PRJCT at Titanium

Travancore Titanium Products Limited
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
A Study On Analysis Of Working Capital Management Page 1
Introduction to the study

. Finance is one of the most important and well concentrated factors in every organization. Finance is an important function of any business, as money is required to meet the various activities of it. Finance is needed to promote or establish the business, acquires fixed assets, make investigations, develop product, meeting day to day affairs of the company, encourage managers to make progress and create value. Management of the current assets held by a firm is known as working capital management. It involves administering and controlling of current assets as well as procurement and financing of the current assets. Current assets include cash, marketable securities, short term investments, accounts receivable, inventory etc and financing of current assets include current liabilities and borrowings. Thus working capital management deals with funds involved in day-to-day operations of the firm. The proper management of working capital may bring about the success of a business firm. It is reflected by the fact that financial manager spend a great deal of time in managing current assets and current liabilities. Arranging short term financing, negotiating favourable credit terms, controlling the movement of cash, administering of accounts receivables and monitoring the investment in inventories consume a great deal of their time. It has been found that the largest portion of a financial managers time is utilized in the management of working capital.
1.2 Statement of the Problem

Public sector in India has come to be regarded as the biggest single economic institution in the country. The entire process of economic development vests on these public sector firms. The working capital position of these enterprises has not been satisfactory owing to numerous factors. The present study is undertaken with a view to examine the practice in working capital management. The Travancore Titanium products Ltd is a profitable public enterprise. While estimating the needs for working capital purposes in addition to those factors that influence the magnitude of working capital such as cash, accounts receivables and inventory, since the efficient management of working capital depends on the efficient administration of these components. A Study On Analysis Of Working Capital Management Page 2
1.3 Objectives of the Study

The Study has been undertaken with the following objectives To study the pattern of working capital employed in Travancore Titanium Products Ltd To analysis and interpret the efficiency of the working capital To study the cash management practices. To study the inventory management practices To study the management of receivables and accounts payable To observe the trend of working capital To measure the liquidity position of TTP Ltd
1.4 Methodology
Research Methodology is way to systematically solve the research problem. It may be understood as a science of studying how research is done scientifically. In this we study the various steps that are generally adopted by a researcher in studying his research problem along with the logic behind them. It is necessary for the researcher to know not only the research methods/techniques but also the methodology.
Research Design A research design is an arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure.
It is the conceptual structure within which research is conducted and it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data. It includes an outline of what the researcher will do from within the hypothesis and its operational implications to the final analysis of the data. The research design adopted in this study is descriptive research design. A descriptive research design is the one which includes the description of the state of affairs as it exists at present. It includes survey and fact finding enquiries of A Study On Analysis Of Working Capital Management Page 3
different kinds. The researcher has no control over the variables. The major purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of affairs, as it exists at present.
Data Collection The methodology of the study is through collecting the primary and secondary data Primary Data Data collected by the investigator directly for the purpose of investigation is called primary data. Primary data has been collected through: Formal interview with finance manager and department head Conversation with people of all levels in the finance department
Secondary Data The investigator makes use of data present in published and unpublished sources for secondary data. The secondary data were obtained from Company annual reports Journals and information Brochures of the firm Company Web-sites etc
Processing of data Processing implies editing, coding, classification of collected data so that they are amenable to analysis. Percentages are often used data presentation for they simplify numbers, reducing all of them to zero to hundred ranges.
Data Analysis tools and techniques Analysis refers to the computation of certain measures along with searching for patterns of relationships that exists among data groups. For analysis the data, ratio analysis, schedule of changes in working capital and trend analysis have been used. Data Interpretation refers to the task of drawing inferences from the collected facts after an analytical study. It is essential since the usefulness and utility of research findings lie in proper interpretation. Interpretation leads to explanatory concepts that can serve as guide for future research designs. A Study On Analysis Of Working Capital Management Page 4
1.5 Scope and Significance of the Study

The study relate to the management of working capital at Travancore Titanium Products Limited, Thiruvananthapuram. The study of working capital and in management is of immense significance in working of any organization. Without a very good amount of planning of the working capital system, the operation of the company becomes very difficult. The working capital system of a large organization like Travancore Titanium Products Limited could be complicated and a proper study will help to understand the functioning of the working capital management and examine its effectiveness. This study will also be highly beneficial to management for designing their future policy.
1.6 Limitations
The study has the following limitations There are several matters which are kept as confidential matters that are not exposed to us. The study is mainly based on secondary data The statistics of only five years are considered The figures used for analysis has been taken from the annual reports of the company. The data contained in the reports are historical and time value concept of money is not applied.
1.7 Chapterisation
Chapter 1:-
Introduction Provides the introduction to the study including statement of the problem, Objectives, Scope of the study, Research Design and
Chapter 2:-
Industry Profile Gives the profile of the industry as a whole
Chapter 3:-
Company Profile Deals with the profile of Travancore Titanium Products Ltd, where the details regarding the history of the organization, as well as the product offered and the social import of the company are given in detail. Page 5
A Study On Analysis Of Working Capital Management
Chapter 4
Theoretical perspective This chapter deals with the theoretical perspective
Chapter 5:-
Data Analysis and interpretation The data collected was tabulated and analyzed and a suitable report was prepared on the basis of findings for that different tool and techniques are used.
Chapter 6:-
Findings, conclusions and suggestions Involves the various findings, conclusions and suggestions to Working Capital Management of TTP Ltd
CHAPTER 2 INDUSTRY PROFILE
Page 6
INDUSTRY PROFILE
2.1 WORLD SCENARIO
The use of Titanium dioxide is very vast and it has been producing in various parts of the world in different level, which includes multi National companies as well as small industries. . It is estimated that worlds total installed capacity for titanium dioxide production is of the order of 4.22 to 4.83 million tones per annum.
The credit for recognizing the existence of Titanium goes to Rev. William George who found traces of black magnetic sand unfamiliar to him in Menacine Parish (U.K) and be named it Menacine. But it was M.H.K Laplast who discovered Titanium. He examined Rutitle and identified as an oxide of a metal and named it as Titanium. The use of Titanium minerals in welding electrode coating gained
acceptance in the mid thirties while titanium metal has been of commercial importance since 1948.
The top 5 producers of world now control 78% of the global capacity. They are Dupont (USA), Millennium Inorganic chemicals (Australia), Kert Meger (Canada), Huntsman Trioxides and Kronos (Germany) and ISK(Japan), Cinkarna, Precheza, Zachem, Prolice. Han Kook (South Korea), Sakaiand Tyka (Japan), Kerala Minerals and Metals Ltd (India) and two other Ukrainian producers come next. All others are very small producers.
Titanium dioxide enjoys a large market by any measure; historically the market has grown in volume at 3.5% to reach close to $8 billion in production value today. In the last decade demand has slowed to 3% and it is expected in the next decade, growth will be in the range of 2.5 to 3.5%. Titanium dioxide is used in industries like Paint, Plastics, fiber, paper inks etc.
Page 7
Titanium dioxide pigment consumption rose sharply in Western Europe and Asia/pacific (excluding Japan) during the year 2000. East Asia is presently the most attractive region in the world of Titanium Dioxide.
2.3 NATIONAL SCENARIO
The Indian reserves of llmanik and Rutile are expected to be around 6,00,000 tones per year and most important sources are South Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Beach reserves are also seen in Retnagiri(Maharashtra), Ganjan(Orissa) and
Sreekakulam(Andhra Pradesh). The reserves in Kerala and Tamil Nadu are about 20 million tones. This information throws light into the possibilities of new manufacturers and competition in Titanium Dioxide pigment industry in the Indian Market.
The demand of Titanium dioxide of India based on 8%growth was
Year 2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010
Volume 63000 68000 73500 79400 85750 92600
Currently there are four units in India engaged in the manufacturing of Titanium dioxide pigment (Rutile and Anatase) with a total combined capacity of 44560 metric tons per annum. These units are The Kerala Minerals and Metals Ltd, Chavara Kollam The Travancore Titanium products Ltd, Thiruvananthapuram The Kilburn Chemicals Ltd, Chennai A Study On Analysis Of Working Capital Management Page 8
Travancore Titanium Products Limited The Kalmark Chemicals Ltd, Kolkata
The Kerala Minerals and Metals Ltd (KMML) is the only unit producing Rutile grade Titanium dioxide pigment in India with an installed capacity of 30,000 tons per annum.
2.4 STATE SCENARIO
The history of mineral separating in Kerala starts with the discovery of monazite in the black beach sand on Manavalakurichi in the year 1909 by a German Scientist named Shomburg. This black sand contains large stock of rare minerals. Kerala is enriched with huge amount of mineral deposit stretch along the seashore between Neendakara and Kayamkulam. These mineral deposits are commonly called black sand or dark sand.
Titanium Dioxide Pigment Producing Units in Kerala are
Company Travancore Titanium Products Ltd, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
Grade of Products Anatase Grade Titanium dioxide pigments treated with Sulphur
The Kerala Minerals and Metals Ltd Chavara, Kerala
Rutile Grade Titanium Chlorination dioxide produced by
Page 9
CHAPTER 3 COMPANY PROFILE
Page 10
COMPANY PROFILE
Thiruvananthapuram could find a place in the industrial map of independent India during the early fifties itself, thanks mainly to M/s. Travancore Titanium Products Ltd. (TTP Ltd) situated at Kochuveli on the outskirts of the city. The unit was promoted by the princely state of Travancore in the year 1946 in collaboration with the British Titan Products Company, United Kingdom .(now known as Tioxide Group Ltd) with object of producing pigment grade titanium dioxide using the titanium rich ilmenite available as placer deposit in the beach sands near Quilion. It is a matter of pride that the manufacture of a rare chemical like titanium dioxide which was confined to highly industrialized nations of the west, was taken up here in Thiruvananthapuram five decades ago by his Highness late Sri Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma Maharaja who visualized the industrialization of his kingdom by unearthing the rich mineral deposits. Till last decade TTP was the only unit producing this white pigment, not only in India, but also in the whole of South East Asia.
Titanium dioxide finds use in a variety of industrial products such as paints, footwears, toilet soaps, ceramic products, artificial fibres, pharmaceutical preparations, rubber products, plastics, paper printing inks textile printing formulations, flooring materials cosmetics, welding rods etc. Its extreme whiteness, perfect non toxicity and chemical inertness make it an ideal choice as a white pigment. The light scattering property of finely divided titanium dioxide is unmatched by any other known material. The chemical is available in two crystalline forms, viz, anatase and rutile, which are of many commercial significance. The relatively softer anatase is the right material for delustering artificial fibres. In TTP Ltd, the anatase grade is produced by the conventional sulphate technology.
Page 11
3.2 History
Travancore Titanium products Limited (TTP) was incorporated on 18th December, 1946, in collaboration with British Titan Products Limited, UK, for the manufacture of anatase grade titanium dioxide pigment through Sulphate route. The installed capacity of the plant was 1800 tonnes per annum(i.e. 5 tonnes per day). Though commercial operations started in 1950, the full swing production could be maintained from 1-1-1954 consequent on the Central Government granting tariff protection and also after availing a loan of Rs.15 lakhs from IFCI. The management of the company was vested with a Managing Agency, viz Indian Titan Products Company Pvt Limited as per a Managing Agency Agreement dated 3-3-1947 on a remuneration of 10%of net profits. This arrangement continued till 15-08-1960 when the management was taken over by the State Government. The company started its first expansion programme in 1957 for doubling the annual production capacity from 1800 to 3600 tonnes (5 to 10 tonnes per day 1800 tonnes rutile and 1800 tonnes anatase). A Research and Development wing was set up in the company on 1961. Industrial License for 50 tonnes per day expansion was obtained in July 1961. It was proposed to produce rutile grade and anatase grade side by side. Next expansion from 10 to 18 tonnes per day was completed in October, 1963. However, the rutile production was temporarily discontinued in 1963. A Study On Analysis Of Working Capital Management Page 12
Government approved the expansion programme for producing 50 tonnes per day in 1967. The sole selling agency agreement with TTK & Co, which has been in existence since 1954, was terminated on 30-06-1970 from which date TTP took over the sales directly. The next expansion programme to 24,500 tonnes per annum, including plant and equipment for the production of coated rutile grades, was completed in 1973. The installed capacity after the expansion was as follows:
Old Plant New Plant Total
: : :
6,500 tonnes 18,000 tonnes 24500 tonnes
As the capacity utilization was very low, a committee appointed subsequently by the Government viz, Dr.Vazir Committee, assessed the achievable capacity of the plant as 15,000 tonnes per annum of anatase grade pigment. The Resource mobilization policy committee set up in 1974 by the state planning board recommended for formation of a sole selling agency for the sale of products of Government companies. Accordingly, the Kerala State Industrial Products Trading Corporation (KSIPTC) was formed in the year 1976. KSIPTC was appointed as the sole selling agents with effect from 1st March 1979. Conversion of Sulphuric Acid Plant into DCDA technology by FEDO on a turnkey basis at a cost of Rs.193.69 lakh was inaugurated on 13-09-1980. The DCDA project started in 1980 was commissioned in June 1984. A Study On Analysis Of Working Capital Management Page 13
Installation of a 1000 KVA generator in December, 1985. During 1989-1990 another 1000 KVA generator was installed and a 66KV substation commissioned. Order for constructing a new 300 tonnes per day Sulphuric acid plant with the latest emission control devices awarded to DMCC on 21-10-1993 at a cost of Rs.24.42 crores. The plant was commissioned on 29th March 1996. Production of rutile by in-house technology in 2002. Direct marketing again by TTP from 2003. ISI 9001:2000 Company in 2004. Antidumping duty imposed on imports from China in 2004.
3.3 MISSION OF THE COMPANY

