SR1 - VDI 2230 DIN 946: Symbols and Notation ( Ed.

09/15/97 )
A AB Cross-sectional area, general Cross-sectional area of bolted prismatic parts if the conditions of a bending solid subject to eccentric clamping and loading are satisfied Interface area less the area of the hole for the bolt Substitutional area, cross-sectional area of a hollow cylinder with same elastic resilience as the clamped parts Cross-sectional area of an individual cylindrical bolt element Nominal cross-section Bolt head or nut bearing area Dl E AS Stress cross-section of bolt thread as given by DIN 13 Part 28
AS =

Dhw

Outside diameter of the plane bearing area of the clamped parts under the nut (section taken at the thread, or at the inlet of the transition radius of the outside diameter of the clamped parts) Effective diameter for the friction in the bolt head or nut bearing area Mean diameter of the conically running out end of the nut thread Outer diameter, the smaller one of two clamped sleeves Outside diameter of the plane nut bearing area (at the inlet of the transition radius of the outside of the nut) Nut thread minor diameter Youngs modulus Youngs modulus of the clamped parts Youngs modulus of the bolt material Force, general Axial force; a calculated working load in the bolt axis or the components of a given calculated working load FB
B

AD Aers

Dkm Dm Dmin Dw

Ai AN AP

Ep Es F FA

*( d2

+d3 ) 2

ASGM.S

Shearing cross-section of the thread, for the nut of the bolt Shearing cross-section of the bolt head Cross-sectional area of the necked-down bolt Cross-sectional area at minor diameter of bolt thread in accordance with DIN 13 Part 28 Nut thread major diameter Outside diameter of a clamped sleeve; for the interface surfaces of a varying circular form, it is recommended that the diameter of the inner circle is substituted for DA Inner diameter of the plane nut bearing surface (section taken at embedding) Outside diameter of the nut bearing area Inner diameter of the plane bearing area of the clamped parts under the nut (section taken with the embedding, or at the inlet of the transition radius of the clamped parts) FAab FAo FAu FB
B

ASK AT Ad3

Eccentric axial working load when interface begins to open Upper limit of an alternating axial working load FA Lower limit if an alternating axial working load FA Working load in a joint, in any direction Clamping load Clamping load when interface begins to open Clamping load required for sealing functions, friction grip and prevention of one-sided opening at the interface Residual clamping load in the interface subject to loading and unloading by FPA and embedding in service Initial clamping load (assembly preload); the values in the table are calculated with a Page 1

D DA

FK FKab FKerf

Da Dc Dha

FKR

FM

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90% utilization of the elastic limit using

red

FV FVab FVerf

Preload general Preload when interface begins to open Preload required to at least ensure sealing functions, friction grip and prevention of one sided opening at the interface allowing for the unloading of the interface by the working load Average preload Loss of preload, due to embedding during operation Bolt force at minimum yield load or the 0.2% proof stress Limiting value for the dimensions at the interface; G < dw+ hmin Moment of gyration of the dimensions at the surface AB
B

FMm FMmax

Average assembly preload Initial clamping load for which the bolt must be designed such that in spite of lack of precision in the tightening technique and the expected embedding during operation, the required clamping load is produced in the joint and maintained Minimum initial clamping load established at FMmax as a result of lack of precision in the tightening technique Breaking force of the thread

FVm FZ F0.2 G IB IBers

FMmin

Fmax

FM(MA) Increase of assembly preload Fm by producing a highest possible tightening torque MAmax FM() Increase of assembly preload FM through minimal friction coefficients in the head bearing area (Kmin) and in the thread (Gmin) during the production of tightening torque FM(Rp0.2) Increase of the assembly preload FM compared to the minimal preload FMmin for yield tightening through an increased bolt strength compared to the standardized minimum yield load FM(G) Increase of the assembly preload FM through minimal friction coefficients in the thread (Gmin) during the production of the tightening torque FPA FQ Proportion of the axial load FA which unloads the clamped parts Transverse force, a working load normal to bolt axis or component of a working load FB in any direction
B

Substitutional moment of gyration of a terraced bending solid IBers less the moment of gyration for the bolt hole Moment of gyration for the interface area Moment of gyration of any surface Moment of gyration of the cross-sectional area at minor diameter of bolt thread Nut Factor for basic equation T = KdF Unthreaded shank Engaged thread Unengaged thread Tightening torque for the assembly until preloading of bolt reaches FM

IBers
IBT Ii I3 K L1 LG2 LG3 MA

FS FSA FSAa FSm

Bolt Force Difference Force, proportion of the axial load FA which additionally loads the bolt Alternating loading of the bolt by the additional force FSA Average bolt force under alternating working load

MA/ Difference quotient of the produced tightening torque MA and the measured angle of rotation of the bolt during tightening MAmax MAmin Highest possible tightening torque Minimum tightening torque

