, who was not concerned in the ori!ina" a)duction. 8 Bin!. R. 1869 '. <. 21 En!". <. L. Rep. 265. 8. : 2. (he same princip"es e#tend to the ri!ht o$ recaption o$ persona" property. .n this sort o$ recaption, too much care cannot )e o)served to avoid any persona" in6ury or )reach o$ the peace. 5. : 4. .n the recaption o$ rea" estate the owner may, in the a)sence o$ the occupier, )rea& open the outer door o$ a house and ta&e possession9 )ut i$, in re!ainin! his possession, the party )e !ui"ty o$ a $orci)"e entry and )reach o$ the peace, he may )e indicted9 )ut the

wron!doer or person who had no ri!ht to the possession, cannot sustain any action $or such $orci)"e re!ainin! possession mere"y. 1 <hit. 2r. 686. RECEIPT, contracts. receipt is an ac&now"ed!ment in writin! that the party !ivin! the same has received $rom the person therein named, the money or other thin! therein speci$ied. 2. "thou!h e#pressed to )e in $u"" o$ a"" demands, it is on"y prima $acie evidence o$ what it purports to )e and upon satis$actory proo$ )ein! made that it was o)tained )y $raud, or !iven either under a mista&e o$ $acts or an i!norance o$ "aw, it may )e in1uired into and corrected in a court o$ "aw as we"" as in e1uity. 1 2et. <. <. R. 1829 4 'er!. * Raw"e, 4559 '. 2. + 'er!. * Raw"e, 43/9 4 'er!. * Raw"e, 568, 58/9 12 'er!. * Raw"e, 1419 1 'id. 889 1 Lev. 849 1 'aund. 2859 2 Lutw. 11+49 <o. Lit. 4+49 2 'tar&. <. 4829 1 -., <. <. R. 4289 2 7ason's R. 5819 11 7ass. 2+9 1 ?ohns. <as. 1859 / ?ohn. R. 4139 8 ?ohns. R. 48/9 5 ?ohns. R. 689 8 @ar. * 7c@. 21/9 4 @ar. * 7c@. 8449 2 ?ohns. R. 4+89 2 ?ohns. R., 41/. receipt in $u"", !iven with a $u"" &now"ed!e o$ a"" the circumstances and in the a)sence o$ $raud, seems to )e conc"usive. 1 Esp. <. 1+29 Benson v. Bennet, 1 <amp. 4/8, n. 4. receipt sometimes contains an ac&now"ed!ment o$ havin! received a thin!, and a"so an a!reement to do another. .t is on"y prima $acie evidence as $ar as the receipt !oes, )ut it cannot )e contradicted )y paro" evidence in any part )y which the party en!a!es to per$orm a contract. )i"" o$ "adin!, $or e#amp"e, parta&es o$ )oth these characters9 it may )e contradicted or e#p"ained as to the $acts stated in the recita", as that the !oods were in !ood order and we"" conditioned9 )ut, in other respects, it cannot )e contradicted in any other manner than a common written contract. + 7ass. R. 2/+9 1 Bai"ey, R. 1+89 8 Dhio, R. 4489 4 @aw&s, R. 5839 1 2hi". * m. on Ev. 4889 Green". Ev. C435. =ide, !enera""y, 1 B . * <. +38 '. <. 8 E. <. L. R. 1/49 2 (aunt. R. 1819 2 (. R. 4669 5 B. * . 63+9 + E. <. L. R. 2369 4 B. * <. 8219 1 East, R. 863. 8. .$ a man )y his receipt ac&now"ed!es that he has received money $rom an a!ent on account o$ his principa", and there)y accredits the a!ent with the principa" to that amount, such receipt is, it seems, conc"usive as to the payment )y the a!ent. 0or e#amp"e, the usua" ac&now"ed!ment in a po"icy o$ insurance o$ the receipt o$ premium $rom the assured, is conc"usive o$ the $act as )etween the underwriter and the assured9 Da"5e"" v. 7air, 1 <amp. 5429 a"thou!h such receipt wou"d not )e so )etween the underwriter and the )ro&er. nd i$ an a!ent empowered to contract $or sa"e, se"" and convey "and, enter into artic"es o$ a!reement )y which it is stipu"ated that the vendee sha"" c"ear, ma&e improvements, pay the purchase money )y insta""ments, *c., and on the comp"etion o$ the covenants to )e per$ormed )y him, receive $rom the vendor or his "e!a" representatives, a !ood and su$$icient warranty deed in $ee $or the premises, the receipt o$ the a!ent $or 'uch parts o$ the purchase:money as may )e paid )e$ore the e#ecution o$ the deed, is )indin! on the principa". 6 'er!. * Raw"e, 186. 'ee 11 ?ohns. R. +3. 5. receipt on the )ac& o$ a )i"" o$ e#chan!e is prima $acie evidence o$ payment )y the acceptor. 2ea&e's <. 25. (he !ivin! o$ a receipt does not e#c"ude paro" evidence o$ payment. 8 Esp. ;. 2. <. 218. 6. .n 2ennsy"vania it has )een ho"den that a receipt, not under sea", to one o$ severa" 6oint de)tors, $or his proportion o$ the de)t, dischar!es the rest. 1 Raw"e, 4/1. But in ;ew ,or& a contrary ru"e has )een adopted. + ?ohn. 23+. 'ee <o#e, 819 1 Root, +2. 'ee Evidence.

RECEIPTOR. .n 7assachusetts this name is !iven to the person who, on a trustee process )ein! issued and !oods attached, )ecomes surety to the sheri$$ to have them $orthcomin! on demand, or in time to respond the 6ud!ment, when the e#ecution sha"" )e issued. %pon which the !oods are )ai"ed to him. 'tory, Bai"m. C128, and see ttachment9 Remedies. RECEPTUS, civi" "aw. (he name sometimes !iven to an ar)itrator, )ecause he had )een received or chosen to sett"e the di$$erences )etween the parties. Di!. 8, 8 <ode, 2, 56. TO RECEIVE. =o"untari"y to ta&e $rom another what is o$$ered. 2. "and"ord, $or e#amp"e, cou"d not )e said to receive the &ey $rom his tenant, when the "atter "e$t it at his house without his &now"ed!e, un"ess )y his acts a$terwards, he shou"d )e presumed to have !iven his consent. RECEIVER, chancery practice. person appointed )y a court possessin! chan: cery 6urisdiction to receive the rents and pro$its o$ "and, or the pro$its or produce o$ other property in dispute. 2. (he power o$ appointin! a receiver is a discretionary power e#ercised )y the court. the appointment is provisiona", $or the more speedy !ettin! in o$ the estate in dispute, and scourin! it $or the )ene$it o$ such person as may )e entit"ed to it, and does not a$$ect the ri!ht. 4 t&. 568. 4. .t is not within the compass o$ this wor& to state in what cases a receiver wi"" )e appointed9 on this su)6ect, see 2 7add. <h. 244. 8. (he receiver is an o$$icer o$ the court, and as such, responsi)"e $or !ood $aith and reasona)"e di"i!ence. -hen the property is "ost or in6ured )y any ne!"i!ence or dishonest e#ecution o$ the trust, he is "ia)"e in dama!es9 )ut he is not, as o$ course, responsi)"e )ecause there has )een an em)e55"ement or the$t. @e is )ound to such ordinary di"i!ence, as )e"on!s to a prudent and honest dischar!e o$ his duties, and such as is re1uired o$ a"" persons who receive compensation $or their services. 'tory, Bai"m. C623, 6219 and the cases there cited. =ide, !enera""y, 2 7udd. <h. 2429 ;ew". <h. 2r. 889 8 <om. Di!. 8/39 18 =in. ). 1639 1 'upp. to =es. 6r. 8559 2 .d. 5+, 58, +8, +5, 882, 8559 Bouv. .nst. .nde#, h. t. RECEIVER OF STOLEN GOODS, crim. "aw. By statutory provision the receiver o$ sto"en !oods &nowin! them to have )een sto"en may )e punished as the principa" in perhaps a"" the %nited 'tates. 2. (o ma&e this o$$ence comp"ete, the !oods received must have )een sto"en, and the receiver must &now that $act. 4. .t is a"most a"ways di$$icu"t to prove !ui"ty &now"ed!e9 and that must in !enera" )e co""ected $rom circumstances. .$ such circumstances are proved which to a person o$ common understandin! and prudence and situated as the prisoner was, must have satis$ied him that they were sto"en, this is su$$icient. 0or e#amp"e, the receipt o$ watches, 6ewe"ry, "ar!e 1uantities o$ money, )und"es o$ c"othes o$ various &inds, or persona" property o$ any sort, to a considera)"e va"ue, $rom )oys or persons destitute o$ property, and with:out any "aw$u" means o$ ac1uirin! them and specia""y i$ )ou!ht at untime"y hours, the mind can arrive at no other conc"usion than that they were sto"en. (his is $urther con$irmed i$ they have )een )ou!ht at an underva"ue, concea"ed, the mar&s

de$aced, and $a"sehood resorted to in accountin! $or the possession o$ them. "ison's <r. Law, 4439 2 Russ. <r. 2549 2 <hit. <r. Law , /519 Roscoe, <r. Ev. h. t.9 1 -hee". <. <. 232. 8. t common "aw receivin!, sto"en !oods, &nowin! them to have )een sto"en, is a misdemeanor. 2 Russ. <r. 254. RECESSION. re:!rantH the act o$ returnin! the tit"e o$ a country to a !o: vernment which $ormer"y he"d it, )y one which has it at the time9 as the recession o$ Louisiana, which too& p"ace )y the treaty )etween 0rance and 'pain, o$ Dcto)er 1, 1833. 'ee 2 -hite's <o"". 516. RECIDIVE, 0rench "aw. (he state o$ an individua" who commits a crime or misdemeanor, a$ter havin! once )een condemned $or a crime or misdemeanor9 a re"apse. 2. 7any states provide, that $or a second o$$ence, the punishment sha"" )e increased in those cases the indictment shou"d set $orth the crime or mis:dmeanor as a second o$$ence. 4. (he second o$$ence must have )een committed a$ter tho conviction $or the $irst9 a de$endant cou"d not )e convicted o$ a second o$$ence, as such, unti" a$ter he had su$$ered a punishment $or the $irst. Da"". Diet. h. t. RECIPROCAL CONTRACT, civi" "aw. Dne in which the parties enter into mutua" en!a!ements. 2. (hey are divided into per$ect and imper$ect. -hen they are per$ect"y reciproca", the o)"i!ation o$ each o$ the parties is e1ua""y a principa" part o$ the contract, such as sa"e, partnership, *c. <ontracts imper$ect"y reciproca" are those in which the o)"i!ation o$ one o$ the parties on"y is a principa" o)"i!ation o$ the contract9 as, mandate, deposit, "oan $or use, and the "i&e. .n a"" reciproca" contracts the consent o$ the parties must )e e#: pressed. 2oth. D)". n. /9 <ivi" <ode o$ Louis. art. 1+58, 1+5/. RECIPROCITY. 7utua"ity9 state, 1ua"ity or character o$ that which is reciproca". 2. (he states o$ the %nion are )ound to many acts o$ reciprocity. (he constitution re1uires that they sha"" de"iver to each other $u!itives $rom 6ustice9 that the records o$ one state, proper"y authenticated, sha"" have $u"" credit in the other states9 that the citi5ens o$ one state sha"" )e citi5ens o$ any state into which they may remove. .n some o$ the states, as in 2ennsy"vania, the ru"e with re!ard to the e$$ect o$ a dischar!e under the inso"vent "aws o$ another state, are reciprocated9 the dischar!es o$ those courts which respect the dischar!es o$ the courts o$ 2ennsy"vania, are respected in that state. RECITAL, contracts, p"eadin!. (he repetition o$ some $ormer writin!, or the statement o$ somethin! which has )een done. (ouchst. +6. 2. Recita"s are used to e#p"ain those matters o$ $act which are necessary to ma&e the transaction inte""i!i)"e. 2 B". <om. 2/8. .t is said that when a deed o$ de$easance recites the deed which it is meant to de$eat, it must recite it tru"y. <ruise, Di!. tit. 42, c +, s. 28. .n other cases it need not )e so particu"ar. 4 2enna. Rep. 4289 4 <han. <as. 1319 <o. Litt. 452 )9 <om. Di!. 0ait, E 1. 4. party who e#ecutes a deed recitin! a particu"ar $act is estopped $rom denyin! such $act9 as, when it was recited in the condition o$ a )ond that the o)"i!or had received divers sums o$ money $or the o)"i!ee which he had not )rou!ht to account, and

ac&now"ed!ed that a )a"ance was due to the o)"i!ee, it was ho"den that the o)"i!or was estopped to say that he had not received any money $or the use o$ the o)"i!ee. -i""es, /, 259 Ro""e's ). 8+2, 4. 8. .n p"eadin!, when pu)"ic statutes are recited, a sma"" variance wi"" not )e $ata", where )y the recita" the party is not Ftied up to the statute9F that is, i$ the conc"usion )e contra $ormam statuti praediti. 'av. 829 1 <hit. <rim. Law, 2+6 Esp. on 2ena" 'tat. 136. 2rivate statutes must )e recited in p"eadin!, and proved )y an e#emp"i$ied copy, un"ess the opposite party, )y his p"eadin! admit them. 5. By the p"ea o$ nu" tie" record, the party re"yin! on a private statute is put to prove it as recited, and a variance wi"" )e $ata". 'ee 8 <o. +69 7arch, Rep. 11+, p". 1/49 4 @arr. * 7c@en. 488. =ide. !enera""y, 12 =in. ). 12/9 14 =in. ). 81+9 18 =in. ). 1629 8 <om. Di!. 5889 <om. Di!. (estemoi!ne:Evid. B 59 8 Binn. R. 2419 1 Da"". R. 6+9 4 Binn. R. 1+59 4 ,eates, R. 28+9 8 ,eates, R. 462, 5++9 / <owen, R. 869 8 7ason, R. 2689 ,e"v. R. 12+ a, note 19 <ruise, Di!. tit. 42, c. 23, s. 249 5 ?ohns. <h. Rep. 249 + @a"st. R. 229 2 Bai"ey's R. 1319 6 @arr. * ?ohns. 4469 / <owen's R. 2+19 1 Dana's R. 42+9 15 2ic&. R. 689 5 ;. @. Rep. 86+9 12 2ic&. R, 15+9 (ou""ier in his Droit <ivi" 0rancais, "iv. 4, t. 4, c. 6, n. 15+ et se1. has e#amined this su)6ect with his usua" a)i"ity. 2 @i"". ). c. 2/, s. 439 2 Bai". R. 8439 2 B. * . 6259 2 ,. * ?. 83+9 5 @arr. * ?ohn. 1689 <ov. on <onv. Ev. 2/8, 4159 @ur". on Bonds, 449 6 -atts * 'er!. 86/. 6. 0ormer"y, in e1uity, the decree contained recita"s o$ the p"eadin!s in the cause, which )ecame a !reat !rievance. 'ome o$ the En!"ish chance""ors endeavored to restrain this pro"i#ity. By the ru"es o$ practice $or the courts in e1uity o$ the %nited 'tates it is provided, that in drawin! up decrees and orders, neither the )i"", nor the answer, nor other p"eadin! nor any part thereo$, nor the report o$ any master, nor any other prior proceedin!s, sha"" )e stated or recited in the decree or order. Ru"e 869 8 Bouv. .nst. n. 8884. RECLAIM. (o demand a!ain, to insist upon a ri!ht9 as, when a de$endant $or a consideration received $rom the p"ainti$$, has covenanted to do an act, and $ai"s to do it, the p"ainti$$ may )rin! covenant $or the )reach, or assumpsit to rec"aim the consideration. 1 <aines, 8+. RECOGNITION, contracts. n ac&now"ed!ment that somethin! which has )een done )y one man in the name o$ another, was done )y authority o$ the "atter. 2. reco!nition )y the principa" o$ the a!ency o$ another in the particu"ar instance, or in simi"ar instances, is evidence o$ the authority o$ the a!ent, so that the reco!nition may )e either e#press or imp"ied. s an instance o$ an imp"ied reco!nition may )e mentioned the case o$ one who su)scri)es po"icies in the name o$ another and, upon a "oss happenin!, the "atter pays the amount. 1 <amp. R. 84, n. a9 1 Esp. <as. 619 8 <amp. R. 88. RECOGNITORS, En!. "aw. (he name )y which the 6urors impanne"ed on an assi5e are &nown. Barnet v. .hrie, 1+ '. * R. 1+8. RECOGNIZANCE, contracts. n o)"i!ation o$ record entered into )e$ore a court or o$$icer du"y authori5ed $or that purpose, with a condition to do some act re1uired )y "aw, which is therein speci$ied. 2 B". <om. 4819 Bro. ). h. t.9 Dic&. ?ust. h. t.9 1 <hit. <r. Law, /3.

2. Reco!ni5ances re"ate either to crimina" or civi" matters. 1. Reco!ni5ances in crimina" cases, are either that the party sha"" appear )e$ore the proper court to answer to such char!es as are or sha"" )e made a!ainst him, that he sha"" &eep the peace or )e o$ !ood )ehaviour. -itnesses are a"so re1uired to )e )ound in a reco!ni5ance to testi$y. 4. : 2. .n civi" cases, reco!ni5ances are entered into )y )ai", conditioned that they wi"" pay the de)t, interest and costs recovered )y the p"ainti$$ under certain contin!encies. (here are a"so cases where reco!ni5ances are entered into under the authority and re1uirements o$ statutes. 8. s to the $orm. (he party need not si!n it9 the court, 6ud!e or ma!is:trate havin! authority to ta&e the same, ma&es a short memorandum on the record, which is su$$icient. 2 Binn. R. 8819 1 <hit. <r. Law, /39 2 -ash. <. <. R. 8229 / 7ass. 5239 1 Dana, 5249 1 (y"er, 2/19 8 =erm. 8889 1 'tew. * 2ort. 8659 + =ern. 52/9 2 . R. 7arsh. 1419 5 '. * R. 18+9 =ide !enera""y, <om. Di!. 0orci)"e Entry, D 2+9 .d. D)"i!ation, >9 -hart. Di!. h. t. =in. ). h. t.9 Ro""e's ). h. t.9 2 -ash. <. <. Rep. 8229 .d. 2/9 2 ,eates, R. 84+9 1 Binn. R. /8 , note 1 'er!. * Raw"e, 428 4 ,eates, R. /49 Burn. ?ust. h. t. =in. ). h. t.9 2 'e"". 2ract. 85. RECOGNIZEE. @e $or whose use a reco!ni5ance has )een ta&en. RECOGNISOR, contracts. @e who enters into a reco!ni5ance. RECOLEMENT, 0rench "aw. (he readin! and ree#amination )y a witness o$ a de: position, and his persistance in the saine, or his ma&in! such a"teration, as his )etter reco""ection may ena)"e him to do, a$ter havin! read his deposition. -ithout such ree#amination the deposition is void. 2oth. 2roced. <r. s. 8, art. 8. RECOMMENDATION. (he !ivin! to a person a $avora)"e character o$ another. 2. -hen the party !ivin! the character has acted in !ood $aith, he is not responsi)"e $or the in6ury which a third person, to whom such recommendation was !iven, may have, sustained in conse1uence o$ it, a"thou!h he was mista&en. 4. But when the recommendation is &nowin!"y untrue, and an in6ury is sustained, the party recommendin! is civi""y responsi)"e $or dama!es9 4 (. R. 519 + <ranch, 6/9 18 -end. 1269 + -end. 19 6 2enn. 't. R. 413 whether it was done mere"y $or the purpose o$ )ene$ittin! the party recommended, or the party who !ives the recommendation. 8. nd in case the party recomended was a de)tor to the one recommendin!, and it was a!reed prior to the transaction, that the $ormer shou"d, out o$ the property to )e o)tained )y the recommendation, )e paid9 or in case o$ any other species o$ co""usion, to cheat the person to whom the credit is !iven, they may )oth )e crimina""y prosecuted $or the conspiracy. =ide <haracter, and 0e"" on Guar. ch. 89 6 ?ohns. R. 1819 1 Davis <a. Er. 229 14 ?ohns. R. 2289 5 ;. '. 884. RECOMPENSATION, 'co"ch "aw. -hen a party sues $or a de)t, and the de$endant p"eads compensation, or set:o$$, the p"ainti$$ may a""e!e a compensation on his part, and this is ca""ed a recompensation. Be""'s Dict. h. t. RECOMPENSE. reward $or services9 remuneration $or !oods or other property. 2. .n maritime "aw there is a distinction )etween recompense and restitution. A1. v.B -hen !oods have )een "ost )y 6ettison, i$ at any su)se1uent period o$ the voya!e the remainder

o$ the car!o )e "ost, the owner o$ the !oods "ost )y 6ettison cannot c"aim restitution $rom the owners o$ the other !oods9 )ut in the case o$ e#penses incurred with a view to the !enera" )ene$it, it is c"ear that they ou!ht to )e made !ood to the party, whether he )e an a!ent emp"oyed )y the master in a $orei!n port or the ship owner himse"$. RECOMPENSE OP RECOVERY IN VALUE. (his phrase, is app"ied to the matter recovered in a common recovery, a$ter the vouchee has disappeared, and 6ud!ment is !iven $or the demandant. 2 Bouv. .nst. n. 23/4. RECONCILIATION, contracts. (he act o$ )rin!in! persons to a!ree to!ether, who )e$ore, had had some di$$erence. 2. renewa" o$ coha)itation )etween hushand and wi$e is proo$ o$ reconci":iation, and such reconci"iation destroys the e$$ect o$ a deed o$ separation. 8 Ecc". R. 248. RECONDUCTION, civ. "aw. renewin! o$ a $ormer "ease9 re"ocation. A1. v.B Di!. 1/, 2, 14, 119 <ode ;ap. art. 1+4+:1+83. RECONVENTION, civ. "aw. n action )rou!ht )y a party who is de$endant a!ainst the p"ainti$$ )e$ore the same 6ud!e. Reconventio est petitio 1ua reus vicissim, 1uid a) actore petit, e# eadem, ve" diversa causa. =oet, in tit. de ?udiciis, n. +89 8 ;. '. 84/. (o entit"e the de$endant to institute a demand in reconvention, it is re1uisite that such demand, thou!h di$$erent $rom the main action, )e neverthe"ess necessari"y connected with it and incidenta" to the same. <ode o$ 2r. Lo. art. 4+59 11 Lo. R. 43/9 + ;. '. 2829 8 ;. '. 516. 2. (he reconvention o$ the civi" "aw was a species o$ cross:)i"". 'tory, E1. 2". C832. 'ee <onventio9 Bi"" in chancery. =ide Demand in reconvention. RECORD, evidence. written memoria" made )y a pu)"ic o$$icer authori5ed )y "aw to per$orm that $unction, and intended to serve as evidence o$ somethin! written, said, or done. 6 <a"", +89 1 Dana, 5/5. 2. Records may )e divided into those which re"ate to the proceedin!s o$ con!ress and the state "e!is"atures : the courts o$ common "aw : the courts o$ chancery : and those which are made so )y statutory provisions. 4. : 1. Le!is"ative acts. (he acts o$ con!ress and o$ the severa" "e!is"atures are the hi!hest &ind o$ records. (he printed 6ourna"s o$ con!ress have )een so considered. 1 -hart. Di!. tit. Evidence, p". 112 and see Dou!". 5/49 <owp. 1+. 8. : 2. (he proceedin!s o$ the courts o$ common "aw are records. But every minute made )y a c"er& o$ a court $or his own $uture !uidance in ma&in! up his record, is not a record. 8 -ash. <. <. Rep. 6/8. 5. : 4. 2roceedin!s in courts o$ chancery are said not to )e, strict"y spea&in!, records9 )ut they are so considered. Gres"ey on Ev. 131. 6. : 8. (he "e!is"atures o$ the severa" states have made the enro""ment o$ certain deeds and other documents necessary in order to perpetuate the memory o$ the $acts they contain, and dec"ared that the copies thus made shou"d have the e$$ect o$ records. +. By the constitution o$ the %nited 'tates, art. 8. s. 1, it is dec"ared that F$u"" $aith and credit sh"" )e !iven, in each state, to the pu)"ic acts, records and 6udicia" proceedin!s o$ every other state9 and the con!ress may, )y !enera" "aws, prescri)e the manner in which such acts, records and proceedin!s sha"" )e proved, and the e$$ect thereo$.F .n pursuance

o$ this power, con!ress have passed severa" acts directin! the manner o$ authenticatin! pu)"ic records, which wi"" )e $ound under the artic"e uthentication. 8. ;umerous decisions have )een made under these acts, some o$ which are here re$erred to. + <ranch, 8+19 4 -heat. 2489 8 <owen, 2/29 1 ;. @. Rep. 2829 1 Dhio Reports, 2689 2 =erm. R. 2649 5 ?ohn. R. 4+9 8 <onn. R. 4839 / 7ass 8629 13 'er!. * Raw"e, 2839 1 @a""'s ;. ,or& Rep. 1559 8 Da"". 8129 5 'er!. * Raw"e, 5249 1 2et. '. <. Rep. 452. =ide, !enera""y, 18 =in. ). 1+9 1 2hi". Ev. 2889 Bac. ). mendment, *c., @9 1 >ent, <om. 2639 rch). <iv. 2". 4/59 Gres"ey on Ev. //9 'tar&. Ev. .nde#, h. t.9 Dane's ). .nde#, h. t.9 <o. Litt. 2639 13 2ic&. R. +29 Bouv. .nst. .nde#, h. t. TO RECORD, the act o$ ma&in! a record. 2. 'ometimes 1uestions arise as to when the act o$ recordin! is comp"ete, as in the $o""owin! case. deed o$ rea" estate was ac&now"ed!ed )e$ore the re!ister o$ deeds and handed to him to )e recorded, and at the same instant a creditor o$ the !rantor attached the rea" estate9 in this case it was he"d the act o$ recordin! was incomp"ete without a certi$icate o$ the ac&now"ed!ment, and wantin! that, the attachin! creditor had the pre$erence. 13 2ic&. Rep. +2. 4. (he $act o$ an instrument )ein! recorded is he"d to operate as a constructive notice upon a"" su)se1uent purchasers o$ any estate, "e!a" or e1uita)"e, in the same property. 1 ?ohn. <h. R. 4/8. 8. But a"" conveyances and deeds which may )e de $acto recorded, are not to )e considered as !ivin! notice9 in order to have this e$$ect the instruments must )e such as are authori5ed to )e recorded, and the re!istry must have )een made in comp"iance with the "aw, otherwise the re!istry is to )e treated as a mere nu""ity, and it wi"" not a$$ect a su)se1uent purchaser or encum)rancer un"ess he has such actua" notice as wou"d amount to a $raud. 2 'e"". * Le$. 689 1 'ch. * Le$. 15+9 8 -heat. R. 8669 1 Binn. R. 839 1 ?ohn. <h. R. 4339 1 'tory, E1. ?ur. C834, 8389 5 Green". 2+2. RECORD OF NISI PRIUS, En!. "aw. transcript $rom the issue ro""9 it contains a copy o$ the p"eadin!s and issue. 'teph. 2". 135. RECORDARI FACIAS LOQUELAM, En!"ish practice. writ commandin! the sheri$$, that he cause the p"aint to )e recorded which is in his county, without writ, )etween the parties there named, o$ the catt"e, !oods, and chatte"s o$ the comp"ainant ta&en and un6ust"y distrained as it is said, and that he have the said record )e$ore the court on a day therein named, and that he pre$i# the same day to the parties, that then they may )e there ready to proceed in the same p"aint, 2 'e"". 2r. 166. 'ee Re$a"o. RECORDATUR. n order or a""owance that the verdict returned on the nisi prius ro"", )e recorded. Bac. ). r)itr. *c., D. RECORDER. 1. 6udicia" o$$icer o$ some cities, possessin! !enera""y the powers and authority o$ a 6ud!e. 4 ,eates' R. 4339 8 Da"". Rep. 2//9 )ut see 1 Rep. <onst. <t. 85. ncient"y, recorder si!ni$ied to recite or testi$y on re:co""ection as occasion mi!ht re1uire what had previous"y passed in court, and this was the duty o$ the 6ud!es, thence ca""ed recordeurs. 'teph. 2"ead. note 11. 2. n o$$icer appointed to ma&e record or onro"ment o$ deeds and other "e!a" instruments, authori5ed )y "aw to )e recorded. TO RECOUPE. (his word is derived $rom the 0rench recouper, to cut a!ain. .n "aw it

si!ni$ies the ri!ht and the act o$ ma&in! a set:o$$, de$a"cation, or discount, )y the de$endant, to the c"aim o$ the p"ainti$$. 21 -end. .t. 482. .n another sense it si!ni$ies to recompense. 1/ =es. 124. RECOVERER. (he demandant in a common recovery, a$ter 6ud!ment has )een !iven in his $avor, assumes the name o$ recoverer. RECOVERY. recovery, in its most e#tensive sense, is the restoration o$ a $ormer ri!ht, )y the so"emn 6ud!ment o$ a <ourt o$ 6ustice. 4 7urph. 16/. 2. recovery is either true or actua", or it is $ei!ned or common. true recovery, usua""y &nown )y the name o$ recovery simp"y, is the procurin! a $ormer ri!ht )y the 6ud!ment o$ a court o$ competent 6urisdiction9 as, $or e#amp"e, when 6ud!ment is !iven in $avor o$ the p"ainti$$ when he see&s to recover a thin! or a ri!ht. 4. common recovery is a 6ud!ment o)tained in a $ictitious suit, )rou!ht a!ainst the tenant o$ the $reeho"d, in conse1uence o$ a de$au"t made )y the person who is "ast vouched to warranty in such suit. Bac. (racts, 188. 8. <ommon recoveries are considered as mere $orms o$ conveyance or common assurances9 a"thou!h a common recovery is a $ictitious suit, yet the same mode o$ proceedin! must )e pursued, and a"" the $orms strict"y adhered to, which are necessary to )e o)served in an adversary suit. (he $irst thin! there$ore necessary to )e done in su$$erin! a common recovery is, that the person who is to )e the demandant, and to whom the "ands are to )e ad6ud!ed, wou"d sue out a writ or praecipe a!ainst the tenant o$ the $reeho"d9 whence such tenant is usua""y ca""ed the tenant to the praecipe. .n o)edience to this writ the tenant appears in court either in person or )y his attorney9 )ut, instead o$ de$endin! the tit"e to the "and himse"$, he ca""s on some other person, who upon the ori!ina" purchase is supposed to have warranted the tit"e, and prays that the person may )e ca""ed in to de$end the tit"e which he warranted, or otherwise to !ive the tenant "ands o$ e1ua" va"ue to those he sha"" "ose )y the de$ect o$ his warranty. (his is ca""ed the voucher vocatia, or ca""in! to warranty. (he person thus ca""ed to warrant, who is usua""y ca""ed the vouchee, appears in court, is imp"eaded, and enters into the warranty )y which means he ta&es upon himse"$ the de$ence o$ the "and. (he de$endant desires "eave o$ the court to impar", or con$er with the vouchee in private, which is !ranted o$ course. 'oon a$ter the demand and returns into court, )ut the vouchee disappears or ma&es de$au"t, in conse1uence o$ which it is presumed )y the court, that he has no tit"e to the "ands demanded in the writ, and there$ore cannot de$end them9 whereupon 6ud!ment is !iven $or the demandant, now ca""ed the recoverer, to recover the "ands in 1uestion a!ainst the tenant, and $or the tenant to recover a!ainst the vouchee, "ands o$ e1ua" va"ue in recom: pense $or those so warranted )y him, and now "ost )y his de$au"t. (his is ca""ed the recompense o$ recovery in va"ue9 )ut as it is, customary $or the crier o$ the court to act, who is hence ca""ed the common vouchee, the tenant can on"y have a nomina", and not a rea" recompense, $or the "and thus recovered a!ainst him )y the demandant. writ o$ ha)ere $acias is then sued out, directed to the sheri$$ o$ the county in which the "ands thus recovered are situated9 and, on the e#ecution and return o$ the writ, the recovery is comp"eted. (he recovery here descri)ed is with sin!"e voucher9 )ut a recovery may, and is $re1uent"y su$$ered with dou)"e, tre)"e, or $urther voucher, as the e#i!ency o$ the case may re1uire, in which case there are severa" 6ud!ments a!ainst the severa" vouchees.

5. <ommon recoveries were invented )y the ecc"esiastics in order to evade the statute o$ mortmain )y which they were prohi)ited $rom purchasin! or re:ceivin! under the pretence o$ a $ree !i$t, any "and or tenements whatever. (hey have )een used in some states $or the purpose o$ )rea&in! the entai" o$ estates. =ide, !enera""y, <ruise, Di!est, tit. 469 2 'aund. 82, n. +9 8 >ent, <om. 88+9 2i!ot on <ommon Recoveries, passim. 6. "" the "earnin! in re"ation to common recoveries is near"y o)so"ete, as they are out o$ use. Rey, a 0rench writer, in hiswor&, Des .nstitutions ?udicaire de"' n!"eterre, tom. ii. p. 221, points out what appears to him the a)surdity o$ a common recovery. s to common recoveries, see / '. * R . 4439 4 '. * R. 8459 1 ,eates, 2889 8 ,eates, 8149 1 -hart. 14/, 1519 2 Raw"e, 1689 2 @a"st. 8+9 5 7ass. 8489 6 7ass. 4289 8 7ass. 489 4 @arr. * ?ohn. 2/29 6 2. '. R. 85, RECREANT. <oward9 a po"troon. 4 B". <om. 483. RECRIMINATION, crim. "aw. n accusation made )y a person accused a!ainst his accuser, either o$ havin! committed the same o$$ence, or another. 2. .n !enera" recrimination does not e#cuse the person accused, nor diminish his punishment, )ecause the !ui"t o$ another can never e#cuse him. But in app"ications $or divorce on the !round o$ adu"tery, i$ the party de$endant, can prove that the p"ainti$$ or comp"ainant has )een !ui"ty o$ the same o$$ence, the divorce wi"" not )e !ranted. 1 @a!!. <. Rep. 1889 '. <. 8 Ecc". Rep. 463. (he "aws o$ 2ennsy"vania contain a provision to the same e$$ect. =ide 1 @a!!. Ecc". R. +/39 4 @a!!. Ecc". R. ++9 1 @a!!. <ons. R . 18+9 2 @a!!. <ons. R. 2/+9 'he"$. on 7ar. and Div. 8839 Di!. 28, 4, 4/9 Di!. 88, 5, 14, 59 1 ddams, R. 8119 <ompensation9 <ondonation9 Divorce, RECRUIT. new"y made so"dier. RECTO. Ri!ht. A1.v.B Brevederecto, writ o$ ri!ht. A1. v.B RECTOR, Ecc". "aw. Dne who ru"es or !overns a name !iven to certain o$$icers o$ the Roman church. Dict. <anoni1ue, h. v. RECTORY, En!". "aw. <orporea" rea" property, consistin! o$ a church, !"e)e "ands and tithes. 1 <hit. 2r. 164. RECTUS IN CURIA. Ri!ht in court. Dne who stands at the )ar, and no one o)6ects any o$$ence, or pre$ers any char!e a!ainst him. 2. -hen a person out"awed has reversed his out"awry, so that he can have the )ene$it o$ the "aw, he is said to )e rectus in curia. ?aco), L. D. h. t. RECUPERATORES, Roman civi" "aw. species o$ 6ud!es ori!ina""y esta)"ished, it is supposed, to decide controversies )etween Roman citi5ens and stran!ers, concernin! the ri!ht to the possession o$ property re1uirin! speedy remedy9 )ut !radua""y e#tended to 1uestions which mi!ht )e )rou!ht )e$ore ordinary 6ud!es. $ter this en"ar!ement o$ their powers, the di$$erence )etween them and 6ud!es, it is supposed, was simp"y thisH .$ the praetor named three 6ud!es he ca""ed them recuperatores9 i$ one, he ca""ed him 6ude#. But opinions on this su)6ect are very various. A<o"man De Romano 6udicio recuperatorio,B <icero's oration pro <oecin, 1, 4, was addressed to Recuperators. RECUSANTS, or POPISH RECUSANTS, En!". "aw. 2ersons who re$use to ma&e the dec"arations a!ainst popery, and such as promote, encoura!e, or pro$ess the popish

re"i!ion. 2. (hese are )y "aw "ia)"e to restraints, $or$eitures and inconveniences, which are imposed upon them )y various acts o$ par"iament. @appi"y in this country no re"i!ious sect has the ascendency, and a"" persons are $ree to pro$ess what re"i!ion they conscientious"y )e"ieve to )e the ri!ht one. RECUSATION, civ. "aw. p"ea or e#ception )y which the de$endant re1uires that the 6ud!e havin! 6urisdiction o$ the cause, shou"d a)stain $rom decidin! upon the !round o$ interest, or $or a "e!a" o)6ection to his pre6udice. 2. recusation is not a p"ea to the 6urisdiction o$ the court, )ut simp"y to the person o$ the 6ud!e. .t may, however, e#tend to a"" the 6ud!es, as when the party has a suit a!ainst the who"e court. 2oth. 2roced. <iv. 1ere part., ch. 2, s. 5. .t is a persona" cha""en!e o$ the 6ud!e $or cause. 4. .t is a ma#im o$ every !ood system o$ "aw, that a man sha"" not )e 6ud!e in his own cause. 2 L. R. 4/39 6 L. R. 148 y". 2arer!. 8519 Dict. de ?ur. h. t.9 7er". Repert. h. t.9 vide ?aco)'s .ntr. to the <om. <iv. and <an. L. 119 8 <o. 118 Dyer, 65. Da"". Diet. h. t. 8. By recusation is a"so understood the cha""en!e o$ 6urors. <ode o$ 2ractice o$ Louis. art. 8//, 533. Recusation is a"so an act, o$ what nature soever it may )e, )y which a stran!e heir, )y deeds or words, dec"ares he wi"" not )e heir. Di!. 2/, 2, /5. 'ee, !enera""y, 1 @op&. <h. R. 19 5 7art. Lo. R. 2/29 and <ha""en!e. REDDENDO SINGULA SINGULIS, construction. By renderin! each his own9 $or e#amp"e, when two descriptions o$ property are !iven to!ether in one mass, )oth the ne#t o$ &in and the heir cannot ta&e, un"ess in cases where a construction can )e made reddendo sin!u"a sin!u"is, that the ne#t o$ &in sha"" ta&e the persona" estate aud the heir at "aw the rea" estate. 18 =es. 8/3. =ide 11 East,, 514, n.9 Bac. ). <onditions, L. REDDENDUM, contracts. word used su)stantive"y, and is that c"ause in a deed )y which the !rantor reserves somethin! new to himse"$ out o$ that which he !ranted )e$ore, and thus usua""y $o""ows the tenendum, and is !enera""y in these words Fyie"din! and payin!.F 2. .n every !ood reddendum or reservation, these thin!s must concur9 name"y, 1. .t must )e apt words. 2, .t must )e o$ some other thin! issuin! or comin! out o$ the thin! !ranted, and not a part o$ the thin! itse"$, nor o$ somethin! issuin! out o$ another thin!. 4. .t must )e o$ such thin! on which the !rantor may resort to distrain 8. .t must )e made to one o$ the !rantors and not to a stran!er to the deed. =id 2 B". <om. 2//9 <o. Litt. 8+9 (ouchs 839 <ruise, Di!. tit. 42, c. 28, s. 19 Dane' ). .nde#, h. t. REDEMPTION, contracts. (he act o$ ta&in! )ac& )y the se""er $rom the )uyer a thin! which had )een so"d su)6ect to th ri!ht o$ repurchase. 2. (he ri!ht o$ redemption then is an a!reement )y which the se""er reserves to himse"$ the power o$ ta&in! )ac& the thin! so"d )y returnin! the price paid $or it. s to the $und out o$ which a mort!a!ed estate is to )e redeemed, see 2ayment. =ide E1uity o$ redemption. REDEMPTIONES. @eavy $ines, contradistin!uished $rom misericordia. A1. v.B REDHIBITION, civi" "aw, and in Louisiana. (he avoidance o$ a sa"e on account o$ some

vice or de$ect in the thin! so"d, which renders it a)so"ute"y use"ess, or its use so inconvenient and imper$ect, that it must )e supposed that the )uyer wou"d not have purchased it, had he &nown o$ the vice. <iv. <ode o$ Lo. 28/6. Redhi)ition is a"so the name o$ an action which the purchaser o$ a de$ective mova)"e thin! may )rin! to cause the sa"e to )e annu""ed, and to recover the price he has paid $or it. =ide Di!. 21, 1. 2. (he ru"e o$ caveat emptor, A1. v.B in the common "aw, p"aces a purchaser in a di$$erent position $rom his situation under the "i&e circumstances under the civi" "aw9 un"ess there is an e#press warranty, he can se"dom annu" a sa"e or recover dama!es on account o$ a de$ect in the thin! so"d. <hitty, <ontr. 144, et se1.9 'u!d. =end. 222 2 >ent, <om. 4+89 <o. Litt. 132, a9 2 B1. <om. 8529 Bac. ). ction on the case, E9 2 <om. <ont. 264. REDIDIT SE, En!. practice. @e surrendered himse"$. (his is endorsed on the )ai" piece when a certi$icate has )een made )y the proper o$$icer that the de$endant is in custody. 2r. Re!. 689 <om. Di!. Bai" I 8. REDITUS ALBI. rent paya)"e in money9 sometimes ca""ed white rent or, )"anche $arm. =ide ")a $irma. REDITUS NIGRI. rent paya)"e in !rain, wor&, and the "i&e9 .t was a"so ca""ed )"ac& mai". (his name was !iven to it to distin!uish it $rom reditus a")i, which was paya)"e in money. =ide ")a $irma. RE-DRAFT, comm. "aw. )i"" o$ e#chan!e drawn at the p"ace where another )i"" was made paya)"e, and where it was protested, upon the p"ace where the $irst )i"" was drawn, or when there is no re!u"ar commercia" intercourse renderin! that practica)"e, then in the ne#t )est or most direct practica)"e course. 1 Be""'s <om. 836, 5th ed. =ide Ree#chan!e. REDRESS. (he act o$ receivin! satis$action $or an in6ury sustained. 0or the mode o$ o)tainin! redress, vide Remedies 1 <hit. 2r. nna". (a)"e. REDUBBERS, crim "aw. (hose who )ou!ht sto"en c"oth, and dyed it o$ another co"or to prevent its )ein! identi$ied, were ancient"y so ca""ed. 4 .nst. 148. REDUNDANCY. 7atter introduced in an answer, or p"eadin!, which is $orei!n to the )i"" or artic"es. 2. .n the case o$ Dysart v. Dysart, 4 <urt. Ecc. R. 584, in !ivin! the 6ud!ment o$ the court, Dr. Lushi!ton saysH F.t may not, perhaps, )e easy to de$ine the meanin! o$ this term JredundantKin a short sentence, )ut the true meanin! . ta&e to )e thisH the respondent is not to insert in his answer any matter $orei!n to the artic"es he is ca""ed upon to answer, a"thou!h such matter may )e admissi)"e in a p"ea9 )ut he may, in his answer, p"ead matter )y way o$ e#p"anation pertinent to the artic"es, even i$ such matter sha"" )e so"e"y in his own &now"ed!e and to such e#tent incapa)"e o$ proo$9 or he may state matter which can )e su)stantiated )y witnesses9 )ut in this "atter instance, i$ such matter )e introduced into the answer and not a$terwards put in the p"ea or proved, the court wi"" !ive no wei!ht or credence to such part o$ the answer.F 4. materia" distinction is to )e o)served )etween redundancy in the a""e!ation and redundancy in the proo$. .n the $ormer case, a variance )etween the a""e!ation and the proo$ wi"" )e $ata" i$ the redundant a""e!ations are descriptive o$ that which is essentia". But in the "atter case, redundancy cannot vitiate, )ecause more is proved than is a""e!ed, un"ess the matter super$"uous"y proved !oes to contradict some essentia" part o$ the

a""e!ation. 1 Green". Ev. C6+9 1 'tar&. Ev. 831. RE-ENTRY, estates. (he resumin! or reta&in! possession o$ "and which the:party "ate"y had. 2. Ground rent deeds and "eases $re1uent"y contain a c"ause authori5in! the "and"ord to reenter on the non:payment o$ rent, or the )reach o$ some covenant, when the estate is $or$eited. 'tory, E1. ?ur. C14159 1 0on). E1. B. 1, c. 6, C8, note h. 0or$eitures $or the non: payment o$ rent )ein! the most common, wi"" here a"one )e considered. -hen such a $or$eiture has ta&en p"ace, the "essor or his assi!ns have a ri!ht to repossess themse"ves o$ the demised premises. 4. Great niceties must )e o)served in ma&in! such reentry. %n"ess they have )een dispensed with )y the a!reement o$ the parties, severa" thin!s are re1uired )y "aw to )e previous"y done )y the "and"ord or reversioner to entit"e him to reenter. 4 <a"", 8289 8 -atts, 519 / -atts, 2589 18 ?ohn. 8539 8 ;. @. Rep. 2589 14 -end. 5289 6 @a"st. 2+39 2 ;. @. Rep. 1689 1 'aund. 28+, n. 16. 8. : 1. (here must )e a demand o$ rent. <om. Di!. Rent, D 4 a 18 =in. ). 8829 Bac. ). Rent, @. 5. : 2. (he demand must )e o$ the precise rent due, $or the demand o$ a penny more or "ess wi"" avoid the entry. <om. Di!. Rent, D 5. .$ a part o$ the rent )e paid, a reentry may )e made $or the part unpaid. Bac. ). <onditions, D 89 <o. Litt. 2349 <ro. ?ac. 511. 6. : 4. .t must )e made precise"y on the day when the rent is due and paya)"e )y the "ease, to save the $or$eiture. + (. R. 11+. s where the "ease contains a proviso that i$ the rent sha"" )e )ehind and unpaid, $or the space o$ thirty, or any other num)er o$ days, it must )e made on the thirtieth or "ast day. <om. Di!. Rent, D +9 Bac. )r. Rent, .. +. : 8. .t must )e made a convenient time )e$ore sunset, that the money may )e counted and a receipt !iven, whi"e there is "i!ht enou!h reasona)"y to do so there$ore proo$ o$ a demand in the a$ternoon o$ the "ast day, without showin! in what part o$ the a$ternoon it was made, and that it was towards sunset or "ate in the a$ternoon, is not su$$icient. ?ac&son v. @arrison, 1+ ?ohns. 669 <om. Di!. Rent, D +9 Bac. )r. Rent, .. 8. : 5. .t must )e made upon the "and, and at the most notorious p"ace o$ it. 6 Bac. )r. 419 2 Ro"". )r. 8289 see 16 ?ohns. 222. (here$ore, i$ there )e a dwe""in!:house upon the "aud, the demand must )e made at the $ront door, thou!h it is not necessary to enter the house, notwithstandin! the door )e open9 i$ wood"and )e the su)6ect o$ the "ease, a demand ou!ht to )e made at the !ate, or some hi!hway "eadin! throu!h the woods as the most notorious. <o. Litt. 2329 <om. Di!. Rent, D. 6. /. : 6. %n"ess a p"ace is appointed where the rent is paya)"e, in which case a demand must )e made at such p"ace9 <om. Di!. Rent, D. 69 $or the presumption is the tenant was there to pay it. Bac. )r. Rent, .. 13. : +. demand o$ the rent must )e made in $act, a"thou!h there shou"d )e no person on the "and ready to pay it. Bac. ). Rent, .. 11. : 8. .$ a$ter these re1uisites have )een per$ormed )y the "essor or reversioner, the tenant ne!"ects or re$uses to pay the rent, and no su$$icient distress can )e $ound on the premises, then the "essor or reversioner is to reenter. 6 'er!. * Raw"e, 1519 8 -atts, R.

