Chapter4 About Antenna & Feeder Cable

Wireless Network Planning Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 About Antenna & Feeder cable .................................................................................1

1.1 Basics of Antenna.............................................................................................................1
1.1.1 Antenna gain..........................................................................................................1
1.1.2 Directional Diagram................................................................................................1
1.1.3 Polarization.............................................................................................................3
1.1.4 Other technical indicators of antenna.....................................................................4
1.1.5 Antenna diversity....................................................................................................6
1.1.6 Three-sector base station antenna selection derivation..........................................8
1.2 Antenna new technology.................................................................................................10
1.2.1 Shaped beam technology.....................................................................................10
1.2.2 Intelligent Antenna................................................................................................12
1.3 Antenna Dip AngleDowntilt Planning...............................................................................19
1.3.1 Antenna Dip AngleDowntilt Design.......................................................................19
1.3.2 Practical Application.............................................................................................22
1.4 Antenna Selection...........................................................................................................25
1.4.1 Current Problems of Using Antenna.....................................................................25
1.4.2 Application Principle for Base Station Antenna in Urban Areas............................25
1.4.3 Application Principle for Suburb Base Station Antenna........................................26
1.4.4 Application principle for base station antennas in rural areas...............................26
1.4.5 Application principle for antennas to cover highroads...........................................27
1.4.6 Other factors in antenna application.....................................................................28
1.4.7 Notes on special antennas...................................................................................28
1.4.8 Reference for antenna selection...........................................................................30
1.5 Combining and distribution unit.......................................................................................31
1.5.1 Principle for combining and distribution unit.........................................................31
1.5.2 Combining and distribution unit configuration.......................................................33
1.6 Outdoor antenna feeder system......................................................................................35
1.6.1 Tower amplifier.....................................................................................................35
1.6.2 Feeder lineFeeder cable.......................................................................................36
1.7 Distributed antenna system.............................................................................................38
1.7.1 Principle for composition of distributed antenna system.......................................38
1.7.2 Types of distributed antenna system....................................................................39
1.7.3 Indexes for component key technologies..............................................................40
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Wireless Network Planning Chapter 4 About Antenna Feeder
Chapter 1 About Antenna & Feeder cable
1.1 Basics of Antenna

In a wireless communiction system, the antenna system serves as an interface with
the exterior media. Antenna radiation and receive radio wave: in transmission, the
antenna works to convert high frequency current into electromagnetic wave; while
receiving, it converts electromagnetic wave into high frequency current. Antenna can
be divided into the following types in light of their work frequency band: untra-long
wave, long wave, medium wave, short wave, ultrashort wave and mircowave; it is
divided into the following types in terms of direction: omni-antenna and directional
antena; it is divided into the following types in terms of its structual features: linear
antenna and dish antenna. The model, gain, directoinal diagram, driving antenna
power, simple or complicated antenna configuration and atenna polarization etc will
affect system performance.
1.1.1 Antenna gain
Gain is one of the most important parameters for the antenna system. The definition
of antenna gain is related to ominidirectional antenna or half-wave dipole antenna.
The ominidirectional radiator is one that assumes radiating equal power in all the
directions. The antenna gain in a direction amounts tois the ratio of the fluxpower
density to that of ideal point source or half-wave dipole in the maxium radiation
direction (dB refers to the difference). See Figure 4-1 for the diagram.
Ideal isolated wave source
Theoretical half wave dipole
directional antenna
dBd
dBi
Figure 4-1 Gain Comparison
dBi indicates that antenna gain is the reference value of directional antenna relative to
the ominidirectional radiator, while dBd is the reference value relative to half-wave
dipole antenna. The relation between these two is expressed as follows:
dB i = dB d + 2.15.
1.1.2 Directional Diagram
The directional diagram describes the dirstribution of antenna radiation

electromagenetic field according to angular coordinate within a fixed range. The
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directional diagram expressed in radiation filed strength is called field strength