To attain leadership position in the Titanium dioxide market and achieve a strong national presence in the industrial sector by ensuring customer satisfaction.
3.4 QUALITY POLICY

To achieve Customer Satisfaction by effectively managing resources and delivering titanium related products through continual improvement of the Quality Management System.
3.5 CURRENT SCENARIO

Technical Manufacture of Titanium dioxide pigment through the sulphate route has the drawback of the effluent problems associated with the process. Throughout the world A Study On Analysis Of Working Capital Management Page 14
producers of anatase grade pigment have resorted to developmental activities to upgrade the technology so as to overcome this drawback. The last expansion of the titanium pigment plant in TTP was carried out more than 25 years ago. Since then the sulphate route technology for production of titanium dioxide has undergone several changes. It is worth mentioning in this context that TTP should also upgrade its technology to International Standards.
Marketing Loss of Monopoly Position of TTP For many years TTP enjoyed a monopoly position in the market as it was the only producer of titanium dioxide pigment in India. TTP lost its monopoly in the with the commencement of production of rutile grade pigment by KMML in 1985 and anatase grade pigment by few small scale companies. Further another serious problem that affected the company is cheap pigments imported from China and other countries. Effect of Liberalization of the Indian economy In the wake of liberalization of the economy the import duty on titanium dioxide was also reduced in successive Central budgets. With effect from july 1988 onwards, titanium dioxide pigment was also put under the Open General License(OGL) list, making the imports even more liberal. Exporters were allowed to import raw materials against advance licensed without payment of customs duty. These advances are freely tradable by exporters and available at a price around 50%of the license value.
Impact of WTO regulations India may be forced to comply with the WTO regulations by the year 2002-04 when the import duty rate would come down to the level of around 20%. This would mean that the landed cost of the imported material would come down by around 20%. Besides, more and more competitors would be coming in to Indian market due to the liberalization of the economy. It is therefore obvious that unless immediate steps are A Study On Analysis Of Working Capital Management Page 15
taken to counter the impact of liberalization. TTP would be completely out priced in the market and ultimately the operations of the company would become uneconomical. Further there is all possibility that the ISO-14000 certification pertaining to environment could be made mandatory for all chemical manufacturing units in due course. Withdrawal of the levies and service charge on titanium dioxide and also resorting direct marketing will not solve these problems. Hence TTP will have to find alternate options to effectively counter these threats within the next couple of years. Therefore modernization, capacity enhancement and pollution abatement schemes are to be carried out on an emergent basis.
3.6 INDUSTRIAL MEASURES OF THE COMPANY

Industrial relation of the company is very good from its origin. For the benefit of the employees the company has set up recreation clubs and benevolent fund. There are sub committees in the recreation club to look after the fine arts, sports, library and family welfare. The company is housing a technical library and reading room. Conveyance facilities for the transportation of the workers are at its best. To check the mental stress of the employees, the company has provided with a counseling and guidance wing. Through Training department induction programmes for new courses in the company are conducted.
COMPETITORS For many years TTP Ltd enjoyed a monopoly position in the market as it was the only producer of Titanium dioxide pigment in India. TTP Ltd lost its monopoly in the market with the commencement of production of rutile grade pigment by KMML in 1985 and anatase grade pigment by few small scale companies. At present there are no solid competitors for TTP but competition do exists. Major among them are Kilburn Chemicals, Kalmark chemicals and Kerala Minerals and Metals Kollam. But the production capacity is only about 5 to 8 tons per day. So it is not a great threat to the company. The waste removed from the company is given to Travancore Sulphate Ltd at a very low cost. It will be profitable if this is processed in the company itself.
Page 16
EMPLOYEES The TTP employees are grouped into two categories namely the Officer category and the workers category. There are 890 employees in the company. The number of women employees are 76. No women employee is employed in the production units. Contract workers are appointed as per the day to day functional requirements, constructions etc.
CONSUMERS The major industrial consumers like paint industry, plastic, ceramic wires, ITC. Artificial fiber printing inks, soaps, talcum powder, paper etc. TTP Ltd entered export market in 1976. The company already exported substantial quantities of TiO2 to USA, Afro Asian countries and Western Europe.
3.7 PRODUCTS OF THE COMPANY