519 1 'aund. 28+, n. 16. @e shou"d then open"y dec"are )e$ore the witnesses he may have provided $or the purpose, that $or the want o$ a su$$icient distress, and )ecause o$ the non: payment o$ the rent demanded, mentionin! the amount, he reenters and re:possesses himse"$ o$ the premises. 12. tender o$ the rent )y the tenant to the "essor, made on the "ast day, either on or o$$ the premises, wi"" save the $or$eiture. 14. .t $o""ows as a necessary in$erence $rom what has )een premised, that a demand made )e$ore or a$ter the "ast day which the "essee has to pay the rent, in order to prevent the $or$eiture, or o$$ the "and, wi"" not )e su$$icient to de$eat the estate. + (. R. 11 +. 18. (he $or$eiture may )e waived )y the "essor, in the case o$ a "ease $or years, )y his acceptance o$ rent, accruin! since the $or$eiture, provided he &new o$ the cause. 4 Rep. 68. 15. reentry cannot )e made $or nonpayment o$ rent i$ there is any distraina)"e property on the premises, which may )e ta&en in satis$action o$ the rent, and every part o$ the premises must )e searched. 2 2hi". Ev. 183. 16. (he entry may )e made )y the "essor or reversioner himse"$, or )y attorney9 <ro. E"i5. 6319 + (. R. 11+9 the entry o$ one 6oint tenant or tenant in common, enures to the )ene$it o$ the who"e. @o) 123. 1+. $ter the entry has )een made, evidence o$ it ou!ht to )e perpetuated. 18. <ourts o$ chancery wi"" !enera""y ma&e the "essor account to the "essee $or the pro$its o$ the estate, durin! the time o$ his )ein! in possession9 and wi"" compe" him, a$ter he has satis$ied the rent in arrear, and the costs attendin! his entry, and detention o$ the "ands, to !ive up the possession to the "essee, and to pay him the surp"us pro$its o$ the estate. 1 <o. Litt. 234 a, n. 49 1 Lev. 1+39 (.. Raym. 145, 1589 4 <ruise, 2//, 433. 'ee a"so 6 Binn. 8239 18 =es. 639 Bac. ). Rent, >9 4 <a"", 8/19 18 =es. 58 2 'tory, E1. ?ur. C14159 8 Bin!. R. 1+89 44 En . <. L. .t. 412 , 1 @ow. '. <. R. 211 REEVE. (he name o$ an ancient En!"ish o$$icer o$ 6ustice, in$erior in ran& to an a"derman. 2. @e was a ministeria" o$$icer, appointed to e#ecute process, &eep the &in!'s peace, and put the "aws in e#ecution. @e witnessed a"" contracts and )ar!ains9 )rou!ht o$$enders to 6ustice, and de"ivered them to punishment9 too& )ai" $or such as were to appear at the county court, and presided at the court or $o"cmote. @e was a"so ca""ed !ere$a. 4. (here were severa" &inds o$ reeves as the shire:!ere$a, shire:reeve or sheri$$9 the heh: !ere$a, or hi!h:sheri$$, tithin!:reeve, )ur!h or )orou!h:reeve. RE-EXAMINATION. second e#amination o$ a thin!. witness may)e ree#amined, in a tria" at "aw, in the discretion o$ the court, and this is se"dom re$used. .n e1uity, it is a !enera" ru"e that there can )e no ree#amination o$ a witness, a$ter he has once si!ned his name to the deposition, and turned his )ac& upon the commissioner or e#aminer9 the reason o$ this is that he may )e tam:pered with or induced to retract or 1ua"i$y what he has sworn to. 1 7eriv. 143. RE-EXCHANGE, contracts, commerce. (he e#pense incurred )y a )i""'s )ein! dishonored in a $orei!n country where it is made paya)"e, and returned to that country in

which it was made or indorsed, and there ta&en up9 the amount o$ this depends upon the course o$ e#chan!e )etween the two countries, throu!h which the )i"" has )een ne!otiated. .n other words, ree#chan!e is the di$$erence )etween the dra$t and redra$t. 2. (he drawer o$ a )i"" is "ia)"e $or the who"e amount o$ ree#chan!e occasioned )y the circuitous mode o$ returnin! the )i"" throu!h the various countries in which it has )een ne!otiated, as much as $or that occasioned )y a direct return. 7a#w. L. D. ii. t.9 5 <om. Di!. 153. 4. .n some states, "e!is"ative enactments have )een made which re!u"ate dama!es on ree#chan!e. (hese dama!es are di$$erent in the severa" states, and this want o$ uni$ormity, i$ it does not create in6ustice, must )e admitted to )e a serious evi". 2 mer. ?ur. +/. 'ee <hit. on Bi""s. Aed. o$ 1846,B 666. 'ee Dama!es on Bi""s o$ E#chan!e. REFALO. word composed o$ the three initia" sy""a)"es re. $a. "o., $or recordari $acias "o1ue"am. A1. v.B 2 'e"". 2r 1639 8 Dow". R. 518. REFECTION, civi" "aw. Reparation, reesta)"ishment o$ a )ui"din!. Di!. 1/, 1, 6, 1. REFEREE. person to whom has )een re$erred a matter in dispute, in order that he may sett"e it. @is 6ud!ment is ca""ed an award. =ide r)itrator9 Re$erence. REFERENCE, contracts. n a!reement to su)mit to certain ar)itrators, matters in dispute )etween two or more parties, $or their decision, and 6ud!ment. (he persons to whom such matters are re$erred are sometimes ca""ed re$erees. REFERENCE, mercanti"e "aw. direction or re1uest )y a party who as&s a credit to the person $rom whom he e#pects it, to ca"" on some other person named in order to ascertain the character or mercanti"e standin! o$ the $ormer. REFERENCE, practice. (he act o$ sendin! any matter )y a court o$ chancery or one e#ercisin! e1uita)"e powers, to a master or other o$$icer, in order that he may ascertain $acts and report to the court. By re$erence is a"so understood that part o$ an instrument o$ writin! where it points to another $or the matters therein contained. 0or the e$$ect o$ such re$erence, see 1 2ic&. R. 2+9 1+ 7ass. R. 8849 15 2ic&. R. 669 + @a"st. R. 259 18 -end. R. 61/9 13 <onn. R. 8229 8 Green". R. 18, 8+19 4 Green". R. 4/49 6 2ic&. R. 8639 the thin! re$erred to is a"so ca""ed a re$erence. REFERENDUM, internationa" "aw. -hen an amhassador receives propositions touchin! an o)6ect over which he has no su$$icient power and he is without instruction, he accepts it ad re$erendum, that is, under the condition that it sha"" )e acted upon )y his !overnment, to which it is re$erred. (he note addressed in that case to his !overnment to su)mit the 1uestion to its consideration is ca""ed a re$erendum. REFORM. (o reor!ani5e9 to rearran!e as, the 6ury Fsha"" )e re$ormed )y puttin! to and ta&in! out o$ the persons so impanne"ed.F 'tat. 4 @. =.... c. 129 Bac. ). ?uries, . 2. (o re$orm an instrument in e1uity, is to ma&e a decree that a deed or other a!reement sha"" )e made or construed as it was ori!ina""y intended )y the parties, when an error or mista&e as to a $act has )een committed. contract has )een re$ormed, a"thou!h the party app"yin! to the court was in the "e!a" pro$ession, and he himse"$ drew the contract, it appearin! c"ear that it was $ramed so as to admit o$ a construction inconsistent with the true a!reement o$ the parties. 1 'im. * 'tu. 2139 4 Russ. R. 828. But a contract wi"" not

)e re$ormed in conse1uence o$ an error o$ "aw. 1 Russ. * 7. 8189 1 <hit. 2r. 128. REFORMATION, crimina" "aw. (he act o$ )rin!in! )ac& a crimina" to such a sense o$ 6ustice, so that he may "ive in society without any detriment to it. 2. (he o)6ect o$ the crimina" "aw ou!ht to )e to re$orm the crimina", whi"e it protects society )y his punishment. Dne o$ the )est attempts at re$ormation is the p"an o$ so"itary con$inement in a penitentiary. -hi"e the convict has time to re$"ect he cannot )e in6ured )y evi" e#amp"e or corrupt communication. TO REFRESH. (o ree#amine a su)6ect )y havin! a re$erence to somethin! connected with it. 2. witness has a ri!ht to e#amine a memorandum or paper which he made in re"ation to certain $acts, when the same occurred, in order to re$resh his memory, )ut the paper or memorandum itse"$ is not evidence. 5 -end. 4319 12 '. * R. 4289 6 2ic&. 2229 1 . >. 7arsh. 1889 2 <onn. 214. 'ee 1 Rep. <onst. <t. 446, 4+4, 824. TO REFUND. (o pay )ac& )y the party who has received it, to the party who has paid it, money which ou!ht not to have )een paid. 2. Dn a de$iciency o$ assets, e#ecutors and administrators cum testamento anne#o, are entit"ed to have re$unded to them "e!acies which they may have paid, or so much as may )e necessary. to pay the de)ts o$ the testator9 and in order to insure this, they are !enera""y authori5ed to re1uire a re$undin! )ond. =ide 8 =in. ). 8189 18 .n =in. ). 2+49 Bac. ). Le!acies, @. REFUSAL. (he act o$ dec"inin! to receive or to do somethin!. 2. !rantee may re$use a tit"e, vide ssent9 one appointed e#ecutor may re$use to act as such. "a some cases, a ne!"ect to per$orm a duty which the party is re1uired )y "aw or his a!reement to do, wi"" amount to a re$usa". REGENCY. (he authority o$ the person in monarchica" countries invested with the ri!ht o$ !overnin! the state in the name o$ the monarch, durin! his minority, a)sence, sic&ness or other ina)i"ity. REGENT. 1. ru"er, a !overnor. (he term is usua""y app"ied to one who !overns a re!ency, or ru"es in the p"ace o$ another. 2. .n the canon "aw, it si!ni$ies a master or pro$essor o$ a co""e!e. Dict. du Dr. <a"". h. t. 4. .t sometimes means simp"y a ru"er, director, or superintendent9 as, in ;ew ,or&, where the )oard who have the superintendence o$ a"" the co""e!es, academies and schoo"s, are ca""ed the re!ents o$ the %niversity o$ the state o$ ;ew ,or&. REGIAM MAJESTATEM. (he name o$ an ancient "aw )oo& ascri)ed to David . o$ 'cot"and. .t is, accordin! to Dr. Ro)ertson, a servi"e copy o$ G"anvi""e. Ro: )ertson's @ist. o$ <har"es =., vo". 1, note 25, p. 2629 Ers&. 2rin. B. 1, t. 1, n. 14. REGICIDE. (he &i""in! o$ a &in!, aud, )y e#tension, o$ a 1ueen. (heorie des Lois <rimine""es, vo". 1, p. 433. REG.DDR. Laws o$ the 'panish empire o$ the .ndies. Dne o$ a )ody, never e#ceedin! twe"ve, who $ormed a part o$ the ayuntamiento or municipa" counci" in every capita" o$ a 6urisdiction. (he o$$ice o$ re!idor was he"d $or "i$e, that is to say, durin! the p"easure o$ the supreme authority. .n most p"aces the o$$ice was purchased9 in some cities, however, they were e"ected )y persons o$ the district, ca""ed

capitu"ares. 12 2et. R. 882, note. REGIMIENTO. Laws o$ the 'panish empire o$ the .ndies. (he )ody o$ re!i: dores who never e#ceeded twe"ve, $ormin! a part o$ the municipa" counci" or ayuntamiento, in every capita" o$ a 6urisdiction. 12 2et. Rep. 882, note. REGISTER, evidence. )oo& containin! a record o$ $acts as they occur, &ept )y pu)"ic authority9 a re!ister o$ )irths, marria!es and )uria"s. 2. "thou!h not ori!ina""y intended $or the purposes o$ evidence, pu)"ic re!isters are in !enera" admissi)"e to prove the $acts to which they re"ate. 4. .n 2ennsy"vania, the re!istry o$ )irths, *c. made )y any re"i!ious society in the state, is evidence )y act o$ assem)"y, )ut it must )e proved as at common "aw. 6 Binn. R. 816. copy o$ the re!ister o$ )irths and deaths o$ the 'ociety o$ 0riends in En!"and, proved )e$ore the "ord mayor o$ London )y an e# parte a$$idavit, was a""owed to )e !iven in evidence to prove the death o$ a person9 1 Da"". 29 and a copy o$ a parish re!ister in Bar)adoes, certi:$ied to )e a true copy )y the rector, proved )y the oath o$ a witness, ta&en )e$ore the deputy secretary o$ the is"and and notary pu)"ic, under his hand and sea" was he"d admissi)"e to prove pedi!ree9 the handwritin! and o$$ice o$ the secretary )ein! proved. 13 'er!. * Raw"e, 484. 8. .n ;orth <aro"ina, a parish re!ister o$ )irths, marria!es and deaths, &ept pursuant to the statute o$ that state, is evidence o$ pedi!ree. 2 7urphey's R. 8+. 5. .n <onnecticut, a parish re!ister has )een received in evidence. 2 Root, R. //. 'ee 15 ?ohn. R. 226. =ide 1 2hi". Ev. 4359 1 <urt. R. +559 6 En!. Ecc". R. 8529 <ov. on <onv. Ev. 438. REGISTER, common "aw. (he certi$icate o$ re!istry !ranted to the person or persons entit"ed thereto, )y the co""ector o$ the district, comprehendin! the port to which any ship or vesse" sha"" )e"on!9 more proper"y, the re!istry itse"$. 0or the $orm, re1uisites, *c. o$ certi$icate o$ re!istry, see ct o$ <on. Dec. 41, 1+/29 'tory's Laws %. '. 26/ 4 >ent, <om. 8th ed. 181. REGISTER or REGISTRAR. n o$$icer authori5ed )y "aw to &eep a record ca""ed a re!ister or re!istry9 as the re!ister $or the pro)ate o$ wi""s. REGISTER FOR THE PROBATE OF WILLS. n o$$icer in 2ennsy"vania, who has !ene: ra""y the same powers that 6ud!es o$ pro)ates and surro!ates have in other states, and the ordinary has in En!"and, in admittin! the wi""s o$ deceased persons to pro)ate. REGISTER OF WRITS. (his is a )oo& preserved in the En!"ish court o$ chancery, in which were entered, $rom time to time, a"" $orms o$ writs once issued. 2. .t was $irst printed and pu)"ished in the rei!n o$ @enry =.... (his )oo& is sti"" in authority, as containin!, in !enera", an accurate transcript o$ the $orms o$ a"" writs as then $ramed, and as they ou!ht sti"" to )e $ramed in modern practice. 4. .t seems, however, that a variation $rom the re!ister is not conc"usive a!ainst the propriety o$ a $orm, i$ other su$$icient authority can )e adduced to prove its correctness. 'teph. 2". +, 8. REGISTRARIUS. n ancient name !iven to a notary. .n En!"and this name is con$ined to desi!nate the o$$icer o$ some court, the records or archives o$ which are in his custody.

REGISTRUM BREVIUM. (he name o$ an ancient )oo& which was a co""ection o$ writs. 'ee Re!ister o$ -rits REGISTRY. )oo& authori5ed )y "aw, in which writin!s are re!istered or recorded. =ide (o Record9 Re!ister. REGNANT. Dne havin! authority as a &in!9 one in the e#ercise o$ roya" authority. REGRATING, crim. "aw. Every practice or device, )y act, conspiracy, words, or news, to enhance the price o$ victua"s or other merchandise, is so denomin:ated. 4 .nst. 1/69 1 Russ. on <r. 16/. 2. .n the Roman "aw, persons who monopo"i5ed !rain, and other produce o$ the earth, were ca""ed dardanarii, and were various"y punished. Di!. 8+, 11, 6. REGRESS. Returnin!9 !oin! )ac& opposed to in!ress. A1. v.B REGULAR DEPOSIT. Dne where the thin! deposited must )e returned. .t is distin!uished $rom an irre!u"ar deposit. REGULAR AND IRREGULAR PROCESS. Re!u"ar process is that which has )een "aw$u""y issued )y a court or ma!istrate, havin! competent 6urisdiction. .rre!u"ar process is that which has )een i""e!a""y issued. 2. -hen the process is re!u"ar, and the de$endant has )een damni$ied, as in the case o$ a ma"icious arrest, his remedy is )y an action on the case, and not trespassH when it is irre!u"ar, the remedy is )y action o$ trespass. 4. .$ the process )e who""y i""e!a" or misapp"ied as to the person intended to )e arrested, without re!ard to any 1uestion o$ $act, or whether innocent or !ui"ty, or the e#istence o$ any de)t, then the party imprisoned may "e!a""y resist the arrest and imprisonment, and may escape, )e rescued, or even )rea& prison9 )ut i$ the process and imprisonment were in $orm "e!a", each o$ these acts wou"d )e punisha)"e, however innocent the de$endant mi!ht )e, $or he ou!ht to su)mit to "e!a" process, and o)tain his re"ease )y due course o$ "aw. 1 <hit. 2r. 64+9 5 East, R. 438, 4389 '. <. 1 'mitt's Rep. 5559 6 (. R. 2489 0oster, <. L. 4129 2 -i"s. 8+9 1 East, 2. <. 413 @aw&. B. 2, c. 1/, s. 1, 2. 8. -hen a party has )een arrested on process which has a$terwards )een set aside $or irre!u"arity, he may )rin! an action o$ trespass and recover dama!es as we"" a!ainst the attorney who issued it, as the party, thou!h such process wi"" 6usti$y the o$$icer who e#ecuted it. 8 do"ph. * E"". 88/9 '. <. 45 E. <. L. R. 8449 15 East, R. 615, note c9 1 'tra. 53/9 2 -. B". Rep., 8859 2 <onn. R. +339 / <onn. 1819 11 7ass. 5339 6 Green". 8219 4 Gi"" * ?ohn. 4++9 1 Bai"ey, R. 8819 2 Litt. 2489 4 '. * R. 14/ 12 ?ohn. 25+ 4 -i"s. 4+69 and vide 7a"icious 2rosecution. REHABIL TATION. (he act )y which a man is restored to his $ormer a)i"ity, o$ which he had )een deprived )y a conviction, sentence or 6ud!ment o$ a competent tri)una". REHEARING. ar!ument. second consideration which the court !ives to a cause, on a second

2. rehearin! ta&es p"ace principa""y when the court has dou)ts on the su)6ect to )e decided9 )ut it cannot )e !ranted )y the supreme court a$ter the cause has )een remitted to the court )e"ow to carry into e$$ect the decree o$ the supreme court. + -heat. 58.

REI INTERVENTUS. -hen a party is imper$ect"y )ound in an o)"i!ation, he may in !enera", annu" such imper$ect o)"i!ation9 )ut when he has permitted the opposite party to act as i$ his o)"i!ation or a!reement were comp"ete, such thin!s have intervened as to deprive him o$ the ri!ht to rescind such o)"i!ation9 these circumstances are the rei interventus. Be""'s <om. 428, 42/, 5th ed.9 Burt. 7an. 2. R. 128. RE-INSURANCE, mar. contr. n insurance made )y a $ormer insurer, his e#ecutors, administrators, or assi!ns, to protect himse"$ and his estate $rom a ris& to which they were "ia)"e )y the $irst insurance. 2. .t di$$ers $rom a dou)"e insurance A1. v.B in this, that in the "atter cases, the insured ma&es two insurances on the same ris& and the same interest. 4. (he insurer on a re:insurance is answera)"e on"y to the party whom he has insured, and not to the ori!ina" insured, who can have no remedy a!ainst him in case o$ "oss, even thou!h the ori!ina" insurer )ecome inso"vent, )ecause there is no privity o$ contract )etween them and the ori!ina" insured. 4 >ent, <om. 22+9 2ar&. on .ns. c. 15, p. 2+69 7arsh. .ns. B. 1, c. 8, s. 8 REISSUABLE NOTES. Ban& notes, which a$ter havin! )een once paid, may a!ain )e put into circu"ation, are so ca""ed. 2. (hey cannot proper"y )e ca""ed va"ua)"e securities, whi"e in the hands o$ the ma&er9 )ut in an indictment, may proper"y )e ca""ed !oods and chatte"s. Ry. * 7ood. <. <. 2189 vide 5 7ason's R. 54+9 2 Russ. on <r. 18+. nd such notes wou"d $a"" within the description o$ promissory notes. 2 Leach, 13/3, 13/49 Russ. * Ry. 242. =ide Ban& note9 ;ote9 2romissory note. REJOINDER, p"eadin!s. (he name o$ the de$endant's answer to the p"ainti$$'s rep"ication. 2. (he !enera" re1uisites o$ a re6oinder are, 1. .t must )e tria)"e. 2. .t must not )e dou)"e, nor wi"" severa" re6oinders )e a""owed to the same dec"aration. 4. .t must )e certain. 8. .t must )e direct and positive, and not mere"y )y way o$ recita" or ar!umentative. 5. it must not )e repu!nant or insensi)"e. 6. .t must )e con$orma)"e to, and not depart $rom the p"ea. <o. Litt. 4389 6 <om. Di!. 185 rch). <iv. 2". 2+89 %. '. Di!, 2"eadin!, L.... RELAPSE. (he condition o$ one who, a$ter havin! a)andoned a course o$ vice, returns to it a!ain. =ide Recidive. RELATION, civi" "aw. (he report which the 6ud!es made o$ the proceedin!s in certain suits to the prince were so ca""ed. 2. (hese re"ations too& p"ace when the 6ud!e had no "aw to direct him, or when the "aws were suscepti)"e o$ di$$icu"ties9 it was then re$erred to the prince, who was the author o$ the "aw, to !ive the interpretation. (hose reports were made in writin! and contained the p"eadin!s o$ the parties, and a"" the proceedin!s, to!ether with the 6ud!e's opinion, and prayed the emperor to order what shou"d )e done. (he ordinance o$ the prince thus re1uired was ca""ed a rescript. A1. v.B the use o$ these re"ations was a)o"ished )y ?ustinian, ;ov. 125. RELATION, contracts, construction. -hen an act is done at one time, and it operates upon the thin! as i$ done at another time, it is said to do so )y re"ation9 as, i$ a man

de"iver a deed as an escrow, to )e de"ivered )y the party ho"din! it, to the !rantor, on the per$ormance o$ some act, the de"ivery to the "atter wi"" have re"ation )ac& to the $irst de"ivery. (ermes de "a Ley. !ain, i$ a partner )e ad6ud!ed a )an&rupt, the partnership is disso"ved, and such disso"ution re"ates )ac& to the time when the commission issued. 4 >ent, <om. 44. =ide 18 =in. ). 2859 8 <om. Di!. 2859 5 .d. 44/9 Litt. '. <. 862:8669 2 ?ohn. 5139 8 ?ohn. 2439 15 ?ohn. 83/9 2 @ar. * ?ohn. 151, and the artic"e 0iction. RELATIONS, &indred. .n its most e#tensive si!ni$ication, this term inc"udes a"" the &indred o$ the person spo&en o$. .n a more "imited sense, it si!ni$ies those persons who are entit"ed as ne#t o$ &in under the statute o$ distri)ution. 2. "e!acy to Fre"ationsF !enera""y, or to Fre"ations )y )"ood or marria!e,F without enumeratin! any o$ them, wi"", there$ore, entit"e to a share, such o$ the testator's re"atives as wou"d )e entit"ed under the statute o$ distri)ution's in the event o$ intestacy. 1 7add. <h. R. 859 1 Bro. <. <. 44. 'ee the cases re$erred to under the word Re"ations, artic"e <onstruction. 4. Re"ations to either o$ the parties, even )eyond the ninth de!ree, have )een ho"den incapa)"e to serve on 6uries. 4 <hit. 2r. +/5, note c. 8. Re"ationship or a$$inity is no o)6ection to a witness, un"ess in the case o$ hushand and wi$e. 'ee -itness. RELATOR. rehearser or te""er9 one who, )y "eave o$ court, )rin!s an in$ormation in the nature o$ a 1uo warranto. 2. t common "aw, strict"y spea&in!, no such person as a re"ator to an in$ormation is &nown9 he )ein! a creature o$ the statute / nne, c. 23. 4. .n this country, even where no statute simi"ar to that o$ nne prevai"s, in$ormations are a""owed to )e $i"ed )y private persons desirous to try their ri!hts, in the name o$ the attorney !enera", and these are common"y ca""ed re"ators9 thou!h no 6ud!ment $or costs can )e rendered $or or a!ainst them. 2 Da"". 1129 5 7ass. 2419 15 'er!. * Raw"e, 12+9 4 'er!. * Raw"e, 529 n!. on <orp. 8+3. .n chancery the re"ator is responsi)"e $or costs. 8 Bouv. .nst. n. 8322. RELATIVE. Dne connected with another )y )"ood or a$$inity9 a re"ation, a &insman or &inswoman. .n an ad6ective sense, havin! re"ation or conne#ion with some other person or thin!9 as re"ative ri!hts, re"ative powers. RELATIVE POWERS. (hose which re"ate to "and, so ca""ed to distin!uish them $rom those which are co""atera" to it. 2. (hese powers are appendant, as where a tenant $or "i$e has a power o$ ma&in! "eases in possession. (hey are in !ross when a person has an estate in the "and, with a power o$ appointment, the e#ecution o$ which $a""s out o$ the compass o$ his estate, )ut, notwithstandin!, is anne#ed in privity to it, and ta&es e$$ect in the appointee out o$ an interest appointed in the appointer. 2 Bouv. .nst. n. 1/43. RELATIVE RIGHTS. (hose to which a person is entit"ed in conse1uence o$ his re"ation with others such as the ri!hts o$ a hushand in re"ation to his wi$e9 o$ a $ather, as to his chi"dren9 o$ a master, as to his servant9 o$ a !uardian, as to his ward. 2. .n !enera", the superior may maintain an action $or an in6ury committed a!ainst his re"ative ri!hts. 'ee 2 Bouv. .nst. n. 22++ to 22/69 4 Bouv. .nst. n. 48/19 8 Bouv. .nst. n. 4615 to 4618.

RELEASE. Re"eases are o$ two &inds. 1. 'uch as !ive up, dischar!e, or a)andon a ri!ht o$ action. 2. 'uch as convey a man's interest or ri!ht to another, who has possession o$ it, or some estate in the same. (ouch. 4239 Litt. sec. 8889 ;e"s. ). h. t.9 Bac. ). h. t.9 =in. ). h. t.9 Ro""e's ). h. t.9 <om. Di!. h. t. RELEASE, contracts. re"ease is the !ivin! or dischar!in! o$ a ri!ht o$ action which a man has or may c"aim a!ainst another, or that which is his. (ouch. 423 Bac. ). h. t.9 <o. Litt. 268 a. 2. (his &ind o$ a re"ease is di$$erent $rom that which is used $or the purpose o$ convoyin! rea" estate. @ere a mere ri!ht is surrendered9 in the other case not on"y a ri!ht is !iven up, )ut an interest in the estate is conveyed, and )ecomes vested in the re"ease. 4. Re"eases may )e considered, as to their $orm, their di$$erent &inds, and their e$$ect. C1. (he operative words o$ a re"ease are remise, re"ease, 1uitc"aim, dischar!e and ac1uit9 )ut other words wi"" answer the purpose. 'id. 2659 <ro. ?ac. 6/69 / <o. 529 'how. 441. 8. : C2. Re"eases are either e#press, or re"eases in deed9 or those arisin! )y operation o$ "aw. n e#press re"ease is one which is distinct"y made in the deed9 a re"ease )y operation o$ "aw, is one which, thou!h not e#press"y made, the "aw presumes in conse1uence o$ some act o$, the re"easor9 $or instance, when, one o$ severa" 6oint o)"i!ors is e#press"y re"eased, the others are a"so re"eased )y operation o$ "aw . 4 'a"&. 2/8. @o). 139 .d. 669 ;oy, 629 8 7od. 4839 + ?ohns. Rep. 23+. 5. re"ease may a"so )e imp"ied9 as, i$ a creditor vo"untari"y de"iver to his de)tor the )ond, note, or other evidence o$ his c"aim. nd when the de)tor is in possession o$ such security, it wi"" )e presumed that it has )een de"ivered to him. 2oth. D)". n. 638, 63/. 6. : C4. s to their e$$ect, re"eases 1st, ac1uit the re"easeeH and 2d"y, ena)"e him to )e e#amined as a witness. +. : 1st. Litt"eton says a re"ease o$ a"" demands is the )est and stron!est re"ease. 'ect. 538. Lord <o&e, on the contrary, says c"aims is a stron!er word. <o. Litt. 2/1 ). 8. .n !enera" the words o$ a re"ease wi"" he restrained )y the particu"ar occasion o$ !ivin! it. 4 Lev. 2+49 1 'how. 151H 2 7od. 138, n.9 2 'how. 8+9 (. Raym. 4// 4 7od. 2++9 2a"m. 2189 1 Lev. 245. /. (he reader is re$erred to the $o""owin! cases where a construction has )een !iven to the e#pressions mentioned. re"ease o$ Fa"" actions, suits and demands,F 4 7od. 2++H F a"" actions, de)ts, duties, and demands,F .)id. 1 and 689 4 7od. 1859 8 <o. 153 )9 2 'aund. 6 a9 a"" demands,F 5 <o. +3, )9 2 7od. 2819 4 7od 2+89 1 Lev. //9 'a"&. 5+89 2 Ro""e's Rep. 12 7od. 8659 2 <onn. Rep. 1239 Fa"" actions, 1uarre"s, trespasses F Dy. 21+1 p". 29 <ro. ?ac. 88+9 F a"" errors, and a"" actions, suits, and writs o$ error whatsoever,F (. Ray. 4 // a"" suits,F 8 <o. 153 o$ covenants,F 5 <o. +3 ). 13. : 2d. re"ease )y a witness where he has an interest in the matter which is the su)6ect o$ the suit or re"ease )y the party on whose side he is interested, renders him competent. 1 2hi". Ev. 132, and the cases cited in n. a. =ide 2 <hitt. .t. 42/9 1 D. * R. 4619 @arr. Di!. h. t.9 Bouv. .nst. .nde#, h. t. RELEASE, estates. (he Fconveyance o$ a man's interest or ri!ht, which he hath unto a thin!, to another that hath the possession thereo$, or some estate therein.F (ouch. 423.

2. (he words !enera""y used in such conveyance, are, Fremised, re"eased, and $orever 1uit c"aimed.F Litt. s ec, 885. 4. Re"eases o$ "and are, in respect o$ their operation, divided into $our sorts. 1. Re"eases that enure )y way o$ passin! the estate, or mitter "'estate. A1. v.B 2. Re"eases that enure )y way o$ passin! the ri!ht, or mitter "e droit. 4. Re"eases that enure )y en"ar!ement o$ the estate9 and 8. Re"eases that enure )y way o$ e#tin!uishment. =ide 8 <ruise, +19 <o. Lit. 2689 4 7arsh. Decis. 1859 Gi"). (en. 829 2 'umn. R. 88+9 13 2ic&. R. 1/59 13 ?ohn. R. 8569 + 7ass. R. 4819 8 2ic&. R. 1849 5 @ar. * ?ohn. 1589 ;. @. Rep. 8329 2ai!e's R. 2//. RELEASEE. person to whom a re"ease is made. RELEASOR. @e who ma&es a re"ease. ELEGATION, civi" "aw. mon! the Romans re"e!ation was a )anishment to a certain p"ace, and conse1uent"y was an interdiction o$ a"" p"aces e#cept the one desi!nated. 2. .t di$$ered $rom deportation. A1. v.B Re"e!ation and deportation a!ree u these particu"arsH 1. ;either cou"d )e in a Roman city or province. 2. ;either caused the party punished to "ose his "i)erty. .nst. 1,16 , 29 Di!est, 88, 22, 89 <ode, /, 8+,26. 4. Re"e!ation and deportation di$$ered in this. 1. Because deportation deprived o$ the ri!ht o$ citi5enship, which was preserved notwithstandin! the re"e!ation. 2. Because deportation was a"ways perpetua", and re"e!ation was !enera""y $or a "imited time. 4. Because deportation was a"ways attended with con$iscation o$ property, a"thou!h not mentioned in the sentence9 whi"e a "oss o$ property was not a conse1uence o$ re"e!ation un"ess it was perpetua", or made a part o$ the sentence. .nst. 1, 12, 1 * 29 Di!. 88, 23, +, 59 .d. 88, 22, 1 to +9 <ode, /, 8+, 8. RELEVANCY. By this term is understood the evidence which is app"ica)"e to the issue 6oined9 it is re"evant when it is app"ica)"e to the issue, and ou!ht to )e admitted9 it is irre"evant, when it does not app"y9 and it ou!ht then to )e e#c"uded. 4 @aw&s, 1229 8 Litt. Rep. 2+29 + 7art. Lo. R. ;. '. 1/8. 'ee Green". Ev. C8/, et se1.9 1 2hi". Ev. 16/9 11 '. * R. 1489 + -end. R. 45/9 1 Raw"e, R. 4119 4 2et. R. 4469 5 @arr. * ?ohns. 51, 569 1 -atts. * 'er!. 4629 6 -atts. R. 2669 1 '. * R. 2/8. RELEVANT EVIDENCE. (hat which is app"ica)"e to the issue and which ou!ht to )e received9 the phrase is used in opposition to irre"evant evidence, which is that which is not so app"ica)"e, and which must )e re6ected. =ide Re"evancy. RELICT. widow9 as B, re"ict o$ < D. RELICTA VFRIFICATIONE. -hen a 6ud!ment is con$essed )y co!novit actionem a$ter p"ea p"eaded, and then the p"ea is withdrawn, it is ca""ed a con$ession or co!novit actionem re"icta veri$icatione. @e ac&now"ed!es the action havin! a)andoned his p"ea. 'ee 5 @a"st. 442. RELICTION. n increase o$ the "and )y the sudden retreat o$ the sea or a river. 2. Re"icted "ands arisin! $rom the sea and in navi!a)"e rivers, A1. v.B !enera""y )e"on! to the state and a"" re"icted "ands o$ unnavi!a)"e rivers !enera""y )e"on! to the proprietor o$ the estate to which such rivers act as )oundaries. 'chu"tes on 1u. Ri!hts, 1489 n!. on (ide -at. +5. But this re"iction must )e $rom the sea in its usua" state $or i$ it shou"d

inundate the "and and then recede, this wou"d )e no re"iction. @ar!. (r. 15. =ide n!. on -at. <o. 223. 4. Re"iction di$$ers $rom avu"sion, A1. v.B and $rom a""uvion. A1. v.B RELIEF, En!". "aw. re"ie$ was an incident to every $euda" tenure, )y way o$ $ine or composition with the "ord $or ta&in! up the estate which was "apsed or $a""en in )y the death o$ the "ast tenant. t one time the amount was ar)itrary9 )ut a$terwards the re"ie$ o$ a &ni!ht's $ee )ecame $i#ed at one hundred shi""in!s. 2 B". <om. 65. RELIEF, practice. (hat assistance which a court o$ chancery wi"" "end to a party to annu" a contract tinctured with $raud, or where there has )een a mista&e or accident9 courts o$ e1uity !rant re"ie$ to a"" parties in cases where they have ri!hts, e# ae1uo et )ono, and modi$y and $ashion that re"ie$ accordin! to circumstances. RELIGION. Rea" piety in practice, consistin! in the per$ormance o$ a"" &nown duties to God and our $e""ow men. 2. (here are many actions which cannot )e re!u"ated )y human "aws, and many duties are imposed )y re"i!ion ca"cu"ated to promote the happiness o$ society. Besides, there is an in$inite num)er o$ actions, which thou!h punisha)"e )y society, may )e concea"ed $rom men, and which the ma!istrate cannot punish. .n these cases men are restrained )y the &now"ed!e that nothin! can )e hidden $rom the eyes o$ a soverei!n inte""i!ent Bein!9 that the sou" never dies, that there is a state o$ $uture rewards and punishments9 in $act that the most secret crimes wi"" )e punished. (rue re"i!ion then o$$ers succors to the $ee)"e, conso"ations to the un$ortunate, and $i""s the wic&ed with dread. 4. -hat 7ontes1uieu says o$ a prince, app"ies e1ua""y to an individua". F prince,F says he, F who "oves re"i!ion, is a "ion, which yie"ds to the hand that caresses him, or to the voice which renders him tame. @e who $ears re"i!ion and )ates it, is "i&e a wi"d )east, which !naws, the chain which re:strains it $rom $a""in! on those within its reach. @e who has no re"i!ion is "i&e a terri)"e anima" which $ee"s no "i)erty e#cept when it devours its vic: tims or tears them in pieces.F Esp. des , Lois, "iv. 28, c. 1. 8. But re"i!ion can )e use$u" to man on"y when it is pure. (he constitution o$ the %nited 'tates has, there$ore, wise"y provided that it shou"d never )e united with the state. rt. 6, 4. =ide <hristianity9 Re"i!ious test9 (heo: cracy. RELIGIOUS TEST. (he constitution o$ the %nited 'tates, art. 6, s. 4, de:c"ares that Fno re"i!ious test sha"" ever )e re1uired as a 1ua"i$ication to any o$$ice, or pu)"ic trust under the %nited 'tates.F 2. (his c"ause was introduced $or the dou)"e purpose o$ satis$yin! the scrup"es o$ many respecta)"e persons, who $ee" an invinci)"e repu!nance to any re"i!ious test or a$$irmation, and to cut o$$ $orever every pretence o$ any a""iance )etween church and state in the nationa" !overnment. 'tory on the <onst. C1881. RELINQUISHMENT, practice. $orsa&in!, a)andonin!, or !ivin! over a ri!ht9 $or e#amp"e, a p"ainti$$ may re"in1uish a )ad count in a dec"aration, and proceed on the !oodH a man may re"in1uish a part o$ his c"aim in order to !ive a court 6urisdiction. RELOCATION, 'cotch "aw, contracts. (o "et a!ain to renew a "ease, is ca""ed a re"ocation. 2. -hen a tenant ho"ds over a$ter the e#piration o$ his "ease, with the consento$ his