directional diagram; expressed in power indensity, it is called phase directional
directional diagram.
The antenna directional diagram is a space solid figure. But the one in common
application is a directional diagram inside two principal planes perpendicular to each
other, known as plane directional diagram. For linear antenna, as the ground has
great effect, it adopts vertical plane and horizontal plane as its principal plan. The plan
antenna adopts E plane and H plane as the two principal planes. The maxium of
normalization direction diagram is 1.
The radiation lobe required in the maximum radiation direction in the directional
diagram is called antenna major lobe, also known as antenna beam. The lobes other
than the major lobe are called secondary lobe or side lobe or parasite lobe. The side
lobe in the direction opposite to the major lobe is called back lobe as shown in Figure
4-2(a): diagram of omni-antenna horizontal lobe and vertical lobe, where the antenna
is in the shape of a column; 4-2(b): diagram of horizontal lobe and vertical lobe for
directional antenna, where its antenna in the shape of a board.
Figure 4-2(a) Diagram of omni-antenna lobe
Figure 4-2(b) Diagram of directoinal antenna lobe
The parameters commonly used for antenna diectional diagram include the following:
 Zero power lobe width refers to the included angle between the two
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zero radiation directions on both sides of maximum major lobe;
 Half power point lobe width refers to the included angle after the
maximum electric field falls by 0.707 (the gain falls by 3dB);
 Secondary lobe level refers to the ratio of maximum secondary lobe to

the maximum major lobe;
 Front-to-back ratio;
 Electric angle of declinationdowntilt.
1.1.3 Polarization
Polarization is one radiation feature describing the space direction of electromagnetic

wave field strength vector. The electromagnetic wave with the space direction of
electric field vector unchanged at any time is called straight line polarized wave.
Normally, antenna polarization refers to the polarization of electric wave radiated by
the antenna in the maximum radiation direction (for transmitting antenna) or the
polarization of incident plane wave (for receiving antenna) in the maximum receiving
power (polarization match) direction. Take transmitting antenna for example, if the
electric filed direction of the antenna radiation wave is within the radiation plane
(made up of incident ray and the normal line of reflection plane), as the incident plane
is aways perpendicular to the tangent plane of the reflection plane, this is known as
vertical polarization; when the electric direction of antenna radiation wave is
perpendicular to the incident plane (made up of incident ray and the normal line of
reflection plane), it is parallel to the tangent plane of the reflection plane, thus it is
called horizontal polarization, as shown in Figure 4-3:
vertical polarization
incidental plane
incidental wave
reflection plane
horizontal plane
incidental plane
incidental wave
incidental plane
Figure 4-3 Polarization Diagram
As the horizontal polarized wave is perpendicular to the incident plane, this is also
known as quadrature polarized wave; as the electric field vector of vertical polarized
wave is parallel to the incident plane, it is called horizontal polarized wave. The
electric field vector forms a plane together with the transmitting direction, known as
polarized plane.
The space dirction of electric field vector is not aways the same. The locus of electric
field vector end points is a circle, known as circular polarized wave; if the locus is a
ellipse, it is called ellipse polarized wave. Both the circular polarized wave and ellipse
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polarized wave feature rotating phase.

Both circular polarized wave or ellipse polarized wave is composed of two linear
polarized waves perpendicualr to each other. If the two waves are of the same size,
they will make up circluar polarized wave; if not, they will form ellipse polarized wave.
Antenna may possibly radiate energy it does not need via polarization not preset. The
energy of this kind is called cross polarized radiation component. For linear ploarized
antenna, the cross polarization and preset polarization is perpendicular in direction.
For circular polarization antenna, the cross polarization and the preset polarization
are opposite in rotating direction, so cross polarization is called quadrature
polarization.
1.1.4 Other technical indicators of antenna
I. Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR)
For VSWR in the base station antenna of mobile communication cellular system, its
maximum value should be less than or equal to 1.5:1. If Z A indicates the antenna
input impedance and Z 0 is the antenna’s standard characteristic impedance, then the
reflection coefficient is:
｜Z A −Z 0 ｜ 1+｜Г ｜
｜Г ｜ = , VSWR =
｜Z A +Z 0 ｜ , where Z 0 is 50 ohm. The return loss may also be
1−｜Г ｜
used to indicate the match characteristic of the port, R.L.(dB) = 20 lg ｜Г ｜, if