Titanium Dioxide is a white pigment the properties of which are superior to any other pigment developed so far. Its properties like high reflectance, high refractive index, optimum particle size distribution, high dispersion, excellent whiteness, high tinting strength and hiding power make it a crucial ingredient for the manufacture of nearly all consumer products we use in our daily life. Paint, rubber, textiles, plastic, paper, cosmetics, synthetic fibers, ceramics, printing inks are some of the major industries that make use of this wonder pigment. The major products of the company are the anatase grade Titanium dioxide. Indian Standard specification have been formulated for Titanium Dioxide in paints, cosmetic industry. Titanium Dioxide pigments for cosmetic industry shall be in the form of soft, dry white powder. There are five specifications Titanium dioxide ISI Grade Titanium dioxide General Purpose Titanium dioxide Granular Titanium dioxide Rayon Grade Titanium dioxide Special Grade
Page 17
This Anatase grade Titanium dioxide is used in all types of white and pastel shades of paints, White-walled tyres, Glazed paper, Plastics, Printed fabrics, Soaps and powders, flooring materials like linoleum, white mosaics, pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. It is also used in electronic components, materials for interior decorations, footwear and leather goods, dyes and printing inks. The other products which are currently manufactured by Travancore Titanium Products Ltd are Titanium dioxide Rutile Grade Potassium Titan ate Sodium Titan ate Anatase SG
PRODUCT PROFILE Titanium dioxide is the main product of TTP Ltd is one of the largest industries in India that produces Titanium dioxide. In addition to Titanium dioxide, the company manufactures small quantities of Potassium Titanate, Sodium Titanate, and Phosphate free Titanium dioxide. All these find use in fluxes for different type of welding electrodes, as Catalysts etc. TTP also produces sulphuric acid for captive consumption. There are two grades of Titanium dioxide namely I grade and II grade. These grades are chemically same but are different based on their physical property. The company deals with the production of Titanium dioxide which belongs to Grade I. The most important commercials are of ileminite is a compound of oxide of iron, titanium and traces of other elements. The Titanium dioxide is not a consumer item. This is an industrial raw material. Consumer products that use Titanium dioxide are paints, footwear, rubber products, plastics, paper, artificial fibers, flooring materials, textiles painting mix, colored printing inks, welding electrodes and metal composites, cosmetics such as baby powder, lipsticks, nail polish, pharmaceuticals etc. Natural rubber latex is processed with titanium oxide while making Hawaii chapel sole, a popular small scale industry. The qualities of Titanium dioxide are as follows: A Study On Analysis Of Working Capital Management Page 18
Travancore Titanium Products Limited It is a non toxic substance It has high refractive index and so it gives a bright appearance when used in paints. It has an opacifying quality which triggers the use of Titanium dioxide in paper industry. That is, it helps in reducing the transparency of paper making it possible to write or print on both sides.
3.8 RAW MATERIALS Iimenite Concentrated Sulphuric Acid Scrap/Sponge iron Glycerine mono steronate Turkey red oil K2SO4 Mono aluminum phosphate Potassium hydroxide Zinc oxide Zinc Dust 3.9 PRODUCTION PROCESS 1. Grinding the Ilmenite 2. Digestion 3. Reduction 4. Setting 5. Concentration 6. Precipitation 7. Filtration & Washing 8. Leaching 9. Treatment 10. Calcinations
Page 19
3.10 ORGANISATIONAL SETUP
TTP Ltd is a public sector undertaking managed by the Government of Kerala. The Board of Directors of TTP Ltd consists of The Chairman, Managing Director, Executive Director, Additional Secretary of Finance and Special Secretary to Industries.
The Chairman and Managing Director (CMD) is the Chief Executive. Usually a senior Government official from IAS or IPS cadre next to CMD is Executive Director and General Manager. In TTP Ltd employees are grouped into two as office category and workers category. Working Hours
Shift Office time General I Shift II Shift III Shift Special
Timings 9.00 - 16.00 hrs 8.00 - 16.00 hrs 6.00 - 14.00 hrs 14.00 22.00 hrs 22.00 06.00 hrs 11.00 19.00 hrs
Labour Welfare Scheme
TTP Ltd provides a vast number of welfare amenities to its employees for the promotion of the better labour management relationship. They are: Canteen facility Titanium Recreation Club Benevolent fund Legal claim Industrial Health Service awards Education subsidy Page 20
High qualification education benefit Housing Supplementary Medical benefits Conveyance and leave facility
Trade Union The first Trade Union came in to being in TTP Ltd in 1951 at present there are three recognized unions. Titanium products Labour Union(INTCU) Titanium General Labour union(CITU) Titanium employee council.
Marketing Centres The company has 33 stockiest all over India and also more than 175 customers. The main customers are Asian Paints Colgate Paragon Berger Paints Shalimar Paints Channels of Distribution
Finished Goods or Products
Stockiest
Traders
Direct customers
3.11 DEPARTMENTS
A Study On Analysis Of Working Capital Management Page 21
Production Department For the manufacturing of Titanium dioxide, the raw material used is Ilmenite. This raw material is brought from Chavara, manavalakurichi and from Orissa. About 54% of IImenite contains Tio2. Though Tio2 can be produced by conventional methods like Chloride and Sulphate process , the method adopted in TTP is Sulphate process. Functions Prepare a plan regarding the effective utilisation of raw material. Ensure that quality is strictly followed in the production process. Determining the production targets. Periodic meeting of production managers to review their performance. Ensure implementation of safety measures in the operation of equipments and avoid danger to men and equipment.
Personnel Department Personnel department is responsible for the administration of the human factor in the Organisation and aims at putting opportunity for human resource in to effective use and provides opportunity for maximum individual development. Functions Recruitment and Selection Man Power Planning Personal records of all employees Enter into a long term settlement with trade unions Analysis of promotion possibility of employees.
Legal Department The main function of the legal department is Conduct of cases Service matters Disciplinary proceedings Financial matters Commercial transations Page 22
Safety Department It came into existence in 1984. The main aim of the department is to maintain an accident free environment. Functions Overall function of safety in the company Supervision of emergency centre Advisory function Lowering safety committee meetings Giving work permission Plant safety inspection Accident investigation Report any accident to Managing Director of the company
Engineering Department It is responsible for installation of the factory structures which includes plant and machinery, office equipments and their maintenance and up keep to the optimum production levels of TTP. There are four main sections under engineering department they are: a. Mechanical b. Electrical c. Civil d. Instrumentation
Security and Vigilance Department TTP Ltd has a well established Security and Vigilance Department functioning under security superintendent and Vigilance Officer. Functions To check all incoming and outgoing goods and vehicles To protect the personnel and property of the organisation To assist the management in case of strikes.
Material Department A Study On Analysis Of Working Capital Management Page 23
Material Management is an integrated function of various section of an organisation. Dealing with supply of materials and allied activities in order to achieve max coordination and optimum expenditure on materials. Functions Receipt of material Inspection Issue and Inventory control
Commercial Department Purchasing of goods place a vital role with an industrial organisation. The aim of the department is to provide right material in the right time at right cost. Training Department It enhances the skill aptitude and ability of workers. The main function of is to give training to employees. The department two type of training a. In House Training b. Outside agency training
Project Department It is created for carrying out the project works successfully. At first identify the scope of the project then the chief manager carries out the project for the company. It also includes the plant modification and expansion.
Marketing Department The marketing department does the marketing activities of the products in TTP Ltd. It conducts market research activities regards to TiO2. TTP has opened its marketing department in 2003. Functions Maintain better customer relationship Develop new market and maintaining existing market Develop the brand image of the product. Conduct market research programme for analyzing needs and wants of the customers. A Study On Analysis Of Working Capital Management Page 24
Human Resource Department Employees remain the most important factor in modern manufacture Organisation. This department will be directly responsible for the personnel function of the company.
3.12 Finance Department

Finance is the life blood of an organisation. TTP follows the integrated system of accounting. Finance department is headed by the the finance controller. Objectives o Preparation of corporate plans and budget. o Financial planning cost control and ensuring uniform and correct observation of financial disciplines of the company. o Monitoring the progress of the budget achievements o Providing accounting services to all levels ensuring updating of systems procedures for the same. o Advising management on funds utilisation and its utilisation. o Evolve an audit manual.
3.13 Finance Department Hierarchy
Page 25
Financial Controller
Financial Manager
Assistant Manager Computer Cell
Dy.Finance Mgr Dy. Finance Mgr
Dy. Finance Mgr
Section Officer Computer Cell
Asst Manager (bills) Section Officer (Bills)
Asst: Manager Stores a/c
Section Officer Stores
Section Officer Tax/budget
Section Officer final a/c
Section Officer Loans & PF
Asst Manager Time office Section officer time office
Asst Manager Salary/wages Section Officer Salary/wages
Asst Manger Cash
Section Officer Cash
Functions To realize all income due to the company Page 26
To ensure prompt payment with regard to a) Statutory payments like sales tax and income tax b) Payment of wages to employees c) Payment of excise duties d) Payment to suppliers for materials, equipments and machinery etc as per terms and conditions.
To make proper entries as per acts, rules and accounts standards. To extract Trial balance, Profit and Loss account and Balance sheet and make proper returns to various laws/statues etc. To make proper cash planning. To send promptly return to Government statutory organisation and other interested parties.
Various Sections under Finance Department PF & ESI section Salary section Sales section Financial accounts section Time office section Budget section Bill section
Page 27
CHAPTER - 4 THEORITICAL PERSPECTIVE
Page 28
WORKING CAPITAL
WORKING CAPITAL MANGEMENT-THEORETICAL ASPECTS
Capital required for a business can be classified under two main categories via, 1) 2) Fixed Capital Working Capital
Every business needs funds for two purposes for its establishment and to carry out its day- to-day operations. Long terms funds are required to create production facilities through purchase of fixed assets such as Plant & Machinery, land, building, furniture, etc. Investments in these assets represent that part of firms capital which is blocked on permanent or fixed basis and is called fixed capital. Funds are also needed for short-term purposes for the purchase of raw material, payment of wages and other day today expenses etc.These funds are known as working capital. In simple words, working capital refers to that part of the firms capital which is required for financing short- term or current assets such as cash, marketable securities, debtors & inventories. Funds, thus, invested in current assts keep revolving fast and are being constantly converted in to cash and this cash flows out again in exchange for other current assets. Hence, it is also known as revolving or circulating capital or short term capital. Working Capital refers to the funds invested in Current assets i.e investment in stocks, sundry debtors, cash and other current assets. Current assets are essential to use fixed assets profitably. The requirement for Current assets is usually greater than the amount of funds payable through current liabilities. In other words, the current assets are to be kept at a higher than the current liabilities. Working capital is a firms investment in short-term assets Cash, short-term securities, accounts receivables and inventories. Working capital management is concerned with the problems that arise in attempting to manage the current assets, the current liabilities and the inter relationship exist between them .Working Capital
Page 29
Management which encompasses all aspects of the administration of both current assets and current liabilities has two main functions: 1. Maintenance of working capital at appropriate level 2. Availability of ample funds as and when they are needed.
Concepts of Working Capital