"and"ord, this wi"" amount to a re"ocation. REMAINDER, estates. (he remnant o$ an estate in "ands or tenements e#pectant on a particu"ar estate, created to!ether with the same, at one time. <o. Litt. 184 a. 2. Remainders are either vested or contin!ent. vested remainder is one )y which a present interest passes to the party. thou!h to )e en6oyed in $uture9 and )y which the estate is invaria)"y $i#ed to remain to a determinate person, a$ter the particu"ar estate has )een spent. =ide 2 ?o ins. R. 2889 1 ,eates, R. 483. 4. contin!ent remainder is one which is "imited to ta&e e$$ect on an event or condition, which may never happen or )e per$ormed, or which may not happen or )e per$ormed ti"" a$ter the determination o$ the precedin! particu"ar estate9 in which case such remainder never can ta&e e$$ect. 8. ccordin! to 7r. 0earne, contin!ent remainders may proper"y )e distin:!uished into $our sorts. 1. -here the remainder depends entire"y on a contin:!ent determination o$ the precedin! estate itse"$. 2. -here the contin!ency on which the remainder is to ta&e e$$ect, is independent o$ the determination o$ the precedin! estate. 4. -here the condition upon which the remainder is "imited, is certain in event, )ut the determination o$ the particu"ar estate may happen )e$ore it. 8. -here the person, to whom the remainder is "imited, is not yet ascertained, or not yet in )ein!. 0earne, 5. 5. (he pupi""ary su)stitutions o$ the civi" "aw somewhat resem)"ed contin!ent remainders. 1 Brown's <iv. Law, 218, n.9 Burr. 1624. =ide, !enera""y, =iner's ). h. t.9 Bac. ). h. t9 <om. Di!. h. t.9 8 >ent, <om. 18/9 ,e"v. 1, n.9 <ruise, Di!. tit. 169 1 'upp. to =es. 6r. 1889 Bouv. .nst. .nde#, h. t. REMAINDER-MAN. Dne who is entit"ed to the remainder o$ the estate a$ter a particu"ar estate carved out o$ it has e#pired. TO REMAND. (o send )ac& or recommit. -hen a prisoner is )rou!ht )e$ore a 6ud!e on a ha)eas corpus, $or the purpose o$ o)tainin! his "i)erty, the 6ud!e hears the case, and either dischar!es him or not9 when there is cause $or his detention, he remands him. REMANDING A CAUSE, practice. (he sendin! it )ac& to the same court out o$which it came $or the purpose o$ havin! some action on it there. 7arch, R. 133. REMANENT PRO DEFECTU EMPTORUM, practice. (he return made )y the sheri$$ to a writ o$ e#ecution when he has not )een a)"e to se"" the property sei5ed, that the same remains unso"d $or want o$ )uyersH in that case the p"ainti$$ is entit"ed to a venditioni e#ponas. <om. Di!. E#ecution, <. 8. REMANET, practice. (he causes which are entered $or tria", and which cannot )e tried durin! tho term, are remanets. Lee's Dict. (ria", vii.9 1 'e"". 2r. 8489 1 2hi". Ev., 8. REMEDIAL. (hat which a$$ords a remedy9 as, a remedia" statute, or one which is made to supp"y some de$ects or a)rid!e some super$"uities o$ the common "aw. 1 141. <om. 86. (he term remedia" statute is a"so app"ied to those acts which !ive a new remedy. Esp. 2en. ct. 1. REMEDY. (he means emp"oyed to en$orce a ri!ht or redress an in6ury. 2. (he importance o$ se"ectin! a proper remedy is made stri&in!"y evident )y tho $o""owin! statement. FRecent"y a common "aw )arrister, very eminent $or his "e!a"

attainments, sound opinions, and !reat practice, advised that there was no remedy whatever a!ainst a married woman, who, havin! a considera)"e separate estate, had 6oined with her hushand in a promissory note $or L2533, $or a de)t o$ her hushand, )ecause he was o$ opinion that the contract o$ a married woman is a)so"ute"y void, and re$erred to a decision to that e$$ect, vi5. 7arsha"" v. Rutton, 8 (. R. 585, he not &nowin!, or $or!ettin!, that in e1uity, under such circumstances, payment mi!ht have )een en$orced out o$ the separate estate. nd a$terwards, a very eminent e1uity counse", e1ua""y erroneous"y advised, in the same case, that the remedy was on"y in e1uity, a"thou!h it appeared upon the $ace o$ the case, as then stated, that, a$ter the death o$ her hushand, the wi$e had promised to pay, in consideration o$ $or)earance, and upon which promise she mi!ht have )een arrested and sued at "aw. .$ the common "aw counse" had proper"y advised proceedin!s in e1uity, or i$ the e1uity counse" had advised proceedin!s )y arrest at "aw, upon the promise, a$ter the death o$ the hushand, the who"e de)t wou"d have )een paid. But, upon this "atter opinion, a )i"" in chancery was $i"ed, and so much time e"apsed )e$ore decree, that a !reat part o$ the property was dissipated, and the wi$e escaped with the residue into 0rance, and the creditor thus who""y "ost his de)t, which wou"d have )een recovered, i$ the proper proceedin!s had )een adopted in the $irst or even second instance. (his is one o$ the very numerous cases a"most dai"y occurrin!, i""ustrative o$ the conse1uences o$ the want o$, at "east, a !enera" &now"ed!e o$ every )ranch o$ "aw.F 4. Remedies may )e considered in re"ation to 1. (he en$orcement o$ contracts. 2. (he redress o$ torts or in6uries. 8. : C1. (he remedies $or the en$orcement o$ contracts are !enera""y )y action. (he $orm o$ these depend upon the nature o$ the contract. (hey wi"" )e )rie$"y considered, each separate"y. 5. : 1. (he )reach o$ paro" or simp"e contracts, whether ver)a" or written, e#press or imp"ied, $or the payment o$ money, or $or the per$ormance or omission o$ any other act, is remedia)"e )y action o$ assumpsit. A1, v.B (his is the proper remedy, there$ore, to recover money "ent, paid, and had and re:ceived to the use o$ the p"ainti$$9 and in some cases thou!h the money have )een received tortious"y or )y duress o$, the person or !oods, it may )e recovered.in this $orm o$ action, as, in that case, the "aw imp"ies a contract. 2 Ld. Raym. 12169 2 B". R. 82+9 4 -i"s. R. 4389 2 (. R. 1889 4 ?ohns. R. 184. (his action is a"so the proper remedy upon wa!ers, $ei!ned issues, and awards when the su)mission is not )y deed, and to recover money due on $orei!n 6ud!ments9 8 (. R. 8/49 4 East, R. 2219 11 East, R9 1289 and on )y:"aws. 1 B. * 2. /8. 6. : 2. (o recover money due and unpaid upon "e!a" "ia)i"ities, @o). 2369 or upon simp"e contracts either e#press or imp"ied, whether ver)a" or written, and upon contracts under sea" or o$ record, Bu"". ;. 2. 16+9 <om. Di!. De)t, /9 and on statutes )y a party !rieved, or )y a common in$ormer, whenever the demand is $or a sum certain, or is capa)"e o$ )ein! readi"y reduced to a certainty9 + 7ass. R. 2329 4 7ass. R. 43/, 4139 the remedy is )y action o$ de)t. =ide De)t. +. : 4. -hen a covenantee, has sustained dama!es in conse1uence o$ the non: per$ormance o$ a promise under sea", whether such promise )e contained in a deed po"", indenture, or whether it )e e#press or imp"ied )y "aw $rom the terms o$ the deed9 or whether the dama!es )e "i1uidated or un"i1uidated, the proper remedy is )y action o$

covenant. =ide <ovenant. 8. : 8. 0or the detention o$ a c"iatte", which the party o)tained )y virtue o$ a contract, as a )ai"ment, or )y some other "aw$u" means, as )y $indin!, the. owner, may in !enera" support an action o$ detinue, A1. v.B and rep"evin9 A1. v.B or when he has converted the property to his own use, trover and conversion. A1. v.B /. : C2 . Remedies $or the redress o$ in6uries. (hese remedies are either pu)"ic, )y indictment, when the in6ury to the individua" or to .iis property a$$ects the pu)"ic9 or private, when the tort is on"y in6urious to the individua". 13. (here are three &inds o$ remedies, name"y, 1. (he preventive. 2. (hat which see&s $or a compensation. 4. (hat which has $or its o)6ect punishment. 11. : 1. (he preventive, or removin!, or a)atin! remedies, are those which may )e )y acts o$ the party a!!rieved, or )y the intervention o$ "e!a" proceedin!s9 as, in the case o$ in6uries to the. person, or to persona" or rea" property, de$ence, resistance, recaption, a)atement o$ nuisance, and surety o$ the peace, or in6unction in e1uity and perhaps some others. 12. : 2. Remedies $or compensation are those which may he either )y the acts o$ the party a!!rieved, or summari"y )e$ore 6ustices, or )y ar) itration, or action, or suit at "aw or in e1uity. 14. : 4. Remedies which have $or their o)6ect punishments, or compensation and punishments, are either summary proceedin!s )e$ore ma!istrates, or indictment, *c. (he party in6ured in many cases o$ private in6uries, which are a"so a pu)"ic o$$ence, as, )atteries and "i)e"s, may:have )oth remedies, a pu)"ic indictment $or the crimina" o$$ence, and a civi" action $or the private wron!. -hen the "aw !ives severa" remedies, the party entit"ed to them may se"ect that )est ca"cu"ated to answer his ends. =ide 2 t&. 4889 8 ?ohns. <h. R. 1839 6 ?ohns. <h. Rep. +89 2 <onn. R. 4549 13 ?ohns. R. 8819 / 'er!. * Raw"e, 432. .n $e"ony and some other cases, the private in6ury is so $ar mer!ed in the pu)"ic crime that no action can )e maintained $or it, at "east unti" a$ter the pu)"ic prosecution sha"" have )een ended. =ide <ivi" remedy. 18. .t wi"" )e proper to consider, 1. (he private remedies, as, they see& the prevention o$ o$$ences, compensation $or committin! them, and the punishment o$ their authors. 2. (he pu)"ic remedies, which have $or their o)6ect protection and punishment. 15. : 1. 2rivate remedies. -hen the ri!ht invaded and the in6ury committed are mere"y private, no one has a ri!ht to inter$ere or see& a remedy e#cept the party immediate"y in6ured and his pro$essiona" advisers. But when the remedy is even nomina""y pu)"ic, and prosecuted in the name o$ the commonwea"th, any one may institute the proccedin!s, a"thou!h not private"y in6ured. 1 'a"&. 1+89 1 t&. 2219 8 7. * '. +1. 16. 2rivate remedies are, 1, By the act o$ the party, or )y "e!a" proceedin!s to prevent the commission or repetition o$ an in6ury, or to remove it9 or, 2. (hey are to recover compensation $or the in6ury which has )een committed. 1+. : 1. (he preventive and removin! remedies are principa""y o$ two descriptions, name"y, 1st. (hose )y the act o$ the party himse"$, or o$ certain re"ations or third persons permitted )y "aw to inter$ere, as with respect to the person, )y se"$:de$ence, resistance, escape, rescue, and even prison )rea&in!, when the imprisonment is c"ear"y i""e!a"9 or in

case o$ persona" property, )y resistance or recaption9 or in case o$ rea" property, resistance or turnin! a trespasser out o$ his house or o$$ his "and, even with $orce9 1 'aund. 81, 183, note 89 or )y apprehendin! a wron!:doer, or )y reentry and re:!ainin! possession, ta&in! care not to commit a $orci)"e entry, or a )reach o$ the peace9 or, in case o$ nuisances, pu)"ic or private, )y a)atement9 vide )atement o$ nuisances9 or remedies )y distress, A1. v.B or )y set o$$ or re:tainer. 'ee, as to remedies )y act o$ the parties, 1 Dane's ). c. 2, p. 143. 18. : 2. -hen the in6ury is comp"ete or continuin!, the remedies to o)tain compensation are either speci$ic or in dama!es. (hese are summary )e$ore 6us:tices o$ the peace or others9 or $orma", either )y action or suit in courts o$ "aw or e1uity, or in the admira"ty courts. s an e#amp"e o$ summary proceedin!s may )e mentioned the manner o$ re!ainin! possession )y app"yin! to ma!is:trates a!ainst $orci)"e entry and detainer, where the statutes authori5e the proceedin!s. 0orma" proceedin!s are instituted when certain ri!hts have )een invaded. .$ the in6ury a$$ect a "e!a" ri!ht, then the remedy is in !enera" )y action in a court o$ "aw9 )ut i$ an e1uita)"e ri!ht, or i$ it can )e )etter investi!ated in a court o$ e1uity,' then the remedy is )y )i"". =ide <hancery. 1/. : 2. 2u)"ic remedies. (hese may )e divided into such as are intended to prevent crimes, and those where the o)6ect is to punish them. 1. (he preven:tive remedies may )e e#ercised without any warrant either )y a consta)"e, A1. v.B or other o$$icer, or even )y a private citi5en. 2ersons in the act o$ committin! a $e"ony or a )roach o$ the peace may arrested )y any one. =ide rrest. pu)"ic nuisance may )e a)ated without any other warrant or authority than that !iven )y the "aw. =ide ;uisance. 2. (he proceedin!s intended as a punishment $or o$$ences, are either summary, vide <onviction9 or )y indict: ment. A1. v.B 23. Remedies are speci$ic and cumu"ative9 the $ormer are those which can a"one )e app"ied to restore a ri!ht or punish a crime9 $or e#amp"e, where a statute ma&es un"aw$u" what was "aw$u" )e$ore, and !ives a particu"ar remedy, that is speci$ic and must )e pursued, and no other. <ro. ?ac. 6889 1 'a"&. 8 59 2 Burr. 834. But when an o$$ence was antecedent"y punisha)"e )y a common "aw proceedin!, as )y indictment, and a statute prescri)es a particu"ar remedy, there such particu"ar remedy is cumu"ative, and proceedin!s may )e had at common "aw or under the statute. 1 'aund. 148, n. 8. =ide Bac. ). ctions in !enera", B9 Bouv. .nst. .nde#, h. t.9 ctions9 rrest9 <ivi" remedy9 E"ection o$ ctions. REMEMBRANCERS9 En!. "aw. D$$icers o$ the e#che1uer, whose duty it is to remind the "ord treasurer and the 6ustices o$ that court o$ such thin!s as are to )e ca""ed and attended to $or the )ene$it o$ the crown. REMISE. duty. 0rench word which "itera""y means a surrenderin! or returnin! a de)t or

2. .t is $re1uent"y used in this sense in re"eases9 as, Fremise, re"ease and $orever 1uit: c"aim.F .n the 0rench "aw the word remise is synonymous with our word re"ease. 2oth. Du <ontr. de <han!e, n. 1+69 Da""o5, Dict, h. t.9 7er". Rep. h. t. REMISSION, civi" "aw. re"ease. 2. (he remission o$ the de)t is either conventiona", when it is e#press"y !ranted to the de)tor )y a creditor havin! a capacity to a"ienate9 or tacit, when the creditor vo"untari"y

surrenders to his de)tor the ori!ina" tit"e under private si!nature constitutin! the o)"i!ation. <iv. <ode o$ Lo. art. 21/5. 4. By remission is a"so understood a $or!iveness or pardon o$ an o$$ence. .t has the e$$ect o$ puttin! )ac& the o$$ender into the same situation he was )e$ore the commission o$ the o$$ence. Remission is !enera""y !ranted in cases where the o$$ence was invo"untary, or committed in se"$ de$ence. 2oth. 2r. <iv. sec t. +, art. 2, C2. 8. Remission is a"so used )y common "awyers to e#presss the act )y which a $or$eiture or pena"ty is $or!iven. 13 -heat. 286. TO REMIT. (o annu" a $ine or $or$eiture. 2. (his is !enera""y done )y the courts where they have a discretion )y "awH as, $or e#amp"e, when a 6uror is $ined $or nonattendance in court, a$ter )ein! du"y summoned and, on appearin!, he produces evidence to the court that he was sic& and una)"e to attend, the $ine wi"" )e remitted )y the court. 4. .n commercia" "aw, to remit is to send money, )i""s, or somethin! which wi"" answer the purpose o$ money. REMITTANCE, comm. "aw. 7oney sent )y one merchant to another, either in specie, )i"" o$ e#chan!e, dra$t or otherwise. REMITTEE, contracts. person to whom a remittance is made. 'tory on Bai"m. C+5. REMITTER, estates. (o )e p"aced )ac& in possession. 2. -hen one havin! a ri!ht to "ands is out o$ possession, and a$terwards the $reeho"d is cast upon him )y some de$ective tit"e, and he enters )y virtue o$ that tit"e, the "aw remits him to his ancient and more certain ri!ht and )y an e1uita)"e $iction, supposes him to have !ained possession under it. 4 B". <om. 1/39 18 =in. ). 8419 + <om. Di!. 248. REMITTIT DAMNA. n entry on the record )y which the p"ainti$$ dec"ares that he remits the dama!es or a part o$ the dama!es which have )een awarded him )y the 6ury, is so ca""ed. 2. .n some cases, a mis6oinder o$ actions may )e cured )y the entry o$ a remittit damna. 1 <hit. 2". E23+. REMITTOR, contracts. person who ma&es a remittance to another. REMITTITUR DAMNUM, or DAMNA, practice. (he act o$ the p"ainti$$ upon the record, where)y he a)ates or remits the e#cess o$ dama!es $ound )y the 6ury )eyond the sum "aid in the dec"aration. 'ee 1 'aund. 285, n. 69 8 <onn. 13/9 Bouv. .nst. .nde#, h. t. REMITTUR OF RECORD. $ter a record has )een removed to the supreme court, and a 6ud!ment has )een rendered, it is to )e remitted or sent )ac& to the court )e"ow, $or the purpose o$ re:tryin! the cause, when the 6ud!ment has )een reversed, or o$ issuin! an e#ecution when it has )een a$$irmed. (he act o$ so returnin! the record, and the writ issued $or that purpose, )ear the name o$ remittitur. REMONSTRANCE. petition to a court, or de"i)erative or "e!is"ative )ody, in which those who have si!ned it re1uest that somethin! which it is in contemp"ation to per$orm sha"" not )e done. REMOTE. t a distance9 a$ar o$$, not immediate. remote cause is not in !enera"

su$$icient to char!e a man with the commission o$ a crime, nor with )ein! the author o$ a tort. 2. -hen a man su$$ers an in6ury in conse1uence o$ the vio"ation o$ a contract, he is in !enera" entit"ed to dama!es $or the vio"ation o$ such contract, )ut not $or remote conse1uences, unconnected with the contract, to which he may )e su)6ected9 as, $or e#amp"e, i$ the ma&er o$ a promissory note shou"d not pay it at maturity9 the ho"der wi"" )e entit"ed to dama!es arisin! $rom the )reach o$ the contract, name"y, the principa" and interest9 )ut shou"d the ho"der, in conse1uence o$ the non:payment o$ such note, )e compe""ed to stop payment, and "ose his credit and his )usiness, the ma&er wi"" not )e responsi)"e $or such "osses, on account o$ the !reat remoteness o$ the cause9 so i$ an a!ent who is )ound to account shou"d ne!"ect to do so, and a simi"ar $ai"ure shou"d ta&e p"ace, the a!ent wou"d not )e responsi)"e $or the dama!es thus caused. 1 Broc&. <ir. <. R. 1349 see 4 2et. 6/, 88, 8/9 5 7ason's R. 1619 4 -heat. 5639 1 'tory, R. 15+9 4 'umn. R. 2+, 2+39 2 'm. * 7arsh. 4839 + @i"", 61. =ide <ause. REMOVAL FROM OFFICE. (he act o$ a competent o$$icer or o$ the "e!is"ature which deprives an o$$icer o$ his o$$ice. .t may )e e#press, that is, )y a noti$ication that the o$$icer has )een removed, or imp"ied, )y the appointment o$ another person to the same o$$ice. -a""ace's <. <. R. 118. 'ee 14 2et. 1439 1 <ranch, 14+. REMOVER. practice. -hen a suit or cause is removed out o$ one court into another, which is e$$ected )y writ o$ error, certiorari, and the "i&e. 11 <o.81. REMUNERATION. Reward9 recompense9 sa"ary. Di!. 1+, 1, +. RENDER. (o yie"d9 to return9 to !ive a!ain9 it is the reverse o$ prender. RENDEZVOUS. p"ace appointed $or meetin!. 2. mon! seamen it is usua" when vesse"s sai" under convoy, to have a rend e5vous in case o$ dispersion )y storm, an enemy, or other accident, 4. (he p"ace where mi"itary men meet and "od!e, is a"so ca""ed a rende5vous. RENEWAL. chan!e o$ somethin! o"d $or $or somethin! new9 as, the renewa" o$ a note9 the renewa" o$ a "ease. 'ee ;ovation, and 1 Bouv. .nst. n. 833. TO RENOUNCE. (o !ive up a ri!ht9 $or e#amp"e, an e#ecutor may renounce the ri!ht o$ administerin! the estate o$ the testator9 a widow the ri!ht to administer to her intestate hushand's estate. 2. (here are some ri!hts which a person cannot renounce9 as, $or e#amp"e, to p"ead the act o$ "imitation. Be$ore a person can )ecome a citi5en o$ the %nited 'tates he must renounce a"" tit"es o$ no)i"ity. =ide ;atura"i5ation9 (o Repudiate. RENT, estates, contracts. certain pro$it in money, provisions, chatte"s, or "a)or, issuin! out o$ "ands and tenements in retri)ution $or the use. 2 B". <om. 819 18 2et. Rep. 5269 Gi")., on Rents, /9 <o. Litt. 182 a9 <iv. <ode o$ Lo. art. 2+539 <om. on L. * (. /59 1 >ent, <om. 46+9 Brad). on Distr. 289 Bac. ). h. t.9 <ra)), R. 2. '''' 18/:258. 2. rent somewhat resem)"es an annuity, A1. v.B their di$$erence consists in the $act that the $ormer issues out o$ "ands, and the "atter is a mere persona" char!e. 4. t common "aw there were three &inds o$ rents9 name"y, rent:service, rent:char!e, and

rent:see&. -hen the tenant he"d his "and )y $ea"ty or other corporea" service, and a certain rent, this was ca""ed rent:service9 a ri!ht o$ distress was insepara)"y incident to this rent. 8. rent:char!e is when the rent is created )y deed and the $ee !ranted9 and as there is no $ea"ty anne#ed to such a !rant o$ rent, the ri!ht o$ distress is not in incident9 and it re1uires an e#press power o$ distress to )e anne#ed to the !rant, which !ives it the name o$ a rent:char!e, )ecause the "ands are, )y the deed, char!ed with a distress. <o. Litt. 184 ). 5. Rent:see&, or a dry or )arren rent, was rent reserves )y deed, without a c"ause o$ distress,and in a case in which the owner o$ the rent had no $uture interest or reversion in the "and, he was driven $or a remedy to a writ o$ annuity or writ o$ assi5e. 6. But the statute o$ 8 Geo. ... c. 28, a)o"ished a"" distinction in the severa" &inds o$ rent, so $ar as to !ive the remedy )y distress in cases o$ rents:see&, rents o$ assi5e, and chie$ rents, as in the case o$ rents reserved upon a "ease. .n 2ennsy"vania, a distress is insepara)"y incident to every species o$ rent that may )e reduced to a certainty. 2 Raw"e's Rep. 14. .n ;ew ,or&, it seems the remedy )y distress e#ists $or a"" &inds o$ rent. 4 >ent <om. 468. =ide Distress9 18 =iner's )r. 8+29 -ood$, L. * (. 188 Gi"). on Rents <om. Di!. h. t.. Dane's ). .nde#, h. t. +. s to the time when the rent )ecomes due, it is proper to o)serve, that there is a distinction to )e made. .t )ecomes due $or the purpose o$ ma&in! a demand to ta&e advanta!e o$ a condition o$ reentry, or to tender it to save a $or$eiture, at sunset o$ the day on which it is dueH )ut it is not actua""y due ti"" midni!ht, $or any other purpose. n action cou"d not )e supported which had )een commenced on the day it )ecame due, a"thou!h commenced a$ter sunset9 and i$ the owner o$ the $ee died )etween sunset and midni!ht o$ that day, the heir and not the e#ecutor wou"d )e entit"ed to the rent. 1 'aund. 28+9 13 <o. 12+ )9 2 7add. <h. R. 2689 1 2. -ms. 1++9 '. <. 1 'a"&, 5+8. 'ee !enera""y, Bac. ). h. t.9 Bouv. .nst. .nde# h. t.9 and Distress9 Reentry. RENT-ROLL. ro"" o$ the rents due to a particu"ar person or pu)"ic )ody. 'ee Renta". RENTAL. ro"" or "ist o$ the rents o$ an estate containin! the description o$ the "ands "et, the names o$ the tenants, and other particu"ars connected with such estate. (his is the same as rent ro"", $rom which it is said to )e corrupted. RENTE. .n the 0rench $unds this word is near"y synonymous with our word annuity. RENTE FONCIERE. (his is a technica" phrase used in Louisiana. .t is a rent which issues out o$ "and, and it is o$ its essence that it )e perpetua", $or i$ it )e made )ut $or a "imited time, it is a "ease. .t may, however, )e e#tin!uished. <iv. <ode o$ Lo. art. 2+53, 2+5/9 2oth. h. t. =ide Ground:rent. RENTE VIAGERE, 0rench "aw. (his term, which is used in Louisiana, si!ni$ies an annuity $or "i$e. <iv. <ode o$ Lo. art. 2+689 2oth. Du <ontract de <onstitution de Rente, n. 215. RENUNCIATION. (he act o$ !ivin! up a ri!ht. 2. .t is a ru"e o$ "aw that any one may renounce a ri!ht which the "aw has esta)"ished in his $avor. (o this ma#im there are many "imitations. party may a"ways renounce an ac1uired ri!ht9 as, $or e#amp"e, to ta&e "ands )y descent9 )ut one cannot a"ways !ive up a

$uture ri!ht, )e$ore it has accrued, nor to the )ene$it con$erred )y "aw, a"thou!h such advanta!e may )e introduced on"y $or the )ene$it o$ individua"s. 4. 0or e#amp"e, the power o$ ma&in! a wi""9 the ri!ht o$ annu""in! a $uture contract, on the !round o$ $raud9 and the ri!ht o$ p"eadin! the act o$ "imitations, cannot )e renounced. (he $irst, )ecause the party must )e "e$t $ree to ma&e a wi"" or not9 and the "atter two, )ecause the ri!ht has not yet accrued. 8. (his term is usua""y emp"oyed to si!ni$y the a)dication or !ivin! up o$ one's country at the time o$ choosin! another. (he act o$ con!ress re1uires $rom a $orei!ner who app"ies to )ecome natura"i5ed a renunciation o$ a"" a""e!iance and $ide"ity to any $orei!n prince, potentate, state or soverei!nty, whereo$ such a"ien may, at the time, )e a citi5en or su)6ect. 'ee <iti5en9 E#patriation9 ;atura"i5ation9 (o renounce. REPAIRS. (hat wor& which is done to an estate to &eep it in !ood order. 2. -hat a party is )ound to do, when the "aw imposes upon him the duty to ma&e necessary repairs, does not appear to )e very accurate"y de$ined. ;atura" and unavoida)"e decay in the )ui"din!s must a"ways )e a""owed $or when there is no e#press covenant to the contrary9 and it seems, the "essee wi"" satis$y the o)"i!ation the "aw imposes on him, )y de"iverin! the premises at the e#piration o$ his tenancy, in a ha)ita)"e state. Iuestions in re"ation to repairs most $re1uent"y arise )etween the "and"ord and tenant. 4. -hen there is no e#press a!reement )etween the parties, the tenant is a"ways re1uired to do the necessary repairs. -ood$. L. * (. 288H rch. L. * (. 188. @e is there$ore )ound to put in windows or doors that have )een )ro&en )y him, so as to prevent any decay o$ the premises, )ut he is not re1uired to put a new room on an o"d worn out house. 2 Esp. ;. 2. <. 5/3. 8. n e#press covenant on the part o$ the "essee to &eep a house in repair, and "eave it in as !ood a p"i!ht as it was when the "ease was made, does not )ind him to repair the ordinary and natura" decay. -ood$. L. * (. 256. nd it has )een he"d that such a covenant does not )ind him to re)ui"d a house which had )een destroyed )y a pu)"ic enemy. 1 Da"". 213. 5. s to the time when the repairs are to )e made, it wou"d seem reasona)"e that when the "essor is )ound to ma&e them he shou"d have the ri!ht to enter and ma&e them, when a de"ay unti" a$ter the e#piration o$ the "ease wou"d )e in6urious to the estateH )ut when no such dama!e e#ists, the "and"ord shou"d have no ri!ht to enter without the consent o$ the tenant. 'ee 18 (ou"". n. 2/+. -hen a house has )een destroyed )y accidenta" $ire, neither the tenant nor the "and"ord is )ound to re)ui"d un"ess o)"i!ed )y some a!reement so to do. 8 2ai!e R. 4559 1 (. R. +389 0on)". E1. B. 1, c. 6, s. '. =ide 6 (. R. 6539 8 <amp. R. 2+59 @arr. Di!. <ovenant =... =ide <om. Rep. 62+9 6 (. R. 6539 21 'how. 8319 4. =es. ?r. 489 <o. Litt., 2+ a, note 19 4 ?ohn. R. 889 6 7ass. R. 649 2"att on <ov. 2669 <om. L. * (. 2339 <om. Di!. <ondition, L 129 <ivi" <ode o$ Louis. 23+39 1 'aund. 422, n. 19 .d. 424, n. +9 2 'aund, 158 ), n. + * 139 Bouv. .nst. .nde#. h. t. REPARATION. (he redress o$ an in6ury9 amends $or a tort in$"icted. =ide Remedy9 Redress. REPARTIONE, FACIENDA, WRIT DE. (he name o$ an ancient writ which "ies )y one or more 6oint tenants a!ainst the other 6oint tenants, or )y a person ownin! a house or

)ui"din! a!ainst the owner o$ th9 ad6oinin! )ui"din!, to compe" the reparation o$ such, 6oint property. 0. ;. B. 2/5. REPEAL, "e!is"ation. (he a)ro!ation or destruction o$ a "aw )y a "e!is"ative act. 2. repea" is e#press9 as when it is "itera""y dec"ared )y a su)se1uent "aw or imp"ied, when the new "aw contains provisions contrary to or irreconci"a)"e with those o$ the $ormer "aw. 4. "aw may )e repea"ed )y imp"ication, )y an a$$irmative as we"" as )y a ne!ative statute, i$ the su)stance is inconsistent with the o"d statute. 1 @am. 13H 2 Bi)), /69 @arper, 1319 8 -. <. <. R. 6/1. 8. .t is a !enera" ru"e that when a pena" statute punishes an o$$ence )y a certain pena"ty, and a new statute is passed imposin! a !reater or a "esser pena"ty, $or the same o$$ence, the $ormer statute is repea"ed )y imp"ication. 5 2ic&. 1689 4 @a"st. 889 1 'tew. 5369 4 . >. 7arsh. +39 21 2ic&. 4+4. 'ee 1 Binn. 6319 Bac. ). 'tatute D + 7ass. 183. 5. By the common "aw when a statute repea"s another, and a$terwards the repea"in! statute is itse"$ repea"ed, the $irst is revived. 2 B"ac&$. 42. .n some states this ru"e has )een chan!ed, as in Dhio and Louisiana. <iv. <ode o$HLouis. art. 24. 6. -hen a "aw is repea"ed, it "eaves a"" the civi" ri!hts o$ the parties ac1uired under the "aw una$$ected. 4. L. R. 44+9 8 L. R. 1/19 2 'outh. 68/9 Breese, pp. 2/9 2 'tew. 163. +. -hen a pena" statute is repea"ed or so modi$ied as to e#empt a c"ass $rom its operation, vio"ations committed )e$ore the repea" are a"so e#empted, un"ess speci$ica""y reserved, or un"ess there have )een some private ri!ht divested )y it. 2 Dana, 4439 8 ,eates, 4/29 1 'tew. 48+9 5 Rand. 65+9 1 -. <. <. R. 889 2 =ir!. <as. 482. =ide )ro!ation9 18 =in. ). 118. REPERTORY. (his word is near"y synonymous with inventory, and is so ca""ed )ecause its contents are arran!ed in such order as to )e easi"y $ound. <"e$ des Lois Rom. h . t.9 7er". Repertoire, h. t. 2. .n the 0rench "aw, this word is used to denote the inventory or minutes which notaries are re1uired toma&e o$ a"" contracts which ta&e p"ace )e$ore them. Dict. de ?ur. h. t. REPETITION, construction o$ wi""s. repetition ta&es p"ace when the same testator, )y the same testamentary instrument, !ives to the same "e!atee "e!acies o$ e1ua" amount and o$ the same &ind9 in such case the "atter is considered a repetition o$ the $ormer, and the "e!atee is entit"ed to one on"y. 0or e#amp"e, a testator !ives to a "e!atee FM43 a year durin! his "i$e9F and in another part o$ the wi"" he !ives to the same "e!atee Fan annuity o$ M4D $or his "i$e paya)"e 1uarter"y,F he is entit"ed to on"y one annuity o$ thirty pounds a year. 8 =es. +/, /39 1 Bro. <. <. 43, note. REPETITION, civi" "aw. (he act )y which a person demands and see&s to recover what he has paid )y mista&e, or de"ivered on a condition which has not )een per$ormed. Di!. 12, 8, 5. (he name o$ an action which "ies to recover the payment which has )een made )y mista&e, when nothin! was due. 2. Repetition is never admitted in re"ation to natura" o)"i!ations which have )een vo"untari"y ac1uitted, i$ the de)tor had capacity to !ive his consent. 6 (ou"". n. 486. (he same ru"e o)tains in our "aw. person who has vo"untari"y ac1uitted a natura" or even a

mora" o)"i!ation, cannot recover )ac& the money )y an action $or money had and received, or any other $orm o$ action. D. * R. ;. 2. <. 2589 2 (. R. +649 + (. R. 26/9 8 d. * E"". 8589 1 2. * D. 2549 2 L. R. 8419 <owp. 2/39 4 B. * 2. 28/, note9 2 East, R. 5369 4 (aunt. R. 4119 5 (aunt. R. 469 ,e"v. 81, ), note9 4 2ic&. R. 23+9 14 ?ohn. .t. 25/. 4. .n order to entit"e the payer to recover )ac& money paid )y mista&e it must have )een paid )y him to a person to whom he did not owe it, $or otherwise he cannot recover it )ac&, the creditor havin! in such case the 6ust ri!ht to retain the money. Repetitio nu""a est a) eo 1ui suum recepit. 8. @ow $ar money paid under a mista&e o$ "aw is "ia)"e to repetition, has )een discussed )y civi"ians, and opinions on this su)6ect are divided. 2 2oth. D). )y Evans, 46/, 838 to 88+9 1 'tory, E1. 2". C111, note 2. REPETITION, 'cotch "aw. (he act o$ readin! over a witness deposition, in order that he may adhere to it, or correct it at his choice. (he same as Reco"ement, A1. v.B in the 0rench "aw. 2 Benth. on Ev. B. 4, c. 12, p. 24/. REPLEADER, practice. -hen an immateria" issue has )een $ormed, the court wi"" order the parties to p"ead de novo, $or the purpose o$ o)tainin! a )etter issue this is ca""ed a rep"eader. 2. .n such case, they must )e!in to rep"ead at the $irst $au"t. .$ the dec"aration, p"ea and rep"ication )e a"" )ad, the parties must )e!in de novo, i$ the p"ea and rep"ication )e )oth )ad and a rep"eader is awarded, it must )e as to )oth9 )ut i$ the dec"aration and p"ea )e !ood, and the rep"ication on"y )ad, the parties rep"ead $rom the rep"ication on"y. 4. .n order to e"ucidate this point, it may )e proper to !ive an instance, where the court awarded a rep"eader $or a $au"t in the p"ea, which is the most ordinary cause o$ a rep"eader. n action was )rou!ht a!ainst hushand and wi$e, $or a wron! done )y the wi$e a"one, )e$ore the marria!e, and )oth p"eaded that they were not !ui"ty o$ the wron! imputed to them, which was he"d to )e )ad, )ecause there was no wron! a""e!ed to have )een committed )y the hushand, and there$ore a rep"eader was awarded, and the p"ea made that the wi$e on"y was not !ui"ty. <ro. ?ac. 5. 'ee other instances inH @o). 114H 5 (aunt. 486. 8. (he $o""owin! ru"es as to rep"eaders were "aid down in the case o$ 'tap"es v. @aydon, 2 'a"&. 5+/. 0irst. (hat at common "aw, a rep"eader was a""owed )e$ore tria", )ecause a verdict did not cure an immateria" issue, )ut now a rep"eader ou!ht not to )e a""owed ti"" a$ter tria", in any case when the $au"t o$ the issue mi!ht )e he"ped )y the verdict, or )y the statute o$ 6eo$ai"s. 'econd. (hat i$ a rep"eader )e a""owed where it ou!ht not to )e !ranted, or vice versa, it is error. (hird. (hat the 6ud!ment o$ rep"eader is !enera", 1uod partes rep"acitent, and the parties must )e!in at the $irst $au"t, which occasioned the immateria" issue. 0ourth. ;o costs are a""owed on either side. 0i$th. (hat a rep"eader cannot )e awarded a$ter a de$au"t at nisi prius9 to which may )e added, that in !enera" a rep"eader cannot )e awarded a$ter a demurrer or writ o$ error, without the consent o$ the parties, )ut on"y a$ter issue 6oined9 where however, there is a )ad )ar, and a )ad rep"ication, it is said that a rep"eader may )e awarded upon a demurrer9 a rep"eader wi"" not )e awarded where the court can !ive 6ud!ment on the who"e record, and it is not !ranta)"e in $avor o$ the person who made the $irst $au"t in p"eadin!. 'ee <om. Di!. 2"eader, R 189 Bac. )r. 2"eas, 79 2 'aund. 41/ ), n. 69 2 =ent. 1/69 2 'tr. 88+9 5 (aunt.

4869 8 (aunt. 8149 2 'aund. 239 1 <hit. 2". 6429 'teph. p". 11/9 Lawes, <iv. 2". 1+5. 5. (he di$$erence )etween a rep"eader and a 6ud!ment non o)stante veredicto, is this9 that when a p"ea is !ood in $orm, thou!h not in $act, or in other words, i$ it contain a de$ective tit"e or !round o$ de$ence )y which it is apparent to the court, upon the de$endant's own showin!, that in any way o$ puttin! it, he can have no merits, and the issue 6oined thereon )e $ound $or him there, as the awardin! o$ a rep"eader cou"d not mend the case, the court $or the sa&e o$ the p"ainti$$ wi"" at once !ive 6ud!ment non o)stante veredicto9 )ut where the de$ect is not so much in the tit"e as in the manner o$ statin! it, and the issue 6oined thereon is immateria", so that the court &now not $or whom to !ive 6ud!ment, whether $or the p"ainti$$ or de$endant, there $or their own sa&e they wi"" award a rep"eader9 a 6ud!ment, there$ore, non o)stante veredicto, is a"ways upon the merits, and never !ranted )ut in a very c"ear case9 a rep"eader is upon the $orm and manner o$ p"eadin!. (idd's 2r. 814, 8189 <om. Di!. 2"eader, R 18 Bac. )r. 2"eas, 79 18 =in. ). 56+9 2 'aund. 239 Doct. 2"ac. h. t.9 rch. <iv. 2". 2589 1 <hit. 2". 6429 %. '. Di!. L... REPLEGIARE, (o redeem a thin! detained or ta&en )y another, )y puttin! in "e!a" sureties. 'ee Rep"evin. REPLEVIN, remedies. (he name o$ an action $or the recovery o$ !oods and chatte"s. 2. .t wi"" )e proper to consider, 1. 0or what property this action wi"" "ie. 2. -hat interest the p"ainti$$ must have in the same. 4. 0or what in6ury. 8. (he p"eadin!s. 5. (he 6ud!ment. 4. : 1. (o support rep"evin, the property a$$ected must )e a persona" chatte", and not an in6ury to the $reeho"d, or to any matter which is anne#ed to it9 8 (. R. 5389 nor $or anythin! which has )een turned into a chatte" )y havin! )een separated $rom it )y the de$endant, and carried away at one and the same time9 2 -atts, R. 1269 4 '. * R. 53/ 6 '. * R. 8+619 13 '. * R. 1189 6 Green". R. 82+9 nor $or writin!s which concern the rea"ty. 1 Brown". 168. 8. (he chatte" a"so must possess indicia or ear:mar&s, )y which it may )e distin!uished $rom a"" others o$ the same description9 otherwise the p"ainti$$ wou"d )e demandin! o$ the "aw what it has not in its power to )estow9 rep"evin $or "oose money cannot, there$ore, )e maintained9 )ut it may )e supported $or money tied up in a )a!, and ta&en in that state $rom the p"ainti$$. 2 7od. R. 61. =ide 1 Da"". 15+9 6 Binn. 29 4 'er!. * Raw"e, 5629 2 2. . Browne's R. 1639 ddis. R. 1489 13 'er!. * Raw"e, 1189 8 Da"". pp#. i.9 2 -att's R. 1269 2 Raw"e's R. 824. 5. : 2. (he p"ainti$$, at the time o$ the caption, must have )een possessed, or, which amounts to the same thin!, have had an a)so"ute property in and )e entit"ed to the possession o$ the chatte", or it cou"d not have )een ta&en $rom him. @e must, in other words, have had a !enera" property, or a specia" property, as the )ai"ee o$ the !oods. @is ri!ht to the possession must a"so )e continued down to the time o$ 6ud!ment pronounced, otherwise he has no c"aim to the restoration o$ the property. <o. Litt. 185, ). .t has however, )een dou)ted whether on a more na&ed tai"ment $or sa$e &eepin!, the )ai"ee can maintain rep"evin. 1 ?ohn. R. 4839 4 'er!. * Raw"e, 23. 6. : 4. (his action "ies to recover any !oods which have )een i""e!a""y ta&en. + ?ohn R. 1839 5 7ass. R. 2849 18 ?ohn. R. 8+9 1 Da"". R. 15+9 6 Binn. R. 29 4 'er!. * Raw"e, 5629 ddis. R. 1489 1 7ason, 41/9 2 0air$. 28. (he primary o)6ect o$ this action, is to recover )ac& the chatte" itse"$, and dama!es $or ta&in! and detainin! it are conse1uent on the

recovery. 1 -. * '. 5149 23 -end. 1+29 4 'hep". 23. -hen the proper"y has )een restored this action cannot, there$ore, )e maintained. But the chatte" is considered as detained, not: withstandin! the de$endant may have destroyed it )e$ore the suit was commenced9 $or he cannot ta&e advanta!e o$ his own wron!. +. : 8. (his )ein! a "oca" action, the dec"aration re1uires certainty in the description o$ the p"ace where the distress was ta&en. 2 <hitH 2". 811, 8129 13 ?ohn. R. 54. But it has )een he"d in 2ennsy"vania, that the dec"aration is su$$icient, i$ the ta&in! is "aid to )e in the county. 1 2. . Browne's Rep. 63. (he strictness which $ormer"y prevai"ed on this su)6ect, has )een re"a#ed. 2 'aund. +8, ). -hen the distress has )een ta&en $or rent, the de$endant usua""y avows or ma&es co!ni5ance, in order to o)tain a return o$ the !oods to which avowry or co!ni5ance the p"ainti$$ p"eads in )ar, or the de$endant may, in proper cases, p"ead non cepit, cepit in a"io "oco, !ui"ty. 1 <hit. 2". 8/3, 8/1. 8. : 5. s to the 6ud!ment, =ide artic"e ?ud!ment in Rep"evin. =ide, !en:era""y, Bac. ). h. t.9 1 'aund. 48+, n. 19 2 'e"". 2r. 1549 Doct. 2". 8189 <om. Di!. h. t.9 Dane's ). h. t.9 2etersd. ). h. t.9 18 =in. ). 5+69 ,e"v. 186, a9 1 <hit., 2". 15+9 @am. ;. 2. ch. 4, p. 4+2 to 8/89 mer. Di!. h. t.9 @arr. Di!. h. t.9 Bouv. .nst. .nde#, h. t. s to the evidence re1uired in rep"evin, see Roscoe's <iv. Ev. 454. =ide, a"so, artic"e Detinuit. REPLEVY. (o re:de"iver !oods which have )een distrained to the ori!ina" possessor o$ them, on his !ivin! p"ed!es in a"" action o$ rep"evin. .t si!ni$ies a"so the )ai"in! or "i)eratin! a man $rom prison, on his $indin! )ai" to answer. 'ee Rep"evin. REPLIANT. Dne who ma&es a rep"ication. REPLICATION, p"eadin!. (he p"ainti$$'s answer to the de$endant's p"ea. 2. Rep"ications wi"" )e considered, 1. -ith re!ard to their severa" &inds. 2. (o their $orm. 4. (o their 1ua"ities. 4. : C1. (hey are to p"eas in a)atement and to p"eas in )ar. 8. : 1. -hen the de$endant p"eads to the 6urisdiction o$ the court, the p"ainti$$ may rep"y, and in this case the rep"ication commences with a statement that the writ ou!ht not to )e 1uashed, or that the court ou!ht not to )e ousted o$ their 6urisdiction, )ecause *c., and conc"udes to the country, i$ the rep"ication mere"y deny the su)6ect:matter o$ the p"ea. Rast. Entr. 131 (homps. Entr. 29 <"i$t's Entr. 1+9 1 <hit. 2". 848. s a !enera" ru"e, when the p"ea is to the misnomer o$ the p"ainti$$ or de$endant, or when the p"ea consists o$ matter o$ $act which the p"ainti$$ denies, the rep"ication may )e!in without any a""e!ation that the writ or )i"" ou!ht not to )e 1uashed. 1 Bos. * 2u"". 61. 5. : 2. (he rep"ication is, in !enera", !overned )y the p"ea, and most $re1uent"y denies it. -hen the p"ea conc"udes to the country, the p"ainti$$ must, in !enera", rep"y )y addin! a simi"iter9 )ut when the p"ea conc"udes with a veri$ication, the rep"ication must either, 1. <onc"ude the de$endant )y matter o$ estoppe"9 or, 2. 7ay deny the truth o$ the matter a""e!ed in the p"ea, either in who"e or in part9 or, 4. 7ay con$ess and avoid the p"ea9 or, 8. .n the case o$ an evasive p"ea, may new assi!n the cause o$ action. 0or the severa" &inds o$ rep"ication as they re"ate to the di$$erent $orms o$ action, see 1 <hit. 2". 551, et se1.9 rch. <iv. 2". 258. 6. : C2. (he $orm o$ the rep"ication wi"" )e considered with re!ard to, 1. (he tit"e. 2. (he commencement. 4. (he )ody. 8. (he conc"usion.