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MB MB Mb

Effective bending moment at the bolting point Difference moment Bending moment at the bolting point from the eccentrically applied axial loads FA and FS Proportion of tightening torque acting in the thread (thread torque) Friction torque in the bolt head bearing area Torque acting at the bolt position at the interface Pitch of the bolt thread Root radius of the thread Ultimate tensile strength of the bolt; minimum value in accordance with DIN ISO 898 Part 1 Reduced tensile strength Strength ratio 0.2% proof stress in accordance with DIN ISO 898 Part 1 Torque, general Width of the spanner/spanner width Location for = 0 Polar moment of resistance of a bolt crosssection Moment of resistance of the cross-section at minor diameter of bolt thread

d dS dr da

Bolt diameter = outside diameter of thread (nominal diameter) Diameter at stress cross-section AS Shank diameter of necked-down bolts Inner diameter of the plane head bearing surface (at the inlet of the transition radius of the shank) Outer diameter of the head bearing surface Bore diameter of the clamped parts; inner diameter of the substitution cylinder Inner diameter of the head-sided plane bearing surface (from cross-section with the hole or the inlet of the transition radius of the bore of the clamped parts) Outer diameter of the head-sided plane bearing surface of the clamped parts (from cross-section with the thread or the inlet of the transition radius of the outside diameter of the clamped parts) Mean diameter of the shear fracture surface around the base of the internal wrenching form Outer diameter of the plane head bearing surface (at the inlet of the transition radius of the head) Diameter at smallest cross-section of bolt shank Pitch diameter of bolt thread Minor diameter of bolt thread Edge dimension Elastic origin Deformation due to a force F Deformation of any part i Deformation of the clamped parts due to FPA Deformation of the clamped parts on introduction of the load via the clamped parts Shrinkage of the clamped parts due to FM Page 3

MG MK MT P R Rm

dc dh dha

dhw

Rm red RS Rp0.2 T SW U Wp W3

dm

dw

do d2 d3 e eo

a b cB cr

Distance of load axis of gyration of the surface AB Width of interface Measurement of the bending solid perpendicular to the width b Measurement of interface surface perpendicular to the width b

f fi fPA fPAn

fPM

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fSA fSAn

Elongation of bolt due to FSA Elongation of bolt due to FSA on introduction of the load via the clamped parts Elongation of bolt due to FM Plastic deformation as a result of embedding, amount of embedding Plate thickness; the small plate thickness for two clamped plates Height of bolt head Length, general Substitutional length for a bolt with a thread over the total length having the same value of . S as any bolt Length of an individual cylindrical bolt element Clamping length Height of the nut Effective height of the nut Total height of the nut Minimum height of the nut Factor which, when multiplied by the clamping length lK, denotes the thickness of sections of clamped parts unloaded by the axial load FA Surface pressure Limiting surface pressure, maximum permissible pressure under a bolt head Distance of bolt axis from axis of gyration of the surface AB Eccentricity of the clamping load Bolt spacing in a multi-bolted joint Distance of edge in clamped prisms from the axis of gyration of the surface AB (in the direction A - A)
B

Distance of edge in clamped prisms from the axis of gyration of the surface AB (in the opposite direction to A - A) Residual thickness of a bolt head with internal wrenching

fSM fZ hmin k l lers

Included angle of bolt thread Tightening factor FMmax / FMmin Bending resilience Bending resilience of any part of the bolt Bending resilience of the engaged thread Bending resilience of the bolt head Bending resilience of the clamped parts Bending resilience of the bolt Skewness or angle of inclination of clamped parts as a result of eccentric loading Angle of inclination of clamped prisms Angular deformation of bolt Angle of inclination of the bearing surface Elastic resilience Resilience of engaged thread Resilience of any part i Resilience of the bolt head Resilience of clamped parts for concentric bolting and concentric loading Resilience of the clamped parts for eccentric bolting Resilience of the clamped parts for eccentric bolting and eccentric loading

i G K P S P S G i K P

li lK m meff mges mkr n,n

p pG s sK t u

Resilience of the bolt Elongation Angle of rotation Page 4

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G ges K Tr max min

Coefficient of friction, general Coefficient of friction in thread Increased coefficient of friction in threads compared with Average coefficient of friction for thread and bolt head bearing surface Coefficient of friction for bolt head bearing surface Coefficient of friction for the interface Highest appearing coefficient of friction, general Lowest appearing coefficient of friction, general Degree of exploitation of the yield load during tightening Angle of friction for Stress amplitude for endurance limit Stress amplitude for endurance limit with 1% or 50% probability of fracture Stress amplitude of the endurance strength of bolts thread rolled after heat treating Stress amplitude of the endurance strength of bolts thread rolled before heat treating Alternating stress acting on the bolt Bending tension stress in the overstressed interface Endurance limit Tensile stress due to FM Mean stress Reduced stress, comparative stress Stress produced in bolt minor cross-section by the production FSA of the axial load Bending tension stress in bolt thread produced by the axial load component FSA and the bending moment Mb for eccentric load application

SAd (x)

Same as SAb but on the bendingcompression side Stress at the location x Torsional stress in thread as a result of MG Shear strength Load Factor FSA/FA Load factor for eccentric application of the axial load FA Load factor e for introduction of the load planes passing through the bolt head and nut bearing area Load factor e for load introduction via the clamped parts Load factor for concentric load introduction in planes passing through the bolt head and nut bearing area Load factor for pure moment loading by MB Load factor for concentric introduction of the axial load FA in planes at a distance nlK Pitch angle of bolt thread Angle of inclination of the conical fracture of the bolt head with internal wrenching form

B e eK

en K

A A 1.50 ASG ASV a b D M m red SA SAb

m n

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