There are are two concepts of Working Capital 1. Balance Sheet Concept 2. Operating Cycle or Circular Flow Concept Balance Sheet Concept There are two interpretations of working capital under the Balance sheet concept a. Gross Working Capital Gross Working capital refers to the firms total investment in Current assets. Current assets are the assets which can be converted into cash with an accounting year and include cash, short-term securities, debtors, bills receivables and stocks. b. Networking Capital Networking capital refers to the difference between current assets and current liabilities. Current liabilities are those claims of outside which are expected to mature for payment with an accounting year and include creditors, bills payable and outstanding expenses. Networking capital can be positive or negative. A positive networking capital will arise when current asset exceed current liabilities. A negative net working capital occurs when current liabilities in excess of current assets.
Operating Cycle or Circular Flow Concept
Funds invested in current assets keep revolving fast and are being constantly converted into cash and this cash flow out again in exchange for other current assets. Hence, it is also know as revolving or circulating capital. In case of a manufacturing company, the operating cycle is the length of time necessary to complete the following cycle of events a) Conversion of cash into raw materials b) Conversion of raw materials into work-in-progress A Study On Analysis Of Working Capital Management Page 30
c) Conversion of work-in-progress into finished goods. d) Conversion of finished goods into accounts receivable e) Conversion of accounts receivables into cash
Accounts Receivables
Cash
Finished good
Raw materials
Work- in Progress
Classification of Working Capital
Working Capital can be classified in two ways: a) On the basis of Concept b) On the basis of Time
On the basis of Time, Working Capital may be classified as: 1) Fixed or Permanent Working Capital 2) Temporary or Variable Working Capital
Page 31
KINDS OF WORKING CAPTIAL
On the Basis of Concept
On the Basis of Time
Gross Working Capital
Net Working Capital
Fixed Working Capital
Temporary or Variable
Regular Working Capital
Reserve Working Capital
Seasonal Working Capital
Special Working Capital
Fixed or Permanent Working Capital
Fixed or Permanent working capital is the minimum amount which is required to ensure effective utilization of fixed facilities and for maintaining the circulation of current assets. There is always a minimum level of current assets which is continuously required by the enterprise to carry out its normal business operations. The minimum level of current assets is called permanent or fixed working capital. As the business grows, the requirements of permanent working capital also increase due to the increase in current assets. The permanent working capital can further be classified as regular working capital and reserve working capital. Regular working capital is the minimum amount of liquid capital needed to keep up the circulation of
Page 32
capital and Reserve margin or Cushion working Capital is the excess over the needs for working capital which should be always kept in reserve for contingencies.
Temporary or Variable Working Capital
Temporary or Variable working capital is the amount of working capital which is required to meet the seasonal demands and some special exigencies. The extra working capital needed to support the changing production and sales activities or the portion of working capital which keeps on fluctuating from time to time on the basis of business activities is called temporary or variable working capital. It represents the additional current assets required at different times during the operating year. It is divided into two as seasonal working capital and special working capital. Seasonal working capital is required to meet the seasonal need of the industry whereas Special working capital is required for meeting special operations.
Factors Determining Working Capital Requirements

The working capital requirements of a concern depend upon a large number of factors such as native and size of business, the characters of their operations, the length of production cycles, the rate of stock turnover and the state of economic situation. The following are important factors generally influencing the working capital requirements.
1. Nature or character of business It is the basic factor which influences the working capital needs of the firm because money has to be invested in fixed as well as current assets. In heavy industries huge sums are invested in fixed capital but in case of consumer industries a substantial portion of capital is invested in current assets. In trading industries the working capital requirement is higher than public utilities.
Page 33
2. Production Policy The production policy affects the working capital requirements of a firm. A steady production policy will cause inventories to accumulate during off season period and the firm will be exposed to greater inventory cost and risk. Under such circumstance the firm will rearrange its production schedule in accordance with change in demand for its products.
3. Credit Policy The credit policy of a concern is its dealings with debtors and creditors influence considerable the requirements of working capital. A concern that purchases its requirements on credit and sells its products/services on cash requires amount of working capital. On the other hand a concern buying its requirements for cash and allowing credit to its customers, shall need large amount of working capital as very huge amount of funds are bounds to be higher than that of a provision store.
4. Size of Business/Scale of Operations The working Capital requirements of a concern are directly influenced by the size of its business which may be measured in terms of scale of operations. Greater the size of the business larger will be the requirements of working capital.
5. Business fluctuations In case of most of the product there will be seasonal and cyclical fluctuations. The variation will effect the working capital requirement of the company. During the boom period the firm require large amount of fixed capital and working capital. But during depression period the amount of working capital requirement will be lower. In case of seasonal variations the working capital requirements will increase preferably during the festive season.
6. Price level Changes
Page 34
Changes in the price level also affect the working capital requirements. Generally the rising prices will require the firm to maintain larger amount of working capital as more funds will be required to maintain the same current assets.
7. Manufacturing process/ Length of production Cycle In manufacturing business, the requirements of working capital increase in direct proportion to length of manufacturing process. Longer the process period of manufacture, larger is the amount of working capital required. 8. Rate of Stock Turnover There is a high degree of inverse co-realization between the quantum of working capital and the velocity or speed with which the sales are affected. A firm having a high rate of stock turnover will need lower amount of working capital as compared to a firm having a low rate of turnover. 9. Expansion The working capital needs of a firm increase as it grows in terms of sales, fixed assets etc. A growing concern needs funds in fixed assets in order to increase the production capacity and sales which will ultimately increase the working capital requirements. Here also proper planning may be done in order to meet the increasing needs of working capital. 10. Profit margin and profit appropriation If the net profit increases years after year then the working capital will also increase because net profit is a source of fund of the firm. The depreciation policy of the firm will reduce the net profit of the firm which will ultimately reduce the tax liability of the firm. Depreciation is an indirect method of retaining profit and pressuring the firms working capital position.
Principles of Working Capital Management
The following are the general principles of a Sound Working Capital Management Policy:-
Page 35
1. Principle of Risk Variation Risk here means the inability of a firm to meet its obligations as and when they become due for payment. Larger investment in current asset with less dependence on short term borrowing increases the opportunity for gain or loss.
2. Principle of Equity position The principle is concerned with planning total investment in current asset. According to this principle the amount of working capital invested in each component should be adequately justified by a firms equity position. Every Rupee invested in current asset should contribute to the net worth of the firm. 3. Principle of Cost of Capital The various sources of raising working capital finance have different cost of capital and the degree of risk involved. Generally, higher the risks lower the cost. A sound working capital should always try to achieve a proper balance between these two.
4. Principle of Maturity of Payments This Principle concerned with planning the sources of finance for working capital. According to this principle, the firm should make every effort to relate maturities of payments to pattern of various current obligations. It is an important factor in a risk assumption and risk assessments generally, shorter the maturity schedule of current liabilities in relation to expected cash flows the greater the inability to meet its obligation in time.
Sources of Working Capital

A large scale manufacturing concern may procure fund from various sources to meet its working capital requirement from time to time. The source of working capital may be classified into two namely a) Long term sources b) Short term sources
Page 36
Long term Sources of Working Capital The long term sources of working capital financing involve the following:i. Issue of Shares : It is the most important source of long term regular working capital. As far as possible effect should be made to procure maximum amount of regular working capital out of the proceedings of the issue of shares. ii. Issue of Debentures: Regular working capital can be raised by the issue of debentures or bonds. The cost of capital is lower in this use by issuing debentures, the company may trade on equity in favourable circumstances but it must be a caution in rising funds by issuing debentures. iii. Sale of fixed assets: If there are any idle fixed assets in the firm it can be sold out and the proceeds may be utilized for financing the working capital requirements. iv. Security from employees and customers: Certain companies require security deposits from their employees before giving them employment and from their regular customers under terms of service contract. The security deposits are not refundable during the period the employee is in the service of the firm or the customer is registered with it. v. Term Loans: Under this agreement banks advance loans by mid-term and long-term loans for three to seven years repayable in yearly or half-yearly installments. Banks provide credit on the basis of the following modes of security such as hypothecation, pledge, lien, mortgage and charge etc.
Sources of Short term working capital Short term financing refers to those sources of short term that the firm must arrange in advance. This may be classified into two:a) Internal Sources Internal Sources means sources of fund from inside the firm. i. Depreciation fund Depreciation fund created out of the profit of the company provide a good source of working capital, provided they are not invested in or represented by an asset. A Study On Analysis Of Working Capital Management Page 37
ii.
Provision for taxation There remains a time lag between making the provision for the payment of taxation. A company may utilize such provision as a source of fund.
iii.
Accrued expenses The company may sometime postpone the payment of certain expenditure due on the date of finalization of the accounts. These accrued expenses also constitute an important source of working capital.
b) External sources External sources of working capital mean sources of fund from outside the firm i. Normal trade Trade credit provides short term finance to the company by selling the goods, inventories and equipments on the basis of deferred payments. ii. Bank credit The greater part of working capital is supplied by commercial banks to their customers through direct advances, in the shape of loans, cash credit, over-draft and through discounting the credit papers. iii. Public Deposit Most companies can depend on their sources to meet the working capital requirement by public deposit. iv. Customers Credit Advances may also be obtained from customers against the contract entered into by the enterprise. v. Loan from Managing Director or Directors Sometimes Directors or Managing Directors of a company provide loans to the company at a very negligible rate of interest or at no rate of interest. vi. Government Assistance
Page 38
Central and State Government of the company provide short term finance to industries by allowing for tax concessions, sanctioning direct loans or grants to industries or a class of industries to assist their production etc.
Importance or Advantages of Adequate Working Capital

Working Capital is the life blood and nerve centre of a business. No business can run successfully without an adequate amount of working capital. The main advantages of maintaining adequate amount of working capital are as follows: Solvency of the Business Adequate working capital helps in maintaining solvency of the business by providing uninterrupted flow of production. Goodwill Sufficient working capital enables a business concern to make prompt and hence helps in creating and maintaining goodwill. Easy loans A concern having adequate working capital, high solvency and good credit standing can arrange loans from banks and others on easy and favorable terms. Cash Discounts Adequate working capital also enables a concern to avail cash discounts on the purchases and hence it reduces costs. Regular supply of raw materials Sufficient working capital ensures regular supply of raw materials and continuous production. Regular payments of salaries, wages and other day-to-day commitments A company which has ample working capital can make regular payment of salaries, wages and other day-today commitments which raises the morale of its employees, increases their efficiency, reduces wastages and costs and enhances production and profits. A Study On Analysis Of Working Capital Management Page 39
Travancore Titanium Products Limited Exploitation of favorable market conditions Only concerns with adequate working capital can exploit favorable market conditions such as purchasing its requirements in bulk when the prices are lower and by holding its inventories for higher prices. Quick and regular return on investment Every investor wants a quick and regular return on his investment. Sufficiency off working capital enables a concern to pay quick and regular dividends to its investors as there may not be much pressure to plough back profits. High Morale Adequacy of working capital creates an environment of security, confidence, high morale and creates overall efficiency in business.
Demerits of Excess Working Capital