+. : 1. (he rep"ication is usua""y entit"ed in the court and o$ the term o$ which it is p"eaded, and the names o$ the p"ainti$$ and de$endant are stated in the mar!in, thus F B a!ainst < D.F 2 <hit. 2". 681. 8. : 2. (he commencement is that part o$ the rep"ication which immediate"y $o""ows the statement o$ the tit"e o$ the court and term, and the names o$ the parties. .t varies in $orm when it rep"ies to matter o$ estoppe" $rom what it does when it denies, or con$esses and avoids the p"ea9 in the "atter case it commences with an a""e!ation technica""y termed the prec"ude non. A1. v.B .t !enera""y commences with the words, F nd the said p"ainti$$ saith that the said de$endant,F *c. 1 <hit. 2". 5+4. /. : 4. (he )ody o$ the rep"ication ou!ht to contain either. 1. 7atter o$ estoppe". 2. Denia" o$ the p"ea. 4. con$ession and avoidance o$ it9 or, 8. .n case o$ an evasive p"ea, a new assi!nment. 1st. -hen the matter o$ estoppe" does not appear $rom the anterior p"eadin!, the rep"ication shou"d set it $orth9 as, i$ the matter has )een tried upon a particu"ar issue in trespass, and $ound )y the 6ury, such $indin! may )e rep"ied as an estoppe". 4 East, R. 4869 vide 8 7ass. R. 884. 2d. (he second &ind o$ rep"ication is that which denies or traverses the truth o$ the p"ea, either in part or in who"e. =ide (raverse, and 1 <hit. 2". 5+6, note a. 4d. (he third &ind o$ rep"ication admits, either in words or in e$$ect, the $act a""e!ed in the p"ea, and avoids the e$$ect o$ it )y statin! new matter. .$, $or e#amp"e, in$ancy )e p"eaded, the p"ainti$$ may rep"y that the !oods were necessaries, or that the de$en:dant, a$ter he came o$ $u"" a!e, rati$ied and con$irmed the promise. =ide <on$ession and voidance. 8th. -hen the p"ea is such as mere"y to evade the a""e!ation in the dec"aration, the p"ainti$$ in his rep"ication may reassi!n it. =ide ;ew ssi!nment, and 1 <hit. 2". 631. 13. : 8. -ith re!ard to the conc"usion, it is a !enera" ru"e, that when the rep"ication denies the who"e o$ the de$endant's p"ea, containin! matter o$ $act, it shou"d conc"ude to the country. (here are other conc"usions in particu"ar cases, which the reader wi"" $ind $u""y stated in 1 <hit. 2". 615, et se1.9 <om. Di!. 2"eader, 0 5 vide 1 'aund. 134, n.9 2 <aines' R. 63 2 ?ohn. R. 8289 1 ?ohn. R. 5169 rc). <iv. 2". 2589 1/ =in. ) 2/9 Bac. ). (respass, . 89 Doct. 2". 8289 Beames' 2". in E1. 28+, 425, 426. 11. : C4. (he 1ua"ities o$ a rep"ication are, 1. (hat it must answer so much o$ the de$endant's p"ea as it pro$esses to answer, and that i$ it )e )ad in part, it is )ad $or the who"e. <om. Di!. 2"eader, 0 8, - 29 1 'aund. 4489 + <ranch's Rep. 156. 2. .t must not depart $rom the a""e!ations in the dec"aration in any materia" matter. =ide Departure, and 2 'aund . 88 a, note 19 <o. Lit. 438 a. 'ee a"so 4 ?ohn. Rep. 46+9 13 ?ohn. R. 25/9 18 ?ohn., R. 1429 2 <aines' R. 423. 4. .t must )e certain. =ide <ertainty. 8. .t must )e sin!"e. =ide %. '. Di!. 2"eadin!, L..9 Bouv. .nst. .nde#, h. t.9 Dup"icity9 2"eadin!s. REPORT, "e!is"ation. statement made )y a committee to a "e!is"ative assem)"y, o$ $acts o$ which they were char!ed to in1uire. REPORT, practice. certi$icate to the court made )y a master in chancery, commissioner or other person appointed )y the court, o$ the $acts or matters to )e ascertained )y him, or o$ somethin! o$ which it is his duty to in$orm the court. 2. .$ the parties in the case accede to the report, $ind no e#ceptions are $i"ed, it is in due time con$irmed9 i$ e#ceptions are $i"ed to the report, they wi"", a!reea)"y to the ru"es o$ the court, )e heard, and the report wi"" either )e con$irmed, set aside, or re$erred. )ac& $or

the correction o$ some error. 2 7add. <h. 5359 B"a&e's <h. 2r. 2439 =in. ). h. t. REPORTER. person emp"oyed in ma&in! out and pu)"ishin! the history o$ cases decided )y the court. 2. (he act o$ con!ress o$ u!ust 26, 1882, sect., 2, enacts, that in the supreme court o$ the %nited 'tates, one reporter sha"" )e appointed )y the court with the sa"ary o$ twe"ve hundred and $i$ty do""ars9 provided that he de"iver to the secretary o$ state $or distri)ution, one hundred and $i$ty copies o$ each vo"ume o$ reports that he sha"" herea$ter prepare and pu)"ish, immediate"y a$ter the pu)"ication thereo$, which pu)"ication sha"" )e made annua""y within $our months a$ter the ad6ournment o$ the court at which the decisions are made. 4. .n some o$ the states the reporters are appointed )y authority o$ "aw9 in others, they are vo"unteers. REPORTS. Law )oo&s, containin! a statement o$ the $acts and "aw o$ each case which has )een decided )y the courts9 they are !enera""y the most certain proo$ o$ the 6udicia" decisions o$ the courts, and contain the most satis$actory evidence, and the most authoritative and precise app"ication o$ the ru"es o$ the common "aw. Lit. s. 5189 <o. Lit. 2/4 a9 8 <o. 2re$.9 1 B". <om. +1 Ram. on ?ud!m. ch. 14. 2. (he num)er o$ reports has increased to an inconvenient e#tent, and shou"d they mu"tip"y in the same ratio which o$ "ate they have done, they wi"" so soon crowd our "i)raries as to )ecome a serious evi". (he indiscriminate re:port o$ cases o$ every description is deservin! o$ censure. <ases where $irst princip"es are dec"ared to )e the "aw, are reported with as much care as those where the most a)struse 1uestions are decided. But this is not a""9 sometimes two reporters, with the true spirit o$ )oo&:ma&in!, report the same set o$ cases, and there)y not on"y unnecessari"y increase the "awyer's a"ready encum)ered "i)rary, )ut create con$usion )y the discrepancies which occasiona""y appear in the report o$ the same case. 4. (he modern reports are too o$ten very di$$use and inaccurate. (hey seem too $re1uent"y made up $or the purpose o$ pro$it and sa"e, much o$ the matter they contain )ein! either use"ess or a mere repetition, whi"e they are de$icient in statin! what is rea""y important. 8. report ou!ht to contain, 1. (he name o$ the case. 2. (he court in which it ori!inated9 and, when it has )een ta&en to another )y appea", certiorari, or writ o$ error, it ou!ht to mention )y whom it was so ta&en, and )y what proceedin!. 4. (he state o$ the $acts, inc"udin! the p"eadin!s, as $ar as re1uisite. 8. (he true point )e$ore the court. 5. (he manner in which that point has )een determined, and )y whom. 6. (he date. 5. (he $o""owin! is )e"ieved to )e a correct "ist o$ the merican and En!"ish Reports9 the $ormer arran!ed under the heads o$ the respective states9 and the "atter in chrono"o!ica" order. .t is hoped this "ist wi"" )e use$u" to the student. AMERICAN REPORTS! %;.(ED '( (E'. 1. 'upreme <ourt. Da""as' Reports. 0rom u!ust term, 1+/3, to u!ust term, 1833. 8 vo"s. <ranch's Reports. 0rom 1833 to 0e)ruary term, 1815. / vo"s. -heaton's Reports. 0rom 0e)ruary term, 181

to ?anuary term, 182+, inc"usive. 12 vo"s. 2eters' Reports. 16 vo"s. 2eters' <ondensed Reports o$ 'upreme <ourt o$ the %nited 'tates. (hese vo"umes contain condensed reports o$ a"" the cases in second, third, and $ourth Da""as, the nine vo"umes o$ <ranch, and the twe"ve vo"umes o$ -heaton. @oward's Reports. 0rom 1884 to 1852. 11 vo"s. "! C#r$%#& Co%r&' - F#r'& C#r$%#&
Gallison's Reports. From 1812 to 1815, inclusive. 2 vols. Mason's Reports. From 1816 to 1830, inclusive. 5 vols. Sumner's Reports. From 1830 t. 1837. 2 vol. Stor 's Reports. From 183! to l8"5. 3 vols. #oo$%ur an$ Minot's Reports. From 18"5 to 18"7. 2 vols.

S($o)* C#r$%#& . 2aine's Reports. 0rom 1813 to 1826. 1 vo". T+#r* C#r$%#&.
&allas' Reports. '(e secon$, t(ir$ an$ )ourt( volumes contain cases $eci$e$ in t(is court. From #as(in*ton's +. +. Reports. From 1803 to 1827. " vols. ,eters' +. +. Reports. From 1803 to 1818. 1 vol. -al$.in's Reports. From /ct. term, 182!, to 0pril term 1833 inclusive. 1 vol. #allace's Reports. 1nclu$e t(e cases o) Ma Sessions, 1801. 1 vol. #allace, 2r's. Reports. 1 vol.

Fo%r&+ C#r$%#&. 7arsha""'s Decisions. 0rom 1832 to 1842, pu)"ished since the death o$ <hie$ ?ustice 7arsha"", $rom his manuscripts, )y ?ohn 7. Broc&en)rou!h. 2 vo"s. S(,()&+ C#r$%#&. 7cLean's Reports. 0rom 182 / to 1885. 4 vo"s, -! D#'&r#$& Co%r&' - D#'&)$& o. N(/ Yor0! =an ;ess' Reports. . vo". D#'&r#$& o. P())'1 ,2)#2 . 2eters' dmira"ty Decisions. 0rom 1+/2 to 183+. 2 vo"s. E2'&(r) D#'&r#$& o. P())'1 ,2)#2 . Gi"pin's Reports. 0rom ;ov. term, 1828, to 0e). term, 1846, inc"usive. 1 vo". D#'&r#$& o. So%&+ C2ro #)2 . Bee's dmira"ty Reports. 0rom 1+/2 to 1835. 1 vo". D#'&r#$& o. M2#)(.

Reports o$ cases ar!ued and determined in the District <ourt o$ the %nited 'tates, $or the District o$ 7aine, $rom 1822 to 184/. 1 vo". <ited -are's Reports. STATE REPORTS. A 23242.
0la%ama Reports. - 3enr Minor. From 1820 to 1826. 1 vol. Ste.art's Reports. From 1827 to 1831. 3 vols. Ste.art 4 ,orter's Reports. From 1831 to 1833. 5 vols. ,orter's Reports. From 183" to 183!. ! vols. 0la%ama Reports. From 18"0 to 18"!. 1" vols.

Ar02)'2'. 2i&e's Reports. 0rom 184+ to 1882. 5 vo"s. Co))($&#$%&.

5ir% 's Reports,. From 1785 to 1788. 1 vol. Root's Reports. From 17!! to 17!8. 2 vols. &a 's Reports, From 1802 to 1813. 5 vols. +onnecticut Reports. - '(omas &a . From 2une, 181" to 18"7. 18 vols.

D( 2/2r(. @arrin!ton's Reports. 0rom 1842 to 188+. 8 vo"s. F or#*2. 0"orida Reports. 0rom 1886 to 188+. 2 vo"s. G(or5#2.
'. 6. ,. +(ariton's Reports. 0 +ases $eci$e$ previous to 1810. 1 vol. &u$le 's Reports. From 1831 to 1833. 1 vol. R. M. +(arlton's Reports. From 1811 to 1837. 1 vol. 5ell 's Reports, 3 vols. Geor*ia Reports. From 18"6 to 18"!. 6 vols.

I #)o#'.
-reese's Reports. From 181! to 1830. 1 vol. Scammon$'s Reports. From 1832 to 18"3. " vols. Gilman's Reports. From 18"" to 18"7. " vols.

I)*#2)2. B"ac&$ord's Reports. 0rom 7ay, 181+, to 7ay, 1848, inc"usive, + vo"s. Io/2. Green's Reports. 1 vo". K()&%$01
3u*(es' Reports. From 1785 to 1801. 1 vol. 5entuc7 &ecisions. From 1801 to 1806. 1 vol. 3ar$in's Reports. Fr8m 1805 to 1806. 1 vol. -i%%'s Reports. From 1808 to 1817. " vols. 0. 5. Mars(all's Reports. From 1817 to 1821 3 vols. 9ittells Reports. From 1822 to 182". 6 vols. 9ittells Select +ases. From 17!5 to 1821. 1 vol. Munro's Reports. From 182" to 1828. 7 vols

2. S. Mars(all's Reports. From 182! to 1832 7 vols. &ana's Reports. From 1833 to 18"0. ! vols. -. Monroe's Reports. From 18"0 to 18"8. 8 vols.

Lo%#'#2)2. Dr"eans (erm Reports. By 7artin. 0rom 183/ to 1812. 2 vo"s in 1. Louisiana (erm Reports. By 7artin, 0rom 1812 to 1824. 13 vo"s. 7artin's Reports, ;. '. Asometimes cited simp"y ;ew 'eries,B 1824 to 1843. 8 vo"s. (he who"e o$ 7artin's Reports amount to twenty vo"umes9 the $irst twe"ve, name"y, the Dr"eans and the Louisiana (erm Reports, are cited as 7artin's Reports9 $rom the twe"$th, they are sometimes cited as $irst, second, *c., 7artin's ;ew 'eries, and sometimes simp"y ;ew 'eries. Louisiana Reports. 1/ vo"s. (he $irst $ive vo"umes, $rom 1843 to u!ust term, 1848, and the $irst part o$ the si#th vo"ume, are the wor& o$ Branch -. 7i""er. (he remainder were reported )y 7r. <urrey, and are continued to ?une term, 184/. (he who"e o$ the 1/ vo"umes are cited Louisiana Reports. Ro)inson's Reports. 0rom 1881 to 1884. 12 vo"s. M2#)(. By a reso"ve o$ the "e!is"ature, passed in 1846, each vo"ume su)se1uent to the third vo"ume o$ 0air$ie"d's Reports, sha"" )e entit"ed and "ettered upon the )ac& thereo$, F7aine Reports9F and the $irst vo"ume su)se1uent to the third vo"ume o$ 0air$ie"d's sha"" )e num)ered the thirteenth =o"ume o$ 7aine Reports. 7aine Reports. 26 vo"s. (hese reports consist o$ Green"ea$'s Reports. 0rom 1823 to 1842. (he $irst / vo"s.
Fair)iel$'s Reports. From 1833 to 1835. '(e 10t(, 11t(, an$ 12t( vols. S(eple 's Reports. From 1836 to 18"01. '(e 13t( to 18t( vols., inclusive. 6 vols. 0ppleton's Reports. '(e 1!t( vol. 2 vols. 0ppleton, part o) vol. 20. S(eple 's Reports, part o) vol. 20 an$ vol. 21 to 28, inclusive. From 18"1 to 18"6. 8 vols.

M2r1 2)*.
3arris 4 Mc3enr 's Reports. From 170! to 17!!. " vols. Sometimes cite$ Mar lan$ Reports. 3arris 4 2o(nson. From 1800 to 1826. 7 vols. 3arris 4 Gill. From 1826 to 182!. 2 vols. Gill 4 2o(nson. From 182! to 18"0. 12 vols. -lan$'s +(ancer Reports. From 1811 to 1832. 3 vols. Gill's Reports. From 1813 to 18"!. 5 vols.

M2''2$+%'(&&'. 7assachusetts Reports. (he $irst vo"ume is reported )y Ephraim -i""iams. @is reports commenced with 'eptem)er term, 1838, in Ber&shire, and terminate with ?une term, 1835, in @ancoc&. (he 16 vo"umes $rom the second to the seventeenth, inc"usive, are reported )y Dud"ey "&ins (yn!, and em)race $rom 7arch term, 1836, in 'u$$o"&, to 7arch term, 1822, in 'u$$o"&. (he reports o$ -i""iams and (yn! are cited 7assachusetts Reparts. 2ic&erin!'s Reports. 0rom 1842 to 7arch 1883. 28 vo"s. 7etca"$'s Reports. 0rom 1883 to 1888. 1 vo"s. M#$+#52).

3arrin*ton's Reports. 1 vol. #al7er's +(ancer +ases. From 18"2 to 18"5. 1 vol. &ou*lass' Reports. From 18"3 to 18"7. 2 vols.

M#''#''#66#.
#al7er's Reports. From 1818 to 1832. 1 vol. 3o.ar$'s Reports. From 183" to 18"3. 7 vols. Sme$es 4 Mars(all's Reports. From 18"3 to 18"!. 12 vols. Freeman's +(ancer Reports. From 183! to 18"3. 1 vol. Sme$es 4 Mars(all's +(ancer Reports. From 18"0 to 18"3. 1 vol.

M#''o%r#. 7issouri Reports. 0rom 1821 to 1886. / vo"s. N(/ H246'+#r(!

:e. 3amps(ire Reports. From 1816 to 18"2. 13 vols. :at(aniel 0$ams reporte$ cases )rom 1816 to 181!, .(ic( ma7es t(e )irst volume o) :. 3. Rep. 9evi #oo$%ur an$ #illiam Ric(ar$son reporte$ t(e cases )rom 181!, to 1823; an$ #illiam Ric(ar$son )rom 1823 to 1832, ma7in* t(e t(ir$ )ourt( an$ )i)t( volumes o) :. 3. Rep. '(e are continue$ un$er t(e $irection o) t(e supreme court, an$ alrea$ ma7e t(irteen volumes.

N(/ J(r'(1!
+o<es' Reports. From 17!0 to 17!5. 1 vol. ,ennin*ton's Reports. From 1806 to 1813. 2 vols. Sout(ar$'s Reports. From 1816 to 1820. 2 vols. 3alstea$'s Reports. From 1821 to 1831. 7 vols. Green's Reports. From 1838 to 1836. 3 vols. 3arrison's Reports. From 1837 to 18"2. " vols. Se<ton's +(ancer Reports. From 1830 to 1832. 1 vol. Green's +(ancer Reports, 1838 to 18"6. 3 vols. Spencer's Reports. From 18"2 to 18"5. 1 vol. 3alste$'s +(ancer Reports. From 18"5 to 18"6. 1 vol.

N(/ Yor0!
+oleman 4 +aine's +ases. From 17!" to 1805. 1 vol. +aine's Reports. From 180,3 to 1805. 3 vols. +aine's +ases. For 180" an$ 1805. 2 vols. 0nt(on's :isi ,rias +ases. From 1808 to 1818. 1 vol. Ro*er's :e. =or7 +it 3all Recor$er. From 1816 to 1821. 6 vols. #(eeler's +riminal +ases. 3 vols. 3all's Reports. For 1828 an$ 182!. 2 vols. 3o))man's >ice +(ancer Reports. From 183! to 18"0. 1 vol. ?$.ar$s' >ice +(ancer Reports. From 1831 to 18"2. 3 vols. +lar7e's >ice +(ancer Reports. From 183! to 18"1., 1 vol. 2o(nson's +ases. From 17!! to 1803. 3 vols. 2o(nson's Repoets. From 1806 to 1823. 20 vols. +o.en's Reports. From 1823 to 1828. ! vols, #en$ell's Reporti. From 1828 to 18"1. 26 vols. 3ill's Reports )rom 18"1 to 18"5. 7 vols. 2o(n ns 4a cer Reparts. From 181" to 1823. 7 vols. 3o.ar$'s ,ractice Reports. For 18"" an$ 18"5. 3 vols. &enio's Reports. From 18"5 to 18"7. 5 vols. 3op7in's +(ancer Reports. From 1823 to 1826. 1 vol.

,ai*e's +(ancer Reports. From 1828 to 18"5. 11 vols. San$)or$'s >ice +(ancer Reports. From 18"3 to 18"6. 3 vols. -ar%our's +(ancer Reports. From 18"5 to 18"!. 3 vols. -ar%our's Superior +ourt. For 18"7 an$ 18"8. " vols. San$)or$'s Superior +ourt. For 18"7 an$ 18"8. 1 vol. 9oc7.oo$'s Reverse$ +ases. From 17!! to 18"7. 1 vol. +omstoc7's Supreme +ourt. For 18"7 an$ 18"8. 1 vol.

Nor&+ C2ro #)2

Martin's Reports. 1 vol. 3e .oo$'s Reports. From 178! to 1806. 2 vols. 'a lor's Reports. From 178! to 1802. 1 vol. :ort( +arolina 'erm Reports, @sometimes %oun$ an$ lettere$ are cite$ as t(e t(ir$ 9a. Repositor .A 1t is a secon$ volume o) Reports % 2o(n 9ouis 'a lor; it contains cases )rom 1816 to 1818. 1 vol. +on)erence Reports. - +ameron 4 :or.oo$. From 1800 to 180". 1 vol. Murp( 's Reports. From 180" to 181!. 3 vols. +arolina 9a. Repositor . From 1813 to 1816. 2 vols. 3a.7s' Reports. From 1820 to 1826. " vols. Ruin's Reports, @%oun$ .it( 3a.7s' Reports.A &evereu<'s Reports. From 1826 to 183". " vols. &evereu<'s ?Buit Reports. From 1826 to 183". 2 vols. &evereu< 4 -attle's Reports. From 183" to 18"0. " vols. &everetl< 4 -attle's ?Buit Reports. From 183" to 18"0. 2 vols. 1re$ell's Reports, 9a.. From 18"0 to 18"!. ! vols. 1re$ell's Reports, +(ancer . From 18"0 to 18"8, 5 vols.

O+#o!
/(io Reports. 15 vols. '(ese reports are compose$ o) 3ammon$'s Reports. From 1821 to 183!. ! vols. #ri*(t's Reports. From 1831 to 183". 1 vol. #ilco<'s Reports. From 18"0 to 18"1. 1 vol. Stanton's Reports. From 18"1 to 18"3. 3 vols. Gris.ol$'s Reports. From 18"" to 18"6. 2 vols.

P())'1 ,2)#2!
&allas' Reports. From 175" to 1806. " vols. >i$e Supra. =eates' Reports. From 17!1 to 1808. " vols. -inne 's Reports. From 17!! to 181". 6 vols Ser*eant 4 Ra.le's Reports. From 1818 to 182!. 17 vols Ra.le's Reports. trom 1828 to 1835. 5 vols. #(arton's Reports. From 1835 to 18"1. 6 vols. ,enns lvania Reports, reporte$ % #illiam Ra.le, +(arles -. ,enrose, an$ Fre$eric7 #atts. From 182! to 1832. 3 vols. #atts' Reports. From 1832 to 18"0. 10 vols. #atts 4 Ser*eant's Reports. ! vols. -ro.ne's Reports. From 1806 to 181". 2 vols. Miles' Reports. For 1835 an$ 18"1. 2 vols. 0$$ison's Reports. From 17!1 to 17!!. 1 vol. 0s(mea$'s Reports. From 1808 to 18"1. 2 vols. ,enns lvania State Reports. - Ro%ert M. -arr. From 18"" to 18"!. 10 vols. 18"! to 1850. 2 vol. - 2. ,rin*le 2ones. 1830 to 1852. " vols. - Geo. #. 3arris.

So%&+ C2ro #)2!

-a 's Reports. From 1783 to 180". 2 vols. &essaussure's ?Buit Reports. From t(e Revolution to 1813. " vols. -revar$'s Reports. From 17!3 to 1816. 3 vols. Sout( +arolina Reports. From 1812 to 1816. 2 vols. :ott 4 M'+or$'s Reports. From 1817 to 1820. 2 vols. Mills' +onstitutional Reports, :. S. For 1817 an$ 1818. 2 vols. 3arper's Reports. For 1823 an$ 182". 1 vol. 3arper's ?Buit Reports. For 182". 1 vol. M'+or$'s Reports. From 1820 to 182!. " vols. M'+or$'s +(ancer Reports. From 1825 to 1827. 2 vols. -aile 's Reports. From 1828 to 1832. 2 vols. -aile 's +%ancer . From 1830 to 1831. 1 vol. 3ill's Reports. From 1833 to 1837. 3 vols. 3ill's +(ancer Reports. For 1838. 2 vols. Rile 's +(ancer +ases. From 1836 to 1887. 1 vol Rile 's 9a. +ases. From 1836 to 1837. 1 vol. &u$le 's 9a. Reports. From 1837 to 1838 1 vol. &u$le 's ?Buit Reports. From 1837 to 1838 1 vol. Rice's Reports. Frlom 1838 to 183!. 1 vol. Rice's +(ancer Reports. From 1838 to 183!. 1 vol. +(eves' Reports. From 183! to 18"0. 2 vols. McMullan's +(ancer . From 18"0 to 18"2. 1 vol. McMullen's 9a.. F'/M 1835 to 18"2. 2 vols. Spear's ?Buit . From 18"2 to 18"". 1 vol. Spear's 9a.. For 18"3. 2 vols. Ric(ar$son's 9a. Reports. From 18"" to 18"7. 3 vols. Ric(ar$son's ?Buit Reports. From 18"" to 18"6. 2 vols. Stro%(art's 9a. Reports. From 18"6 to 18"8. 3 vols. Stro%(art's ?Buit Reports. From 18"6 to 18"8. 2 vols. Statutes at 9ar*e, For 1838. ! vols.

T())(''((!
'ennessee Reports. From 17!i to 1815. 2 vols. '(ese cases .ere reporte$ % 2o(n /verton. '(e are cite$ 'enn. Rep. +oo7e's Reports. From 1811 to 181". 1 vol. 3e .oo$'s Reports. From 1816 to 1818. 3 vols. '(ese volumes are num%ere$ t(ree, )our, an$ )ive, in a series .it( 2u$*e 3e .oo$'s :ort( +arolina Reports, volumes one an$ t.o. ,ec7's Reports. From 1822 to 182". 1 vol. Martin 4 =er*er's Reports. From 1825 to 1828. 1 vol. =er*er's Reports. From 1832 to 1837. 10 vols. Mei*s' Reports. From 1838 to 183!. 1 vol. 3ump(re 's Reports. From 183! to 18"6. 8 vols.

V(r4o)&!
:. +(ipman's Reports. From 178! to 17!1. 1 vol. ' ler's Reports. From 1801 to 1803. 2 vols -ra ton's Reports. From 1815 to 181!. 1 vol. &. +(ipman's Reports. +ontainin* Select +ases )rom :. +(ipman's Reports, an$ ca*es $o.n to 1825. 2 vols. 0i7en's Reports. For 1826 an$ 1827. 2 vols. >ermont Reports. From 1826 to 18"6. 18 vols. '(ese reports are compose$ o)

2u$*es Reports, t(e )irst ! vols. S(a.'s Reports. '(e 10t( an$ part o) t(e 11t( vol. #atson's Reports. ,art o) 11t(, t(e .(ole o) 12t(, 13t(, an$ 1"t( vols. Sla$e's Reports. '(e 15t( vol. #as(%urne's Reports. '(e 16t(, 17t(, an$ 18t( vols.

V#r5#)#2!
# t(e's +(ancer Reports. From 17!0 to 17!5. 1 vol. #as(in*ton's Reports. From 17!0 to 17!6. 2 vols. +all's Reports. From 17!0 to 1818. 6 vols. 3ennin* an$ Mum)or$'s Reports. From 1806 to 180!. " vols. Mum)or$'s Reports. From 1810 to 1820. 6 vols. 1 Gilmer's Reports, @sometimes cite$ >ir*inia Reports.A &urin* 1820 an$ 1821. 1 vol. Ran$olp('s Reports. From 1821 to 1828. 6 vols. 9ei*('s Reports. From 182! to 18"1. 12 vols. 2e))erson's Reports. From 1730 to 1772. 1 vol. >ir*inia cases. From 178! to 1826. 2 vols. '(e )irst o) t(ese volumes is % 2u$*es -roc7en%rou*( an$ 3olmes, an$ contains cases $eci$e$ )rom 178! to 181"; t(e secon$ volume is % 2u$*e -roc7en%rou*(, an$ contains cases $eci$e$ )rom 1815 to 1826. Ro%inson's Reports. From 18"2 to 18"". 2 vols. Grattan's Reports. From 18"" to 18"8. 5 vols.

W#'$o)'#)! Burritt's Reports. 1 =o". ENGLISH AND IRISH REPORTS! 6. (he $o""owin! is a chrono"o!ica" "ist o$ En!"ish and .rirh contemporary Reports, a"pha)etica""y arran!ed under each rei!n.
3enr 111. /ct. 1!, 1216. :ov. 16, 1272. 2en7ins, ?<., ", 1!, 21.

Edward .. ;ov. 16, 12+2. ?u"y +, 143+. ?en&ins, E#., 18, 48. >ei"wey, >. B. and <. 2., 6. ,ear Boo&, >. B., <. 2. and E#che1uer, part 1. Edward ... ?u"y +, 143+. ?an. 25, 142+. ?en&ins, E#., 5, 15, 18. ,ear Boo&, >. B., <. 29, and E#., part .. Edward .... ?an. 25, 142+., ?une 21, 14++. Ben"oe, >. B. and <. 2., 42. ?en&ins, E#., . to 8+. >ei"wey, >. B. and <. 2. 1 to 8+. ,ear Boo&' >. B. and <. 2., part 2:1 to 13. ,ear Boo&H >. B. and <. 2., 2.,t 4:1+, 18, 21 to 28, 48, 8/. ,ear Boo&, >. B. and <. 2., part 8: 83 to 53. ,ear Boo&, part 5, Li)er ssisarum, 1 to 51. Richard ... ?une 21, 14++. 'ept. 2/, 14//. Be""ewe, >. B. and <. 2., 1 to 22. ?en&ins, E#., . to 22. @enry .=. 'ept. 2/, 14//. 7ar. 23, 1814. ?en&ins, E#., 1 to 18. ,ear Boo&, >. B. and <. 2., part 6, 1 to 18. @enry =. 7ar. 23, 1814. u!. 41, 1822. ?en&ins, E#., 1 to 13. ,ear Boo&, >. B. and <. 2., part 6 : 1, 2, 5, + to 13. @enry =.. u!. 41, 1822. 7ar. 8, 1861. Ben"oe, >. B. and <. 2., 2, 18. ?en&ins, E#., . to 4/. ,ear Boo&, >. B. and <. 2., parts + and 8 : 8, + to 12, 18, 18 to 22, 2+, 28, 43 to 4/.

Edward .=. 7ar. 8, 1861. pri" /, 1884. ?en&ins, E#., 1 to 21. ,ear Boo&, >. B. and <. 2., part / : 1 to 22. ,ear Boo&, >. B., <. 2., and E#., part 13:5. Edward =. pri" /, 1884. ?une 22, 1884. ?en&ins, E#. ,ear Boo&, L. B. and <. 2., part 11. Richard .... ?une 22, 1884., u!. 22, 1885. ?en&ins, E#., 1, 2. 1 ,ear Boo&, >. B. and <. 2., part 11 : 1, 2. @enry =... u!. 22, 1885. pri" 22, 153/. Ben"oe, >. B. and <. 2. 1. ?en&ins, E#., 1 to 21. >ei"wey, >. B. and <. 2.9 12, 14, 1+ to 28. 7oore, >. B. and <. 2., E#. and <han., 1 to 2 ,ear Boo&, >. B, and <. 2., part 11 : 1 to 16, 23 to 28. @enry =.... pri" 22, 153/. ?an. 28, 158+. nderson, <. 2., 25, *c.9Ben"oe, <. 2., 1 to 48. Ben"oe, A;ewB, >. B., <. 2., and E#., 22, *c9Ben"oe, >ei"wey and she, >. B., <. 2 and E#. Broo&e's ;ew <ases, >. B., <. 2., and E#che1uer. Da"ison, <. 2., 48. Dyer, >. B., <. 2., E#. and <han. 8, *c.9?en&ins, E#., 1 to 48. >ei"wey, >. B. and <. 2., 1 to 11, and 21. 7oore, >. B., <. 2., E#. and <han., 4. ,ear Boo&, >. B., and <. 2., part 11:14, 18, 18, 1/, 26, 2+, 2/ to 48. Edward =.. ?an, 28, 158+. ?u"y 6, 1554. nderson, <. 2., 1 to 6. Ben"oe and Da"ison, <. 2., 2, Broo&e's ;ew <ases, >. B., <. 2. and E#. Ben"oe A;ewB, >. B., <. 2. and E#. 1 to 6. Dyer, >. B., <. 2.9 E#. and <han. 1 to 6. ?en&ins, E#., 1 to 6. 7oore, >. B., <. 2., E#. and <han., 1 to 6. 2"owden, >. B., <. 2. and E#che1uer, 8 to 6. 7ary. : ?u"y 6, 1554. ;ov. 1+, 1558. nderson, <. 2., 1 to 6. Ben"oe and Da"ison, < 2., 1 to 5. Ben"oe in >ei"wey and she, >. B., <. 2. a E#., 1 to 5. Ben"oe A;ewB, >. B., <. 2. and E#., 1 to 5. Boo&e's ;ew <ases, >. B., <. 2., and E#., 1 to 5. <ary, <han., 5. Dyer, >. B., <. 2., E#. and <han., 1 to 5. Da"ison, in >ei"wey and she, <. 2., 1, 8, 5. ?en&ins, E#., 1 to 5. Leonard, >. B., <. 2., and E#., 1 to 5. Dwen, >. B. and <. 2., 8, 5. 2"owden, >. B., <. 2. and E#., . to 5. E"i5a)eth. ;ov. 1+, 1558. 7ar. 28, 1634. nderson, <. 2., 1 to 85. Ben"oe in >ei"wey and she, >. B., <. 2., and E#., 2 to 23. Ben"oe, >. B., <. 2., and E#., 1 to 1+. Ben"oe, <. 2., 1 to 21. Brown"ow and Go"deshorou!h, <. 2., 11 to 85. <ary, <han., 1 to 85. <o&e, >. B , <. 2., E#. and <han., 18 to 85. <ro&e, >. B., and <. 2., 28 to 85. Da"ison, <. 2., 1 to 16. Da"ison in >ei"wey and she, <. 2., 2 to +. Dic&ens, <han., a $ew cases. Dyer, >. B. and <. 2., 1 to 24. God)o"t, >. B., *c., 1+ to 85. Go"deshorou!h, >. B., *c., 28 to 41, 4/ to 84. @o)art, >. B., *c., a $ew cases. @utton, <. 2., 26 to 48. ?en&ins, E#., . to 85. Leonard, >. B., <. 2. and E#., 1 to 85. 7oore, >. B., <. 2., E#. and <han. 1 to 85. ;oy. >. B. and <. 2., 1 to 85. Dwen, >. B. and <. 2., . to 85. 2"owden, >. B., <. 2. and E#. 2opham, >. B., <. 2. and <han., 48, / 'avi"" e, <. 2. and E#., 22 to 46. (othi"", <han., 1 to 85. ,e"ve>ton, >. B. 88, 85. ?ames .. 7ar. 28, 1634. 7ar. 2+, 1625. nderson, <. 2., 1. Ben"oe, >. B., <. 2., and E#., 1/ to 24. Brid!man, <. 2 , 12 to 1/. Brown"ow and Go"deshorou!h, <. 2., 1 to 24. Bu"strode, >. B., + to 15. <ary, <han. 1. <o&e, >. B., <. 2, E#. and <han., 1 to 14. <ro&e, >. B. and <. 2. 1, 24. Davis, >. B., <. 2. and E#., 2 to /. G"anvi""e, e"ection )e$ore committee o$ @. <., 21, 22. God)o"t, >. B., *c., 1 to 24. @o)ert, >. B., *c., 1 to 24. @utton, <. 2., 13 to 24. ?en&ins, E#., 1 to 21. ?ones A-.B >. B. and <. 2., 18 to 44. Lane, E#., 4 to /. Leonard, >. B., <. 2. and E#., 1 to 12. Ley, >. B., <. 2., E#. and <ourt o$ -ards, 6 to 24. 7oore, >. B., <. 2., E#. and <han., 1 to 18. ;oy, >. B. and <. 2. 1 to 24. Dwen, >. B. and <. 2., 1 to 12. 2a"mer, >. B., 1+ to 24. 2opham, >. B., <. 2., and <han.,

15 to 24. Reports in <hancery, 14. Ro""e, >. B., 12 to22. (othi"", <han., 1 to 24. -inch, <. 2., 1/ to 24. ,e"verton, >. B., 1 to 13. <har"es .. : 7ar. 2+, 1625. ?an. 43, 168/. "eyn, >. B., 22 to 28. Ben"oe, >. B., <. 2. and E#., 1 to 4. Bu"strode, >. B., 1 to 18. <"ayton, 2"eas o$ s. ,or&, + to 28. <ro&e, >. B. and <. 2., 1 to 16 God)o"t, >. B., *c., 1 to 14. @et"ey, <. 2., 4 to +. @utton, <. 2.. 1 to 18. ?ones, A-.B >. B. and <. 2., 1 to 16. Latch, >. B., 1 to 4. Ley, >. B., <. 2., E#. and <ourt o$ -ards, 1 to 8. Litt"eton, <. 2. and E#., 2 to +. 7arch, >. B. and <. 2., 15 to 18. ;e"son, <han., 1 to 28. ;oy, >. B. and <. 2., 1 to 28. 2a"mer, >. B. and <. 2., 1 to 8. 2opham, >.,B., <. 2. and <han., 1, 2. Reports in <hancery, 1 to 28. 'ty"e, >. B., 21 to 28. (othi"", <han., . to 21. <har"es ... 7ay 2/, 1663. 0e). 6, 1685. Brid!man, <. 2., 1 to 8. <arter, <. 2., 16 to 2+. <ases in <hancery, part 1:12 to 43. <ases in <hancery, part 2:26 to 4+. 7ost o$ these cases in 2 <. <. are !ross"y misreported, said per Lord Lou!h)orou!h,E 1 @. B". 442 <ayton, 2"eas o$ s. ,or&, 1, 2. Dic&ens, <han., a $ew cases. 0inch, <han., 25 to 42. 0reeman, >. B., <. 2., E#. and <han., 22 to 4+. @ardres, E#., + to 21. ?ones A(ho.B >. B. and <. 2., 1/ to 4+ >re)i >. B., 14 to 43. >e"yn! A'ir ?.B <rown <ades and in >. B., 18 to 23. Levin5, L. B. and <. 2., 12 to 4+ Lutwyche, <. 2., 48 to 4+. 7odern, >. B., <. 2., E#. and <han., vo"s. 1, 2 : 1 to 2/. 7odern, >. B., <. 2., E#. and <)an., vo". 2 : 26 to 43. 7odern, >. <., <. 2., E#. and <han., vo". 4 : 48 to 4+. ;e"son, <han., 1 to 4+. 2ar&er, E#., 43. 2o""e#$en, >. B., <. 2. and <han., 22 to 4+. Raymond, A(.B >. B., <. 2. and E#., 12 to 45. Reports in <hancery, 1 to 4+. 'aunders, &. B., 18 to 28. 'e"ect <ases in <hancery, 44. 'hower, >. B., 43 to 4+. 'ider"in, >. .i., <. 2. and E#., / to 22. '&inner, >. B., 44 to 4+. 'ty"e, >. B., . to +. =au!han, <. 2., 1+ to 25. =entris, >. B., <. 2., E#. and <han., 23 to 4+. =ernon, <han., 42 to 4+, ?ames ... 0e). 6, 1685. 0e). 14, 168/. <arthew, >. B., 2 to 8. ; <ases in <hancery, part 2 : 1 to 4. <ases o$ 'ett"ement, >. B., 2 to 8. <om)er)ach, >. B., 1 to 8. <om)er)ach is said, )y Lord (hur"ow, to )e )ad authority. 1 Bro. <. <. /+. 0reeman, >. B., <. 2., E#. "ind <han., 1 to 8. Levin5, >. B. and <. 2., 1, 2. Lutwyche, <. 2. 1 to 8. ; 7odern, > B., <. 2. and <han. vo". 4 : 1 to 8. 2ar&er, E#., 4, 8. Reports in <hancery, 1 to 4. 'hower, >. B., 1 to 8. '&inner, >. B., 1 to 8. =entris, >. B., <. 2., E#. and <han., 1 to 8. =ernon, <h., 1 to 8. -i""iam .... * 7ary. 0e). 14, 1682. 7ar. 8, 1+32. <arthew, >. B., 1 to 12. <ases concernin! 'ett"ements, L. B., 1 to 18. <o""es, 2ar"iamentary <ases, / to 18. <om)er)ach, >. B., 1 to 13. <omyns, >. B., <. 2., E#. <han. and )e$ore the De"e!ates, + to 18. 0ortescue, >H B., <. 2., E#. and <han., + to 18. 0reeman, > B., <. 2., . E#. and <han., 1 to 18. >e"yn!, A'ir ?.B <rown <anes, and in >. B., 8 to 14. Levin5, >. B. and <. 2., 1 to 18. Lutwyche, <. 2., . to 18. 7odern, >. B,., <. 2., E#. and <han., vo". 4 : 1, 2. 7odern, >. B., <. 2., 0#: and <han., vo". 8 : 4 to +. 7odern, >. B., <. 2., E#: and <han., vo". 5 : 5 to 11. 7odern, >. B., <. '2., E#. and <han., vo". 12 : 2 to 18. 2ar&er, E#., 8 to 14. 2eere -i""iams, <han. and >. B., + to 18. 2recedents in <hancery, 1 to 8. Raymond, ALordB >. B. and <. 2., 8 to 18. Reports in <hancery, vo". 2:5. Reports temp. @o"t, >. B., <. 2.,E#. and <han., 1 to 18. 'a"&e"d, >. B., <. 2., E#. and <hair., 1 to 18. 'e"ect <ases in <hancery, 5,,/. 'hower, >. B., 1 to 6. '&inner, >. B , . to /. =entris, >. B., <. 2., E#. and <han., 1, 2. =ernon, <han., 1 to 18. nne. 7ar. 8, 1+32. du!. 1, 1+18, Brown's 2ar"iamentary <ases, 1 to 1.4. Ban)ury, E#.,

12, 14. <ases concernin! 'ett"ements, >. B., 1 to 14. <ases on 2ractice, <. 2., 5 to 14. <o""es, 2ar"iamentary <ases, 1 to 8. <omyns, >. B., <. 2., E#. <hanc. and )e$ore the De"e!ates, 1 to 14. Dic&ens, <han., a $ew cases. 0ortes1ue, >. B., <. 2., E#. and <han., 1 to 14. 0reeman, >. ?4., <. 2., E#. and <han., 1 to 5. Gi")ert's <ases in Law an E1uity, 12, 14. Gi")ert, >. B.,.<han. and E#., 8 to 84. Re"yn!, A'ir ?.B <rown <ases, and in >. B. Lutwyche, <. 2., 1, 2. 7odern, >. B., <. 2., E#. and <han., vo". 6 : 2, 4. 7odern, >. B., <. 2., E#. and <han., vo". + : 1. 7odern, >. B., <. 2., E#. and <han., vo". 13 : 8 to 14. 7odern, >. B., <. 2., E#. and <han., vo". 11 : 8 to 8. 2ar&er, E#., 6 to 12. 2eere -i""iams, <han. and >. B., 1 to 14. 2ractica" Re!ister, <. 2.B 4 to 14. 2recedents in <hancery, 1 to 14. Raymond, ALordB >. B. and <. 2., 1 to 14. Reports in <hancery, 8 to 8. Reports temp. @o"t, 1 to /. Ro)ertson's pp. <ases, 5 to 14. 'a"&e"d, >.,B., <. 2., E#. and <han., 1 to 13. 'ession <ases, >. B., / to 14 =ernon, <han., 1 to 14. Geor!e .. u!. 1, 1+18. ?une 11, 1+2+. Barnardiston, >. B., 12, 14. (his )oo& is said to )e Fnot o$ much authority9F Dou!". 444, n.9 Fo$ sti"" "ess authority than 13 7od.9F Dou!". 66/, n9 Fa )ad reporter.F 1, East, 682, n. Brown's 2ar"iamentary <ases, 1 to 14. Bun)ury, E#., 1 to 14. 7r. Bun)ury never meant that those cases shou"d )e pu)"ished9 they are very "oose notes. 5 Burr. 2568. <ases concernin! 'ett"ements, >. B., 1 to 14. <ases o$ 2ractice, <. 2., 1 to 14. <omyns, >. B., <. 2., E#. <hanc. and )e$ore the De"e!ates, 1 to 14. Dic&ens, <han., 1 to 14. 0ortescue, >.N B., <. 2., E#. and <han., 1 to 14. Gi")ert, >. B., <han. and E#., 1 to 12. 7odern, >. B., <. 2., E#.,and <han., vo"s. 8 and / : 8 to 12. 7odern, >. B., <. 2.,. E#., and <han., vo". 13 : 1 to 11. 7ose"y' <han., 12, 14. 2ar&er, E#., 8 to 14. 2eere -i""iams, <han. and >. B., 1 to 14. 2ractica" Re!ister, <. 2., 1 to 14. 2recedents in <hancery, 1 to 8. Raymond ALordB >. B. and <. 2., 1 and 13 to 14. Ro)ertson's ppea" <ases, 1 to 14. 'e"ect <ases in <han., 13 to 12. 'essions <ases, >. B., 1 to 14. 'tran!e, >. B., <. 2., E#. and <han., 2 to 14. =ernon, <han. 1 to 5. Geor!e ... ?une 11, 1+2+. Dct. 25, 1+63. m)"er, <hap. and E#. 11 to 48. ndrews, >. B., 11, 12. t&yn's <han., / to 2+. Barnardiston, <. B., 1 to +. Barnardiston, <han., 14, 18. Barnes, <. 2., 5 to 48. Be"t's 'upp"ement to =esey, <han., 23 to 28. B"ac&stone A-m.B >. B. and <. 2., 23 to 28, and 43 to 48. (hese reports are said not to )e very accurate, per Lord 7ans$ie"d, Dou!. /2, n. Brown's 2ar". <ases, 1 to 48. Bun)ury, E#., 1 to 18. Burrow's >. B., 43 to 48. Burrow's 'ett"ement <ases, >. B., 5 to 48. <ases o$ 'ett"ement, >. B., 1 to 5. <ases o$ 2ractice, >. 2., 1 to 23. <ases temp. (a")ot, <han. >. B., <. 2., +, 13. <omyns, E#., <han. and )e$ore the De"e!ates, 1 to 14. <unnin!ham, >. B., +, 8. Dic&ens, <han., 1 to 48. 7r. Dic&ens was a very attentive and di"i!ent re!ister9 )ut his notes )ein! rather "oose, are not to )e considered as o$ very hi!h authority, per Lord Redesda"e, 1 'ch. * Le$. 283. =ide a"so 'u!. =end. 186. Eden, <han., 43 to 48. 0it5!i))on, >. B., <. 2., E#. and <han., 1 to 5. 0ortescue, 1 to 13. 0oster, <rown <ases, 16 to 48. >e"yn!e, A-.B >. B.9 <. 2. and <han., 1 to 8. >onyon, >. B., *c., 26 to 43., Leach, <rown <ases, 8 to 48. Lee, A'ir Geo.B Ecc"esiastica", 25 to 42. 7ose"ey, <han., 1 to 4. 2ar&er, 0# , 16 to 48. 2eere -i""iams, <han. and >. B., 1 to 8. 2ractica" Re!ister, <. 2., . to 15. Raymond, ALordB >. B. and <. 2., 1 to 6. Reports temp. @ardwic&e, >. B., +, 13. Ro)ertson's ppea" <ases, a $ew. 'ayer, >. B., 25 to 2/. 'e"ect <ases in <hancery, 6. 'essions <ases, >. B., 1 to 23. 'tran!e, >. B., <. 2., E#. and <han., 1 to 21. =esey, Asen.B <han., 23 to 28. -i""es, <. 2., E#ch., <han. and @ouse o$ Lords. 11 to 42. -i"son, >. B., <. 2., 16 to 48.