VSWR=1.5:1, R.L.=13.98dB.
When antenna input impedance is not consistent with its characteristic impedance,
the reflection wave and incident wave will overlap on the feeder linefeeder cable to
form standing wave. The ratio of maximum and minimum value of their neighboring
voltages is the voltage standing wave ratio. If this ratio is too high, it will shorten the
communication distance, and the reflection power will return to the power amplifier of
the transmitter, so that the power tube will get damaged easily, thus affecting the
normal work of communication system.
II. Front-to-back ratio (F/B)
The difference between antenna maximum beam secondary level and back 180~_30°
side lobe maximum beam within back 180~_30° , in positive value. Normally, the
antenna front-to-back ratio ranges between 18～45dB. For populous downtown area,
the antenna with greater front-to-back ratio shall be used, such as 40dB, so as to
reduce the indoor disturbance of the back lobe against high-rise buildings.
III. Port isolation
For a multi-port antenna, such as bipolarization antenna and dual-band bipolarizatin

antenna, the isolation between the ports used for both receiving and transmitting shall
be more than 30dB.
IV. Power capacity
It refers to average power capacity. Antenna contains other coupling equipment such
as match, balance and phase ship, so the power it can bear is limited. In
consideration of the actaul maximum input power of the base station antenna (single
carrier wave power is 20W), if one atenna port is input a maximum of six carrier
waves, then the input power of antenna is 120W. As a result, the antenna shall have a
single port power capacity of more than 200W (when the environmental
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temmperature is 65℃).
V. Zero point filling
Base station antenna is designed as shaped beam. In order to make the ratiation
level within the service area more even, the first zero point of the lower secondary
lobe needs to be filled without nay obvious zero depth. Normally, when the zero depth
is greater than -20dB relative to the main beam, it indicates that the antenna is filled
with zero point. The base station in parent zone has no such requirement in this
respect. In particular, high gain antenna requires zero point filling technology to
improve the nearby coverage and avoid signal fluctuation arising from unequal
coverage in an effective way.
VI. Upper secondary lobe suppressioin
For cellular system, in order to improve the capacity of frequency multiplexing and
reduce co-channel interference against its neighboring area, in shaping beams, the
base station antenna should reduce the secondary lobes aimed at the interference
area so as to raise D/U value. In this case, the first upper secondary lobe should be
less than -18dB. There is no such requirement for parent zone base station antenna.
VII. Antenna input interface
In order to improve the reliability of passive intermodulation and RF connection, the