Excess working capital means idle funds which earn no profits for a business and hence the business cannot earn a proper rate of return on its investments. It may lead to unnecessary purchasing and accumulated inventories causing more changes of theft, waste and losses. It implies excessive debtors and defective credit policy which may
cause higher incidence of bad debts. It may also result into inefficiency of the organization. Chance of speculative transaction. The value of shares may fall due to low rate of return on investment.
Demerits of Inadequate Working Capital

Leading to inability of the concern to pay its short term liabilities on time. May lead to inability of the concern to buy its requirements in bulk and cannot avail discounts etc. Inability of the firms to meet day to day expenses. Page 40
Travancore Titanium Products Limited Leading to fall in rate of return on investments.
Needs or Objects of Working Capital

Working Capital is needed for the following purposes: o For the purchase of raw materials, components and spares. o To pay wages and salaries o To incur day-to-day expenses and overhead costs such as fuel, power and office expenses etc. o To meet the selling costs as packing, advertising etc. o To Provide credit facilities to the customers o To maintain the inventories of raw materials, work-in-progress, stores and spares and finished stock. Management of working capital is concerned with the problem that arises in attempting to manage the current assets, current liabilities. The basic goal of working capital management is to manage the current assets and current liabilities of a firm in such a way that a satisfactory level of working capital is maintained, i.e. it is neither adequate nor excessive as both the situations are bad for any firm. There should be no shortage of funds and also no working capital should be ideal. working capital management polices of a firm has a great on its probability, liquidity and structural health of the organization. So working capital management is three dimensional in nature as It concerned with the formulation of policies with regard to profitability, liquidity and risk. It is concerned with the decision about the composition and level of current assets. It is concerned with the decision about the composition and level of current liabilities.
Page 41
WORKING CAPITAL ANALYSIS As we know working capital is the life blood and the centre of a business. Adequate amount of working capital is very much essential for the smooth running of the business. And the most important part is the efficient management of working capital in right time. The liquidity position of the firm is totally effected by the management of working capital. So, a study of changes in the uses and sources of working capital is necessary to evaluate the efficiency with which the working capital is employed in a business. This involves the need of working capital analysis. The analysis of working capital can be conducted through a number of devices, such as: 1. 2. 3.
Ratio analysis. Fund flow analysis. Budgeting.
Page 42
CHAPTER-5
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
Page 43
A study of working capital would reveal whether it is serving the purpose for which it has been created or not. Working Capital typically means the firms holding of current or short term assets such as cash receivables, inventory and marketable securities. TTP has issued capital of 200000 lakhs shares of Rs 1000 each and paid up capital of 155350 shares of Rs 1000 each. The major tool used for analyzing the capital productions of TTP are Ratio Analysis Schedule of Changes in Working Capital Trend Analysis
1).RATIO ANALYSIS
Ratio analysis is a widely used tool of financial analysis. The term ratio in it refers to the relationship expressed in mathematical terms between two individual figures or groups of figures connected with each other in some logical manner and are selected from financial statements of the concern. The ratio analysis is based on the fact that a single accounting figure by itself may not communicate any meaningful information but when expressed as a relative to some other figure, it may definitely provide some significant information. A ratio helps to express the relationship between two accounting figures in such a way that users can draw conclusions about performance, strengths and weakness of firms. Ratios are exceptionally useful tools with which one can judge financial performance of enterprise over a period of time. The efficiency of the enterprise can also be judged against the industry average. The ratio analysis helps the analyst to form a judgment whether performance of the firm at a point of time is good, questionable or poor. The analysis will also indicate whether the financial conditions of the firm is improving or deteriorating and whether the cost, profitability or efficiency is showing an upward or downward trend. Advantages of Ratio Analysis A Study On Analysis Of Working Capital Management Page 44
Ratios are helpful in judging financial performance of an enterprise over a period of time. Ratios tell the various aspects of management performance and the overall financial position. A study of the trend of strategic ratios may help the management in the task of planning and forecasting. The ratios measure the efficiency of operation of enterprise. Hence they can be used as a tool of management control. Ratios facilitate inter firm comparison.
Limitations of Ratio Analysis Variation in price level makes the interpretation of ratios invalid Accounting and financial ratios will tend to interpret wrong direction if based on unauthentic data. The differences in the definition of item in the balance sheet and income statement make the interpretation of ratios difficult. It is difficult to decide a proper basis for comparison The ratio calculated at a point of time are less informative and defective as they suffer from short-term changes. Analysis of Short term Financial Position or Test of Liquidity The short term creditors of a company such as suppliers of goods of credit and commercial banks short-term loans are primarily interested to know the ability of a firm to meet its obligations in time. The short term obligations of a firm can be met in time only when it is having sufficient liquid assets. So to with the confidence of investors, creditors, the smooth functioning of the firm and the efficient use of fixed assets the liquid position of the firm must be strong. But a very high degree of liquidity of the firm being tied up in current assets. (A). Liquidity Ratio Liquidity refers to the ability of a firm to meet its current obligations as and when these become due. The short-term obligations are met by realizing amounts A Study On Analysis Of Working Capital Management Page 45
from current, floating or circulating assts. The current assets should either be liquid or near about liquidity. These should be convertible in cash for paying obligations of short-term nature. The sufficiency or insufficiency of current assets should be assessed by comparing them with short-term liabilities. If current assets can pay off the current liabilities then the liquidity position is satisfactory. On the other hand, if the current liabilities cannot be met out of the current assets then the liquidity position is bad. To measure the liquidity of a firm, the following ratios can be calculated 1. Current Ratio 2. Quick Ratio or Acid Test Ratio 3. Absolute Liquid Ratio 1. Current Ratio Current Ratio is the ratio of current assets to the total liabilities. It is expressed as follows. The current ratio of the firm measures its short term solvency i.e its ability to meet short term obligations. A current ratio of 2:1 is considered to be an ideal one. It provides a margin of safety to the creditors. It is an index of the firms financial stability. It is calculated by dividing current assets by current liabilities Current Ratio = Current Asset Current Liabilities Current Assets include cash and those assets that can be converted into cash with a year such as marketable securities, debtors and inventories. Prepaid expenses are also included in the current assets. Current Liabilities include expenses, short-term bank loan and income tax liability etc. 2. Quick Ratio or Acid Test Ratio Quick Ratio establishes a relationship between quick or liquid assets and current or liquid liabilities. It measures the firms capacity to pay off current obligations immediately.
Page 46
Quick Ratio = Quick or Liquid Assets Current Liabilities The term quick asset refers to current assets which can be converted into cash immediately without a loss of value. Quick assets consist of cash in hand, bank balance, bank debts and readily saleable securities. A quick ratio of 1:1 is considered satisfactory though it is only a rule of thumb 3. Absolute Liquidity Ratio This ratio is obtained by dividing cash i.e cash in hand and cash at bank and Marketable securities by current liabilities. It is also known as cash position ratio. Absolute liquidity ratio = Cash + Marketable Securities (Absolute Liquid Assets) Current Liabilities A ratio of 0.75:1 is recommended to ensure liquidity. This test is more vigorous measure of a firms liquidity position.
4. Inventory Turnover Ratio This ratio establishes relationship between sales and stock which reflects the speed of turning over stock into sales. Higher inventory ratio is always beneficial to the concern. Inventory/Stock Turnover Ratio = Sales Inventory
Page 47
5. Debtors Turnover Ratio The purpose of this ratio is to discuss the credit collection power and policy of the firm. Debtors Turnover Ratio = Net Credit Sales Debtors including Bills receivables
6. Working Capital Turnover Ratio This ratio is used to assets the efficiency with which the working capital utilized in a business. This measures the relationship between the net sales and net working capital. Working Capital Turnover Ratio = Net Sales
Net Working Capital 7. Current Assets Turnover Ratio This ratio indicates the extend to which the investments in current assets contribute towards sales. The ratio reveals whether the investment in current assets has been judicious or not. Current Assets Turnover Ratio = Sales Current Assets
Page 48
8. Debtors Collection Period
Collection Period = 365/debtors turnover 9. Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio This ratio measures if the investments in the Fixed Asset have been judicious or not. Higher ratio indicates better performance. It is calculated as follows Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio = Net Sales Fixed Assets 10. Proprietary Ratio It is also known as Net Worth to total assets ratio, which establishes the relationship between proprietors assets. It is computed as: Proprietary Ratio = Share holders fund Total Assets 11. Fixed Assets Ratio Fixed Assets Ratio of the company show the extent to which the long-term funds have been used for financing the fixed assets, the ratio is calculated as follows. Fixed Assets Ratio = Fixed Asset Long term funds
Page 49
12. Net Profit Ratio This ratio is also known as profit margin. This measures the relationship between net profit and sales of the concern. It indicates the operational efficiency of the business. It is given by the formula. Net Profit Ratio = Net Profit x 100 Sales
13. Earnings per Share This ratio help in the assessment of the profitability of a firm from the standpoint of equity share holders. This measures the profit available to equity shareholders per share basis. It is calculated as follows:Earning per share = 14. Dividend Per Share The Dividend per share ratio represents the dividend paid to the shareholders on per share basis. It is calculated as follows:Dividend Per Share = Proposed Dividend Number of equity share net profit/number of shares
Page 50
2) SCHEDULE OF CHANGES IN WORKING CAPTIAL The cash flow statement reflects a firms liquidity or solvency. The cash flow statement was previously known as the statement of changes in financial position or flow of funds statement. The balance sheet is a snapshot of a firms financial resources and obligations at a single point in time and the income statement summarizes a firms financial transactions over an interval of time. These two financial statements reflect the accrual basis accounting used by firms to match revenues with the expenses associated with generating those revenues. The cash flow statement includes only inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalents. It
excludes transactions that do not directly affect cash receipts and payments. These non cash transactions include depreciation and write-offs on bad debts. The cash flow statement is a cash basis report on three types of financial activities; operating activities, investing activities, financial activities. Non cash activities are usually reported in footnotes. The cash flow statement is intended to provide information on a firms liquidity and solvency and its ability to change cash flows in future circumstances provide additional information for evaluating changes in assets, liabilities and equity improve the comparability of different firms operating performance by eliminating the effects of different accounting methods indicate the amount, timing and probability of future cash flows.
The cash flow statement has been adopted as a standard financial statement because it eliminates allocations which might be derived from different accounting methods such as various timeframes for depreciating fixed assets.
The schedule of changes in working capital is a tool to ascertain the working capital as well as measures to assess the funds generated a lot in the management of current assets and current liabilities. It is prepared in order to measure the increase and decrease in working capital over a period of time A Study On Analysis Of Working Capital Management Page 51
Working Capital = Current Assets Current Liabilities
3) TREND ANALYSIS
It is better to determine ratios for a series of years rather than determining a single year ratio. A single year ratio does not reveal the true picture because it does not tell any change that has occurred over time. If a series of years are taken then the performance of the firm can be known better. The word trend means future possibilities. An efficient and effective management tries to know the actual performance and also discover future prospects of the business. Trend analysis acquaints us with the profitability and the short term and the long term liquidity of the business. In addition, it also discovers the future prospects of the business in terms of profitability, operational efficiency and financial soundness of the enterprise. Trend analysis is also termed as intra firm comparison, wherein financial statement of the same enterprise for two or more years is compared. Trend analysis is also named as horizontal analysis.
Procedure for calculating trends
One year is taken as a base year, generally the first or last year is taken as the base year. The figures of base year are taken as 100. Trend percentage is calculated in relation to base year.
Page 52
The following table shows the current ratio of TTP Ltd under study.
Current ratio of TTP Ltd Current Assets Year (Rs.in lakhs) 2005 - 2006 2006 - 2007 2007 - 2008 2008 - 2009 2009 2010 12296.87 9464.05 10393.21 9028.45 7118.33 (Rs.in Lakhs) 8460.56 5619.35 6454.76 5352.78 4964.13 1.45:1 1.68:1 1.61:1 1.69:1 1.43:1 Current Liabilities Current Ratio
Page 53
Chart No: Current Ratio of TTP Ltd.
Current Ratio of TTP Ltd