Geor!e .... Dct. 25, 1+62. ?an. 2/, 1823. cton, ppea" <ases, 8/, 53. m)"er, <han. and E#., 1 to 28. nstruther, E#., 42 to 4+. Ba"" and Beatty, .rish <han., 8+ to 58. Barnewe"" and "derson, >. B., 58 to 63. B"ac&stone, A'ir -.B >. B. and <.,2., 1 to 23. B"ac&stone, A@.B <. 2. and E#. <ham)., 28 to 46. B"i!h, ppea" <ases, 5/, 63. Bosan1uet and 2u""er, <. 2., and E#ch. <ham)., to 8+. Bott, 'ett"ement <ases, 1 to 63. Broderip and Bin!ham, <. 2., 5/, 63. Brown, <hancery, 18 to 48. Brown, 2ar". <ases, 1 to 83. Buc&, Ban&ruptcy, 5+ to 63. Burrow, >. B., 1 to 12. Burrow, 'ett"ement <ases, >. B., 1 to 16. <a"decot, 'ett"ement <ases, >. B., 1+ to 26. <amp)e"", ;isi 2rius, >. B., <. 2., and @ome <ircuit, 88 to 56. <ases o$ 2ractice, >. B., 1 to 18. <hitty, >. B., 8+ to 63. <ooper, <han., 55. <or)et and Danie", E"ection <ases. <owper, >. B., 18 to 18. <o#, <han., 24 to 46. Danie"", E#., 5+ to 63. Dic&ens, <han., . to 48. Dodson, dmira"ty, 51 to 5+. Dou!"as, >. B., 1/ to 25. Dow, @. o$ Lords, 54 to 58. Durn$ord and East, >. B., 26 to 83. East, >. B., 81 to 52. Edwards, dmira"ty, 88, 8/. Eden, <)an., 1 to +. Espinasse, ;isi 2rius, >. B., <. 2. and @ome <ircuit, 44 to 8+. 0orrest, E#., 81N 0raser, E"ec., @. <om. 42. Gow, ;isi 2rius, <. 2., 5/, 63. @a!!ard, <onsistory <ourt, 2/ to 63. @o"i, ;isi 2rius, <. 2. and ;orth <ircuit, 55 to 18. ?aco) * -a"&er, <han., 63. >enyon, >. B., *c.9Leach's <rown <ases, 1 to 55. Lo$$t, >. B., <. 2. and <han., 12 to 18. Luders, E"ection <ases, 25 to 43. 7ariott, dmira"ty, 16 to 1/. 7arsha"", <. 2., 58 to 5+. 7addoc&, =ice <han., 55 to 63. 7au"e * 'e"wyn,, >. B., 54 to 5+ 7erivate, <han., 5+ to 58. 7oore, <. 2., 5+ to 63. ;o"an, >. B., 42 to 48. 2ar&er, E#., 1 to +. 2ea&e, ;isi 2rius, >. B., 43 to 45. 2ec&we"", E"ection <ases, 85,86. 2hi""imore, Ecc"esiastica", 8/ to 63. 2rice, E#., 58 to 63. Ro)inson, dmira"ty, 4/ to 88. Rose, Ban&ruptcy 53 to 56. Russe"" * Ryan, <rown <ases, 4/, *c.9'choa"es * Le$roy, .rish <han., 82 to 88. 'mith, >. B. and <han., 88 to 86. 'tar&ie, ;isi 2rius, >. B., <. 2. and ;orth <ir., 5 to 63. 'wanston, <han., 58 to 63. (aunton, <. 2., 88 to 58. =esey, 6un., <han., 2/ to 52. =esey * Beames, dhan., 52 to 58. -i!htwic&, E#., 53, 51. -i"son, >. B. and <. .2., 1 to 18. -i"son, <han., 58 to 63. -i"son9 E#., 5+. Geor!e .=. ?an. 2/, 1823, ?une 26, 1843. ddams, Ecc". 2 to 6. Barnwe"" * "derson, >. B., 1 to 4. Barnewa"" * <resswe"", >. B., 4 to 13. do"phus, >. B., 13, *c.9Batty, >. B., A.re"andB 5 * 6. Beitty, <han., Ado.B + * 8. Bin!ham, <. 2., 4, *c.9B"i!h, @. o$ Lords, 1, *c.9Bott, 'ett"ement <ases, 1 to +. Broderip * Bin!ham, <. 2., 1 to 4. <arrin!ton * 2ayne, ;. 2., 8, *c.9<hitty, >. B., 1 to 4. <resswe"", .nso"vent, + to /. Danie"", E#che1uer. Danson * L"oyd, 7ercanti"e <ases, 8, /. Dow"in! * Ry"and, 2 to +. 0o# * 'mith, >. B., A.re"andB 4 to 5. G"yn * ?ameson, Ban&ruptcy. @a!!ard, Ecc"es. + to 13. @o!an, Ro""s, Arre"andB 6 * +. @udson * Broo&e, >. B., A.re"andB + to 11. ?aco) * -a"&er, <han., 1, 2. ?aco), <han., 2, 4. L"oyd * -e"shy, 7ercanti"e <ases, 13, *c.97addoc&, =ice:<han., . to 4. 7annin! * Ry"and, >. B., + to /. 7o""oy, <han., A.re"andB + to 11. 7oody * 7a"&in, ;. 2., +, *c.97oore, <. 2., 1 to +. 7oore * 2ayne, <. 2., +, *c.92hi""imore, Ecc"es., 1, 2. 2rice, E#che1uer, 1, *c.9Russe"" * Ryan, <ro. <ases, 1 to 4. Russe"", <han., 6 *c.9Russe"" * 7y"ne, /, *c.9Ryan * 7oody, ;. 2., 8 to +. Ryan * 7oody, <ro. <ases, 8 to 13. 'imon * 'tuart, =ice:<han., 2 to +. 'imons, =ice:<han., + *c.9'mith * Batty, > B., A.re"andB 8, * 5 'tar&e, ;. 2., 1 *c.9(urner, <han., 4, *c.9,oun!e * ?ervis, E#., +, *c.9,oun!e, E#. E1., 11, *<. -i""iam .=. ?une 26, 1843. ?une 23, 184+. do"phus * E""is, >. B., 8 to Barnewe"" * do"phus, L. B., 1 to 4. Bin!ham, <. 2., 1 to B"i!h, @. o$ Lords, 1 to <arrin!ton * 2ayne' ;. 2., 1 to <"ar& * 0inne""i, 2 to <oc&)urn * Rowe, 4. <rompton * ?ervis, E#ch., 1 * 2, <rompton * 7eeson, E#ch., 4 * 8, <rompton, 7eeson * Roscoe, Ech., 8 to 6. <urteis, 5

to Deacon * <hitty, Ban&ruptcy, 2 to 5. Deacon, Ban&ruptcy, 6 to Dow * <"ar&e, @. o$ Lords, 1 to Dow"in!, 2ractice, <ases, 1 to @a!!ard, Ecc"esiastica", 1 to @a!!ard, dmira"ty, 1 to @ayes, E#ch., A.re"andB 1 to 4. >napp, ppea" <ases, 1 to >napp * Dm)"er, E"ection <ases, 5 to L"oyd * Goo"d, .rish <han., 5 to 7annin! * Ry"and, >. B., 1 to 7eeson * -e"shy, 6. 7onta!u * B"i!h, Ban&ruptcy, 2 * 4. 7onta!u * yrton, Ban&ruptch, 4 to 7oody * 7a"&in, ;. 2., 1 to 7oore * 2ayne, <. 2., 1 to 7oore * 'cott, <. 2., 1 to 7y"ne * <rai!. 7y"ne * >een, <han., 4 to ;evi""e * 7annin!, >. B., 4 2erry * >napp, e"ection <ases, 4 to 5. Russe"" * 7y"ne, <han., 1 to 4. 'cott, <. 2., 5 tyo 'imons, =ice:<han. 1 to (am"yn, Ro""s, 1 to (yrwhitt, E#ch., 1 to (yrwhitt * Gran!er. -i"son * 'haw. @. o$ Lords, 1 to -i"son * <ourtenay, @. o$ Lords, 2 to ,oun!e, E1uity E#ch., 1 to ,oun!e * <o""yer, E1uity E#ch., 8,to =ictoria. ?une 23, 184+. do"phus * E""is, >. B. do"phus * E""is, ;ew 'eries. "coc& * ;apier, >. B., A.re"andB "coc&'s RE!istry <ases. rmstron! * 7ercartney, ;. 2. A.re"andB Baron * ustin, E"ection <ases. Baron * rno"d, E"ection <ases. Beavan, Ro""s <ourt. Be""s, ppea" <ases to @. o$ L., A.re"andB Be"", 7urray, ,oun! * (ennent, 'ession <ases, A.re"andB Brown, @i!h <ourt o$ ?usticiary, A.re"and.B Bin!ham, <. 2., 1 to B"i!h, @ouse o$ Lords. B"i!h, ;ew 'eries. <arrin!ton * >irwan, ;. 2. <arrin!ton * 7arshman, ;. 2., <. 2. and E#ch. <arrin!ton * 2ayne, ;. 2., I. 2., <. 2. E#ch. <arrow, @ammerton * ""en, 7a!istrates' <ases., <"ar& * 0inne""y, @. o$ Lords. <o""yer, <hancery. <onnor * Lawson, <hancery, A.re"and.B <ooper, <hancery 2ractice <aset. <ooper tempore Brou!ham, <hancery. <rai! * 2hi""ips, <hancery. <raw$ord * Di#, )rid!ed <ases in a"" the <ourts, A.re"and.B <raw$ord * Di#, <ircuit <ases, A.re"andB <urtis, Ecc"esiastica". Davison * 7annin!, I. B. Deacon, Ban&ruptcy. Denison, <rown <ases, reserved. De Ge# * 'ma"es, <hancery. Dow * <"ar&, @. o$ L. Dow"in! * Lowndes, 2oints o$ 2ractice. Dow"in!, 2ractice <ases Dow"in!, ;ew 'eries. Drury * -a"sh, <hancery, A.re"andB Drury * -arren, <hancery, A.re"andB Dun"ap, Be"", 7urray, 'essions <ases, A.re"andB Dun"ap, Be.", 7urray * Dona"dson, 'essions cases, A.re"and.B E#che1uer Reports, )y -e"shy, @urstone * Gordon. 0a"coner * 0it5her)ert, E"ection. 0"ana!an * >e""e, Ro""s, A.re"and.B Ga"e * Davison, >. B. @a!!ard, dmira"ty, @are, <hancery. ?e)) * Bour&e, I. B., A.re"and.B ?e)) * 'ymes, >. B., A.re"and.B ?ones * Latouche, I. B., A.re"and.B ?ones E#che1uer, A.re"and.B ?ones * <arey, E#che1uer, A.re"and.B >een, Ro""s. Law Recorder, in a"" the <ourts, A.re"and.B Lon!$ie"d * (ownsend, E#ch., A.re"and.B 7cLean * Ro)inson, @. o$ L A.re"and.B 7annin! * Gran!er, <. 2. 7annin!, Gran!er * 'cott, <. 2. 7eeson * -e"shy, E#ch. 7onta!u * yrton, Ban&ruptcy. 7onta!u * <hitty, Ban&ruptcy. 7onta!u, Deacon * De Ge#, Ban&ruptcy. 7onta!u * ;ea"e, E"ection. 7oody, ;. 2. and <rown <ases. 7oodv * Ro)inson, ;isi 2rius. 7oore, ppea" <ases. 7oore, East .ndia ppea"s. 7oore, 2rivy <ounci". 7y"ne * <rai!, <hancery. ;evi""e * 2erry, >. B. 2erry * Davidson, >. B., 2hi""ips, <hancery. Ro)inson, dmira"ty. Ro)inson, @ouse o$ Lords. 'ausse * 'cu""y, Ro""s, A.re"and.B 'cott, <. 2. 'cott, ;ew 'eries. 'haw * 7ac"ean, @ouse o$ Lords. 'myth9 <. 2., A.re"and.B 'imons, =ice:<hance""or. -e"sh, Re!istry <ases, A.re"and.B -est, 2ar". Reports. ,oun!e * <o""yer, E1uity E#. REPRESENTATIVE. Dne who represents or is in the p"ace o$ another. 2. .n "e!i8"ation, it si!ni$ies one who has )een e"ected a mora)er o$ that )ranch o$ the "e!is"ature ca""ed the house o$ representatives.

4. representative o$ a deceased person, sometimes ca""ed a Fpersona" representative,F or "e!a" persona" representative,F is one who is e#ecutor or administrator o$ the person descri)ed. 6 7add. 15/9 5 yes. 832. REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY. $orm o$ !overnment where the powers o$ the soverei!nty are de"e!ated to a )ody o$ men, e"ected $rom time to time, who e#ercise them $or the )ene$it o$ the who"e nation. 1 Bouv. .nst. n. 41. TO REPRESENT. (o e#hi)it9 to e#pose )e$ore the eyesH to represent a thin! is to produce it pu)"ic"y. Di!. 13, 8, 2, 4. REPRESENTATION, insurances. representation is a co""atera" statement, either )y writin! not inserted in the po"icy, or )y paro", o$ such $acts or circumstances re"ative to the proposed adventure, as are necessary to )e communicated to the underwriters, to ena)"e them to $orm a 6ust estimate o$ the ris&. 2. representation, "i&e a warranty, may )e either a$$irmative, as where the insured avers the e#istence o$ some $act or circumstance which may a$$ect the ris&9 or promissory, as where he en!a!es the per$ormance o$, somethin! e#ecutory. 4. (here is a materia" di$$erence )etween a representation and a warranty. 8. warranty, )ein! a condition upon which the contract is to ta&e e$$ect, is a"ways a part o$ the written po"icy, and must appear on the $ace o$ it. 7arsh. .ns. c. /, C2. -hereas a representation is on"y a matter o$ co""atera" in$ormation or inte""i!ence on the su)6ect o$ the voya!e insured, and ma&es no part o$ the po"icy. warranty )ein! in the nature o$ a condition precedent, must )e strict"y and "itera""y comp"ied with9 )ut it is su$$icient i$ the representation )e true in su)stance, whether a warranty )e materia" to the ris& or not, the insured sta&es his c"aim o$ indemnity upon the precise truth o$ it, i$ it )e a$$irmative, or upon the e#act per$ormance o$ it, i$ e#ecutory9 )ut it is su$$icient i$ a representation )e made without $raud, and )e not $a"se in any materia" point, or i$ it )e su)stantia""y, thou!h not "itera""y, $u"$i""ed. $a"se warranty avoids the po"icy, as )ein! a )reach o$ the condition upon which the contract is to ta&e e$$ect9 and the insurer is not "ia)"e $or any "oss thou!h it do not happen in conse1uence o$ the )reach o$ the warranty9 a $a"se representation is no )reach o$ the contract, )ut i$ materia", avoids the po"icy on the !round o$ $raud, or at "east )ecause the insurer has )een mis"ed )y it. 7arsh. .nsur. B. 1, c. 13, s. 19 Dou!". R. 28+H 8 Bro. 2. <. 882. 'ee 2 <aines' R. 1559 1 ?ohns. <as. 8389 2 <aines' <as. 1+4, n.9 4 ?ohns. <as. 8+9 1 <aines' Rep. 2889 2 <aines' R. 229 .d. 42/9 'u!d. =end. 69 Bouv. .nst. .nde#, h. t. and <oncea"ment9 7isrepresentation. REPRESENTATION, 'cotch "aw. (he name o$ a p"ea or statement presented to a "ord ordinary o$ the court o$ sessions, when his 6ud!ment is )rou!ht under review. REPRESENTATION OF PERSONS9 $iction o$ the "aw, the e$$ect o$ which is to put the representative in the p"ace, de!ree, or ri!ht o$ the person represen:ted. 2. (he heir represents his ancestor. Bac. )r. @eir and ncestor, . (he devisee, his testator9 the e#ecutor, his testator9 the administrator, his intestate9 the successor in corporations, his predecessor. nd !enera""y spea&in! they are entit"ed to the ri!hts o$ the persons whom they represent, and )ound to $u"$i" the duties and o)"i!ations, which were )indin! upon them in those characters. 4. Representation was un&nown to the Romans, and was invented )y the commentators

and doctors o$ the civi" "aw. (ou"". Dr. <iv. 0r. "iv. 4, t. 1, c. 4, n. 183. =ide y". 2and. 4/+9 Da"". Diet. mot 'uccession, art. 8, C2. REPRIEVE, crim. "aw practice. (his term is derived $rom reprendre, to ta&e )ac&, and si!ni$ies the withdrawin! o$ a sentence $or an interva" o$ time, and operates in de"ay o$ e#ecution. 8 B". <om. 4/8. .t is !ranted )y the $avor o$ the pardonin! power, or )y the court who tried the prisoner. 4. Reprieves are sometimes !ranted e# necessitate "e!is9 $or e#amp"e, when a woman is convicted o$ a capita" o$$ence, a$ter 6ud!ment she may a""e!e pre!nancy in de"ay o$ e#ecution. .n order, however, to render this p"ea avai"a)"e she must )e 1uic& with chi"d, A1. v.B the "aw presumin!, perhaps a)surd"y enou!h, that )e$ore that period, "i$e does not commence in the $oetus. 4 .nst. 1+9 2 @a"e, 8149 1 @a"e, 4689 8 B". <om. 4/5. 8. (he 6ud!e is a"so )ound to !rant a reprieve when the prisoner )ecomes insane. 8 @ar!. 't. (r. 235, 69 4 .nst. 89 @aw& B. 1, c. 1, s. 89 1 <hit. <r. Law, +5+. REPRIMAND, punishment. (he censure which in some cases a pu)"ic o$$ice pronounces a!ainst an o$$ender. 2. (his species o$ punishment is used )y "e!is"ative )odies to punish their mem)ers or others who have )een !ui"ty o$ some impropriety o$ conduct towards them. (he reprimand is usua""y pronounced )y the spea&er. REPRISALS, war. (he $orci)"y ta&in! a thin! )y one nation which )e"on!ed to another, in return or satis$action $or a in6ury committed )y the "atter on the $ormer. =att. B., 2, ch. 18, s. 4829 1 B". <om. ch. +. 2. Reprisa"s are used )etween nation and nation to do themse"ves 6ustice, when they cannot otherwise o)tain it. <on!ress have the power to !rant "etters o$ mar1ue A1. v.B and reprisa". <onst. art. 1, s. 8 c". 11. 4. Reprisa"s are made in two ways either )y em)ar!o, in which case the act is that o$ the state9 or, )y "etters o$ mar1ue and reprisa"s, in which case the act is that o$ the citi5en, authori5ed )y the !overnment. =ide 2 Bro. <iv. Law, 448. 8. Reprisa"s are divided into ne!ative, when a nation re$uses to $u"$i" a per$ect o)"i!ation, which it has contracted, or to permit another state to en6oy a ri!ht which it 6ust"y c"aims9 or positive, when they consist in sei5in! the persons and e$$ects )e"on!in! to the other nation, in order to o)tain satis$action. 5. (hey are a"so !enera" or specia". (hey are !enera" when a state which has received, or supposes it has received an in6ury $rom another nation de"ivers commissions to its o$$icers and su)6ects to ta&e the persons and property )e"on!in! to the other nation, in reta"iation $or such acts, wherever they may )e $ound. .t usua""y amounts to a dec"aration o$ war. 'pecia reprisa"s are such as are !ranted in times o$ peace, to particu"ar individua"s who have su$$ered an in6ury $rom the citi5ens or su)6ects o$ the other nation. Byn&er. Iuaest. ?ur. 2u). "i). 1, Duponce, au's (rans"ation, p. 182, note9 Da"". Diet. 2rises maritimes, a#t. 2, C5. 6. (he property sei5ed in ma&in! reprisa"s is preserved, whi"e there is any hope o$ o)tainin! satis$action or 6ustice, as soon as that hope disappears, it is con$iscated, and then the reprisa" is comp"ete. =atte", B. 2, c. 18, C482.

REPRISES. (he deductions and payments out o$ "ands, annuities, and the "i&e, are ca""ed reprises, )ecause they are ta&en )ac&9 when we spea& o$ the c"ear year"y va"ue o$ an estate, we say it is worth so much a year u"tra reprises, )esides a"" reprises. 2. .n 2ennsy"vania, "ands are not to )e so"d when the rents can pay the encum)rances in seven years, )eyond a"" reprises. REPROBATION, ecc". "aw. (he propoundin! e#ceptions either a!ainst $acts, persons or thin!s9 as, to a""e!e that certain deeds or instruments have not )een du"y and "aw$u""y e#ecuted9 or that certain persons are such that they are incompetent as witnesses9 or that certain thin!s ou!ht not $or "e!a" reasons to )e admitted. REPUBLIC. commonwea"th9 that $orm o$ !overnment in which the administration o$ a$$airs is open to a"" the citi5ens. .n another sense, it si!ni$ies the state, independent"y o$ its $orm o$ !overnment. 1 (ou"". n. 28, and n. 232, note. .n this sense, it is used )y Ben ?ohnson. (hose that, )y their deeds ma&e it &nown, whose di!nity they do sustain9 nd "i$e, state, !"ory, a"" they !ain, <ount the Repu)"ic's, not their own, =ide Body 2o"itic9 ;ation9 'tate. REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT. !overnment in the repu)"ican $orm9 a !overnment o$ the peop"e9 it is usua""y put in opposition to a monarchica" or aristocratic !overnment. 2. (he $ourth section o$ the $ourth artic"e o$ the constitution, directs that Fthe %nited 'tates sha"" !uaranty to every state in the %nion a repu)"ican $orm o$ !overnment.F (he $orm o$ !overnment is to )e !uarantied, which supposes a $orm a"ready esta)"ished, and this is the repu)"ican $orm o$ !overnment the %nited 'tates have underta&en to protect. 'ee 'tory, <onst. C183+. REPUBLICATION. n act done )y a testator $rom which it can )e conc"uded that )e intended that an instrument which had )een revo&ed )y him, shou"d operate as his wi""9 or it is the re:e#ecution o$ a wi"" )y the testator, with a view o$ !ivin! it $u"" $orce and e$$ect. 2. (he repu)"ication is e#press or imp"ied. .t is e#press when there has )een an actua" re: e#ecution o$ it9 1 =es. 8839 2 Rand. R. 1/29 / ?ohn, R. 4129 it is imp"ied when, $or e#amp"e, the testator )y a codici" e#ecuted accordin! to the statute o$ $rauds, recitin! that he had made his wi"", added, F. here)y rati$y and con$irm my said wi"", e#cept in the a"terations a$ter mentioned.F <om. R. 481.9 4 Bro. 2. <. 85, (he wi"" mi!ht )e at a distance, or not in the power o$ the testator, and it may )e thus repu)"ished. 1 =es. 84+9 4 Bin!. 6189 1 =es. 6r. 8869 8 Bro. <. <. 2. 4. (he repu)"ication o$ a wi"" has the e$$ect9 1st. (o !ive it a"" the $orce o$ a wi"" made at the time o$ the repu)"ication9 i$, $or e#amp"e, a testator )y his wi"" devise Fa"" his "ands in ,F then revo&es his wi"", and a$terwards )uys other "ands in , the repu)"ication, made a$ter the purchase, wi"" pass a"" the testator's "ands in . <ro. E"i5. 8/4. 'ee 1 2. -ms. 2+5. 2d. .t sets up a wi"" which had )een revo&ed. 'ee, !enera""y, 2 @i"". ). 53/9 4 Loma#, Di!. tit. 28, c. 69 2 Bouv. .nst. n. 216 8. TO REPUDIATE. (o repudiate a ri!ht is to e#press in a su$$icient manner, a determination not to accept it, when it is o$$ered. 2. @e who repudiates a ri!ht cannot )y that act trans$er it to another. Repudiation di$$ers $rom renunciation in this, that )y the $ormer he who repudiates simp"y dec"ares that he wi"" not accept, whi"e he who renounces a ri!ht does so in $avor o$ another. Renunciation

is however sometimes used in the sense o$ repudiation. 'ee (o Renounce9 Renunciation9 -o"$$, .nst. 44/. REPUDIATION. .n the civi" "aw this term is used to si!ni$y the puttin! away o$ a wi$e or a woman )etrothed. 2. 2roper"y divorce is used to point out the separation o$ married persons9 repudiation, to denote the separation either o$ married peop"e, or those who are on"y a$$ianced. Divortium est repudium et separatio maritorum9 repodium est renunciatio sponsa"ium, ve" etiam est divortium. Di!. 53, 16, 131, 1. Repudiation is a"so used to denote a determination to have nothin! to do with any particu"ar thin!9 as, a repudiation o$ a "e!acy, is the a)andonment o$ such "e!acy, and a renunciation o$ a"" ri!ht to it. 4. .n the canon "aw, repudiation is the re$usa" to accept a )ene$ice which has )een con$erred upon the party repudiatin!. REPUGNANCY, contracts. (hat which in a contract, is inconsistent with somethin! a"ready contracted $or9 as, $or e#amp"e, where a man )y deed !rants twenty acres o$ "and, e#ceptin! one, this "atter c"ause is repu!nant, and is to )e re6ected. But i$ a $arm or tract o$ "and is conveyed )y !enera" terms, in e#ception o$ any num)er o$ acres, or any particu"ar "ot, it is not repu!nant, )ut va"id. 8 2ic&. 589 =ide 4 2ic&. 2+29 6 <owen, 6++. REPUGNANCY, p"eadin!. -here the materia" $acts stated in a dec"aration or other p"eadin!, are inconsistent one with another $or e#amp"e, where in an action o$ trespass, the p"ainti$$ dec"ared $or ta&in! and carrin! away certain tim)er, "yin! in a certain p"ace, $or the comp"etion o$ a house then "ate"y )ui"t9 this dec"aration was considered )ad, $or repu!nancy9 $or the tim)er cou"d not )e $or the )ui"din! o$ a house a"ready )ui"t. 1 'a"&. 214. 2. Repu!nancy o$ immateria" $acts, and what is mere"y redundant, and which need not have )een put into the sentence, and contradictin! what was )e$ore a""e!ed, wi"" not, in !enera", vitiate the p"eadin!. Gi"). <. 2. 1419 <o. Litt. 434 )9 13 East, R. 1829 1 <hit. 2". 244. 'ee Lawes, 2". 689 'teph. 2". 4+89 <om. Di!. )atement @ 69 1 =in. ). 469 1/ .d. 859 Bac. ). mendment, *c. E 2 Bac. ). 2"eas, c. . 8 =in. ). h. t. REPUGNANT. (hat which is contrary to somethin! e"se9 a repu!nant condition is one contrary to the contract itse"$9 as, i$ . !rant you a house and "ot in $ee, upon condition that you sha"" not a"iens, the condition is repu!nant and void. Bac. ). <onditions, L. REPUGNANT CONDITION. Dne which is contrary to the contract itse"$9 as, i$ . !rant you a house and "ot in $ee, upon condition that you sha"" not a"iens, the condition is repu!nant and void, as )ein! consistent with the ri!ht !ranted. REPUTATION, evidence. (he opinion !enera""y entertained )y persons who &now another, as to his character, A1. v.B or it is the opinion !enera""y entertained )y person9 who &now a $ami"y as to its pedi!ree, and the "i&e. 2. .n !enera", reputation is evidence to prove, 1st. man's character in society. 2d. pedi!ree. A1. v.B 4d. <ertain prescriptive or customary ri!hts and o)"i!ations and matters o$ pu)"ic notoriety. A1. v.B But as such evidence is in its own nature very wea&, it must )e supported. 1st. -hen it re"ates to the e#ercise o$ the ri!ht or privi"e!e, )y proo$ o$ acts o$ en6oyment o$ such ri!ht or privi"e!e, within the period o$ "ivin! memory9 1 7au"e * 'e"w. 6+/9 5 (. R. 429 a$terwards evidence o$ reputation may )e !iven. 2d. (he $act must

)e o$ a pu)"ic nature. 4d. .t must )e derived $rom persons "i&e"y to &now the $acts. 8th. (he $acts must )e !enera" and, not particu"ar. 5th. (hey must )e $ree $rom suspicion. 1 'tar&. Ev. 58 to 65. =ide 1 @ar. * 7'@. 1529 2 ;ott * 7'<. 118 5 Day, R. 2/39 8 @en. * 7. 53+9 1 (ay". R. 1219 2 @ayw. 49 8 '. * R. 15/9 8 ?ohn. R. 529 18 ?ohn. R. 4869 / 7ass. R. 8189 8 Burr. 235+9 Dou!". 1+89 <owp. 5/89 4 'wanst. 8339 Dud". 'o. <ar. R. 4869 and arts. <haracter9 7emory. REQUEST, contracts. notice o$ a desire on the part o$ the person ma&in! it, that the other party sha"" do somethin! in re"ation to a contract. 2. .n !enera" when a de)t e#ists paya)"e immediate"y, the "aw does not impose on the creditor to ma&e a re1uest o$ payment. But when )y the e#press terms o$ a contract, a re1uest is necessary, it must )e made. nd in some cases where there is no e#press a!reement a re1uest is a"so re1uisite9 as where se""s a horse to B to )e paid $or on de"ivery, a demand or re1uest to de"iver must )e made )e$ore B can sustain an action9 5 (. R. 83/9 1 East, 23/9 or, it must )e shown that has incapacitated himse"$ to de"iver the horse )ecause he has so"d the horse to another person. 13 East. 45/9 5 B. * . +12. Dn a !enera" promise to marry, a re1uest must )e made )e$ore action, un"ess the proposed de$endant has married another. 2 Dow. * Ry. 55. =ide Demand. 4. re1uest, "i&e a notice, ou!ht to )e in writin! and state distinct"y what is re1uired to )e done without any am)i!uous terms. 1 <hit. 2r. 8/+, 8/8. REQUEST, p"eadin!. (he statement in the p"ainti$$'s dec"aration that a demand or re1uest has )een made )y the p"ainti$$ $rom the de$endant, to do some act which he was )ound to per$orm, and $or which the action is )rou!ht. 2. re1uest is !enera" or specia". (he $ormer is ca""ed the "icet saepius re1uisitus, A1. v.B or Fa"thou!h o$ten re1uested so to do9F thou!h !enera""y inserted in the common )reach to the money counts, it is o$ no avai" in p"eadin!, and the omission o$ it wi"" not vitiate the dec"aration. 2 @en. B". 1419 1 Bos. * 2u"". 5/, 639 and see 1 ?ohn. <as. 133. -henever it is essentia" to the cause o$ action, that the p"ainti$$ shou"d have re1uested the de$endant to per$orm his contract, such re1uest must )e stated in the dec"aration and proved. (he specia" re1uest must state )y whom, and the time and p"ace when it was made, in order that the court may 6ud!e o$ its su$$iciency. 1 'tr. 8/. , =ide <om. Di!. 2"eader, < 6/, +39 1 'aund. 449 2 =entr. +59 4 Bos. * 2u"". 8489 4 ?ohn. R. 23+9 1 ?ohn. <as. 41/9 13 7ass. R. 2439 4 Day's R. 42+9 and the artic"es Demand9 Licet saepius re1uisitus. REQUEST NOTES, En!". "aw. <ertain notes or re1uests $rom persons amena)"e to the e#cise "aws, to o)tain a permit $or removin! any e#cisa)"e !oods or artic"es $rom one p"ace to another. REQUISITION. (he act o$ demandin! a thin! to )e done )y virtue o$ some ri!ht. 2. (he constitution o$ the %nited 'tates, art. 8, s. 2, provides that $u!itives $rom 6ustice sha"" )e de"ivered up to the authorities o$ the state $rom which they are $u!itives, on the demand o$ the e#ecutive $rom such state. (he demand made )y the !overnor o$ one state on the !overnor o$ another $or a $u!itive is ca""ed a re1uisition. RES, property. (hin!s. (he terms FRes,F FBona,F FBiens,F used )y 6urists who have written in the Latin and 0rench "an!ua!es, are intended to inc"ude mova)"e or persona", as we"" as immova)"e or rea" property. 1 Bur!e, <on$". o$ Laws, 1/. 'ee Biens9 Bona9

(hin!s. RES GESTA, evidence. (he su)6ect matter9 thin! done. 2. -hen it is necessary in the course o$ a cause to in1uire into the nature o$ a particu"ar act, or the intention o$ the person who did the act, proo$ o$ what the person said at the time o$ doin! it, is admissi)"e evidence, as part o$ the res !esta, $or the purpose o$ showin! its true character. Dn an indictment $or a rape, $or e#amp"e, what the !ir" said so recent"y a$ter the $act as to e#c"ude the possi)i"ity o$ practisin! on her, has )een he"d to )e admissi)"e evidence, as a part o$ the transaction. East, 2. <. 8189 2 'tar&. <as. 2819 1 'tar&. Ev. 8+9 1 2hi". Ev. 218H Bouv. .nst. .nde#, h. t. RES INTEGRA. n entire thin!9 an entire"y new or untouched matter. (his term is app"ied to those points o$ "aw which have not )een decided, which are Funtouched )y dictum or decision.F 4 7eriv. R. 26/9 1 Bur!e on the <on$". o$ Laws, 281. RES INTER ALIOS ACTA, evidence. (his is a technica" phrase which si!ni$ies acts o$ others, or transactions )etween others. 2. ;either the dec"arations nor any other acts o$ those who are mere stran:!ers, or, as it is usua""y termed, any res inter a"ios ada, are admissi)"e in evidence a!ainst any one when the party a!ainst whom such acts are o$$ered in evidence, was privy to the act, the o)6ection ceases9 it is no "on!er res inter a"ios. 1 'tar& Ev. 529 4 .d 1433. RES TUDIC ATA, practice. (he decision o$ a "e!a" or e1uita)"e issue, )y a court o$ competent 6urisdiction. 2. .t is a !enera" princip"e that such decision is )indin! and conc"usive upon a"" other courts o$ concurrent power. (his princip"e pervades not on"y our own, )ut a"" other systems o$ 6urisprudence, and has )ecome a ru"e o$ universa" "aw, $ounded on the soundest po"icy. .$, there$ore, 2au" sue 2eter to recover the amount due to him upon a )ond and on the tria" the p"ainti$$ $ai"s to prove the due e#ecution o$ the )ond )y 2eter, in conse1uence o$ which a verdict is rendered $or the de$endant, and 6ud!ment is entered thereupon, this 6ud!ment, ti"" reversed on error, is conc"usive upon the parties, and 2au" cannot recover in a su)se1uent suit, a"thou!h he may then )e a)"e to prove the due e#ecution o$ the )ond )y 2eter, and that the money is due to him, $or, to use the "an!ua!e o$ the civi"ians, res 6udicata $acit e# a")o ni!rum, e# ni!ro a")um, e# curvo redum, e# recto curvum. 4. (he constitution o$ the %nited 'tates and the amendments to it dec"are, that no $act, once tried )y a 6ury, sha"" )e otherwise ree#amina)"e in any court o$ the %nited 'tates than accordin! to the ru"es o$ the common "aw. 4 2et. 8449 Di!. 88, 29 and =oet, .)id9 >aime's E1uity, vo". 2, p. 46+9 1 ?ohns. <h. R. /59 2 7. R. 1829 4 7. R. 6249 8 7. R. 414, 856, 8819 5 7. R. 282, 8659 / 7. R. 489 11 7. R. 63+9 6 ;. '. 2/29 5 ;. '. 6689 1 L. R. 4189 8 L. R. 18+9 11 L. R. 51+. (ou""ier, Droit <ivi" 0rancais, vo". 13, ;o. 65 to 25/. 8. But in order to ma&e a matter res 6udicata there must )e a concurrence o$ the $our conditions $o""owin!, name"yH 1. .dentity in the thin! sued $or. 2. .dentity o$ the cause o$ action9 i$, $or e#amp"e, . have c"aimed a ri!ht o$ way over B"ac&acre, and a $ina" 6ud!ment has )een rendered a!ainst me, and a$terwards . purchase B"ac&acre, this $irst decision sha"" not )e a )ar to my recovery, when . sue as owner o$ the "and, and not $or an easement over it, which . c"aimed as a ri!ht appurtenant to 7y "and -hiteacre. 4. .dentity

o$ persons and o$ parties to the action9 this ru"e is a necessary conse1uence o$ the ru"e o$ natura" 6usticeH ne inauditus condemnetur. 8. .dentity o$ the 1ua"ity in the persons $or or a!ainst whom the c"aim is made9 $or e#amp"e, an action )y 2eter to recover a horse, and a $ina" 6ud!ment a!ainst him, is no )ar to an action )y 2eter, administrator o$ 2au", to recover the same horse. =ide, (hin!s ad6ud!ed. RES MANCIPI, Rom. civ. "aw. (hose thin!s which mi!ht )e so"d and a"ienated, or the property o$ them trans$erred $rom one person to another. (he division o$ thin!s in to res mancipi and res nec mancipi, was one o$ ancient ori!in, and it continued to a "ate period in the empire. Res mancipi A%"ph. 0ra!. #i#.B are praedia in ita"ico so"o, )oth rustic and ur)an a"so, 6ura rusticorum praediorum or servitutes, as via, iter, a1uaeductus9 a"so s"aves, and $our:$ooted anima"s, as o#en, horses, *c., 1um co""o dorsove domantur. 'mith, Diet. Gr. and Rom. nti1. (o this "ist, may )e added chi"dren o$ Roman parents, who were, accordin! to the o"d "aw, res mancipi. (he distinction )etween res mancipi and nec mancipi was a)o"ished )y ?ustinian in his code. .d.9 <oop. .ns. 882. RES NOVA. 'omethin! new9 somethin! not )e$ore decided. RES NULLIUS. thin! which has no owner. thin! which has )een a)andoned )y its owner is as much res nu""ius as i$ it had never )e"on!ed to any one. 2. (he $irst possessor o$ such a thin! )ecomes the owner, res nu""ius $it primi occupantis. Bowy. <om. /+. RES PERIT DOMINO (he thin! is "ost to the owner. (his phrase is used to e#press that when a thin! is "ost or destroyed, it is "ost to the person who was the owner o$ it at the time. 0or e#amp"e, an artic"e is so"d9 i$ the se""er have per$ected the tit"e o$ the )uyer so that it is his, and it )e destroyed, it is the )uyer's "oss9 )ut i$, on the contrary, somethin! remains to )e done )e$ore the tit"e )ecomes vested in the )uyer, then the "oss $a""s on the se""er. 'ee Ris&. RES UNIVERSATIS. (hose thin!s which )e"on! to cities or municipa" corporations are so ca""ed9 they )e"on! so $ar to the pu)"ic that they cannot )e appropriated to private use9 such as pu)"ic s1uares, mar&et houses, streets, and the "i&e. 1 Bouv. .nst. n. 886. RESALE. second sa"e made o$ an artic"e9 as, $or e#amp"e, i$ se"" a horse to B, and the "atter not havin! paid, $or him, re$use to ta&e him away, when )y his contract he was )ound to do so, and then se""s the horse to <. 2. (he e$$ect o$ a resa"e, is not a"ways to annu" the $irst sa"e, )ecause, as in this case, B wou"d )e "ia)"e to $or the di$$erence o$ the price )etween the sa"e and resa"e. 8 Bin!. +229 B"ac&). on 'a"es, 4469 8 7. * G. 8/8. RESCEIT. (he act o$ receivin! or admittin! a third person to p"ead his ri!ht in a cause commenced )y two9 as when an action is )rou!ht a!ainst a tenant $or "i$e or term o$ years, the reversioner is a""owed to de$end. <owe"". RESCEIT or RECEIT. (he admission or receivin! o$ a third person to p"ead his ri!ht in a cause $ormer"y commenced )etween two other persons9 as, when an action is )rou!ht a!ainst a tenant $or "i$e or years, or any other particu"ar tenant, and he ma&es de$au"t, in such case the reversioner may move that he may )e received to de$end his ri!ht, and to p"ead with the demandant. ?aco), L. D. h. t. Resceit is a"so app"ied to the admittance o$ a p"ea, when the controversy is )etweeen the same two persons. <o. Litt. 1/29 4 ;e"s. ).

186. RESCISSION OF A CONTRACT. (he destruction or annu""in! o$ a contract. 2. (he ri!ht to rescind a contract seems to suppose not that the contract has e#isted on"y in appearance9 )ut that it has never had a rea" e#istence on account o$ the de$ects which accompanied it9 or which prevented its actua" e#ecution. + (ou". n. 551 1+ .d. n. 118. 4. contract cannot, in !enera", )e rescinded )y one party un"ess )oth parties can )e p"aced in the same situation, and can stand upon the same terms as e#isted when the contract was made. 5 East, 88/9 15 7ass. 81/9 5 Binn. 4559 4 ,eates, 6. (he most o)vious instance o$ this ru"e is, where one party )y ta&in! possession, *c., has received a partia" )ene$it $rom the contract. @unt v. 'i"&. 5 East, 88/. 8. contract cannot )e rescinded in part. .t wou"d )e un6ust to destroy a contract in toto, when one o$ the parties has derived a partia" )ene$it, )y a per$ormance o$ the a!reement. .n such case it seems to have )een the practice $ormer"y to a""ow the vendor to recover the stipu"ated price, and the vendee to recover, )y a cross:action, dama!es $or the )reach o$ the contract. + East, 883, in the note. But accordin! to the "ater and more convenient practice, the vendee, in such case, is a""owed in an action $or the price, to !ive evidence o$ the in$eriority o$ the !oods in reduction o$ dama!es, and the p"ainti$$ who has )ro&en his contract is not entit"ed to recover more than the va"ue o$ the )ene$it the de$endant has actua""y derived $rom the !oods or "a)or9 and when the "atter has derived no )ene$it, the p"ainti$$ cannot recover at a"". 'tar&. on Evidence, part 8, tit. Goods so"d and de"ivered9 <hitty on <ontr. 2+6. 5. sa"e o$ "and, )y ma&in! a deed $or the same, and receivin! security $or the purchase money, may )e rescinded )e$ore the deed has )een recorded, )y the purchaser surrenderin! the property and, the deed to the )uyer, and receivin! $rom him the securities he had !iven9 in 2ennsy"vania, these acts revest the tit"e in the ori!ina" owner. 8 -atts, 1/6, 1//. But this appears contrary to the current o$ decisions in other states and in En!"and. 8 -end. 8+89 2 ?ohn. 869 5 <onn. 2629 8 <onn. 4539 8 ;. @. Rep. 1/19 / 2ic&. 1359 2 @. B". 264, 2689 2re. in: <han. 2459 6 East, 869 8 B. * . 6+2. 'ee + East, 8889 1 7ass. R. 131 18 7ass. 2829 -hart on's Di!. 11/, 123 13 East, 5689 1 <amp). +8, 1/39 4 <amp). 8519 4 'tar&ie, 429 1 'tar&. R. 1389 2 (aunt. 29 2 ;ew Rep. 1469 6 7oore, 1189 4 <hit. <om. L. 1549 1 'aund. 423, ). note9 " 7ason, 84+9 1 <hip. R. 15/9 2 'tar&. Ev. /+, 283 8 "). 1618, 1685 4 ;ew @amp. R. 8559 2 'outh, R. +83 Day's note to (emp"er v. 7cLach"an, 2 ;. R. 1819 1 7ason, /49 23 ?ohns. 1/69 5 <om. Di!. 641, 6469 and <om. Di!. ction upon the case upon ssumpsit, 1, note #, .p. 82/, $or a very $u"" note9 <om. Di!. Biens, D 4, n. s. 6. s to the cases where a contract wi"" )e rescinded in e1uity on the !round o$ mista&e, see ;ew". <ont. 8429 or where heirs are dea"in! with, their e#pectancies, ")id. 8459 sai"ors with their pri5e money, .)id. 8849 chi"dren dea"in! with their parents, .)id. 8859 !uardians with their wards, .)id. 8889 attorney with his c"ient, .)id. 8549 cestui 1ue trust, with trustee, .)id. 85/9 where contracts are rescinded on account o$ the turpitude o$ their consideration, .)id. 86/9 in $raud o$ marita" ri!hts, .)id. 828 in $raud o$ marria!e a!reement, .)id. 81+ on account o$ imposition, .)id. 4519 in $raud o$ creditors, "). 46/9 in $raud o$ purchasers, .). 4/19 in $raud o$ a deed o$ composition )y creditors, "). 83/. RESCOUS, crim. "aw, torts. (his word is used synonymous"y with rescue, A1. v.B and

denotes the i""e!a" ta&in! away and settin! at "i)erty a distress ta&en, or a person arrested )y due process o$ "aw. <o. Litt. 163. 2. .n civi" cases when a de$endant is rescued the o$$icer wi"" or wi"" not )e "ia)"e, as the process under which the arrest is made, is or is not $ina". -hen the sheri$$ e#ecutes a $i. $a. or ca. sa. he may ta&e the posse comitatus9 'how. 1839 and, ne!"ectin! to do so, he is responsi)"e9 )ut on mesne or ori!ina" process, i$ the de$endant rescue himse"$, vi et armis, the sheri$$ is not answera)"e. 1 @o"t's R. 54+9 4 En!". <om. Law Rep. 1+/, '. <. =ide <om. Di!. h. t.9 ,e"v. 519 2 (. R. 1569 -ood$. (. 521 Bac. ). Rescue, D9 Doct. 2". 844. RESCRIPT, conv. counterpart. 2. .n the canon "aw, )y rescripts are understood aposto"ica" "etters, which emanate $rom the pope, under whatever $orm they may )e. (he answers o$ the pope in writin! are so ca""ed. Diet. Dr. <an. h. v. =ide <hiro!raph9 <ounterpart9 2art. RESCRIPTION, 0rench "aw. rescription is a "etter )y which the ma&er re1uests some one to pay a certain sum o$ money, or to account $or him to a third person $or it. 2oth. Du <ontr. de <han!e, n. 225. 2. ccordin! to this de$inition, )i""s o$ e#chan!e are a species o$ rescription. (he di$$erence appears to )e this, that a )i"" o$ e#chan!e is !iven when there has )een a contract o$ e#chan!e )etween the drawer and the payee9 whereas the rescription is sometimes !iven in payment o$ de)t, and at other times it is "ent to the payee. .d. RESCRIPTS, civ. "aw. (he answers o$ the prince at the re1uest o$ the parties respectin! some matter in dispute )etween them, or to ma!istrates in re"ation to some dou)t$u" matter su)mitted to him. 2. (he rescript was di$$erent"y denominated, accordin! to the character o$ those who sou!ht it. (hey were ca""ed annotations or su)notations, when the answer was !iven at the re1uest o$ private citi5ens9 "etters or epist"es, when he answered the consu"tation o$ ma!istrates9 pra!matic sanctions, when he answered a corporation, the citi5ens o$ a province, or a municipa"ity. Lecons E". du Dr. Rom. C549 <ode, 1, 18, 4. RESCUE, crim. "aw. $orci)"e settin! at "i)erty a!ainst "aw o$ a person du"y arrested. <o. Litt. 1639 1 <hitty's <r, Law, E629 1 Russ. on <r. 484. (he person who rescues the prisoner is ca""ed the rescuer. 2. .$ the rescued prisoner were arrested $or $e"ony, then the rescuer is a $e"on9 i$ $or treason, a traitor9 and i$ $or a trespass, he is "ia)"e to a $ine as i$ he had committed the ori!ina" o$$ence. @aw&. B. 5, c. 21. .$ the principa" )e ac1uitted, the rescuer may neverthe"ess )e $ined $or the misdemeanor in the o)struction and contempt o$ pu)"ic 6ustice. 1 @a"e, 5/8. 4. .n order to render the rescuer crimina", it is necessary he shou"d have &now"ed!e that the person whom he sets at "i)erty has )een apprehended $or a crimina" o$$ence, i$ he is in the custody o$ a private person9 )ut i$ he )e under the care o$ a pu)"ic o$$icer, then he is to ta&e notice o$ it at his peri". 1 @a"e, 636. 8. .n another sense, rescue is the ta&in! away and settin! at "i)erty, a!ainst "aw, a distress ta&en $or rent, or services, or dama!e $easant. Bac. ). Rescue, . 5. 0or the "aw o$ the %nited 'tates on this su)6ect, vide .n!. Di!. 153. =ide, !enera""y, 1/

=in. ). /8. RESCUE, mar. war. (he reta&in! )y a party captured o$ a pri5e made )y the enemy. (here is sti"" another &ind o$ rescue which parta&e's o$ the nature o$ a recapture9 it occurs when the wea&er party )e$ore he is overpowered, o)tains re"ie$ $rom the arriva" o$ $resh succors, and is thus preserved $rom the $orce o$ the enemy. 1 Ro). Rep. 2289 1 Ro). Rep. 2+1. 2. Rescue di$$ers $rom recapture. A1. v.B (he rescuers do not )y the rescue )ecome owners o$ the property, as i$ it had )een a new pri5e : )ut the property is restored to the ori!ina" owners )y the ri!ht o$ post"iminium. A1. v.B RESCUSSOR. (he party ma&in! a rescue, is sometimes so ca""ed, )ut more proper"y he is a rescuer. RESERVATION, contracts. (hat part o$ a deed or other instrument which reserves a thin! not in esse at the time o$ the !rant, )ut new"y created. 2 @i"". ). 45/9 4 2ic&. R. 2+29 .t di$$ers $rom an e#ception. A1. v.B 'ee 8 =erm. 6229 Brayt. R. 2439 / ?ohn. R. +49 23 ?ohn, R. 8+9 4 Rid!. 2. <. 8329 <o. Litt. 84 a9 2 (ho <o. Litt. 812 RESET OF THEFT, 'cotch "aw. (he receivin! and &eepin! o$ sto"en !oods &nowin! them to )e sto"en, with a desi!n o$ $e"onious"y retainin! them $rom the rea" owner. "is. 2r. <r. 428. RESETTER, 'cotch "aw. RESIANCE. >itch. 44. receiver o$ sto"en !oods, &nowin! them to have )een sto"en. man's residence or permanent a)ode. 'uch a man is ca""ed a resiant.

RESIDENCE. (he p"ace o$ one's domici". A1. v.B (here is a di$$erence )etween a man's residence and his domici". @e may have his domici" in 2hi"ade"phia, and sti"" he may have a residence in ;ew ,or&9 $or a"thou!h a man can have )ut one domici", he may have severa" residences. residence is !enera""y tran:sient in its nature, it )ecomes a domici" when it is ta&en up animo manendi. Ro)erts9 Ecc. R. +5. 2. Residence is prima $acie evidence o$ nationa" character, )ut this may at a"" times )e e#p"ained. -hen it is $or a specia" purpose and transient in its nature, it does not destroy the nationa" character. 4. .n some cases the "aw re1uires that the residence o$ an o$$icer sha"" )e in the district in which he is re1uired to e#ercise his $unctions. 0i#in! his residence e"sewhere without an intention o$ returnin!, wou"d vio"ate such "aw. =ide the cases cited under the artic"e Domici"9 2"ace o$ residence. RESIDENT, internationa" "aw. minister, accordin! to dip"omatic "an!ua!e, o$ a third order, "ess in di!nity than an am)assador, or an envoy. (his term $ormer"y re"ated on"y to the continuance o$ the minister's stay, )ut now it is con$ined to ministers o$ this c"ass. 2. (he resident does not represent the prince's person in his di!nity, )ut on"y his a$$airs. @is representation is in rea"ity o$ the same nature as that o$ the envoy9 hence he is o$ten termed, as we"" as the envoy, a minister o$ the second order, thus distin!uishin! on"y two c"asses o$ pu)"ic ministers, the $ormer consistin! o$ am)assadors who are invested with the representative character in preeminence, the "atter comprisin! a"" other ministers, who do not possess that e#a"ted character. (his is the most necessary distinction, and indeed

the on"y essentia" one. =atte" "iv. 8, c. 6, +4. RESIDENT, persons. person comin! into a p"ace with intention to esta)"ish his domici" or permanent residence, and who in conse1uence actua""y remains there. (ime is not so essentia" as the intent, e#ecuted )y ma&in! or )e!innin! an actua" esta)"ishment, thou!h it )e a)andoned in a "on!er, or shorter period. 'ee 6 @a""'s Law ?ourn. 689 4 @a!!. Ecc". R. 4+49 23 ?ohn. 211 2 2et. d. R. 8539 2 'camm. R. 4++. RESIDUARY LEGATEE. @e to whom the residuum o$ the estate is devised or )e1ueathed )y wi"". Roper on Le!. .nde#, h. t.9 2owe"" 7ort!. .nde#, h. t.9 8 <om. Di!. 888. RESIDUE. (hat which remains o$ somethin! a$ter ta&in! away a part o$ it9 as, the residue o$ an estate, which is what has not )een particu"ar"y devised )y wi"". 2. wi"" )e1ueathin! the !enera" residue o$ persona" property, passes to the residuary "e!atee everythin! not otherwise e$$ectua""y disposed o$ and it ma&es no di$$erence whether a "e!acy $a""s into the estate )y "apse, or as void at "aw, the ne#t o$ &in is e1ua""y e#c"uded. 15 =es. 8169 2 7er. 4/2. =ide + =es. 4/19 8 Bro. <. <. 559 1 Bro. <. <. 58/9 Rop. on Le!. .nde#, h. t.9 -orth. on -i""s, 858. RESIGNATION. (he act o$ an o$$icer )y which he dec"ines his o$$ice, and renounces the $urther ri!ht to use it. .t di$$ers $rom a)dication. A1. v.B 2. s o$$ices are he"d at the wi"" o$ )oth parties, i$ the resi!nation o$ a o$$icer )e not accepted, he remains in o$$ice. 8 Dev. R. 1. RESIGNEE. Dne in $avor o$ whom a resi!nation is made. 1 Be""'s <om. 125 n. RESISTANCE. (he opposition o$ $orce to $orce. 2. Resistance is either "aw$u" or un"aw$u". 1. .t is "aw$u" to resist one who is in the act o$ committin! a $e"ony or other crime, or who ma"icious"y endeavors to commit such $e"ony or crime. 'ee se"$ de$ence. nd a man may oppose $orce to $orce a!ainst one who endeavors to ma&e an arrest, or to enter his house without "aw$u" authority $or the purpose9 or, i$ in certain cases he a)use such authority, and do more than he was authori5ed to do9 or i$ it turn out in the resu"t he has no ri!ht to enter, then the party a)out to )e imprisoned, or whose house is a)out to )e i""e!a""y entered, may resist the i""e!a" imprisonment or entry )y se"$:de$ence, not usin! any dan!erous weapons, and may escape, )e rescued, or even )rea& prison, and others may assist him in so doin!. 5 (aunt. +659 1 B. * do", 1669 1 East, 2. <. 2/59 5 East, 4389 1 <hit. 2r. 648. 'ee Re!u"ar and .rre!u"ar 2rocess. 4. : 2. Resistance is un"aw$u" when the persons havin! a "aw$u" authority to arrest, apprehend, or imprison, or otherwise to advance or e#ecute the pu)"ic 6ustice o$ the country, either civi" or crimina", and usin! the proper means $or that purpose, are resisted in so doin!9 and i$ the party !ui"ty o$ such resistance, or others assistin! him, )e &i""ed in the stru!!"e, such homicide is 6usti$ia)"e9 whi"e on the other hand, i$ the o$$icer )e &i""ed, it wi"", at common "aw, )e murder in those who resist. 0ost. 2+39 1 @a"e, 85+9 1 East, 2. <. 435. RESOLUTION. so"emn 6ud!ment or decision o$ a court. (his word is $re1uent"y used in this sense, in <o&e and some o$ the more ancient reporters. .t a"so si!ni$ies an

a!reement to a "aw or other thin! adopted )y a "e!is"ature or popu"ar assem)"y. =ide Dict. de ?urisp. h. t. RESOLUTION, <ivi" "aw. (he act )y which a contract which e#isted and was !ood, is rendered nu"". 2. Reso"ution di$$ers essentia""y $rom rescission. (he $ormer presupposes the contract to have )een va"id, and it is owin! to a cause posterior to the a!reement that the reso"ution ta&es p"ace9 whi"e rescission, on the contrary, supposes that some vice or de$ect annu""ed the contract $rom the )e!innin!. Reso"ution may )e )y consent o$ the parties or )y the decision o$ a competent tri)una"9 rescission must a"ways )e )y the 6ud!ment o$ a court. + (rop"on!, de "a =ente, n. 68/9 + (ou"". 5519 Da"". Dict. h. t. RESOLUTORY CONDITION. Dn which has $or its o)6ect, when accomp"ished, the revocation o$ the principa" o)"i!ation9 $or e#amp"e, . wi"" se"" you my crop o$ cotton, i$ my ship merica does not arrive in the %nited 'tates, within si# months. 7y ship arrives in one month, my contract with you is revo&ed. 1 Bouv. .nst. n. +68. RESORT. (he authority or 6urisdiction o$ a court. (he supreme court o$ the %nited 'tates is a court o$ the "ast resort. RESPECTABLE WITNESS. Dne who is competent to testi$y in a court o$ 6ustice. (o pass "ands in "a)ama, a wi"" must )e attested )y three or more respecta)"e witnesses. 'ee ttestin! witness9 <ompetent witness9 <redi)"e witness and -itness. RESPIRATION, 7ed. 6ur. Breathin!, which consists o$ the drawin! into, inha"in!, or more technica""y, inspirin!, atmospheric air into the "un!s, and thenH $orcin! out, e#pe""in!, or technica""y e#pirin!, $rom the "un!s the air therein. <hit. 7ed. ?ur. /2 and 816, note n. RESPITE, contracts, civi" "aw. n act )y which a de)tor who is una)"e to satis$y his de)ts at the moment, transacts Ai. e. compromisesB with his creditors, and o)tains $rom them time or de"ay $or the payment o$ the sums which he owes to them. Louis. <ode, 4351. 2. (he respite is either vo"untary or $orced9 it is vo"untary when a"" the creditors consent to the proposa", which the de)tor ma&es to pay in a "imited time the who"e or a part o$ his de)t9 it is $orced when a part o$ the credi:tors re$use to accept the de)tor's proposa", and when the "atter is o)"i!ed to compe" them )y 6udicia" authority, to consent to what the others have deter:mined in the cases directed )y "aw. .d. 43529 2oth. 2roced. <iv. 5eme partie, ch. 4. 4. .n 2ennsy"vania, there is a provision in the inso"vent act o$ ?une 16, 1846, s. 81, somewhat simi"ar to invo"untary respite. .t is enacted, that whenever a ma6ority in num)er and va"ue o$ the creditors o$ any inso"vent, as a$oresaid, residin! within the %nited 'tates, or havin! a &nown attorney therein, sha"" consent in writin! thereto, it sha"" )e "aw$u" $or the court )y whom such inso"vent sha"" have )een dischar!ed, upon the app"ication o$ such de)tor, and notice !iven thereo$, in the manner herein)e$ore provided $or !ivin! notice o$ his ori!ina" petition, to ma&e an order that the estate and e$$ects which such inso"vent may a$terwards ac1uire, sha"" )e e#empted $or the term o$ seven years therea$ter $rom e#ecution, $or any de)t contracted, or cause o$ action e#istin! previous"y to such dischar!e, and i$ a$ter such order and consent, any e#ecution sha"" )e

issued $or such de)t or cause o$ action, it s"ia"" )e the duty, o$ any 6ud!e o$ the court $rom which such e#ecution issued, to set aside the same with costs. 8. Respite a"so si!ni$ies a de"ay, $or)earance or continuation o$ time. RESPITE, crim. "aw. suspension o$ a sentence, which is to )e e#ecuted at a $uture time. .t di$$ers $rom a pardon, which is in a)o"ition o$ the crime. 'ee )o"ition9 2ardon. RESPONDEAT OUSTER. (he name o$ a 6ud!ment when an issue in "aw, arisin! on a di"atory p"ea, has )een decided $or the p"ainti$$, that the de$endant answer over. 'ee 1 7ei!s, 1229 1 "a. R. 8829 4 "a. R. 2+89 4 2i&e, 44/9 8 2i&e, 8859 8 7isso. R. 4669 5 B"ac&$. 16+9 5 7etc. 889 1 Gi"m. R. 4/5 16 <onn. 8469 28 2ic&. 8/. =ide ?ud!ment o$ Respondeat Duster. RESPONDENT, practice. (he party who ma&es an answer to a )i"" or other proceedin! in chancery. .n the civi" "aw, this term si!ni$ies one who answers or is security $or another9 a $ide6ussor. Di!. 2, 8, 6. RESPONDENTIA, maritime "aw. "oan o$ money on maritime interest, on !oods "aden on )oard o$ a ship, which, in the course o$ the voya!e must, $rom their nature, )e so"d or e#chan!ed, upon this condition, that i$ the !oods shou"d )e "ost in the course o$ the voya!e, )y any o$ the peri"s enumerated in the contract, the "ender sha"" "ose his money9 i$ not, that the )orrower sha"" pay him the sum )orrowed, with the interest a!reed upon, 2. (he contract is ca""ed respondentia, )ecause the money is "ent on the persona" responsi)i"ity o$ the )orrower. .t di$$ers principa""y $rom )ottomry, in the $o""owin! circumstancesH )ottomry is a "oan on the ship9 respondentia is a "oan upon the !oods. (he money is to )e repaid to the "ender, with mari:time interest, upon the arriva" o$ the ship, in the one case and o$ the !oods, in the other. .n a"" other respects the contracts are near"y the same, and are !overned )y the same princip"es. .n the $ormer, the ship and tac&"e, )ein! hypothecated, are "ia)"e, as we"" as the person o$ the )orrower9 in the "atter, the "ender has, in !enera", on"y the persona" security o$ the )orrower. 7arsh. .ns. B. 2, c. 1, p. +48. 'ee Le# 7er. mer. 4589 <om. Di!. 7erchant, E 89 1 0on). E1. 28+, n. ..9 .d. 252, n. o.9 2 B". <om. 85+9 2ar&. .ns. ch. 219 -es&. .ns. 889 Beawes' Le#. 7e#. 1849 4 <hitty's <om. Law, 885 to 5469 Bac. )r. 7erchant and 7erchandise, >9 Bottomry. RESPONDERE NON DEBET. (he prayer o$ a p"ea where the de$endant insists that he ou!ht not to answer, as when he c"aims a privi"e!e9 $or e#amp"e, as )ein! a mem)er o$ con!ress, or a $orei!n amhassador. 1 <hit. 2". E844. RESPONSA PRUDENTUM, civi" "aw. Dpinions !iven )y Roman "awyers. Be$ore the time o$ u!ustus, every "awyer was authori5ed de 6ure, to answer 1uestions put to him, and a"" such answers, response prudentum had e1ua" authority, which had not the $orce o$ "aw, )ut the opinion o$ a "awyer. u!ustus was the $irst prince who !ave to certain distin!uished 6urisconsu"ts the particu"ar privi:"e!e o$ answerin! in his name9 and $rom that period their answers re1uired !reater authority. drian determined in a more precise manner the de!ree o$ authority which these answers shou"d have, )y enactin! that the opinions o$ such authori5ed 6urisconsu"ts, when unanimous"y !iven, shou"d have the $orce o$ "aw A"e!is vicen5,B and shou"d )e $o""owed )y the 6ud!es9 and that when they were divided, the 6ud!e was a""owed to adopt that which to him appeared the most e1uita)"e.

2. (he opinions o$ other "awyers he"d the same p"ace they had )e$ore, they were considered mere"y as the opinions o$ "earned men. 7ac&e". 7an. .ntro. C849 7ac&e". @ist. du Dr. Rom. '''' 83, 8/9 @u!o, @ist. du Dr. Rom. C4149 .nst. 1, 2, 8,9 .nstitutes E#p"i1uees, n. 4/. RESPONSALIS, o"d En!. "aw., Dne who appeared $or another in court. 0"eta, "i). 6, c., 21. .n the ecc"esiastica" "aw, this name is sometimes !iven to a proctor. RESPONSIBILITY. (he o)"i!ation to answer $or an act done, and to repair any in6ury it may have caused. 2. (his o)"i!ation arises without any contract, either on the part o$ the party )ound to repair the in6ury, or o$ the party in6ured. (he "aw !ives to the person who has su$$ered "oss, a compensation in dama!es. 4. it is a !enera" ru"e that no one is answera)"e $or the acts o$ another un"ess he has, )y some act o$ his own, concurred in them. But when he has sanctioned those acts, either e#p"icit"y or )y imp"ication, he is responsi)"e. n inn&eeper in !enera", civi""y "ia)"e $or the acts o$ his servants towards his !uests, $or anythin! done in their capacity o$ servants. (he owner o$ a carria!e is a"so, civi""y responsi)"e to a passen!er $or any in6ury done )y the driver as such. 'ee Driver. 8. (here are cases where persons are made civi""y responsi)"e $or the acts o$ others )y particu"ar "aws and statutory provisions, when they have not done anythin! )y which they mi!ht )e considered as participatin! in such acts. (he responsi)i"ity which the hundred A1. v.B in En!"and $ormer"y incurred to ma&e !ood any ro))ery committed within its precincts, may )e mentioned as an instance. somewhat simi"ar "ia)i"ity is incurred now in some p"aces in this country )y a county, when property has )een destroyed )y a mo). 5. 2ena" responsi)i"ity is a"ways persona", and no one can )e punished $or the commission o$ a crime )ut the person who has committed it or his accomp"ice. =ide Dama!es9 .n6ury9 Loss. RESTITUTION, maritime "aw. (he p"acin! )ac& or restorin! artic"es which have )een "ost )y 6ettison9 this is done when the remainder o$ the car!o has )een saved at the !enera" char!e o$ the owners o$ the car!o9 )ut when the remainder o$ the !oods are a$terwards "ost, there is not any restitution. 'tev. on v. 1, c. 1, s. 1, art. 1, ii., 8. =ide Recompense. RESTITUTION, practice. (he return o$ somethin! to the owner o$ it, or to the person entit"ed to it. 2. $ter property has )een ta&en into e#ecution, and the 6ud!ment has )een reversed or set aside, the party a!ainst whom the e#ecution was sued out sha"" have restitution, and this is en$orced )y a writ o$ restitution. <ro. ?ac. 6/89 8 7od. 161. -hen the thin! "evied upon under an e#ecution has not )een so"d, the thin! itse"$ sha"" )e restored9 when it has )een so"d, the price $or which it is so"d is to )e restored. Ro"". ). ++89 Bac. ). E#ecution, I9 1 ". * '. 825. 4. (he phrase restitution o$ con6u!a" ri!hts $re1uent"y occurs in the ecc"esiastica" courts. suit may there )e )rou!ht $or this purpose whenever either the hushand or wi$e is !ui"ty o$ the in6ury o$ su)traction, or "ives separate $rom the other without su$$icient reason9 )y which the party in6ured may compe" the other to return to coha)itation. 1 B". <om. /89 1

ddams, R. 4359 4 @a!!. Ecc". R. 61/. TO RESTORE. (o return what has )een un6ust"y ta&en9 to p"ace the owner o$ a thin! in the state in which he $ormer"y was. By restitution is understood not on"y the return o$ the thin! itse"$, )ut a"" its accessories. .t is to return the thin! and its $ruits. Di!. 63, 16, 45, +5 et 286, C1. RESTRAINING. ;arrowin! down, ma&in! "ess e#tensive9 as, a restrainin! statute, )y which the common "aw is narrowed down or made "ess e#tensive in its operation. RESTRAINING POWERS. term used in e1uity. -hen the donor o$ a power, who is the owner o$ the estate, imposes certain restrictions )y the terms o$ the powers, these restrictions are ca""ed restrainin! powers. RESTRAINT. 'omethin! which prevents us $rom doin! what we wou"d desire to do. 2. Restraint is "aw$u" and un"aw$u". .t is "aw$u" when its o)6ect is to prevent the vio"ation o$ the "aw, or the ri!hts o$ others. .t is un"aw$u" when it is used to prevent others $rom doin! a "aw$u" act9 $or e#amp"e, when one )inds himse"$ not to trade !enera""y9 )ut an a!reement not to trade in a particu"ar p"ace is "aw$u". "e!acy !iven in restraint o$ marria!e, or on condition that the "e!atee sha"" not marry, is !ood, and the condition a"one is void. (he Roman civi" "aw a!rees with ours in this respect9 a "e!acy !iven on condition that the "e!atee sha"" not marry is void. <"e$ des Lois Rom. mot 2assion. 'ee <ondition9 Limitation. RESTRICTIVE INDORSEMENT, contracts. Dne which con$ines the ne!otia)i"ity o$ a promissory note or )i"" o$ e#chan!e, )y usin! e#press words to that e$$ect, as )y indorsin! it Fpaya)"e to ,B on"y.F 1 -ash. <. <. 5129 2 7urph. 1489 1 Bouv. .nst. n. 1148. RESULTING TRUSTS, estates. Resu"tin!, imp"ied or constructive trusts, are those which arise in cases where it wou"d )e contrary to the princip"es o$ e1uity that )e in whom the property )ecomes vested, shou"d ho"d it otherwise than as a trustee. 2 t&. 153. 2. s an i""ustration o$ this description o$ a resu"tin! trust, may )e mentioned the case o$ a contract made $or the purchase o$ a rea" estate9 on the comp"etion o$ the contract, a trust immediate"y resu"ts to the purchaser, and the vendor )ecomes a trustee $or him ti"" the conveyance o$ the "e!a" estate is made. !ain, when an estate is purchased in the name o$ one person, and the purchase money is paid )y another, there is a resu"tin! trust in $avor o$ the person who !ave or paid the consideration. -i""is on (r. 559 1 <ruise, Di!. tit. 12, s. 83, 819 <h. <a. 4/9 / 7od. +89 + =es. +259 4 @en. * 7un$. 46+9 1 'upp. to =es. 6r. 119 2ow. 7ort!. .nde#, h. t.9 2 ?ohn. <h. R. 83/, 8539 4 Bi)), R. 15, 5369 8 7un$. R. 2229 1 ?ohn. <h. Rep. 853, 5829 'u!d. on =end. ch. 15, s. 2 <o#, <h. Rep. /49 Bac. ). (rusts, <9 Bouv. "ast. .nde#, h. t. =ide (rusts9 %se. RESULTING USE, estates. Dne which havin! )een "imited )y deed, e#pires or cannot vest9 it then returns )ac& to him who raised it, a$ter such e#piration, or durin! such impossi)i"ity. 2. -hen the "e!a" seisin and possession o$ "and is trans$erred )y any common "aw conveyance, and no use is e#press"y dec"ared, nor any consideration nor evidence o$ intent to direct the use, such use sha"" resu"t )ac& to the ori!ina" owner o$ the estate9 $or in such case, it cannot )e supposed that it was intended to !ive away the estate. 2 B". <om.

4459 <ruise, Di!. t. 11, c. 8, s. 23, et se1.9 Bac. (racts, Read. on 'tat. o$ %se's, 4519 <o. Litt. 24, a.9 .d. 2+1, a9 2 Binn. R. 48+9 4 ?ohn. R. 4/6. RESUMPTION. (o reassume9 to promise a!ain9 as, the resumption o$ payment o$ specie )y the )an&s is !enera". .t a"so si!ni$ies to ta&e thin!s )ac&9 as the !overnment has resumed the possession o$ a"" the "ands which have not )een paid $or accordin! to the re1uisitions o$ the "aw, and the contract o$ the purchasers. <ow. .nt. h. t. RETAIL. (o se"" )y retai", is to se"" )y sma"" parce"s, and not in the !ross. 5 ;. '. 2+/. RETAILER OF MERCHANDISE. Dne who dea"s in merchandise )y se""in! it in sma""er 1uantities than he )uys, !enera""y with a view to pro$it. TO RETAIN, practice. (o en!a!e the services o$ an attorney or counse""or to mana!e a cause, at which time it is usua" to !ive him a $ee, ca""ed the re:tainin! $ee. (he act )y which the attorney is authori5ed to act in the case is ca""ed a retainer. 2. "thou!h it is not indispensa)"e that the retainer shou"d )e in writin!, un"ess re1uired )y the other side, it is very e#pedient. .t is there$ore recommended, particu"ar"y when the c"ient is a stran!er, to re1uire $rom him a written retainer, si!ned )y himse"$9 and, in order to avoid the insinuation that it was o)tained )y contrivance, it shou"d )e witnessed )y one or more respecta)"e persons. -hen there are severa" p"ainti$$s, it shou"d )e si!ned )y a"" and not )y one $or himse"$ and the others, especia""y i$ they are trustees or assi!nees o$ a )an&rupt or inso"vent. (he retainer shou"d a"so state whether it )e !iven $or a !enera" or a 1ua"i$ied authority. =ide the $orm o$ a retainer in 4 <hit. 2r. 116, note m. 4. (here is an imp"ied contract on the part o$ an attorney who has )een retained, that he wi"" use due di"i!ence in the course o$ "e!a" proceedin!s, )ut it is not an underta&in! to recover a 6ud!ment. -ri!ht, R. 886. n attorney is )ound to act with the most scrupu"ous honor, he ou!ht to disc"ose to his c"ient i$ he has any adverse retainer which may a$$ect his 6ud!ment, or his c"ient's interest9 )ut the concea"ment o$ the $act does not necessari"y imp"y $raud. 4 7ason's R. 4359 2 Green". Ev. C14/. RETAINER. (he act o$ withho"din! what one has in one's own hands )y virtue o$ some ri!ht. 2. n e#ecutor or administrator is entit"ed to retain in certain cases, $or a de)t due to him )y the estate o$ a testator or intestate. 4. .t is proposed to in1uire, 1. -ho may retain. 2. !ainst whom. 4. Dn what c"aims. 8. -hat amount may )e retained. 8. : 1. .n in1uirin! who may retain, it is natura" to consider, 1st. (hose cases where there is )ut one e#ecutor or administrator. 2d, -here there are severa", and one o$ them on"y has a c"aim a!ainst the estate o$ the deceased. 5. : 1. so"e e#ecutor may retain in those cases where, i$ the de)t had )een due to a stran!er, such stran!er mi!ht have sued the e#ecutor and recov:ered 6ud!ment9 or where the e#ecutor mi!ht, in the due administration o$ the estate, have paid the same. 4 Burr. 1483. @e may, there$ore, retain a de)t due to himse"$9 4 B". <om. 189 or to himse"$ in ri!ht o$ another9 4 Burr. 14839 or to another in trust $or him9 2 2. -ms. 2/8H the de)t may )e retained when administration is committed to another $or the use o$ the creditor who is a "unatic9 4 Bac. )r. 13, n9 <om. Di!. dministration, < or an in$ant entit"ed to

administration. 8 =es. +64. n e#ecutor may retain i$ he )e the e#ecutor o$ the $irst testator9 )ut an e#ecutor o$ one o$ the e#ecutors o$ the $irst tes:tator, the other e#ecutor, )ein! sti"" "ivin!, is not an e#ecutor o$ the $irst testator, and there$ore cannot retain. 11 =in. )r. 464, n e#ecutor may re:tain )e$ore he has proved the wi"", and i$ he die a$ter havin! intermedd"ed with the !oods o$ the testator and )e$ore pro)ate, his e#ecutor has the same power. 4 2. -ms. 184, and note B.9 11 =in. )r. 264. 6. : 2. -here there are severa" e#ecutors, and one has a c"aim a!ainst the estate o$ the deceased, he may retain with or without the consent o$ the others9 D$$. E#. 449 )ut where severa" o$ them have de)ts o$ e1ua" de!ree they can retain on"y pro rata. Bac. )r. E#ecutors, /. +. : ... !ainst whom. .n those cases, 1. -here the deceased was a"one )ound. 2. -here he was )ound with others. 4. -here the e#ecutor o$ the o)"i!ee is a"so his e#ecutor. 8. : 1. -here the deceased was so"e o)"i!or, his e#ecutor may c"ear"y retain. /. : 2. -here two are 6oint"y and severa""y )ound, and one o$ them appoints the o)"i!ee his e#ecutor9 Ro). 139 2 Lev. +49 Bac. )r. E#ecutors, /9 <om. Di!. dministration,, < 19 or the o)"i!ee ta&es out "etters o$ administration to him, the de)t is immediate"y satis$ied )y way o$ retainer, i$, the e#ecutor or administrator have su$$icient assets. 13. : 4. .$ the o)"i!ee ma&e the administrator o$ the o)"i!or his e#ecutor, it is a dischar!e o$ the de)t, i$ the administrator have assets o$ the estate o$ the o)"i!or9 )ut i$ he have $u""y administered, or i$ no assests to pay the de)t came to his hands, it is no dischar!e, $or there is nothin! $or him to retain. 8 'er!. * Raw"e, 1+. 11. : .... Dn what c"aims. 1. s to the priority o$ the c"aim. 2. s to its nature. 12. : 1. .n the payment o$ the de)ts o$ a decedent, the "aw !ives a pre$erence to certain de)ts over others, an e#ecutor cannot, there$ore, retain his de)t, whi"e there are unpaid de)ts o$ a superior de!ree, )ecause i$ he cou"d have )rou!ht an action $or the recovery o$ his c"aim, he cou"d not have re:covered in pre6udice o$ such a creditor. 5 Binn. 16+ Bac. ). E#ecutors, /9 <om. Di!. dministration, < 29 1 @ayw. 814. @e may retain on"y where he has superior c"aim, or one o$ e1ua" de!ree. 4 B". <om. 189 11 =in. )r. 2619 <om. Di!. dministration, < 1. nd in a case where two men were 6oint"y )ound in a )ond, one as principa", the other as surety, a$ter which the principa" died intestate, and the surety too& out administration to his estate, the )ond )ein! $or$eited, the administrator paid the de)t9 it was he"d he cou"d not retain as a specia""y creditor )ecause )ein! a party to the )ond it )ecame his own de)t9 11 =in. )r. 2659 God). 18/, 2". 1/89 )ut see + 'er!. * Raw"e, /9 a$ter havin! paid the de)t, however, he )ecame a simp"e contract creditor, and mi!ht retain it as such. <om. Di!. dministration, < 2, n. 14. : 2. s to the nature o$ the c"aim $or which an e#ecutor may retain, it seems that dama!es which are in their nature ar)itrary cannot )e retained, )ecause, ti"" 6ud!ment, no man can $orete" their amount9 such are dama!es upon torts. But where dama!es arise $rom the )reach o$ a pecuniary contract, there is a certain measure $or them, and such dama!es may we"" )e retained. 2 B". Rep. /659 and see 4 7un$. 222. de)t )arred )y the act o$ "imitation may )e retained, $or the e#ecutor is not )ound to p"ead the act a!ainst others, and it sha"", there$ore, not operate a!ainst him. 1 7add. <h. 584. 18. : .=. -hat amount may )e retained. 1. By the common "aw an e#ecutor is entit"ed to

retain his de)t in pre$erence to a"" other creditors in an e1ua" de!ree. 4 B". <om. 189 11 =in. )r. 261. (his he mi!ht do, )ecause he is to )e p"aced in the situation o$ the most vi!i"ant creditor, who )y suin! and o)tainin! a 6ud!ment mi!ht have o)tained a pre$erence. -here however, the e#ec:utor cannot, )y )rin!in! suit, o)tain a pre$erence, the reason seems chan!ed, and there$ore in 2ennsy"vania, when do such pre$erence can )e o)tained, the e#ecutor is entit"ed to retain on"y pro rata with creditors o$ the same c"ass. 8 'er!. * Raw"e, 1+9 5 Binn. 16+. creditor cannot o)tain a re$erence )y )rin!in! suit and o)tainin! 6ud!ment a!ainst e#ecutors in the $o""owin! states, name"yH "a)ama9 8 Gri$$. L. R. 5829 <onnecticut9 4 Gri$$. L. R. +59 .""inois9 .d. 8229 Louisiana9, 8 Gri$$. L. R. 6/49 7aine9 .d. 13389 7ary"and9 .d. /489 7assachusetts9 4 Gri$$. L. R. 516 7ississippi9 8 Gri$$. L. R. 66/9 7issouri .d. 6259 ;ow @ampshire9 4 Gri$$. L. R 869 Dhio9 .d. 8329 2ennsy"vania9 .d. 2629 8 'er!. * Raw"e, 1+9 5 Binn. 1 6+9 Rhode .s"and9 8 Gri$$. L. R. 1189 'outh <aro"ina9 8 Gri$$. L. R. 8639 =ermont9 4 Gri$$. L. R. 23. 'uch a pre$erence can )e !iven )y the "aws o$ the $o""owin! states, name"yH De"aware9 8 Gri$$. L. R. 13689 >entuc&y9 .d. 11459 ;orth <aro"ina9 4 Gri$$. L. R. 2219 ;ow ?ersey9 8 Gri$$. L. R. 12829 ;ew ,or&9 4 Gri$$. L. R, 1819 (ennessee9 8 Gri$$. L. R. +/19 =ir!inia9 4 Gri$$. L. R. 463, .n Geor!ia9 4 Gri$$. L. R. 8889 and .ndiana.9 .d. 86+9 the matter is dou)t$u". 15. : 2. -here the estate is so"vent an e#ecutor may o$ course retain $or the who"e o$ his de)t, with interest. RETAINER, practice. (he act o$ a c"ient, )y which he en!a!es an attorney or counse""or to mana!e a cause, either )y prosecutin! it, when he is p"ainti$$, or de$endin! it, when he is de$endant. 2. F(he e$$ect o$ a retainer to prosecute or de$end a suit,F says 2ro$essor Green"ea$9 Ev. vo". ii. C1819 Fis to con$er on the attorney a"" the powers e#ercised )y the $orms and usa!es o$ the courts, in which the suit is pendin!. @e may receive payment9 may )rin! a second suit a$ter )ein! non:suited in the $irst $or want o$ $orma" proo$9 may sue a writ o$ error on the 6ud!ment9 may discontinue the suit9 may restore an action a$ter a non pros9 may c"aim an appea" and )ind his c"ient in his name $or the prosecution o$ it9 way su)mit the suit to ar)itration9 may sue out an a"ias e#ecution9 may receive "ivery o$ seisin o$ "and ta&en )y an e#tent may waive o)6ections to evidence, and enter into stipu"ation $or the admission o$ $acts or conduct o$ the tria" and $or re"ease o$ )ai"9 may waive the ri!ht o$ appea", review, notice, and the "i&e, and con$ess 6ud!ment. But he has no authority to e#ecute a dischar!e o$ a de)tor )ut upon the actua" payment o$ the $u"" amount o$ the de)t, and that in money on"y9 nor to re"ease sureties9 nor to enter a retra#it9 nor to act $or the "e!a" representatives o$ his deceased c"ient9 nor to re"ease a witness.F RETAINING FEE. $uture services. $ee !iven to counse" on )ein! consu"ted in order to insure his

RETAKING. (he ta&in! one's !oods, wi$e, chi"d, *c., $rom another, who with:out ri!ht has ta&en possession thereo$. =ide Recaption9 Rescue. RETALIATION. (he act )y which a nation or individua" treats another in the same manner that the "atter has treated them. 0or e#amp"e, i$ a nation shou"d "ay a veryheavy tari$$ on merican !oods, the %nited 'tates wou"d )e 6usti$ied in return in "ayin! heavy duties on the manu$actures and productions o$ such country. =att. Dr. des Gens, "iv. 2, c. 18, C481. =ide Le# ta"ionis.

RETENTION, 'cottish "aw. (he ri!ht which the possessor o$ a mova)"e has, o$ ho"din! the same unti" he sha"" )e satis$ied $or his c"aim either a!ainst such mova)"e or the owner o$ it9 a "ien. 2. (he ri!ht o$ retention is o$ two &inds, name"y, specia" or !enera". 1. 'pecia" retention is the ri!ht o$ withho"din! or retainin! property o$ !oods which are in one's possession under a contract, ti"" indemni$ied $or the "a)or or money e#pended on them. 2. Genera" retention is the ri!ht to withho"d or detain the property o$ another, in respect o$ any de)t which happens to )e due )y the proprietor to the person who has the custody9 or $or a !enera" )a"ance o$ accounts arisin! on a particu"ar train o$ emp"oyment. 2 Be""'s <om. /3, /1, 5th ed. =ide Lien. RETORNO HABENDO. (he name o$ a writ issued to compe" a party to return property which has )een ad6ud!ed to the other in an action o$ rep"evin. =ide -rit pro retorno ha)endo. RETORSION, war. (he name o$ the act emp"oyed )y a !overnment to impose the same hard treatment on the citi5ens or su)6ects o$ a state, that the "atter has used towards the citi5ens or su)6ects o$ the $ormer, $or the purpose o$ o)tainin! the remova" o$ o)no#ious measures. =atte", "iv. 2, c. 18, C4819 De 7artens, 2recis, "iv. 8, c. 2, C2589 >"u)er, Droit dos Gens, s. 2 c. 1, C2489 7ann. <omm. 135. 2. Retorsion si!ni$ies a"so the act )y which an individua" returns to his adversary evi" $or evi"9 as, i$ 2eter ca"" 2au" thie$, and 2au" says you are a !reater thie$. TO RETRACT. (o withdraw a proposition or o$$er )e$ore it has )een accepted. 2. (his the party ma&in! it has a ri!ht to do is "on! as it has not )een accepted9 $or no princip"e o$ "aw or e1uity can, under these circumstances, re1uire him to persevere in it. 4. (he retraction may )e e#press, as when notice is !iven that the o$$er is withdrawn9 or, tacit as )y the death o$ the o$$erin! party, or his ina)i"ity to comp"ete the contract9 $or then the consent o$ one o$ the parties has )een destroyed, )e$ore the other has ac1uired any e#istence9 there can there$ore )e no a!reement. 16 (ou"". 55. 8. $ter p"eadin! !ui"ty, a de$endant wi"", in certain cases where he has entered that p"ea )y mista&e or in conse1uence o$ some error, )e a""owed to retract it. But where a prisoner p"eaded !ui"ty to a char!e o$ "arceny, and sentence has )een passed upon him, he wi"" not )e a""owed to retract his p"ea, and p"ead not !ui"ty. / <. * 2. 4869 '. <. 48 E. <. L. R. 1869 Di!. 12, 8, 5. RETRAXIT, practice. (he act )y which a p"ainti$$ withdraws his. suit9 it is so ca""ed $rom the $act that this was the principa" word used when the "aw entries were in Latin. 2. retra#it di$$ers $rom a nonsuit, the $ormer )ein! the act o$ the p"ain:ti$$ himse"$, $or it cannot even )e entered )y attorney9 8 <o. 589 4 'a"&.2859 8 2. '. R. 15+, 1649 and it must )e a$ter dec"aration $i"ed9 4 Leon. 8+9 8 2. '. R. 1649 whi"e the "atter occurs in conse1uence o$ the ne!"ect mere"y o$ the p"ainti$$. retra#it a"so di$$ers $rom a no""e prose1ui. A1. v.B (he e$$ect o$ a retra#it is a )ar to a"" actions o$ a "i&e or a simi"ar nature9 Bac. ). ;onsuit, 9 a no""e prose1ui is not a )ar even in a crimina" prosecution. 2 7ass. R. 1+2. =ide 2 'e"". 2r. 4489 Bac. )r. ;onsuit9 <om. Di!. 2"eader, L 2. =ide artic"e ?ud!ment o$ retra#it.