1.75 1.7 1.65 1.6 1.55 1.5 1.45 1.4 1.35 1.3 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Interpretation: This table shows that current ratio of TTP Ltd varies from 1.45 in 2005 2006 to 1.43 in 2009 2010. In a sound Organisation current ratio of 2:1 is considered to be ideal one. The current ratio is not satisfactory.
2. Quick Ratio or Acid Test Ratio Quick Ratio establishes a relationship between quick or liquid assets and current or liquid liabilities. It measures the firms capacity to pay off current obligations immediately. Quick Ratio = Quick or Liquid Assets
Page 54
Current Liabilities The term quick asset refers to current assets which can be converted into cash immediately without a loss of value. Quick assets consist of cash in hand, bank balance, bank debts and readily saleable securities. A quick ratio of 1:1 is considered satisfactory though it is only a rule of thumb
Quick Ratio of TTP Ltd Year 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010 Quick Asset 9616.99 5675.10 8255.87 5082.04 4911.31 Current Liabilities 8460.56 5619.35 6454.76 5352.78 4964.13 Quick Ratio 1.14:1 1.01:1 1.28:1 0.95:1 0.99:1
Chart No: Quick Ratio of TTP Ltd
Page 55
Quick Ratio of TTP Ltd

1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Interpretation: This table shows that the quick ratio of TTP Ltd varies from 1.14 in 2005-2006 to 0.99 in 2009-2010. During first years it is found to be balanced but later it falls down
3. Absolute Liquidity Ratio This ratio is obtained by dividing cash i.e cash in hand and cash at bank and Marketable securities by current liabilities. It is also known as cash position ratio. Absolute liquidity ratio = Cash + Marketable Securities (Absolute Liquid Assets) Current Liabilities
Page 56
A ratio of 0.75:1 is recommended to ensure liquidity. This test is more vigorous measure of a firms liquidity position.
Absolute Liquidity Ratio of TTP Ltd Year Absolute Liquid Assets Liabilities (Rs.in lakhs) (Rs.in lakhs) 2005 - 2006 2006 - 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009 - 2010 4933.65 3417.89 4827.22 2034.03 2548.75 Chart No: Absolute Liquidity Ratio of TTP Ltd 8460.56 5619.35 6454.76 5352.78 4964.13 0.58:1 0.61:1 0.74:1 0.38:1 0.51:1 Ratio Current Absolute Liquid
Page 57
Absolute Liquidity Ratio of TTP Ltd

0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Interpretation: This ratio provides the most vigorous measures of liquidity position of the organization. The highest ratio is in the year 2007-2008 and the lowest ratio is in the year 2008-2009. It is also not satisfactory
4. Inventory Turnover Ratio This ratio establishes relationship between sales and stock which reflects the speed of turning over stock into sales. Higher inventory ratio is always beneficial to the concern. Inventory/Stock Turnover Ratio = Sales Inventory Inventory/Stock Turnover Ratio of TTP Ltd Year Sales Inventory Inventory/Stock Turnover Ratio
Page 58
Travancore Titanium Products Limited 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010
92488.71 68019.96 12895.68 11940.81 13388.24
2377.87 3234.41 2963.14 3041.87 3076.71
3.9 2.1 4.4 3.9 4.3
Chart No: Inventory turnover ratio of TTP Ltd
Page 59
Inventory turnover ratio of TTP Ltd

5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Intrepretation: The above table indicates the high turnover ratio of the firm is 4.4 in the year 2007. Usually a high inventory turnover ratio indicates efficient management of inventory because more frequently the stocks are sold. But in the year2010, it has reduced to 4.3. this shows that the companys inventory management technique is average efficient as compared to last years.
5. Debtors Turnover Ratio The purpose of this ratio is to discuss the credit collection power and policy of the firm. Debtors Turnover Ratio = Net Credit Sales Debtors including Bills receivables
Page 60
Debtors Turn Over Ratio of TTP Ltd Year Net Sales (Rs. in Lakhs) 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010 92488.71 68019.96 12895.68 11940.81 13388.24 Average Debtors (Rs. in Lakhs) 759.27 607.95 884.24 994.88 719.11 12.2 11.2 14.6 12.00 18.6 Ratio
Chart No:
Debtors Turnover Ratio of TTP Ltd

20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Page 61
Interpretation: This ratio indicates the speed with which debtors are being converted or turnover into sales. The higher value of debtors turnover, the more efficient is the management of credit. But in the company the debtor turnover ratio is decreasing in the previous years but in the present situation the ratio is slightly increased because of the credit policies taken by the company. The current ratio is 18.6 %.
6. Working Capital Turnover Ratio This ratio is used to assets the efficiency with which the working capital utilized in a business. This measures the relationship between the net sales and net working capital. Working Capital Turnover Ratio = Net Sales
Net Working Capital
Working Capital Turnover Ratio of TTP Ltd Year Net Sales (Rs.in lakhs) 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010 9248.87 6801.99 1289.56 1194.08 1338.82 Working Capital (Rs.in Lakhs) 3836.31 3844.70 3938.45 3675.66 2154.19 2.41 1.77 3.27 3.25 6.21 Working Capital
Turnover Ratio
Page 62
Chart No: Working Capital Turnover Ratio of TTP
Working Capital Turnover Ratio of TTP

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Interpretation: From the above table shows that, the working capital turnover ratio is positive value of working capital. This means that the working capital is utilized in an efficient
Page 63
manner. But the year 2008,2009 and 2010 they shows a high positive working capital so this means the company can utilize their working capital in an efficient manner.
7. Current Assets Turnover Ratio This ratio indicates the extend to which the investments in current assets contribute towards sales. The ratio reveals whether the investment in current assets has been judicious or not. Current Assets Turnover Ratio = Sales Current Assets
Current Assets Turnover Ratio of TTP Ltd Year Sales ( Rs.in lakhs) 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010 Interpretation: Current Assets (Rs. Current Assets Turnover Ratio 0.75 0.72 1.24 1.32 1.88
in lakhs) 92488.71 68019.96 12895.68 11940.81 13388.24 12296.87 94640.57 10393.21 9028.45 7118.33
Page 64
Chart No: Current Asset Turnover Ratio of TTP
Current Asset Turnover Ratio of TTP

2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
8. Debtors Collection Period
Collection Period = 365/debtors turnover
Showing Debtors Collection period of Debtors of TTP Ltd Year 2005 2006 Debtors Turnover Ratio 12.2 Period 30
Page 65
Travancore Titanium Products Limited 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010
11.2 14.6 12.00 18.6
33 25 30 20
Chart No: Debtors Collection Period of TTP
Page 66
Debtors Collection Period of TTP

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Interpretation The average collection period measures the quality of debtors and it helps in analyzing the efficiency of collection efforts. It also helps to analyze the credit policy adopted by company. In the firm, average collection period decreases from this year they will decreased. This shows that the firm has liberal credit policy but they can not strictly follow.
9. Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio This ratio measures if the investments in the Fixed Asset have been judicious or not. Higher ratio indicates better performance. It is calculated as follows Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio = Net Sales Page 67
Fixed Assets Showing Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio of TTP Ltd Year Net Sales (Rs. in lakhs) 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010 Interpretation: 9248.87 6801.99 1289.56 1194.08 1338.82 Fixed Assets (Rs. in lakhs) 1849.32 1630.43 1476.34 1739.94 1795.57 Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio 5 4.17 8.73 6.86 7.45
Chart No: Fixed Assets Turnover ratio of TTP Ltd
Fixed Assets Turnover ratio of TTP Ltd