RETRIBUTION. 1. (hat which is !iven to another to recompense him $or what has )een received $rom him9 as a rent $or the hire o$ a house. 2. sa"ary paid to a person $or his services. 4. (he distri)ution o$ rewards and punishments. RETROCESSION, civi" "aw. -hen the assi!nee o$ herita)"e ri!hts conveys his ri!hts )ac& to the cedent, it is ca""ed a retrocession. Ers&ine, 2rin. B. 4, t. 5, n. 19 Dict. do ?ur. h. t. RETROSPECTIVE. Loo&in! )ac&wards. 2. (his word is usua""y app"ied to those acts o$ the "e!is"ature, which are made to operate upon some su)6ect, contract or crime which e#isted )e$ore the passa!e o$ the acts, and they are there$ore ca""ed retrorospective "aws. (hese "aws are !enera""y un6ust and are, to a certain e#tent, $or)idden )y that artic"e in the constitution o$ the %nited 'tates, which prohi)its the passa!e o$ e# post $acto "aws or "aws impairin! contracts. 4. (he ri!ht to pass retrospective "aws, with the e#ceptions a)ove mentioned, e#ists in the severa" states, accordin! to their own constitutions, and )ecome o)"i!atory i$ not prohi)ited )y the "atter. 8 '. * R. 4689 4 Da"". R. 4/69 1 Bay, R. 1+/9 + ?ohn. R. 8++9 vide 8 '. * R. 8349 1 Binn. R. 6319 4 '. * R. 16/9 2 <ranch. R. 2+2 2 2et. 8189 8 2et. 1139 11 2et. 8239 1 Ba"d. R. +89 5 2enn. 't. R. 18/. 8. n instance may )e $ound in the "aws o$ <onnecticut. .n 1+/5, the "e!is"ature passed a reso"ve, settin! aside a decree o$ a court o$ pro)ate disapprovin! o$ a wi"" and !ranted a new hearin!9 it was he"d that the reso"ve not )ein! a!ainst any constitutiona" princip"e in that state, was va"id. 4 Da"". 486. nd in 2ennsy"vania a 6ud!ment was opened )y the act o$ pri" 1, 184+, which was ho"den )y the supreme court to )e constitutiona". 2 -atts * 'er!. 2+1. 5. Laws shou"d never )e considered as app"yin! to cases which arose previous"y to their passa!e, un"ess the "e!is"ature have c"ear"y dec"ared such to )e their intention. 12 L. R. 452 =ide Barrin!t. on the 'tat. 866, n. + ?ohn. R. 8++9 1 >ent, <om. 8559 (ay". <ivi" Law, 1689 <ode, 1, 18, +9 Bracton, "i). 8, $o. 2289 'tory, <ons. C14/49 1 7cLean, Rep. 839 1 7ei!s, Rep. 84+9 4 Da"". 4/19 1 B"ac&$.R.1/49 2 Ga""is. R. 14/9 1 ,er!. R. 4639 5 ,er!. R. 4239 12 '. * R. 4439 and see E# post $acto. RETURN, contracts, remedies. 2ersons who are )eyond the sea are e#empted $rom the operation o$ the statute o$ "imitations o$ 2ennsy"vania, and o$ other states, ti"" a$ter a certain time has e"apsed a$ter their returnin!. s to what sha"" )e considered a return, see 18 7ass. 2349 1 Ga"". 4829 4 ?ohns. 2649 4 -i"s. 1859 2 B". Rep. +249 4 Litte""'s Rep. 889 1 @arr. * ?ohns. 8/, 4539 1+ 7ass. 183. RETURN DAY. day appointed )y "aw when a"" writs are to )e returned which have issued since the precedin! return day. (he sheri$$ is in !enera" not re1uired to return his writ unti" the return day. $ter that period he may )e ru"ed to ma&e a return. RETURN OF WRITS, practice. short account in writin!, made )y the sheri$$, or other ministeria" o$$icer, o$ the manner in which he has e#ecuted a writ. 'teph. on 2". 28. 2. .t is the duty o$ such o$$icer to return a"" writs on the return day9 on his ne!"ectin! to do so, a ru"e may )e o)tained on him to return the writ and, i$ he do not o)ey the ru"e, he may )e attached $or contempt. 'ee 1/ =in. ). 1+19 <onK. Di!. Return9 2 Li""y's )r. 8+69 -ood. ). 1, c. +9 1 2enna. R. 8/+9 1 Raw"e, R. 5239 4 ,eates, 1+9 4 ,eates, 8+9 1 Da"". 84/.

REUS, civi" "aw. (his word has two di$$erent meanin!s. 1. party to a suit, whether p"ainti$$ or de$endant9 Reus est 1ui cum a"tero "item contestatem ha)et, sive "e!it, sive cum eo adum est. 2. party to a contract9 reus credendi is )e to whom somethin! is due, )y whatever tit"e it may )e9 reus de)endi is he who owes, $or whatever cause. 2oth. 2and. "i). 53, h. t. REVENDICATION, civi" and 0rench "aw. n action )y which a man demands a thin! o$ which he c"aims to )e owner. .t app"ies to immova)"es as we"" as mova)"es9 to corporea" or encorporea" thin!s. 7er"in, Repert. h. t. 2. By the civi" "aw, he who has so"d !oods $or cash or on credit may demand them )ac& $rom the purchaser, i$ the purchase:money is not paid accordin! to contract. (he action o$ revendication is used $or this purpose. 'ee an attempt to introduce the princip"e o$ revendication into our "aw, in 2 @a""'s Law ?ourna", 181. 4. Revendication, in another sense, corresponds, very near"y, to the stoppa!e in transitu A1. v.B o$ the common "aw. .t is used in that sense in the <ode de <ommerce, art. 5++. Revendication, says that artic"e, can ta&e p"ace on"y when the !oods so"d are on the way to their p"ace o$ destination, whether )y "and or water, and )e$ore they have )een received into the warehouse o$ the inso"vent, A$ai""i,B or that o$ his $actor or a!ent, authori5ed to se"" them on account o$ the inso"vent. 'ee Di!. 18, 8, 159Di!. 18, 1, 1/, 549 Di!. 1/, $, 11. REVENUE. (he income o$ the !overnment arisin! $rom ta#ation, duties, and the "i&e9 and, accordin! to some correct "awyers, under the idea o$ revenue is a"so inc"uded the proceeds o$ the sa"e o$ stoc&s, "ands, and other property owned )y the !overnment. 'tory, <onst. C8++. =ide 7oney Bi""s. By revenue is a"so understood the income o$ private individua"s and corporations. REVERSAL, internationa" "aw. 0irst. dec"aration )y which a soverei!n promises that he wi"" o)serve a certain order, or certain conditions, which have )een once esta)"ished, notwithstandin! any chan!es that may happen to cause a deviation there$rom9 as, $or e#amp"e, when the 0rench court, consented $or the $irst time, in 1+85, to !rant to E"i5a)eth, the <5arina o$ Russia, the tit"e o$ empress, e#acted as a reversa", a dec"aration purportin! that the assumption o$ the tit"e o$ an imperia" !overnment, )y Russia, shou"d not dero:!ate $rom the ran& which 0rance had he"d towards her. 'econd"y. (hose "etters are a"so termed reversa"s, Litterae Reversa"es, )y which a soverei!n dec"ares that, )y a particu"ar act o$ his, he does not mean to pre6udice a third power. D$ this we have an e#amp"e in historyH $ormer"y, the emperor o$ Germany, whose coronation, accordin! to the !o"den )a"", ou!ht to have )een so"emni5ed at i#:"a:<hape""e, !ave to that city when he was crowned e"sewhere, reversa"s, )y which he dec"ared that such coronation too& p"ace without pre6udice to its ri!hts, and without drawin! any conse1uences there$rom $or the $uture. TO REVERSE, practice. (he decision o$ a superior court )y which the 6ud!ment, sentence or decree o$ the in$erior court is annu""ed. 2. $ter a 6ud!ment, sentence or decree has )een rendered )y the court )e"ow, a writ o$ error may )e issued $rom the superior to the in$erior tri)una", when the record and a"" proceedin!s are sent to the supreme court on the return to the writ o$ error. -hen, on the e#amination o$ the record, the superior court !ives a 6ud!ment di$$erent $rom the in$erior

court, they are said to reverse the proceedin!. s to the e$$ect o$ a reversa", see / <. * 2. 514 ', <. 48 E. <. L. Rep. 231. REVERSION, estates. (he residue o$ an estate "e$t in the !rantor, to commence in possession a$ter the determination o$ some particu"ar estate !ranted out )y him9 it is a"so de$ined to )e the return o$ "and to the !rantor, and .iis heirs, a$ter the !rant is over. <o. Litt. 182, ). 2. (he reversion arises )y operation o$ "aw, and not )y deed or wi"", and it is a vested interest or estate, and in this it di$$ers $rom a remainder, which can never )e "imited un"ess )y either deed or devise. 2 B". <omm. 1+59 <ruise, Di!. tit. 1+9 2"owd. 1519 8 >ent, <omm. 48/9 1/ =in. ). 21+9 8 <om. Di!. 2+9 + <om. Di!. 28/H 1 Bro. <ivi" Law, 214 -ood's .nst. 151 2 Li"". ). 884. reversion is said to )e an incorporea" hereditament. =ide 8 >ent, <om. 458. 'ee, !enera""y, 1 @i"". ). c. 52, p. 8189 2 Bouv. .nst. n. 1853, et se1. REVERSIONER, estates. Dne entit"ed to a reversion. 2. "thou!h not in actua" possession, the reversioner havin! a vested interest in the reversion, is entit"ed to his action $or an in6ury done to the inheritance. 8 Burr. 2181. (he reversioner is entit"ed to the rent, and this important incident passes with a !rant or assi!nment o$ the reversion. .t is not insepara)"e $rom it, and may )e severed and e#cepted out o$ the !rant )y specia" words. <o. Litt. 184, a, 151, a, ) <ruise, Di!est, t. 1+, s. 1/. REVERSOR, "aw o$ 'cot"and. de)tor who ma&es a wadset and to whom the ri!ht o$ reversion is !ranted. Ers&. 2r. L. 'cot". B. 2, t. 8, sect. 1. reversioner. ?aco), L. D. h. t. REVERTER. Reversion. $ormedon in reverter is a writ which was a proper remedy when the donee in tai" or issue died without issue and a stran!er a)atedH or they who were seised )y $orce o$ the entai" discontinued the same. Bac. ). 0ormedon, 4. REVIEW, practice. second e#amination o$ a matter. 0or e#amp"e, )y the "aws o$ 2ennsy"vania, the courts havin! 6urisdiction o$ the su)6ect may !rant an order $or a view o$ a proposed road9 the viewers ma&e a report, which when con$irmed )y the court wou"d authori5e the "ayin! out o$ the same. $ter this, )y statutory provision, the parties may app"y $or a review, or second e#amination9 and the "ast viewers may ma&e a di$$erent report. 0or the practice o$ reviews in chancery, the reader is re$erred to Bi"" o$ Review, and the cases there cited. REVIVAL, contracts. n a!reement to renew the "e!a" o)"i!ation o$ a 6ust de)t, a$ter it has )een )arred )y the act o$ "imitation or "apse o$ time, is ca""ed its reviva". =ide 2romise. REVIVAL, practice. (he act )y which a 6ud!ment, which has "ain dormant or without any action upon it $or a year and a day is, at common "aw, a!ain restored to its ori!ina" $orce. REVIVE, practice. -hen a 6ud!ment is more than a day and a year o"d, no e#ecution can issue upon it at common "aw9 )ut ti"" it has )een paid, or the presumption arises $rom "apse o$ time, that it has )een satis$ied, it may )e revived and have a"" its ori!ina" $orce, which was mere"y suspended. (his may )e done )y a scire $acias, or an action o$ de)t on the 6ud!ment. =ide 'cire $acias9 -a&enin!.

REVIVOR. the name o$ a )i"" in chancery used to renew an ori!ina" )i"" which $or some reason has )ecome inoperative. =ide Bi"" o$ Revivor. REVOCATION. (he act )y which a person havin! authority, ca""s )ac& or annu"s a power, !i$t, or )ene$it, which had )een )estowed upon another. 0or e#amp"e, a testator may revo&e his testament9 a constituent may revo&e his "etter o$ attorney9 a !rantor may revo&e a !rant made )y him, when he has reserved the power in the deed. 2. Revocations are e#pressed or imp"ied. n e#press revocation o$ a wi"" must )e as $orma" as the wi"" itse"$. 2 Da"". 28/9 2 ,eates, R. 1+3. But this is not the ru"e in a"" the states. 'ee 2 <onn. Rep. 6+9 2 ;ott * 7c<ord, Rep. 8859 18 7ass. 2389 1 @arr. * 7c@enry, R. 83/9 <am. * ;orw. Rep. 1+8 2 7arsh. Rep. 1+. 4. .mp"ied revocations ta&e p"ace, )y marria!e and )irth o$ a chi"d, )y the En!"ish "aw. 8 ?ohns. <h. R. 536, and the cases there cited )y <hance""or >ent. 1 -ash. Rep. 1839 4 <a"", Rep. 4819 <ooper's ?ust. 8/+, and the cases there cited. .n 2ennsy"vania, marria!e or )irth o$ a chi"d, is a revocation as to them. 4 Binn. 8/8. woman's wi"" is revo&ed )y her su)se1uent marria!e, i$ she dies F)e$ore her hushand. <ruise, Di!. tit. 48, c. 6, s. 51. 8. n a"ienation o$ the estate )y the devisor has the same e$$ect o$ revo&in! a wi"". 1 Ro"". ). 615. 'ee !enera""y, as to revo&in! wi""s, Love"ass on -i""s, oh. 4, p. 1++ 0on)". E1. c. 2, s. 19 Ro)ertson -i""s, ch . 2, part 1. 5. Revocation o$ wi""s may )e e$$ected, 1. By cance""ation or o)"iteration. 2. By a su)se1uent testamentary disposition. 4. By an e#press revocation contained in a wi"" or codici", or in any other distinct writin!. 8. By the repu)"ication o$ a prior wi"i9 )y presumptive or imp"ied revocation. -i""iams on -i""s, 6+9 4 Lom. on E#'rs, 5/. =ide Domat, Loi# <iv. "iv. 4, t. 1, s. 5. 6. (he powers and authority o$ an attorney or a!ent may )e revo&ed or deter:mined )y the acts o$ the principa"9 )y the acts o$ the attorney or a!ent9 and )y operation o$ "aw. +. : 1. By the acts o$ the principa", which may )e e#press or imp"ied. n e#press revocation is made )y a direct and $orma" and pu)"ic dec"aration, or )y an in$orma" writin!, or )y paro". n imp"ied revocation ta&es p"ace when such circumstances occur as mani$est the intention o$ the principa" to revo&e the authority9 such, $or e#amp"e, as the appointment o$ another a!ent or attorney to per$orm acts which are incompati)"e with the e#ercise o$ the power $ormer"y !iven to another9 )ut this presumption arises on"y when there is such incompati)i"ity, $or i$ the ori!ina" a!ent has a !enera" authority, and the second on"y a specia" power, the revocation wi"" on"y operate pro tanto. (he per$ormance )y the principa" himse"$ o$ the act which he has authori5ed to )e done )y his attorney, is another e#amp"e9 as, i$ the authority )e to co""ect a de)t, and a$terwards the principa" receive it himse"$. 8. : 2. (he renunciation o$ the a!ency )y the attorney wi"" have the same e$$ect to determine the authority. /. : 4. revocation o$ an authority ta&es p"ace )y operation o$ "aw. (his may )e done in various waysH 1st. -hen the a!ency terminates )y "apse o$ time9 as, when it is created to endure $or a year, it e#pires at the end o$ that period9 or when a "etter o$ attorney is !iven to transact the constituent's )usiness durin! his a)sence, the power ceases on his return. 2oth. du 7andat, n. 11/9 2oth. D). n. 533.

13. : 2d. -hen a chan!e o$ condition o$ the principa" ta&es p"ace so that he is rendered incapa)"e o$ per$ormin! the act himse"$, the power he has de"e!at:ed to another to do it must cease. Liverm. !. 4369 8 -heat. R, 1+8. .$ an unmarried woman !ive a power o$ attorney and a$terwards marry, the marria!e does, ipso $acto, operate as a revocation o$ the authority9 2 >ent, <om. 685, 4d edit. 'tory Bai"m. C2369 'tory, !. C8819 5 East, R. 2369 or i$ the principa" )ecome insane, at "east a$ter the esta)"ishment o$ the insanity )y an in1uisition. 8 -heat. R. 1+8, 231 to 238. -hen the principa" )ecomes a )an&rupt, his power o$ attorney in re"ation to property or ri!hts o$ which he was dives:ted )y the )an&ruptcy, is revo&ed )y operation o$ "aw. 2 >ent, <om. 688, 4d edit.9 16 East, R. 482. 11. : 4d. (he death o$ the principa" wi"" a"so have the e$$ect o$ a revocation o$ the authority. <o. Litt. 529 2a"ey, !. )y L"oyd, 1859 2 Liverm. !. 4319 'tory, !. C8889 'tory, Bai"m. C2349 Bac. ). uthority, E9 2 >ent, <om. 858, 4d edit.9 4 <hit. <om. Law, 224. 12. : 8th. -hen the condition o$ the a!ent or attorney has so chan!ed as to render him incapa)"e to per$orm his o)"i!ation towards the principa". -hen a married woman is prohi)ited )y her hushand $rom the e#ercise o$ an authority !iven to her, it there)y determines. -hen the a!ent )ecomes a )an&rupt, his authority is so $ar revo&ed that he cannot receive any money on account o$ his principa"9 5 B. * "d. 685, 4d edit.9 )ut $or certain other purposes, the )an&ruptcy o$ the a!ent does not operate as a revocation. 4 7eriv. 4229 'tory, !. C886. (he insanity o$ the a!ent wou"d render him un$it to act in the )usiness o$ the a!ency, and wou"d determine his authority. 14. : 5th. (he death o$ the a!ent puts an end to the a!ency. Litt. C66. 18. : 6th. (he e#tinction o$ the su)6ect:matter o$ the a!ency, or o$ the principa"'s power over it, or the comp"ete e#ecution o$ the trust con$ided to the a!ent, wi"" put an end to and determine the a!ency. 15. .t must )e remem)ered that an authority, coup"ed with an interest, cannot )e revo&ed either )y the acts o$ the principa", or )y operation o$ "aw. 2 7ason's R. 288, 4829 8 -heat. R. 1+39 1 2et. R. 19 2 Esp. R. 5659 13 B. * <r. +419 'tory !. C8++, 884. 16. .t is true in !enera", a power ceases with the "i$e o$ the person ma&in! it9 )ut i$ the interest or estate passes with the power, and vests in the person )y whom the power is e#ercised, such person acts in his own name. (he es:tate )ein! in him, passes $rom him )y a conveyance in his own name. @e is no "on!er a su)stitute actin! in the name o$ another, )ut is the principa" actin! in his own name in pursuance o$ powers which "imit the estate. (he "e!a" reason which "imits the power to the "i$e o$ the person !ivin! it e#ists no "on!:er, and the ru"e ceases with the reason on which it is $ounded. 8 -heat. R. 1+8. 1+. (he revocation o$ the a!ent is a revocation o$ any su)stitute he may have appointed. 2oth. 7andat, n. 1129 2 Liverm. !. 43+9 'tory, !. C86/. But in some cases, as in the case o$ the master o$ a ship, his death does not revo&e the power o$ the mate whom he had appointed9 and in some cases o$ pu)"ic appointments, on the death or remova" o$ the principa" o$$icer, the depu:ties appointed )y him are, )y e#press provisions in the "aws, autho ri5ed to continue in the per$ormance o$ their duties. 18. (he time when the revocation ta&es e$$ect must )e considered, $irst, with re!ard to the a!ent, and second"y, as it a$$ects third persons. 1. -hen the revocation can )e "aw$u""y made, it ta&es e$$ect, as to the a!ent, $rom the moment it is communicated to him. 2. s to

third persons, the revocation has no e$$ect unti" it is made &nown to them9 i$, there$ore, an a!ent, &nowin! o$ the revocation o$ his authority, dea" with a third pers6n in the name o$ his "ate principa", when such person was i!norant o$ the revocation, )oth the a!ent and the principa" wi"" )e )ound )y his acts. 'tory, !. C8+39 2 Liverm. !. 4369 2 >ent, <om. 688, 4d edit.9 2a"ey, !. )y L"oyd, 138, 5+39 'tory, Bai"m. C2389 5 (. R. 215. note or )i"" si!ned, accepted or indorsed )y a c"er&, a$ter his dischar!e, who had )een authori5ed to si!n, indorse, or accept )i""s and notes $or his principa" whi"e in his emp"oy, wi"" )e )indin! upon the "atter, un"ess notice has )een !iven o$ his dischar!e and the revocation o$ his authority. 4 <hit. <om. Law, 1/+. REVOCATOR. Reca""ed. (his word is used when a 6ud!ment is annu""ed $or an error in $act, the 6ud!ment is then said to )e reca""ed, revocatur9 and not reversed, which is the word used when a 6ud!ment is annu""ed $or an error in "aw. (idd's 2r. 1126. REVOLT, crim. "aw. (he act o$ con!ress o$ pri" 43, 1+/3, s. 8, 1 'tory's L. %. '. 88, punishes with death any seaman who sha"" "ay vio"ent hands upon his commander, there)y to hinder or prevent his $i!htin! in de$ence o$ his ship, or !oods committed to his trust, or sha"" ma&e a revo"t in the ship. -hat is a revo"t is not de$ined in the act o$ con!ress nor )y the common "aw9 it was there$ore contended, that it cou"d not )e deemed an o$$ence $or which any person cou"d )e punished. 1 2et. R. 118. 2. .n a case which occurred in the circuit court $or the eastern district o$ 2ennsy"vania, the de$endants were char!ed with an endeavour to ma&e a revo"t. (he 6ud!es sent up the case to the supreme court upon a certi$icate o$ division o$ opinion o$ the 6ud!es9 as to the de$inition o$ the word revo"t. 8 -. <. <. R. 528. (he opinion o$ the supreme court was de"ivered )y -ashin!ton, ?., and is in these words F(his case comes )e$ore the court upon a certi$icate o$ division o$ the opinion o$ the 6ud!es o$ the circuit court $or the eastern district o$ 2ennsy"vania, upon the $o""owin! point assi!ned )y the de$endants as a reason in arrest o$ 6ud!ment, vi5. that the act o$ con!ress does not de$ine the o$$ence o$ endeavorin! to ma&e a revo"t9 and it is not competent to the court to !ive a 6udicia" de$inition o$ an o$$ence hereto$ore un&nown. F(his court is o$ opinion that a"thou!h the act o$ con!ress does not de$ine this o$$ence, it is neverthe"ess, competent to the court to !ive a 6udicia" de$inition o$ it. -e thin& that the o$$ence consists in the endeavor o$ the crew o$ a vesse", or any one or more o$ them, to overthrow the "e!itimate authority o$ her commander, with intent to remove him $rom his command9 or a!ainst his wi"" to ta&e possession o$ the vesse" )y assumin! the !overnment and navi!ation o$ her9 or )y trans$errin! their o)edience $rom the "aw$u" commander to some other person.F 11 -heat. R. 81+. =ide 8 -. <. <. R. 528, 8359 7ason's R. 18+ 8 7ason, R. 1359 8 -ash. <. <. R. 588 1 2et. <. <. R. 2149 5 7ason, R. 8689 1 'umn. 8889 4 -ash. <. <. R. 5259 1 <arr. * >irw. 82/. 4. ccordin! to -o"$$, revo"t and re)e""ion are near"y synonymous9 he says it is the state o$ citi5ens who un6ust"y ta&e up arms a!ainst the prince or !overnment. -o"$$, Dr. de "a ;at. 1242. REWARD. n o$$er o$ recompense !iven )y authority o$ "aw $or the per$ormance o$ some act $or the pu)"ic !ood9 which, when the act has )een per$ormed, is to )e paid9 or it is the recompense actua""y paid. 2. reward may )e o$$ered )y the !overnment or )y a private person. .n crimina"

prosecutions, a person may )e a competent witness a"thou!h he e#pects, on conviction o$ the prisoner, to receive a reward. 1 Leach, 418, n / Barn. * <resw. 5569'. <. En!. <. L. R. 8819 1 Leach, 1489 1 @ayw. Rep. 4 1 Root, R. 28/9 'tar&. Ev. pt. 8, p. ++2, 49 Roscoe's <r. Ev. 1389 1 <hit. <r. Law, 8819 @aw&. B. 2, c. 12, s. 21 to 489 8 B". <om. 2/89 Burn's ?ust. 0e"ony, iv. 'ee 6 @umph. 114. 4. By the common "aw, in$ormers, who are entit"ed under pena" statutes to part o$ the pena"ty, are not in !enera" competent witnesses. But when a stat:ute can receive no e#ecution, un"ess a party interested )e a witness, then it seems proper to admit him, $or the statute must not )e rendered ine$$ectua" $or want o$ proo$. Gi"). 118. .n many acts o$ the "e!is"ature there is a provision that the in$ormer sha"" )e a witness, notwithstandin! the reward. 1 2hi". Ev. /2, //. RHODE ISLAND. (he name o$ one o$ the ori!ina" states o$ the %nited 'tates o$ merica. (his state was sett"ed )y emi!rants $rom 7assachusetts, who assumed the !overnment o$ themse"ves )y a vo"untarry association, which was soon discovered to )e insu$$icient $or their protection. .n 1684, a charter o$ incorporation o$ 2rovidence 2"antations was o)tained9 and in 1688, the two houses o$ par"iament, durin! the $orced a)sence o$ <har"es the 0irst, !ranted a char:ter $or the incorporation o$ the towns o$ 2rovidence, ;ewport and 2ortsmouth, $or the a)so"ute !overnment o$ themse"ves, accordin! to the "aws o$ En!"and. 'oon a$ter the restoration o$ <har"es the 'econd, in ?u"y, 1664, the inha)i:tants o)tained a new charter $rom the crown. %pon the accession o$ ?ames, the inha)itants were accused o$ a vio"ation o$ their charter9 and a 1uo warranto was $i"ed a!ainst them, when they reso"ved to surrender it. .n 1686, their !overnment was disso"ved, and 'ir Edward ndros assumed, )y roya" authority, the administration o$ the co"ony. (he revo"ution o$ 1688 put an end to his power and the co"ony immediate"y resumed its charter, the powers o$ which, with some interruptions, it continued to maintain and e#ercise down to the period o$ the merican Revo"ution. 2. (his charter remained as the $undamenta" "aw o$ the state unti" the $irst (uesday o$ 7ay, one thousand ei!ht hundred and $orty:three. convention o$ the peop"e assem)"ed in ;ovem)er, 1882, and adopted a constitution which went into operation in 7ay, 1884, as a)ove mentioned. 4. By the third artic"e o$ the constitution the powers o$ the !overnment are distri)uted into three departments9 the "e!is"ative, the e#ecutive, and the 6udicia". 8. : C1. (he $ourth artic"e re!u"ates the "e!is"ative power as $o""ows, to witH 'ect. 1. (his constitution sha"" )e the supreme "aw o$ the state, and any "aw inconsistent therewith sha"" )e void. (he !enera" assem)"y sha"" pass a"" "aws necessary to carry this constitution into e$$ect. 5. : 'ect. 2. (he "e!is"ative power, under this constitution, sha"" )e vested in two houses, the one to )e ca""ed the senate, the other the house o$ representatives9 and )oth to!ether the, !enera" assem)"y. (he concurrence o$ the two houses sha"" )e necessary to the enactment o$ "aws. (he sty"e o$ their "aws sha"" )e, .t is enacted )y the !enera" assem)"y as $o""ows. 6. : 'ect. 4. (here sha"" )e two sessions o$ the !enera" assem)"y ho"den annua""y9 one at ;ewport, on the $irst (uesday o$ 7ay, $or the purposes o$ e"ection and other )usiness9 the other on the "ast 7onday o$ Dcto)er, which "ast session sha"" )e ho"den at 'outh

>in!stown once in two years, and the intermediate years a"ternate"y at Bristo" and East Greenwich9 and an ad6ournment $or the Dcto)er session sha"" )e ho"den annua""y at 2rovidence. +. : 'ect. 8. ;o mem)er o$ the !enera" assem)"y sha"" ta&e any $ee, or )e o$ counse" in any case pendin! )e$ore either house o$ the !enera" assem)"y, under pena"ty o$ $or$eitin! his seat, upon proo$ thereo$ to the satis$action o$ the house o$ which he is a mem)er. 8. : 'ect. 5. (he person o$ every mem)er o$ the !enera" assem)"y sha"" )e e#empt $rom arrest and his estate $rom attachment, in any civi" action, durin! the session o$ the !enera" assem)"y, and two days )e$ore the commencement, and two days a$ter the termination thereo$9 and a"" process served contrary hereto sha"" )e void. 0or any speech in de)ate in either house, no mem)er sha"" )e 1uestioned in any other p"ace. /. : 'ect. 6. Each house sha"" )e the 6ud!e o$ the e"ections and 1ua"i$ications o$ its mem)ers9 and a ma6ority sha"" constitute a 1uorum to do )usiness9 )ut a sma""er num)er may ad6ourn $rom day to day, and may compe" the atten:dance o$ a)sent mem)ers, in such manner, and under such pena"ties, as may )e prescri)ed )y such house or )y "aw. (he or!ani5ation o$ the two houses may )e re!u"ated )y "aw, su)6ect to the "imitations contained in this constitution. 13. : 'ect. +. Each house may determine its ru"es o$ proceedin!, punish contempts, punish its mem)ers $or disorder"y )ehaviour, and, with the concurrence o$ two:thirds, e#pe" a mem)er9 )ut not a second time $or the same cause. 11. : 'ect. 8. Each house sha"" &eep a 6ourna" o$ its proceedin!s. (he yeas and nays o$ the mem)ers o$ either house, sha"", at the desire o$ one:$i$th o$ those present, )e entered on the 6ourna". 12. : 'ect. /. ;either house sha"", durin! a session, without the consent o$ the other, ad6ourn $or more than two days, nor to any other p"ace than that in which they may )e sittin!. 14. : 'ect. 13. (he !enera" assem)"y sha"" continue to e#ercise the powers they have hereto$ore e#ercised, un"ess prohi)ited in this constitution. 18. : 'ect. 11. (he senators and representatives sha"" receive the sum o$ one do""ar $or every day o$ attendance, and ei!ht cents per mi"e $or trave""in! e#penses in !oin! to and returnin!, $rom the !enera" assem)"y. (he !enera" assem)"y sha"" re!u"ate the compensation o$ the !overnor and a"" other o$$icers, su)6ect to the "imitations contained in this constitution. 15. : 'ect. 12. "" "otteries sha"" herea$ter )e prohi)ited in this state, e#cept those a"ready authori5ed )y the !enera" assem)"y. 16. : 'ect. 14. (he !enera" assem)"y sha"" have no power herea$ter, without the e#press consent o$ the peop"e, to incur state de)ts to an amount e#ceedin! $i$ty thousand do""ars, e#cept in time o$ war, or in case o$ insurrection or invasion, nor sha"" they in any case, without such consent, p"ed!e the $aith o$ the state $or the payment o$ the o)"i!ations o$ others. (his section sha"" not )e construed to re$er to any money that may )e deposited with this state )y the !overnment o$ the %nited 'tates. 1+. : 'ect. 18. (he assent o$ two:thirds o$ the mem)ers e"ected to each house o$ the

!enera" assem)"y sha"" )e re1uired to every )i"" appropriatin! the pu)"ic money or property $or "oca" or private purposes. 18. : 'ect. 15. (he !enera" assem)"y sha"", $rom time to time, provide $or ma&in! new va"uations o$ property $or the assessment o$ ta#es, in such manner as they may deem )est. new estimate o$ such property sha"" )e ta&en )e$ore the $irst direct state ta#, a$ter the adoption o$ this constitution, sha"" )e assessed. 1/. : 'ect. 16. (he !enera" assem)"y may provide )y "aw $or the continuance in o$$ice o$ any o$$icers o$ annua" e"ection or appointment, unti" other persons are 1ua"i$ied to ta&e their p"aces. 23. : 'ect. 1+. @erea$ter when any )i"" sha"" )e presented to either house o$ the !enera" assem)"y, to create a corporation $or any other than $or re"i!ious, "iterary or charita)"e purposes, or $or a mi"itary or $ire company, it sha"" )e continued unti" another e"ection o$ mem)ers o$ the !enera" assem)"y sha"" have ta&en p"ace, and such pu)"ic notice o$ the pendency thereo$ sha"" )e !iven as may )e re1uired )y "aw. 21. : 'ect 18. .t sha"" )e the duty o$ the two houses upon the re1uest o$ either, to 6oin in !rand committee $or the purpose o$ e"ectin! senators in con!ress, at such times and in such manner as may )e prescri)ed )y "aw $or said e"ections. 22. @avin! disposed o$ the ru"es which re!u"ate )oth houses, a detai"ed statement o$ the powers o$ the house o$ representatives wi"" here )e !iven. 24. : 1. (he house o$ representatives is re!u"ated )y the $i$th artic"e as $o""ows9 'ect. 1. (he house o$ representatives sha"" never e#ceed seventy:two mem)ers, and sha"" )e constituted on the )asis o$popu"ation, a"ways a""owin! one representative $or a $raction, e#ceedin! ha"$ the ratio9 )ut each town or city sha"" a"ways )e entit"ed to at "east one mem)er9 and no town or city sha"" have more than one:si#th o$ the who"e num)er o$ mem)ers to which the house is here)y "imited. (he present ratio sha"" )e one representative to every $i$teen hundred and thirty inha)itants, and the !enera" assem)"y may, a$ter any new census ta&en )y the authority o$ the %nited 'tates or o$ this state, re: apportion the representation )y a"terin! the ratio9 )ut no town or city sha"" )e divided into districts $or the choice o$ representatives. 25. : 'ect. 2. (he house o$ representatives sha"" have authority to e"ect its spea&er, c"er&s and other o$$icers. (he senior mem)er $rom the town o$ ;ewport, i$ any )e present, sha"" preside in the or!ani5ation o$ the house. 26. : 2. (he senate is the su)6ect o$ the si#th artic"e, as $o""owsH 'ect. 1. (he senate sha"" consist o$ the "ieutenant:!overnor and o$ one senator $rom each town or city in the state. 2+. : 'ect. 2. (he !overnor, and, in his a)sence the "ieutenant:!overnor, sha"" preside in the senate and in !rand committee. (he presidin! o$$icer o$ the senate and !rand committee sha"" have a ri!ht to vote in case o$ e1ua" division, )ut not otherwise. 28. 'ect. 4. .$, )y reason o$ death, resi!nation, a)sence, or other cause, there )e no !overnor or "ieutenant !overnor present, to preside in the senate, the senate sha"" e"ect one o$ their own mem)ers to preside durin! such a)sence or vacancy, and unti" such e"ection is made )y the senate, the secretary o$ state sha"" preside. 2/. : 'ect. 8. (he secretary o$ state sha"", )y virtue o$ his o$$ice, )e secretary o$ the

senate, un"ess otherwise provided )y "aw9 and the senate may e"ect such other o$$icers as they may deem necessary. 43. : C2. (he seventh artic"e re!u"ates the e#ecutive power. .t providesH 'ect. 1. (he chie$ e#ecutive power o$ this state sha"" )e vested in a !overnor, who, to!ether with a "ieutenant !overnor, sha"" )e annua""y e"ected )y the peop"e. 41. : 'ect. 2. (he !overnor sha"" ta&e care that the "aws )e $aith$u""y e#ecuted. 42. : 'ect. 4. @e sha"" )e captain !enera" and commander:in:chie$ o$ the mi"itary and nava" $orce o$ this state, e#cept when they sha"" )e ca""ed in to the service o$ the %nited 'tates. 44. : 'ect. 8. @e sha"" have power to !rant reprieves a$ter conviction, in a"" cases e#cept those o$ impeachment, unti" the end o$ the ne#t session o$ the !enera" assem)"y. 48. : 'ect. 5. @e may $i"" vacancies in o$$ice not otherwise provided $or )y this constitution, or )y "aw, unti" the same sha"" )e $i""ed )y the !enera" assem)"y, or )y the peop"e. 45. : 'ect. 6. .n case o$ disa!reement )etween the two houses o$ the !enera" assem)"y, respectin! the time or p"ace o$ ad6ournment, certi$ied to him )y either, he may ad6ourn them to such time and p"ace as he sha"" thin& proper9 provided that the time o$ ad6ournment sha"" not )e e#tended )eyond the day o$ the ne#t stated session. 46. : 'ect. +. @e may, on e#traordinary occasions, convene the !enera" assem)"y at any town or city in this state, at any time not provided $or )y "aw9 and in case o$ dan!er $rom the preva"ence o$ epidemic or conta!ious disease, in the p"ace in which the !enera" assem)"y are )y "aw to meet, or to which they may have )een ad6ourned9 or $or other ur!ent reasons, he may, )y proc:"amation, convene said assem)"y, at any other p"ace within this state. 4+. : 'ec. 8. "" commissions sha"" )e in the name and )y the authority o$ the state o$ Rhode .s"and and 2rovidence 2"antations9 sha"" )e sea"ed with the state sea", si!ned )y the !overnor and attested )y the secretary. 48. : 'ect. /. .n case o$ vacancy in the o$$ice o$ !overnor, or o$ his ina)i"ity to serve, impeachment, or a)sence $rom the state, the "ieutenant !overnor sha"" $i"" the o$$ice o$ !overnor and e#ercise the powers and authority appertainin! thereto, unti" a !overnor is 1ua"i$ied to act, or unti" the o$$ice is $i""ed at the ne#t annua" e"ection. 4/. : 'ect. 13. .$ the o$$ices o$ !overnor and "ieutenant !overnor )e )oth vacant )y reason o$ death, resi!nation, impeachment, a)sence, or otherwise, the person entit"ed to preside over the senate $or the time )ein!, sha"" in "i&e manner $i"" the o$$ice o$ !overnor durin! such a)sence or vacancy. 83. : 'ec. 11. (he compensation o$ the !overnor and "ieutenant !overnor sha"" )e esta)"ished )y "aw, and sha"" not )e diminished durin! the term $or which they are e"ected. 81. : 'ect. 12. (he duties and powers o$ the secretary, attorney !enera", and !enera" treasurer, sha"" )e the same under this constitution as are now esta)"ished, or as $rom time to time may )e prescri)ed )y "aw.

82. : C4. (he 6udicia" power is re!u"ated )y the tenth artic"e as $o""owsH 'ect. 1. (he 6udicia" power o$ this state sha"" )e vested in one supreme court, and in such in$erior courts as the !enera" assem)"y may $rom time to time, ordain and esta)"ish. 84. : 'ect. 2. (he severa" courts sha"" have such 6urisdiction as, may $rom time to time )e prescri)ed )y "aw. <hancery powers may )e con$erred on the supreme court, )ut on no other court to any !reater e#tent than is now provided )y "aw. 88. : 'ect. 4. (he 6ud!es o$ the supreme court sha"" in a"" tria"s, instruct the 6ury in the "aw. (hey sha"" a"so !ive their written opinion upon any 1uestion o$ "aw whenever re1uested )y the !overnor, or )y either house o$ the !enera" assem)"y. 85. : 'ect. 8. (he 6ud!es o$ the supreme court sha"" )e e"ected )y the two houses in !rand committee. Each 6ud!e sha"" ho"d his o$$ice unti" his p"ace )e dec"ared vacant )y a reso"ution o$ the !enera" assem)"y to that e$$ect9 which reso"ution sha"" )e voted $or )y a ma6ority o$ a"" the mem)ers e"ected to the house in which it may ori!inate, and )e concurred in )y the same ma6ority o$ the other house. 'uch reso"ution s"ia"" not )e entertained at any other than the annua" session $or the e"ection o$ pu)"ic o$$icersH and in de$au"t o$ the passa!e thereo$ at said session, the 6ud!e sha"" ho"d his p"ace as herein provided. But a 6ud!e o$ any court sha"" )e removed $rom o$$ice, i$, upon impeachment, he sha"" )e $ound !ui"ty o$ any o$$icia" misdemeanor. 86. : 'ect. 5. .n case o$ vacancy )y death, resi!nation, remova" $rom the state or $rom o$$ice, re$usa" or ina)i"ity to serve, o$ any 6ud!e o$ the supreme court, the o$$ice may )e $i""ed )y the !rand committee, unti" the ne#t annua" e"ection, and the 6ud!e then e"ected sha"" ho"d his o$$ice as )e$ore provided. .n cases o$ impeachment, or temporary a)sence or ina)i"ity, the !overnor may appoint a person to dischar!e the duties o$ the o$$ice durin! the vacancy caused there)y. 8+. : 'ect. 6. (he 6ud!es o$ the supreme court sha"" receive a compensation $or their services, which sha"" not )e diminished durin! their continuance in o$$ice. 88. : 'ect. +. (he towns o$ ;ew 'horeham and ?amestown may continue to e"ect their wardens as hereto$ore. (he other towns and the city o$ 2rovidence, may e"ect such num)er o$ 6ustices o$ the peace resident therein, as they may deem proper. (he 6urisdiction o$ said 6ustices and wardens sha"" )e re!u"ated )y "aw. (he 6ustices sha"" )e commissioned )y the !overnor. RHODIAN LAW. code o$ marine "aws esta)"ished )y the peop"e o$ Rhodes, )ears this name. =ide Law Rhodian. RIAL OF PLATE, 2)* RIAL OF VELLON, comm. "aw. Denominations o$ money o$ 'pain. 2. .n the ad va"orem duty upon !oods, *c., the $ormer are computed at ten cents, and the "atter at $ive cents each. ct o$ 7arch 2, 1+//, s. 61, 1 'tory's Laws %. '. 626. =ide 0orei!n <oins. RIBAUD. ro!ue9 a va!rant. .t is not used. RIDER, practice, "e!is"ation. schedu"e or sma"" piece o$ paper or parchment added to some part o$ the record9 as, when, on the readin! o$ a )i"" in the "e!is"ature, a new c"ause is added, this is tac&ed to the )i"" on a separate piece o$ paper, and is ca""ed a rider.

RIDING, En!. "aw. n ascertained district, part o$ a county. (his term has the same meanin! in ,or&shire which division has in Linco"nshire. 8 (. R. 85/. RIEN. (his is a 0rench word which si!ni$ies nothin!. .t has !enera""y this meanin!9 as, rien in arrere9 rien passe per "e $ait, nothin! passes )y the deed9 rien per descent, nothin! )y descent9 it sometimes si!ni$ies not, as rien cu"pa)"e, not !ui"ty. Doct. 2"ac. 845. RIEN EN ARRERE, p"eadin!. ;othin! in arrear9 nothin! remainin! due and unpaid. 2. (he p"ea in an action o$ de)t $or rent, may )e rien en arrere. (his is a !ood !enera" issue. <owp. 588H Bac. ). 2"eas, .9 12 'aund. 2/+, n. 19 2 Lord Raym. 15349 2 <hit. 2". 8869 8 Bouv. .nst. n. 45+6. RIENS PASSA PAR LE FAIT. (he name o$ a p"ea9 it si!ni$ies that nothin! pass:ed )y the deed9 $or e#amp"e, when a deed is ac&now"ed!ed in court, a man cannot p"ead non est $actum, )ecause the act was done in court, which cannot )e denied9 )ut when the deed has )een ac&now"ed!ed in a court not havin! 6urisdiction, the party may avoid the e$$ect or operation o$ the deed )y p"eadin! riens passa par "e $ait, $or this p"ea does not impeach the court where it was ac&now"ed!ed. Bac. ). Evidence 09 1 Gi"). E(. )y Lo$$t, 426. RIGHT. (his word is used in various sensesH 1. 'ometimes it si!ni$ies a "aw, as when we say that natura" ri!ht re1uires us to &eep our promises, or that it commands restitution, or that it $or)ids murder. .n our "an!ua!e it is se"dom used in this sense. 2. .t sometimes means that 1ua"ity in our actions )y which they are denominated 6ust ones. (his is usua""y denominated rectitude. 4. .t is that 1ua"ity in a person )y which he can do certain actions, or possess certain thin!s which )e"on! to him )y virtue o$ some tit"e. .n this sense, we use it when we say that a man has a ri!ht to his estate or a ri!ht to de$end himse"$. Ruth, .nst. c. 2, C1, 2, 49 7er"in,9 Repert. de ?urisp. mot Droit. 'ee -ood's .nst. 11/. 2. .n this "atter sense a"one, wi"" this word )e here considered. Ri!ht is the corre"ative o$ duty, $or, wherever one has a ri!ht due to him, some other must owe him a duty. 1 (ou"". n. /6. 4. Ri!hts are per$ect and imper$ect. -hen the thin!s which we have a ri!ht to possess or the actions we have a ri!ht to do, are or may )e $i#ed and determinate, the ri!ht is a per$ect one9 )ut when the thin! or the actions are va!ue and indeterminate, the ri!ht is an imper$ect one. .$ a man demand his property, which is withhe"d $rom him, the ri!ht that supports his demand is a per$ect one9 )ecause the thin! demanded is, or may )e $i#ed and determinate. 8. But i$ a poor man as& re"ie$ $rom those $rom whom he has reason to e#pect it, the ri!ht, which supports his petition, is an imper$ect one9 )ecause the re"ie$ which he e#pects, is a va!ue indeterminate, thin!. Ruth. .nst. c. 2, C89 Grot. "i). 1, c. C8. 5. Ri!hts are a"so a)so"ute and 1ua"i$ied. man has an a)so"ute ri!ht to recover property which )e"on!s to him9 an a!ent has a 1ua"i$ied ri!ht to recover such property, when it had )een entrusted to his care, and which has )een un"aw$u""y ta&en out o$ his possession. =ide (rover. 6. Ri!hts mi!ht with propriety )e a"so divided into natura" and civi" ri!hts )ut as a"" the ri!hts which man has received $rom nature have )een modi$ied and ac1uired anew $rom the civi" "aw, it is more proper, when considerin! their o)6ect, to divide them into po"itica" and civi" ri!hts.

+. 2o"itica" ri!hts consist in the power to participate, direct"y or indirect"y, in the esta)"ishment or mana!ement o$ !overnment. (hese po"itica" ri!hts are $i#ed )y the constitution. Every citi5en has the ri!ht o$ votin! $or pu)"ic o$$icers, and o$ )ein! e"ected9 these are the po"itica" ri!hts which the hum)"est citi5en possesses. 8. <ivi" ri!hts are those which have no re"ation to the esta)"ishment, support, or mana!ement o$ the !overnment. (hese consist in the power o$ ac1uirin! and en6oyin! property, o$ e#ercisin! the paterna" and marita" powers, and the "i&e. .t wi"" )e o)served that every one, un"ess deprived o$ them )y a sen:tence o$ civi" death, is in the en6oyment o$ his civi" ri!hts, which is not the case with po"itica" ri!hts9 $or an a"ien, $or e#amp"e, has no po"itica", a"thou!h in the $u"" en6oyment o$ his civi" ri!hts. /. (hese "atter ri!hts are divided into a)so"ute and re"ative. (he a)so"ute ri!hts o$ man&ind may )e reduced to three principa" or primary artic"esH the ri!ht o$ persona" security, which consists in a person's "e!a" and uninter:rupted en6oyment o$ his "i$e, his "im)s, his )ody, his hea"th, and his reputation9 the ri!ht o$ persona" "i)erty, which consists in the power o$ "ocomotion, o$ chan!in! situation, or removin! one's person to whatsoever p"ace one's inc"ination may direct, without any restraint, un"ess )y due course o$ "aw9 the ri!ht o$ property, which consists in the $ree use, en6oyment, and disposa" o$ a"" his ac1uisitions, without any contro" or diminution, save on"y )y the "aws o$ the "and. 1 B". 128 to 14/. 13. (he re"ative ri!hts are pu)"ic or privateH the $irst are those which su)sist )etween the peop"e and the !overnment, as the ri!ht o$ protection on the part o$ the peop"e, and the ri!ht o$ a""e!iance which is due )y the peop"e to the !overnment9 the second are the reciproca" ri!hts o$ hushand and wi$e, parent and chi"d, !uardian and ward, aud master and servant. 11. Ri!hts are a"so divided into "e!a" and e1uita)"e. (he $ormer are those where the party has the "e!a" tit"e to a thin!, and in that case, his remedy $or an in$rin!ement o$ it, is )y an action in a court o$ "aw. "thou!h the person ho"din! the "e!a" tit"e may have no actua" interest, )ut ho"d on"y as trustee, the suit must )e in his name, and not in !enera", in that o$ the cestui 1ue trust. 1 East, 8/+ 8 (. R. 4429 1 'aund. 158, n. 19 2 Bin!. 23. (he "atter, or e1uita)"e ri!hts, are those which may )e en$orced in a court o$ e1uity )y the cestui 1ue trust. 'ee, !enera""y, Bouv. .ns t. .nde#, h. t. Remedy. RIGHT OF DISCUSSION, 'cottish "aw. (he ri!ht which the cautioner AsuretyB has to insist that the creditor sha"" do his )est to compe" the per$ormance o$ the contract )y the principa" de)tor, )e$ore he sha"" )e ca""ed upon. 1 Be""'s <om. 48+, 5th ed. =ide 8 'er!. * Raw"e, 1169 15 'er!. * Raw"e, 2/, 43 and the artic"es 'urety. 'uretyship. RIGHT OF DIVISION, 'cottish "aw. (he ri!ht which each o$ severa" cautioners AsuretiesB has to re$use to answer $or more than his own share o$ the de)t. (o entit"e the cautioner to this ri!ht, the other cautioners must )e so"vent, and there must )e no words in the )ond to e#c"ude it. 1 Be""'s <om. 48+, 5th ed. RIGHT OF HABITATION. By this term, in Louisiana, is understood the ri!ht o$ dwe""in! !ratuitous"y in a house, the property o$ another. <iv. <ode, art. 6249 4 (ou"". ch. 2, p. 4259 18 (ou"". n. 2+/, p. 4439 2oth. h. t., n. 22:25. RIGHT OF RELIEF, 'cottish "aw. (he ri!ht which the cautioner AsuretyB has a!ainst the principa" de)tor when he has )een $orced to pay his de)t. 1 Be""'s <om. 48+, 5th ed.

RIGHT PATENT. (he name o$ an ancient writ, which 0it5her)ert says, Fou!ht to )e )rou!ht o$ "ands and tenements, and not o$ an advowson, or o$ common, and "ieth on"y o$ an estate o$ $ee simp"e, and not $or him who has a "esser estate, as tenant in tai", tenant in $ran& marria!e, or tenant $or "i$e.F 0. ;. B. 1. RIGHT, WRIT OF. Breve de recto. =ide -rit o$ "i!ht. RING DROPPING, crim. "aw. (his phrase is app"ied in En!"and to a tric& $re1uent"y practised in committin! "arcenies. .t is di$$icu"t to de$ine it9 it wi"" )e su$$icient"y e#emp"i$ied )y the $o""owin! cases. (he prisoner, with some accomp"ices, )ein! in company with the prosecutor, pretended to $ind a va"ua)"e rin! wrapped up in a paper, appearin! to )e a 6ewe""er's receipt $or Fa rich )ri""iant diamond rin!.F (hey o$$ered to "eave the rin! with the prosecutor, i$ he wou"d deposit some money and his watch as a security. (he prosecutor havin! accordin!"y "aid down his watch and money on a ta)"e, was )ec&oned out o$ the room )y one o$ the con$ederates, whi"e the others too& away his watch and money. (his was he"d to amount to a "arceny. 1 Leach, 2489 2 East, 2. <. 6+8. .n another case under simi"ar circumstances, the prisoner procured $rom the prosecutor twenty !uineas, promisin! to return them the ne#t mornin!, and "eavin! the $a"se 6ewe" with him. (hiswas a"so he"d to )e "arceny. 1 Leach, 4189 2 East, 2. <. 6+/. .n these cases the prosecutor had no intention o$ partin! with the property in the money or !oods sto"en. .t was ta&en, in the $irst case whi"e the transaction was proceedin!, without his &now"ed!e9 and, in the "ast, under the promise that it shou"d )e returned. =ide 2 Leach, 683. RINGING THE CHANGE, crim. "aw. tric& practised )y a crimina", )y which, on receivin! a !ood piece o$ money in payment o$ an artic"e, he pretends it is not !ood, and, chan!in! it, returns to the )uyer a counter$eit one, as in the $o""owin! caseH (he prosecutor havin! )ar!ained with the prisoner, who was se""in! $ruit a)out the streets, to have $ive apricot's $or si#pence, !ave him a !ood shi""in! to chan!e. (he prisoner put the shi""in! into his mouth, as i$ to )ite it in order to try its !oodness, and returnin! a shi""in! to the prosecutor, to"d him it was a )ad one. (he prosecutor !ave him another !ood shi""in! which he a"so a$$ected to )ite, and then returned another shi""in!, sayin! it was a )ad one. (he prosecutor !ave him another !ood shi""in! with which he practised this tric& a third time the shi""in!s returned )y him )ein! in every respect, )ad. 2 Leach, 68. 2. (his was he"d to )e an utterin! o$ $a"se money. 1 Russ. on <r. 118. RIOT, crim. "aw. t common "aw a riot is a tumu"tuous distur)ance o$ the peace, )y three persons or more assem)"in! to!ether o$ their own authority, with an intent, mutua""y to assist each other a!ainst any who sha"" oppose them, in the e#ecution o$ some enterprise o$ a private nature, and a$terwards actua""y e#ecutin! the same in a vio"ent and tur)u"ent manner, to the terror o$ the peop"e, whether the act intended were o$ itse"$ "aw$u" or un"aw$u". 2. .n this case there must )e proved, $irst, an un"aw$u" assem)"in!9 $or i$ a num)er o$ persons "aw$u""y met to!ether9 as, $or e#amp"e, at a $ire, in a theatre or a church, shou"d sudden"y 1uarre" and $i!ht, the o$$ence is an a$$ray and not a riot, )ecause there was no un"aw$u" assem)"in!9 )ut i$ three or more )ein! so assem)"ed, on a dispute occurrin!, they $orm into parties with promises o$ mutua" assistance, which promises may )e e#press, or imp"ied $rom the circumstances, then the o$$ence wi"" no "on!er )e an a$$ray,

)ut a riot9 the un"aw$u" com)ination wi"" amount to an assem)"in! within the meanin! o$ the "aw. .n this manner any "aw$u" assem)"y may )e converted into a riot. ny one who 6oins the rioters a$ter they have actua""y commenced, is e1ua""y !ui"ty as i$ he had 6oined them whi"e assem)"in!. 4. 'econd"y, proo$ must )e made o$ actua" vio"ence and $orce on the part o$ the rioters, or o$ such circumstances as have an apparent tendency to $orce and vio"ence, and ca"cu"ated to stri&e terror into the pu)"ic mind. (he de$inition re1uires that the o$$enders shou"d assem)"e o$ their own authority, in order to create a riot9 i$, there$ore, the parties act under the authority o$ the "aw, they may use any necessary $orce to en$orce their mandate, without committin! this o$$ence. 8. (hird"y, evidence must )e !iven that the de$endants acted in the riot, and were participants in the distur)ance. =ide 1 Russ. on <r. 28+ =in. ). h. t.9 @aw&. c. 65, s. 1, 8, /9 4 .nst. 1+69 8 B". <om. 186 <om. Di!. h. t.9 <hit. <r. Law, .nde#, h. t. Roscoe, <r. Ev. h. t. RIOTOUSLY, p"eadin!s. technica" word proper"y used in an indictment $or a riot, and e# vi termini, imp"ies vio"ence. 2 'ess. <as. 149 2 'tr. 8489 2 <hit. <r. Law, 88/. RIPA. (he )an& o$ a river, or the p"ace )eyond which the waters do not in their natura" course over$"ow. 2. n e#traordinary over$"ow does not chan!e the )an&s o$ the river. 2oth. 2and. "i). 53, h. t. 'ee Ban&s o$ rivers9 Riparian proprietors9 Rivers. RIPARIAN PROPRIETORS, estates. (his term, used )y the civi"ians, has )een adopted )y the common "awyers. 8 7ason's Rep. 4/+. (hose who own the "and )oundin! upon a water course, are so ca""ed. 2. 'uch riparian proprietor owns that portion o$ the )ed o$ the river Anot navi!a)"eB which is ad6oinin! his "and us1ue ad $i"um a1uce9 or, in other words, to the thread or centra" "ine o$ the stream. @ar!. (r. 59 @o"t's R. 8//9 4 Dane's Di!. 89 + 7ass. R. 8/69 5 -end. R. 8249 4 <aines, 41/ 2 <onn. 8829 23 ?ohns. R. /19 n!e"", -ater <ourses, 4 to 139 / 2orter, R. 5++H >ames, E1. part 1, c. 1, s. 19 26 -end. R. 8389 11 'tanton, 1489 8 @i"", 46/. (he proprietor o$ "and ad6oinin! a navi!a)"e river has an e#c"usive ri!ht to the soi", )etween hi!h and "ow water mar&s, $or the purpose o$ erectin! wharves or )ui"din!s thereon. + <onn. 186. But see 1 2ennsy". 862. =ide River. RIPUARIAN LAW. code o$ "aws o$ the 0ran&s, who occupied the country upon the Rhine, the 7euse and 'che"dt, who were co""ective"y &nown )y the name Ripuarians, and their "aws as Ripuarian "aw. RISK. dan!er, a peri" to which a thin! is e#posed. (he su)6ect wi"" )e divided )y considerin!, 1. Ris&s with re!ard to insurances. 2. Ris&s in the contracts o$ sa"e, )arter, *c. 2. : C1. .n the contract o$ insurance, the insurer ta&es upon him the ris&s to which the su)6ect o$ the insurance is e#posed, and a!rees to indemni$y the insured when a "oss occurs. (his is e1ua""y the case in marine and terrestria" insurance. But as the ru"es which !overn these severa" contracts are not the same, the su)6ect o$ marine ris&s wi"" )e considered, and, a$terwards, o$ terrestria" ris&s.

4. : 1st. 7arine ris&s are peri"s which are incident to a sea voya!e9 1 7arsh. .ns. 2159 or those $ortuitous events which may happen in the course o$ the voya!e. 2oth. <ontr. d'assur. n. 8/9 2ardes. Dr. <om. n. ++3. .t wi"" )e proper to consider, 1. (heir nature. 2. (heir duration. 8. : 1. (he nature o$ the ris&s usua""y insured a!ainst. (hese ris&s may )e occasioned )y storms, shipwrec&, 6etsom, pri5e, pi""a!e, $ire, war, reprisa"s, detention )y $orei!n !overnments, contri)ution to "osses e#perienced $or the common )ene$it, or $or e#penses which wou"d not have ta&en p"ace i$ it had not )een $or such events. But the insurer may )y specia" contract "imit his responsi)i"ity $or these ris&s. @e may insure a!ainst a"" ris&s, or on"y a!ainst enumerated ris&s9 $or the )ene$it o$ particu"ar persons, or $or whom it may concern. 2 -ash. <. <. R. 4869 1 ?ohn. <as. 44+9 2 ?ohn. <as. 883 1 2et. 151 2 7ass.,4659 8 7ass. 438. (he "aw itse"$ has made some e#ceptions $ounded on pu)"ic po"icy, which re1uire that in certain cases men sha"" not )e permitted to protect themse"ves a!ainst some particu"ar peri"s )y insurance9 amon! these are, $irst, that no man can insure any "oss or dama!e proceedin! direct"y $rom his own $au"t. 1 ?ohn. <as. 44+9 2oth. h. t. n. 659 2ard. h. t. n. ++19 7arsh. .ns. 215. 'econd"y, nor can )e insure ris&s or peri"s o$ the sea, upon a trade $or)idden )y the "aws. (hird"y, the ris&s e#c"uded )y the usua" memorandum A1. v.B contained in the po"icy. 7arsh. .ns. 221. 5. s the insurance is upon maritime ris&s, the accidents must have happened on the sea, un"ess the a!reement inc"ude other ris&s. (he "oss )y accidents which mi!ht happen on "and in the course o$ the voya!e, even when the un"oadin! may have )een authori5ed )y the po"icy, or is re1uired )y "oca" re!u"ations, as where they are necessary $or sanitary measures, is not )orne )y the insurer. 2ard. Dr. <om. n. ++3. 6. : 2. s to the duration o$ the ris&. (he commencement and end o$ the ris& depend upon the words o$ the po"icy. (he insurer may ta&e and modi$y what ris&s he p"eases. (he po"icy may )e on a voya!e out, or a voya!e in, or it may )e $or part o$ the route, or $or a "imited time, or $rom port to port. 'ee 4 >ent, <om. 2589 2ard. Dr. <om. n. ++59 7arsh. 2869 1 Binn. 5/2. (he duration o$ the ris& on !oods is considered in 7arsh. .ns. 28+ a9 on ships, p. 2839 on $rei!ht, p. 2+8, and 12 -heat. 484. +. : 2d. .n insurances a!ainst $ire, the ris&s and "osses insured a!ainst, are a"" "osses or dama!es )y $ire9 )ut, as in cases o$ marine insurances, this may )e "imited as to the thin!s insured, or as to the cause or occasion o$ the accident, and many po"icies e#c"ude $ires caused )y a mo) or the enemies o$ the commonwea"th. (he duration o$ thepo"icy is .imited )y its own provisions. 8. : 4d. .n insurances on "ives, the ris&s are the death o$ the party $rom whatever cause, )ut in !enera" the $o""owin! ris&s are e#cepted, name"yH 1. Death a)road or in a district e#c"uded )y the terms o$ the po"icy. 2. Enterin! into the nava" or mi"itary service without the consent o$ the insurer. 4. Death )y suicide. 8. Death )y due""in!. 5. Death )y the hands o$ 6ustice. 'ee .nsurance on "ives. (he duration o$ the ris&s is "imited )y the terms o$ the po"icy. /. : C2. s a !enera" ru"e, whenever the sa"e has )een comp"eted9 the ris& o$ "oss o$ the thin!s so"d is upon the )uyer9 )ut unti" it is comp"ete, and whi"e somethin! remains to )e done )y either party, in re"ation to it, the ris& is on the se""er9 as, i$ the !oods are to )e wei!hed or measured. 'ee 'a"e.

13. .n sa"es, the ris&s to which property is e#posed and the "oss which may occur, )e$ore the contract is $u""y comp"ete, must )e )orne )y him in whom the tit"e residesH when the )ar!ain, there$ore, is made and rendered )indin! )y !ivin! earnest, or )y part payment, or part de"ivery, or )y a comp"iance with the re1uisitions o$ the statute o$ $rauds, the property, and with it the ris&, attaches to the purchaser. 2 >ent, <om. 4/2. 11. .n Louisiana, as soon as the contract o$ sa"e is comp"eted, the thin! so"d is at the ris& o$ the )uyer, )ut with the $o""owin! modi$icationsH %nti" the thin! so"d is de"ivered to the )uyer, the se""er is o)"i!ed to !uard it as a $aith$u" administrator, and i$ throu!h his want o$ care, the thin! is de:stroyed, or its va"ue diminished, the se""er is responsi)"e $or the "oss. @e is re"eased $rom this de!ree o$ care, when the )uyer de"ays o)tainin! the possessionH )ut he is sti"" "ia)"e $or any in6ury which the thin! so"d may sus:tain throu!h !ross ne!"ect on his part. .$ it is the se""er who de"ays to de:"iver the thin!, and it )e destroyed, even )y a $ortuitous event, it is )e who sustains the "oss, un"ess it appears that the $ortuitous event wou"d e1ua""y have occasioned the destruction o$ the thin! in the )uyer's possession, a$ter de"ivery. rt. 2882:2885. 0or the ru"es o$ the civi" "aw on this su)6ect, see .nst. 2, 1, 819 2oth. <ontr. de =ente, 8eme partie, n. 438, et se1. RIVER. natura" co""ection o$ waters, arisin! $rom sprin!s or $ountains, which $"ow in a )ed or cana" o$ considera)"e width and "en!th, towards the sea. 2. Rivers may )e considered as pu)"ic or private. 4. 2u)"ic rivers are those in which the pu)"ic have an interest. 8. (hey are either navi!a)"e, which, technica""y understood, si!ni$ies such rivers in which the tide $"ows9 or not navi!a)"e. (he soi" or )ed o$ such a navi!a)"e river, understood in this sense, )e"on!s not to the riparian proprietor, )ut to the pu)"ic. 4 <aines' Rep. 43+9 13 ?ohn. R. 2469 1+ ?ohn. R. 1519 23 ?ohn. R. /39 5 -end. R. 8249 6 <owen, R. 5189 18 'er!. * Raw"e, /9 1 Rand. Rep. 81+9 4 Rand. R. 449 4 Green". R. 26/9 2 <onn. R. 8819 5 2ic&. 1//. 5. 2u)"ic rivers, not navi!a)"e, are those which )e"on! to the peop"e in !enera", as pu)"ic hi!hways. (he soi" o$ these rivers )e"on!s !enera""y, to the riparian owner, )ut the pu)"ic have the use o$ the stream, and the authors o$ nuisances and impediments over such a stream are indicta)"e. n!. on -ater <ourses, 2329 Davies' Rep. 1529 <a""is on 'ewers, +89 8 Burr. 2162. 6. By the ordinance o$ 1+8+, art. 8, re"atin! to the north:western territory, it is provided that the navi!a)"e waters, "eadin! into the 7ississippi and 't. Lawrence, and the carryin! p"aces )etween the same, sha"" )e common hi!hways, and $orever $ree. 4 'tory, L. %. '. 23++. +. private river, is one so natura""y o)structed, that there is no passa!e $or )oats9 $or i$ it )e capa)"e o$ )ein! so navi!ated, the pu)"ic may use its waters. 1 7'<ord's Rep. 583. (he soi" in !enera" )e"on!s to the riparian proprietors. A1. v.B river, then, may )e considered, 1st. s private, in the case o$ sha""ow and o)structed streams. 2d. s private property, )ut su)6ect to pu)"ic use, when it can )e navi!ated9 and, 4d. s pu)"ic, )oth with re!ard to its use and property. 'ome rivers possess a"" these 1ua"ities. (he @udson is mentioned as an instance9 in one part it is entire"y private property9 in another the pu)"ic have the use o$ it9 and it is pu)"ic property $rom the mouth as hi!h up as the tide $"ows. n!. -at. <o. 235, 6.

8. .n 2ennsy"vania, it has )een he"d that the !reat rivers o$ that state, as the 'us1uehanna, )e"on! to the pu)"ic, and that the riparian proprietor does not own the )ed or cana". 2 Binn. R. +59 18 'er!. * Raw"e, +1. =ide, !enera""y, <iv. <ode o$ Lo. 8889 Bac. ). 2rero!atives, B 49 + <om. Di!. 2/19 1 Bro. <iv. Law, 1+39 7er". Repert, h. t.9 ?aco)sen's 'ea Laws, 81+9 2 @i"". )r. c. 149 2 0air$. R. 2+8 4 Dhio Rep. 8/69 6 7ass. R. 8459 15 ?ohn. R. 88+9 1 2et. <. <. Rep. 689 1 2ai!e's Rep. 8889 4 Dane's R. 89 + 7ass. Rep. 8/69 1+ 7ass. Rep. 28/9 5 Green". R. 6/9 13 -end. R. 2639 >ames, E1. 489 6 -atts * 'er!. 131. s to the )oundaries o$ rivers, see 7etc. * 2er&. Di!. Boundaries, .=.9 as to the !rant o$ a river, see 5 <owen, 2169 <o. Litt. 8 )9 <om. Di!. Grant, E 5. RIX DOLLAR. (he name o$ a coin. (he ri# do""ar o$ Bremen, is deemed as money o$ account, at the custom:house, to )e o$ the va"ue o$ seventy:ei!ht and three 1uarters cents. ct o$ 7arch 4, 1884. (he ri# do""ar is computed at one hundred cents. ct o$ 7arch 2, 1+//, s. 61. =ide 0orei!n coins. RIXA, civi" "aw. RIXATRIX. ROAD. dispute9 a 1uarre". Di!. 88, 8, 1+. common sco"d. A1. v.B

passa!e throu!h the country $or the use o$ the peop"e. 4 ,eates, 821.

2. Roads are pu)"ic or private. 2u)"ic roads are "aid out )y pu)"ic author:ity, or dedicated )y individua"s to pu)"ic use. (he pu)"ic have the use o$ such roads, )ut the owner o$ the "and over which they are made and the owners o$ "and )ounded on the hi!hway, have, prima $acie, a $ee in such hi!hway, ad medium $i"um vice, su)6ect to the easement in $avor o$ the pu)"ic. 1 <onn. 1/49 11 <onn. 639 2 ?ohn. 45+ 15 ?ohn. 88+. But where the )oundary e#c"udes the hi!hway, it is, o$ course, e#c"uded. 11 2ic&. 1/4. 'ee 14 7ass. 25/. (he proprietor o$ the soi", is there$ore entit"ed to a"" the $ruits which !row )y its side9 16 7ass. 466, +9 and to a"" the minera" wea"th it contains. 1 Ro""e, 4/2, 1. 59 8 Day, R. 4289 1 <onn'. Rep, 1349 6 7ass. R. 8589 8 7ass, R. 82+9 15 ?ohns. Rep. 88+, 5849 2 ?ohns. R. 45+9 <om. Di!. <himin, 29 6 2et. 8/89 1 'umn. 219 13 2et. 259 6 2ic&. 5+9 6 7ass. 8589 12 -end. /8. 4. (here are pu)"ic roads, such as turnpi&es and rai"roads, which are constructed )y pu)"ic authority, or )y corporations. (hese are &ept in !ood order )y the respective companies to which they )e"on!, and persons trave""in! on them, with anima"s and vehic"es, are re1uired to pay to"". .n !enera" these companies have on"y a ri!ht o$ passa!e over the "and, which remains the property, su)6ect to the easement, o$ the owner at the time the road was made or o$ his heirs or assi!ns. 8. 2rivate roads are, such as are used $or private individua"s on"y, and are not wanted $or the pu)"ic !enera""y. 'ometimes roads o$ this &ind are wanted $or the accommodation o$ "and otherwise enc"osed and without access to pu)"ic roads. (he soi" o$ such roads )e"on!s to the owner o$ the "and over which they are made. 5. 2u)"ic roads are &ept in repair at the pu)"ic e#pense, and private roads )y those who use them. =ide Domain9 -ay. 14 7ass. 2569 1 'umn. Rep. 219 2 @i"". ). c. +9 1 2ic&. R. 1229 2 7ass. R. 12+ 6 7ass. R. 8589 8 7ass. R. 82+9 15 7ass. Rep. 449 4 Raw"e, R. 8/59 1 ;. @. Rep. 169 1 7'<ord, R. 6+9 1 <onn. R. 1349 2 ?ohn. R. 45+9 1 ?ohn. Rep. 88+9 15 ?ohn. R. 8849 8 Day, Rep. 4439 2 Bai"ey, Rep. 2+19 1 Burr. 1449 + B. * <r. 4389 11 2rice R. +469 + (aunt. R. 4/9 'tr. 1338. 1 'hep". R. 2539 5 <onn. Rep. 5289 8 2ic&. R. 8+49 <ra)), R. 2. CC132:138.

ROAD, mar. "aw. road is de$ined )y Lord @a"e to )e an open passa!e o$ the sea, which, $rom the situation o$ the ad6acent "and, and its own depth and wideness, a$$ords a secure p"ace $or the common ridin! and anchorin! o$ vesse"s. @a"e de 2ort. 7ar. p. 2, c. 2. (his word, however, doesnot appear to have a very de$inite meanin!. 2 <hit. <om. Law, 8, 5. ROARING. disease amon! horses occasioned )y the circumstance o$ the nec& o$ the windpipe )ein! too narrow $or acce"erated respiration9 the disorder is $re1uent"y produced )y sore throat or other topica" in$"ammation. 2. horse a$$ected with this ma"ady is rendered "ess servicea)"e, and he is there$ore unsound. 2 'tar&. R. 819 '. <. 4 En!". <om. Law Rep. 2559 2 <amp. R. 524. ROBBER. Dne who commits a ro))ery. Dne who $e"onious"y and $orci)"y ta&es !oods or money to any va"ue $rom the person o$ another )y vio"ence or puttin! him, in $ear. ROBBERY, crimes. (he $e"onious and $orci)"e ta&in! $rom the person o$ another, !oods or money to any va"ue, )y vio"ence or puttin! him in $ear. 8 B". <om. 284 1 Ba"d. 132. 2. By Fta&in! $rom the personF is meant not on"y the immediate ta&in! $rom his person, )ut a"so $rom his presence when it is done with vio"ence and a!ainst his consent. 1 @a"e, 2. <. 5449 2 Russ. <rimes, 61. (he ta&in! must )e )y vio"ence or puttin! the owner in $ear, )ut )oth these circumstances need not concur, $or i$ a man shou"d )e &noc&ed down and then ro))ed whi"e )e is insensi)"e, the o$$ence is sti"" a ro))ery. 8 Binn. R. 4+/. nd i$ the party )e put in $ear )y threats and then ro))ed, it is not necessary there shou"d )e any !reater vio"ence. 4. (his o$$ence di$$ers $rom a "arceny $rom the person in this, that in the "atter, there is no vio"ence, whi"e in the $ormer the crime is incomp"ete without an actua" or constructive $orce. .d. =ide 2 'wi$t's Di!. 2/8. 2rin. 2en. Law, ch. 22, C8, p. 2859 and <arryin! away9 .nvito Domino9 Larceny9 (a&in!. ROD. measure si#teen $eet and a ha"$ "on!9 a perch. ROGATORY, LETTERS. &ind o$ commission $rom a 6ud!e authori5in! and re1uestin! a 6ud!e o$ another 6urisdiction to e#amine a witness. =ide Letters Ro!atory. ROGUE. 0rench word, which in that "an!ua!e si!ni$ies proud, arro!ant. .n some o$ the ancient En!"ish statutes it means an id"e, sturdy )e!!ar, which is its meanin! in "aw. Ro!ues are usua""y punished as va!rants. "thou!h the word ro!ue is a word o$ reproach, yet to char!e one as a ro!ue is not actiona)"e. 5 Binn. 21/. 'ee 2 Dev. 162 @ardin, 52/. ROLE D7EQUIPAGE. (he "ist o$ a ship's crew9 the muster ro"". ROLL. schedu"e o$ parchment which may )e turned up with the hand in the $orm o$ a pipe or tu)e. ?aco), L. D. h. t. 2. .n car"y times, )e$ore paper came in common use, parchment was the su)stance emp"oyed $or ma&in! records, and, as the art o$ )oo&)indin! was )ut "itt"e used, economy su!!ested as the most convenient mode o$ addin! sheet to sheet, as were $ound re1uisite, and they were tac&ed to!ether in such manner that the who"e "en!th mi!ht )e wound up to!ether in the $orm o$ spira" ro""s. 4. 0i!urative"y it si!ni$ies the records o$ a court or o$$ice. .n 2ennsy"vania the master o$ the ro""s was an o$$icer in whose o$$ice were recorded the acts o$ the "e!is"ature. 1 'mith's Laws, 86.

ROOD OF LAND. (he $ourth part o$ an acre. ROOT. (hat part o$ a tree or p"ant under !round $rom which it draws most o$ its nourishment $rom the earth. 2. -hen the roots o$ a tree p"anted in one man's "and e#tend into that o$ another, this circumstance does not !ive the "atter any ri!ht to the tree, thou!h such is the doctrine o$ the civi" "aw9 Di!. 81, 1, +, 149 )ut such person has a ri!ht to cut o$$ the roots up to his "ine. Ro""e's R. 4/8, vide (ree. 4. .n a $i!urative sense, the term root is used to si!ni$y the person $rom whom one or more others are descended. =ide Descent9 2er stirpes. ROSTER. "ist o$ persons who are in their turn to per$orm certain duties, re1uired o$ them )y "aw. (yt"er , on <ourts 7art. /4. ROUBLE. (he name o$ a coin. (he rou)"e o$ Russia, as money o$ account, is deemed and ta&en at the custom:house, to )e o$ the va"ue o$ seventy:$ive cents. ct 7arch 4, 1884. ROUT, crim. "aw. distur)ance o$ the peace )y persons assem)"ed to!ether with an intention to do a thin!, which, i$ e#ecuted, wou"d have made them rioters, and actua""y ma&in! a motion towards the e#ecution o$ their purpose. 2. .t !enera""y a!rees in a"" particu"ars with a riot, e#cept on"y in this, that it may )e a comp"ete o$$ence without the e#ecution o$ the intended enterprise. @aw&. c. 65, s. 189 1 Russ. on <r. 2549 8 B". <om. 1839 =in. )r. Riots, *c., 2 <om. Di!. 0orci)"e Entry, D /. ROUTOUSLY, p"eadin!s. technica" word proper"y used in indictments $or a rout as descriptive o$ the o$$ence. 2 'a"&. 5/4. ROYAL HONORS. .n dip"oniatic "an!ua!e )y this term is understood the ri!hts en6oyed )y every empire or &in!dom in Europe, )y the pope, the !rand duchies o$ Germany, and the Germanic, and 'wiss con$ederations, to precedence over a"" others who do not en6oy the same ran&, with the e#c"usive ri!ht o$ sendin! to other states pu)"ic ministers o$ the $irst ran&, as am)assadors, to!ether with other distinctive tit"es and ceremonies. =atte", Law o$ ;at. B. 2, c. 4, C489 -heat. .ntern. Law, pt. 2, c. 4, C2. RUBRIC, civi" "aw. (he tit"e or inscription o$ any "aw or statute, )ecause the copyists $ormer"y drew and painted the tit"e o$ "aws and statutes ru)ro co"ore, in red "etters. y". 2and. B. 1, t. 89 Diet. do ?uris. h. t. RUDENESS, crim. "aw. n impo"ite action9 contrary to the usua" ru"es o)served in society, committed )y one person a!ainst another. 2. (his is a re"ative term which it is di$$icu"t to de$ineH those acts which one $riend mi!ht do to another, cou"d not )e 6usti$ied )y persons a"to!ether unac1uainted persons movin! in po"ished society cou"d not )e permitted to do to each other, what )oatmen, host"ers, and such persons mi!ht perhaps 6usti$y. 2 @a!!. Ecc". R. +4. n act done )y a !ent"eman towards a "ady mi!ht )e considered rudeness, whic), i$ done )y one !ent"eman to another mi!ht not )e "oo&ed upon in that "i!ht. Russ. * Ry. 143. 4. person who touches another with rudeness is !ui"ty o$ a )attery. A1. v.B

RULE. (his is a metaphorica" e#pression )orrowed $rom mechanics. (he ru"e, in its proper and natura" sense, is an instrument )y means o$ which may )e drawn $rom one point to another, the shortest possi)"e "ine, which is ca""ed a strai!ht "ine. 2. (he ru"e is a means o$ comparison in the arts to 6ud!e whether the "ine )e strai!ht, as it serves in 6urisprudence, to 6ud!e whether an action )e 6ust or un6ust, it is 6ust or ri!ht, when it a!rees with the ru"e, which is the "aw. .t is un6ust and wron!, when it deviates $rom it. "t is the same with our wi"" or our intention. RULE OF LAW. Ru"es o$ "aw are !enera" ma#ims, $ormed )y the courts, who havin! o)served what is common to many particu"ar cases, announce this con$ormity )y a ma#im, which is ca""ed a ru"e9 )ecause in dou)t$u" and un$oreseen cases, it is a ru"e $or their decision9 it em)races particu"ar cases within !enera" princip"es. (ou"". (it. pre". n. 1+9 1 B". <om. 889 Domat, "iv. pre". t. 1, s. 1 Ram on ?ud!m. 439 4 Barn. * do". 489 2 Russ. R. 216, 583, 5819 8 Russ. R. 4359 13 2rice's R. 218, 21/, 2289 1 Barn. * <r. 869 + Bin!. R. 2839 1 Ld. Raym. +289 5 (. R. 59 8 7. * '. 488. 'ee 7a#im. RULE OF COURT. n order made )y a court havin! competent 6urisdiction. 2. Ru"es o$ court are either !enera" or specia"9 the $ormer are the "aws )y which the practice o$ the court is !overned9 the "atter are specia" orders made in particu"ar cases. 4. Diso)edience to these is punished )y !ivin! 6ud!ment a!ainst the diso)edient party, or )y attachment $or contempt. RULE TO SHOW CAUSE. n order made )y the court, in a particu"ar case, upon motion o$ one o$ the parties ca""in! upon the other to appear at a particu"ar time )e$ore the court, to show cause, i$ any he have, why a certain thin! shou"d not )e done. 2. (his ru"e is !ranted !enera""y upon the oath or a$$irmation o$ the app"icant9 )ut upon the hearin!, the evidence o$ competent witnesses must )e !iven to support the ru"e, and the a$$idavit o$ the app"icant is insu$$icient. RULE OF THE WAR, "+56, comm. "aw, war. ru"e re"atin! to neutra"s was the $irst ru"e practica""y, esta)"ished in 1+56, and universa""y promu"!ated, that Fneutra"s are not to carry onin times o$ war, a trade which was interdicted to them in times o$ peace.F <hit. Law o$ ;at. 1669 2 Ro). n. 1869 8 Ro). pp.9 Reeve on 'hipp. 2+19 1 >ent, <om. 829 7ann. Law ;at. 1/6 to 232. RULE, TERM, En!"ish practice. term ru"e is in the nature o$ a day ru"e, )y which a prisoner is ena)"ed )y the terms o$ one ru"e, instead o$ a dai"y ru"e, to 1uit the prison or its ru"es $or the purpose o$ transactin! his )usiness. "t is o)tained in the same manner as a day ru"e. 'ee Ru"es. TO RULE. (his has severa" meanin!sH 1. (o determine or decide9 as, the court ru"e the point in $avor o$ the p"ainti$$. 2. (o order )y ru"e9 as ru"e to p"ead. RULES, En!"ish "aw. (he ru"es o$ the >in!'s Bench and 0"eet are certain "imits without the actua" wa""s o$ the prisons, where the prisoner, on proper security previous"y !iven to the marsha" o$ the &in!'s )ench, or warden o$ the $"eet, may reside9 those "imits are considered, $or a"" "e!a" and practica" purposes, as mere"y a $urther e#tension o$ the prison wa""s. 2. (he ru"es or permission to reside without the prison, may )e o)tained )y any person

not committed crimina""y9 2 'tr. R. 8859 nor $or contempt .d. 81+9 )y satis$yin! the marsha" or warden o$ the security with which he may !rant such permission. RULES OF PRACTICE. <ertain orders made )y the courts $or the purpose o$ re!u"atin! the practice o$ mem)ers o$ the )ar and others. 2. Every court o$ record has an inherent power to ma&e ru"es $or the transaction o$ its )usiness9 which ru"es they may $rom time to time chan!e, a"ter, rescind or repea". -hi"e they are in $orce they must )e app"ied to a"" cases which $a"" within them9 they can use no discretion, un"ess such discretion is authori5ed )y the ru"es themse"ves. Ru"es o$ court cannot, o$ course, contra:vene the constitution or the "aw o$ the "and. 4 2ic&. R. 5129 2 @ar. * ?ohn. +/9 1 2et. '. <. R. 6389 4 Binn. 22+, 81+9 4 '. * R. 2549 8 '. * R. 4469 2 7isso. R. /89 11 '. * R. 1419 5 2ic&. R. 18+. RUMOR. !enera" pu)"ic report o$ certain thin!s, without any certainty as to their truth. 2. .n !enera", rumor cannot )e received in evidence, )ut when the 1uestion is whether such rumor e#isted, and not its truth or $a"sehood, then evidence o$ it may )e !iven. RUNCINUS. na!. 1 (ho. <o. Litt. 8+1. RUNNING DAYS. .n sett"in! the "ay days, A1. v.B or the days o$ demiurra!e, A1. v.B the contract sometimes speci$ies Frunnin! days9F )y this e#prression is, in !enera", understood, that the days sha"" )e rec&oned "i&e the days in a )i"" o$ e#chan!e 1 Be""'s <omm. 5++, 5th ed. RUNNING OF THE STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS. metaphorica" e#pression, )y which is meant that the time mentioned in the statute o$ "imitations is considered as passin!. 1 Bouv. .nst. n. 861. RUNNING WITH THE LAND. technica" e#pression app"ied to covenants rea", which a$$ect the "and9 and i$ a "essee covenants that he and his assi!ns wi"" repair the house demised, or pay a !round:rent, and the "essee !rants over the term, and the assi!nee does not repair the house or pay the !round:rent, an action "ies a!ainst the assi!nee at common "aw, )ecause this covenant runs with the "and. Bro. <ovenant, 42 Ro""e's ). 5229 Bac. ). <ovenant, E 8. 2. (he same princip"e which re!u"ates the anne#ation o$ incorporea" to corporea" property, determines what covenants may )e anne#ed to a tenure. (hose a"one which tend direct"y, not mere"y throu!h the intervention o$ co""atera" causes, to improve the estate, !ive sta)i"ity to the tenant's tit"e, assure him, $rom a de$ective one, or add to the "ord's means on the one hand, the tenant's on the other, o$ en$orcin! the stipu"ations )etween them, are o$ this sort. <ro. E"i5. 61+9 <ro. ?ac. 1259 2 @. B". 144 (. ?ones, 1889 <ro. <ar. 14+, 534. 4. <ovenants runnin! with the "and pass with the tenure, thou!h not made with assi!ns. (he parties to them are not and B, )ut the tenant and the "and"ord in those characters. -hen the "and"ord assi!ns the reversion, the assi!nee )ecomes "ord in his room, $i""s the precise situation and character the assi!nor was c"othed with, and is there$ore entit"ed to the privi"e!es anne#ed to that character. -hether the tenant is sued )y the "and"ord or his assi!ns, )e is sued )y the same person, name"y, his "ord. (he same ar!ument, chan!in! its terms, app"ies to the tenant's assi!nee. 5 <o. 289 <ro. E"i5. 5529 4 7od. 5489 13 7od. 1529 12 7od. 4+1.

8. (o ma&e a covenant run with the "and, it is not re1uisite that the cove:nantor shou"d )e possessed o$ any estate9 )e may )e an entire stran!er to the "and, )ut the covenantee must have some trans$era)"e interest in it, to which the covenant can attach itse"$, $or otherwise the covenant is mere"y persona". <o. Litt. 485 a9 4 (. R. 4/49 2 'c. 643 2 Bin!. ;. '. 811. nd to ma&e the assi!nee "ia)"e, he must ta&e the estate the covenantee had in the "and, and no other, $or when he ta&es another and a di$$erent estate in the same "and, he cannot sue upon the covenants. 6 East, 28/. =ide Breach9 <ovenant. 5. covenant runnin! with the "and passes to the heir at "aw, on the death o$ the ancestor, whether the heir )e named in such covenant or not. 2 Lev. /29 2 'aund. 46+ a. =ide <ovenant. RUPEE, comm. "aw. denomination o$ money in Ben!a". .n the computation o$ ad va"orem duties, it is va"ued at $i$ty:$ive and one ha"$ cents. ct o$ 7arch 2, 1+//, s. 619 1 'tory's L. %. '. 62+. =ide 0orei!n coins. 2. (he rupee o$ British .ndia as money o$ account at the custom:house, sha"" )e deemed and ta&en to )e o$ the va"ue o$ $orty:$our and one ha"$ cents. ct o$ 7arch 4, 1888. RURAL. (hat which re"ates to the country, as rura" servitudes. 'ee %r)an. RUSE DE GUERRE. Litera""y a tric& in war9 a strata!em. .t is said to )e "aw$u" amon! )e""i!erents, provided it does not invo"ve treachery and $a"sehood. Grot. Droit de "a Guerre, "iv. 4, c. 1, C/. RUTA, civ. "aw. (he name !iven to those thin!s which are e#tracted or ta&en $rom "and, as sand, cha"&, coa", and such other thin!s. 2oth. 2and. "iv. 53, h. t.