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Page 68
10. Proprietary Ratio It is also known as Net Worth to total assets ratio, which establishes the relationship between proprietors assets. It is computed as: Proprietary Ratio = Share holders fund Total Assets
Showing Proprietary Ratio of TTP Ltd Year Share holders fund (Rs.in lakhs) (Rs. in lakhs) 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010 5996.34 5718.24 5901.54 5908.51 4373.27 5996.34 5718.24 5911.54 5908.51 4464.17 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 Total Assets Proprietary Ratio
Interpretation:
Page 69
Chart No: Proprietary Ratio of TTP Ltd
Proprietary Ratio of TTP Ltd

1.005
0.995
0.99
0.985
0.98
0.975
0.97 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
11. Fixed Assets Ratio Fixed Assets Ratio of the company show the extent to which the long-term funds have been used for financing the fixed assets, the ratio is calculated as follows. Fixed Assets Ratio = Fixed Asset Long term funds
Page 70
Statement showing Fixed Asset Ratio of TTP Ltd Year Fixed Asset (Rs. in lakhs) 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009 - 2010 1849.03 1630.43 1476.34 1739.94 1795.57 Long-term funds (Rs.in lakhs) 5996.34 5718.24 5901.54 5908.51 4373.27 0.31 0.29 0.25 0.29 0.41 Fixed Assets Ratio
Interpretation: This chart shows that the firm has adopted the impudent policy of using shot term fund for acquiring fixed asset
Chart No: Fixed Assets Ratio of TTP Ltd
Page 71
Fixed Assets Ratio of TTP Ltd

0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
12. Net Profit Ratio This ratio is also known as profit margin. This measures the relationship between net profit and sales of the concern. It indicates the operational efficiency of the business. It is given by the formula. Net Profit Ratio = Net Profit x 100 Sales
Showing Net Profit Ratio of TTP Ltd Year Net Profit (Rs.in Lakhs) 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 326.71 121.88 183.29 69.71 Sales (Rs. in lakhs) 9248.87 6801.99 1289.56 1194.08 3.53 1.79 1.42 0.05 Net Profit Ratio
Page 72
Travancore Titanium Products Limited 2009 2010 Interpretation:
158.52
1338.82
1.18
Chart No: Net Profit Ratio of TTP Ltd
Net Profit Ratio of TTP Ltd

4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
13. Earnings per Share A Study On Analysis Of Working Capital Management Page 73
This ratio help in the assessment of the profitability of a firm from the standpoint of equity share holders. This measures the profit available to equity shareholders per share basis. It is calculated as follows:Earning per share = net profit/number of shares
Statement Showing Earnings per share of TTP Ltd Year 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009 - 2010 Interpretation: Net Profit No: of equity share 326.71 121.88 183.29 69.71 158.52 17.85 17.85 17.85 17.85 17.85 Earnings per share 18.30 6.82 10.26 3.90 8.88
Chart No. Earning Per Share of TTP Ltd
Page 74
Earning Per Share of TTP Ltd

20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
14. Dividend Per Share The Dividend per share ratio represents the dividend paid to the shareholders on per share basis. It is calculated as follows:Dividend Per Share = Proposed Dividend Number of equity share
Statement showing Dividend per share of TTP Ltd Year 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009 - 2010 Intrepretation: A Study On Analysis Of Working Capital Management Page 75 Proposed Dividend 53.02 53.02 17.67 53.02 53.02 No: of equity share 17.85 17.85 17.85 17.85 17.85 Dividend per share 2.97 2.97 0.99 2.97 2.97
Chart No: Dividend Per Share of TTP Ltd
Dividend Per Share of TTP Ltd

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Page 76
2) SCHEDULE OF CHANGES IN WORKING CAPTIAL The cash flow statement reflects a firms liquidity or solvency. The cash flow statement was previously known as the statement of changes in financial position or flow of funds statement. The balance sheet is a snapshot of a firms financial resources and obligations at a single point in time and the income statement summarizes a firms financial transactions over an interval of time. These two financial statements reflect the accrual basis accounting used by firms to match revenues with the expenses associated with generating those revenues. The cash flow statement includes only inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalents. It
excludes transactions that do not directly affect cash receipts and payments. These non cash transactions include depreciation and write-offs on bad debts. The cash flow statement is a cash basis report on three types of financial activities; operating activities, investing activities, financial activities. Non cash activities are usually reported in footnotes. The cash flow statement is intended to provide information on a firms liquidity and solvency and its ability to change cash flows in future circumstances provide additional information for evaluating changes in assets, liabilities and equity A Study On Analysis Of Working Capital Management Page 77
improve the comparability of different firms operating performance by eliminating the effects of different accounting methods indicate the amount, timing and probability of future cash flows.
The cash flow statement has been adopted as a standard financial statement because it eliminates allocations which might be derived from different accounting methods such as various timeframes for depreciating fixed assets.
The schedule of changes in working capital is a tool to ascertain the working capital as well as measures to assess the funds generated a lot in the management of current assets and current liabilities. It is prepared in order to measure the increase and decrease in working capital over a period of time Working Capital = Current Assets Current Liabilities
The schedule of changes in working capital for the period under study is as follows:
Schedule of changes in Working Capital for the year ended 2005-2006(Rs in lakhs) Particulars A. Current Assets: Inventories Sundry Debtors Cash & Bank Balance Other Current Assets Loans and Advances TOTAL( A) B. Current Liabilities Liabilities 6433.47852 7265.68362 832.20510 Page 78 3563.18687 10654.96178 3924.06089 12296.87371 360.874402 2075.86842 811.69725 4204.20924 2679.87903 759.27692 4933.65687 729.44763 604.01061 52.42033 2005 2006 Increase Decrease
Proposed dividend Provision for dividend Provision for taxation TOTAL(B) Working Captial (A B) Net Increase in Working Captial TOTAL 4873.77885 4873.77885 2731.79896 2731.79896 2679.37863 2679.37863 1141.85543 8460.56156 2194.40022 936.59383 7423.09486 4873.77885 205.26160 53.02251 53.02251 -
Interpretation: In the above table, we can see that, in 2006 there is a negative working capital. This means that company is not making any effort for improving its working capital position and it leads to production interruption and efficiency.
Schedule of changes in Working Capital for the year ended 2006-2007 (Rs in lakhs) Particulars A. Current Assets: Inventories Sundry Debtors Cash & Bank Balance Other Current Assets Loans and Advances TOTAL( A) 3924.06089 12296.87371 1649.26004 9464.05757 2274.80085 2679.87903 759.27692 4933.65687 3788.95331 607.95401 3417.89031 1109.07428 151.32291 151.76656 2006 2007 Increase Decrease
Page 79
B. Current Liabilities Liabilities Proposed dividend Provision for dividend Provision for taxation TOTAL(B) Working Captial (A B) Net Increase in Working Captial TOTAL 3844.70509 3844.70509 3950.28326 3950.28326 8.39294 839294 1141.85543 84605.61565 3836.31215 98.46450 5619.35258 3844.70509 1043.39093 53.02250 17.67417 35.34834 7265.68362 5503.21391 1762.46971 -
Interpretation: In the above table, we can see that, during the year 2007, there is a
negative working capital. Negative working capital indicates that the firms current liability is more than their current assets. Inadequate working capital indicates production interruption and inefficiencies.
Schedule of changes in Working Capital for the year ended 2007-2008(Rs in lakhs) Particulars A. Current Assets: Inventories 3788.95331 2137.33723 1651.61608 Page 80 2007 2008 Increase Decrease
Sundry Debtors Cash & Bank Balance Other Current Assets Loans and Advances TOTAL( A) B. Current Liabilities Liabilities Proposed dividend Provision for dividend Provision for taxation TOTAL(B) Working Captial (A B) Net Increase in Working Captial TOTAL Intrepretation:
607.95401 3417.89031
884.24695 4827.22641
276.29294 1409.33583
1649.26004 9464.05767
2544.40375 10393.21407
895.14371 -
5503.21391
6253.61252
750.39861
17.67417
53.02251
35.34834
98.46450 5619.35258 3844.70509
148.12606 6454.76109 3938.45298
49.66156 -
93.74789
93.74789
3938.45298
3938.45298
2580.77248
258.77248
In the above table, we can see that, during the year 2008, there is a negative working capital. Negative working capital indicates that the firms current liability is more than their current assets. Inadequate working capital indicates production interruption and inefficiencies
Page 81
Schedule of changes in Working Capital for the year ended 2008-2009(Rs in lakhs) Particulars A. Current Assets: Inventories Sundry Debtors Cash & Bank Balance Other Current Assets Loans and Advances TOTAL( A) B. Current Liabilities Liabilities Proposed dividend Provision for dividend Provision for taxation TOTAL(B) Working Captial (A B) Net Increase in Working Captial TOTAL Interpretation: In the above table, we see that, during the years 2008 and 2009 working capital is increased. Increasing in working capital indicates that the firms current asset is more than their current liabilities. This means that the company is putting efforts on managing the working capital effectively. 3938.45298 3938.45298 3292.45100 3292.45100 262.78414 262.78414 148.12606 6454.76109 39384.55298 156.10839 5352.78619 3675.66884 798233 53.02251 53.02251 6253.61252 5143.65529 1109.95723 2544.40375 10393.21407 2053.12187 9028.45503 491.28188 2137.33723 884.24695 4827.22614 3946.41262 994.88119 2034.03935 1809.7539 110.63424 2793.18679 2008 2009 Increase Decrease
Page 82
Schedule of changes in Working Capital for the year ended 2009-2010(Rs in lakhs) Particulars A. Current Assets: Inventories Sundry Debtors Cash & Bank Balance Other Current Assets Loans and Advances TOTAL( A) B. Current Liabilities Liabilities Proposed dividend Provision for dividend Provision for taxation TOTAL(B) Working Captial (A B) Net Increase in Working Captial TOTAL
Interpretation:
2009
2010
Increase
Decrease
3946.41262 994.88119 2034.03935
2207.01342 719.11899 2548.75952
514.72017
1739.39920 275.76220
2053.12187 9028.45503
1643.44043 7118.33236
409.68144 -
5143.655529
486.420133
279.45396
53.02251
53.02251
156.10839 5352.78619 3675.66884
99.93810 4964.13943 21541.99293
56.17029 -
1521.47591
1521.47591
3675.66884
3675.66884
2424.84284
2424.84284
Page 83
In the above table, we see that, during the years 2009 and 2010 working capital is increased. Increasing in working capital indicates that the firms current asset is more than their current liabilities. This means that the company is putting efforts on managing the working capital effectively.
3) TREND ANALYSIS
It is better to determine ratios for a series of years rather than determining a single year ratio. A single year ratio does not reveal the true picture because it does not tell any change that has occurred over time. If a series of years are taken then the performance of the firm can be known better. The word trend means future possibilities. An efficient and effective management tries to know the actual performance and also discover future prospects of the business. Trend analysis acquaints us with the profitability and the short term and the long term liquidity of the business. In addition, it also discovers the future prospects of the business in terms of profitability, operational efficiency and financial soundness of the enterprise. Trend analysis is also termed as intra firm comparison, wherein financial statement of the same enterprise for two or more years is compared. Trend analysis is also named as horizontal analysis.
Procedure for calculating trends
One year is taken as a base year, generally the first or last year is taken as the base year. The figures of base year are taken as 100. Trend percentage is calculated in relation to base year. Page 84
Table Showing the Trend Percentage of Sales in TTP Year Sales (Rs.in Lakhs) 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 9248.87 68019.96 12895.68 11940.81 13388.24 100 73.54 189.58 92.59 112.12 Trend(%)
Interpretation: The sales have continuously increased in all years upto 2009. The percentage increase in 2009 is 112.12 as compared to 100 in 2005.
Trend Analysis of Sales

250 200
150
100
50
0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Table Showing the Trend Percentage of Working Capital of TTP Year Working Capital Trend(%) Page 85
(Rs.in lakhs) 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010 3836.31 3844.70 3938.45 3675.66 2154.19 100 100.21 102.43 93.32 56.60
Interpretation: The tables indicated the various changing trends in working capital of TTP seen over the past 5 years; figures are fluctuating in nature which is not satisfactory.
Trend Analysis of Working Capital
Trend Analysis of Working Capital

120 100 80 60 40 20 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Table Showing the Trend Percentage of Profit of TTP A Study On Analysis Of Working Capital Management Page 86
Year 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010
Net Profit (Rs.in lakhs) 326.71 121.88 183.29 69.71 158.52
Trend(%)
100 37.30 150.38 38.03 227.39
Interpretation: The figures of profit show an increasing trend. The profit are higher than sales which shows a proper control over cost of goods sold company is satisfactory. Trend Analysis of Net Profit & overall performance of the
Trend Analysis of Net Profit

250
200
150
100
50
0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Page 87
Page 88
CHAPTER -6
FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS
Page 89
FINDINGS
The present study aims at analyzing the working capital position of TTP Ltd. To achieving the objectives of the study, secondary were analyzed. Major findings of the study are summarizing;
The accounting principles followed by the company during last five years are satisfactory. When considering the last two years the current ratio is decreasing. Both the current assets and current liabilities are showing fluctuating trend. It is advisable that effective measure should be taken to improve the current ratio and make it steady. The quick ratio of the company is varied from 1.14 to .99. It is not good for the company. Cash ratio is not that satisfactory. It is much lesser than the standard norm. This shows that the company is not maintaining sufficient cash to meet its liabilities as and when it arises. This can affect the absolute liquidity of the firm adversely.
Page 90
Travancore Titanium Products Limited The proprietary ratio of the company is showing a constant trend and in the last year of study period it came down to .98. so it not satisfactory. The earnings per ratio of the company is showing a constant trend from 2005 -2006 to 2009-2010. It is not good for the company. The dividend per ratio of the company is showing a constant trend from 2005 2010 to 2009-2010 except in 2007 2008. It means that the profitability of the company is found to be satisfactory. The working capital is found to be fluctuating. The sales of the company has been very progressive. The debtors turn over ratio of TTP was 12.2 percentage in the financial year 2005-2006. In the year 2009-2010 it has improved and reaches 18.6 percentage. It is learned that the debtors turnover is increasing. The fixed asset turn over ratio of TTP was 5 percentage in the year 2005-2006 and it has improved and reaches 7.45 percentage in the year 2009-2010 The operating ratio of TTP Ltd has seen at 1 percentage in the year 2005 2006. There was slight change in the following year and reaches at 1.15 percentage in the year 2009-2010. It is noted to be that the operating expenses of TTP Ltd, remained almost constant during the past 5 years. The current ratio are comparable with the conventional norms.
Page 91
SUGGESTIONS
Cash budget should be prepared on a monthly basis instead of quarterly basis, as it will help to plan and control the cash flow effectively. ABC analysis, Just-in-time Inventory control system should be used for the better management of inventories. A well planned collection program should be adopted so as to reduce the amount of receivables The firm should identify various investment avenues suitable to it. The company could be used current assets more effectively. The company should diversify to related product. More Research and development should be done. There should be monthly review of inventory TTP should utilize the various assistances provided by the government. If the company prefers a large volume of sales and thereby increase its profits, more amount of working capital may be converted into sales. But, it the company prefers high liquidity the existing system is satisfactory The company should give proper advertisement and popularize the brand name.
Page 92
Travancore Titanium Products Limited The company should adopt immediate action against the pollution problems. The management must adopt the latest technology in the manufacturing and related programs. The company should give more importance to the safety measures of the employee
CONCLUSION
The study of the working capital is of major importance to internal and external analysis because of its close relationship to day to day business activities. The success of a firm greatly depends on the efficient management of working capital. Working capital management is usually considered to involve the administration of current asset and current liabilities in such a way that an optimum level of working capital is maintained in business. Working capital becomes a basis and broad measure of judging the performance of a concern. To a very extent, the management of working capital determines the success operations of a business concern. A sense of security results from a sufficient amount of working capital, which creates confidence and loyalty not only throughout the business, but also among its customers, creditors and business associates. Both surfeit and shortage is determined to the financial health of the company. The management of working capital centers on cash management, receivables management, inventory management and financing of working capital. Even though the company has a lesser amount of absolute liquid assets, it has been able to carry on its operation successfully over the years. Therefore the study reveals that working capital managed is well at TTP Ltd.
Page 93
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS:
Shashi K. Gupta, R.K. Sharma, Financial Management Theory and Practice, Kalyani Publishers Prasanna Chandra (Fifth Edition), Financial Management, Tata Mc Graw Hill publication I.M. Pandey, Financial Management, Vikas Publishing limited. V.K. Bhalla(Seventh Edition), Working Capital Management Text & Cases, Anmol Publication Private Limited. Annual Reports of TTP Ltd www.travancoretitanium.com www.google.com
Page 94
Page 95

PRJCT at Titanium

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

PRJCT at Titanium

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Travancore Titanium Products Limited

Travancore Titanium Products Limited

Introduction to the study

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Travancore Titanium Products Limited

1.3 Objectives of the Study

Travancore Titanium Products Limited

Travancore Titanium Products Limited

1.5 Scope and Significance of the Study

Industry Profile Gives the profile of the industry as a whole

A Study On Analysis Of Working Capital Management

Travancore Titanium Products Limited

Theoretical perspective This chapter deals with the theoretical perspective

CHAPTER 2 INDUSTRY PROFILE

A Study On Analysis Of Working Capital Management

Travancore Titanium Products Limited

A Study On Analysis Of Working Capital Management

Travancore Titanium Products Limited

2.3 NATIONAL SCENARIO

The demand of Titanium dioxide of India based on 8%growth was

Year 2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010

Volume 63000 68000 73500 79400 85750 92600

Travancore Titanium Products Limited The Kalmark Chemicals Ltd, Kolkata

2.4 STATE SCENARIO

Titanium Dioxide Pigment Producing Units in Kerala are

Company Travancore Titanium Products Ltd, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala

The Kerala Minerals and Metals Ltd Chavara, Kerala

Rutile Grade Titanium Chlorination dioxide produced by

A Study On Analysis Of Working Capital Management

Travancore Titanium Products Limited

CHAPTER 3 COMPANY PROFILE

A Study On Analysis Of Working Capital Management

Travancore Titanium Products Limited

A Study On Analysis Of Working Capital Management

Travancore Titanium Products Limited

Travancore Titanium Products Limited

Old Plant New Plant Total

6,500 tonnes 18,000 tonnes 24500 tonnes

Travancore Titanium Products Limited

3.3 MISSION OF THE COMPANY

3.4 QUALITY POLICY

3.5 CURRENT SCENARIO

Travancore Titanium Products Limited

Travancore Titanium Products Limited

3.6 INDUSTRIAL MEASURES OF THE COMPANY

A Study On Analysis Of Working Capital Management

Travancore Titanium Products Limited

3.7 PRODUCTS OF THE COMPANY

A Study On Analysis Of Working Capital Management

Travancore Titanium Products Limited

A Study On Analysis Of Working Capital Management

Travancore Titanium Products Limited

3.10 ORGANISATIONAL SETUP

Shift Office time General I Shift II Shift III Shift Special

Labour Welfare Scheme

A Study On Analysis Of Working Capital Management

Travancore Titanium Products Limited

Finished Goods or Products

Travancore Titanium Products Limited

A Study On Analysis Of Working Capital Management

Travancore Titanium Products Limited

Material Department A Study On Analysis Of Working Capital Management Page 23