input interface for antenna adopts 7/16DIN-Female. Before used, the antenna port
should have a cover so as not to generate oxide or keep from foreign substance.
VIII. Passive intermodulation (PIM)
In order to improve non-linear interference noise, PIM of the antenna should be less
than -103dBm (2x10W).
IX. Antenna size and weight
In order for the storage, transport and safety of antenna, besides meeting various
electric indicators, the antenna should be as small as possible in size and as light as
possible in weight.
X. Wind loading
Base station antenna is normally installed on top of high buildings and iron towers,
especially in coastal areas, where the wind is very strong all year round, thus it is
requested that antenna be able to work properly against the wind at a speed of
36m/s, and get undamaged when the wind blows at a speed of 55m/s.
XI. Work temperature and humidity
Base station antenna should work properly within the environmental temperature
range of -40℃ ～ +65℃. Base station antenna should work properly within the
environmental relative humidity ranging between 0～100%.
XII. Lightning protection
all the RF input ports of a base station antenna are required to be directlly grounded
via DC.
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XIII. “Three proof” capacity
The base station antenna must possess the capacity of “three proof”, that is, proof
against moisture, proof against salt atmosphere and proof against mildew. The omni-
antenna in a base station must permit of reverse installation and meet the above
three proof requirements at the same time.
1.1.5 Antenna diversity
I. Diversity characteristic
Signal fading in mobile radio environment will give rise to serious problems. With the
movement of mobile station, rayleigh fading will vary rapidly with the signal
instantaneous value, while the logarithm normal fading varies with the signal average
(median value). These two values are the major factors attributed to unstable
receiving signal in mobile communication, which make the receiving signal deteriorate
greatly. Although this situation can be improved by increasing signal transmitting
power, antenna size and height etc, such methods cost much in modile
communication, and sometimes are obviously far from realistic; however, using the
diversity method, that is, receive the signals hardly related to each other which carry
the same message in serveral tributaries, then output the signals from various
tributaries after consolidation; in this way will the probability of heavy fading at the
receive terminal be reduced to a large extent. Normally, diversity technology is used
at the receiving station address in that the receiving equipment is passive, which will
produce no interference. The diversity is of two types: one is obivious diversity and
the other is implied diversity. By implied diversity, it is meant to imply the diversity
function in the signal to be transmitted using signal design technologies, such as
RAKE receiving technology, channel interweaving, antifading error correction coding
technology. Only obvious diversity is discussed hereunder. This diversity may be
divided into two types: base station obvious diversity and general obvious diversity.
In the base station obvious diversity, several base stations separated by space fully or
partly cover the same area. As there are multiple signals available, the effect of fading
is reduced by a large degree. Due to different transmitting paths of electric wave and
different shadow effects of land forms and ground objects, the multiple slow fading
signals transmitted via independent fading paths are unrelated to one another. It is
unlikely that the signals undergo heavy fading at the same time; therefore, if using
diversity combination and selecting tributary with the best SNR from the signals of
various tributaries, that is, choose the best base station and mobile station to
establish communication so as to eliminate the shadow effects and other geographic
effects. Therefore, base station obvoius diversity is also called multiple base station
diversity.
General obvious diversity is used for suppressing rayleigh fading. The traditional
ways for this purpose are space diversity, frequency diversity, ploarization diversity,
angle diversitym, time diversity and field component diversity etc.
It can be seen that the above diversity only improves the quality of uplink signals,
while the limit of mobile station in terms of volume, price and battery capacity etc
makes it possible to implement speace diversity of multiple antenna. To improve the
transmitting quality of downlink signals, whether it is possible to use the principle of
reciprocity for linear system to implement the diversity technology for receiving end of
mobile station larged limited in volumn shifted equally to the transmitting end. And this
is so-called transmitting diversity technology. Such technology is with a problem:
principle of reciprocity can not be applied unless the mobile communication channels
are simplified into an approximate linear time variation system. Moreover, the
implementation of principle of reciprocity for receiving and transmitting of this system
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also requires that the transmitting and receiving are done within the same frequency
band with the same fading characteristics. But in fact, most mobile communication
systems resort to FDD work mode, where the interval between receiving and
transmitting is far greater than the related bandwidth. To reduce the effect of
deterioration on transmitting diversity out of FDD work mode, we usually adopt closed
loop control to send diversity. The transmitting diversity technology is applied widely in
3G.
II. Diversity and synthesis
The diversity characteristics depend on the relevant coefficients between the quantity
of diversity tributary and the receiving diversity.If each coefficient relevant to each
tributary is identical, then various diversity plans are able to implement the same
related persformances.We must also consider how to synthesize the multiple signals
received by the diversity, because proper synthetic technique will bring forth desirable
performance.For example, use Q multiple diversity with Q signals as S 1 (t ), S 2 (t ), ...S q (t )
before synthesis. Considering that the synthesis can be performed between each
diversity antenna and the receiver, at the frequency output terminal and at the
fundamental frequency output terminal after demodulation, S i (t ) here should be
understood as high frequency signal, medium frequency signal or fundamental signal
in general form. The so-called synthesis is nothing but how to sum up S i (t ). The
signals after synthetized can be expressed as follows:
S(t ) = k 1 S 1 (t ) + k 2 S 2 (t ) + ... + k q S q (t )
where k 1 , k 2 , ..., k q refers to weight coefficient. To select different weight coefficients

will produce different synthesis method. There are four synthetic techniques in
common use: maximum ratio compound (MRC), equal gain compound (EGC),
selective compound (SEC) and switch compound (SWC).These compound
techniques are an important part of antenna technology. As it goes beyond this
textbook, its details will not be mentioned herein. Mobile communication usually
adopts space diversity and polarization diversity with the diversity gain of around ,
5dB. These two methods are discussed as follows.
III. Space diversity
Space diversity is performed using the random change of field indensity with the
space changes.In mobile communication, any slight space change may result in great
change in filed indensity. The longer the space interval, the greater difference the
muli-path transmission will have and the less relativity of the filed indensity received.
In this situation, as it is very unlikely that heavy fading occurs at the same time, the
diversity will reduce the fading effect to its minimum.For this purpose, it is required to
determine necessary space intervals. Normally, the diversity antenna is designed in
accordance with the parameter . The relation between and the actual antenna
h
height h and antenna interval D is:  = D . For antenna placed in horizontal interval, 
is normally 10.For example, the antenna is 30 meters in height, the antenna interval
of 3 meters will get better diversity gain. In addition, the vertical antenna interval is
greater than the horizontal antenna interval.Up to date, the space diversity antenna
commonly seen in the project is made up of two sets (receive/transmit, receive) or
three sets (receive, transmita and receive).
IV. Polarization diversity
The polarization of electromagnetic wave is described hereinbefore. Currently, more

and more projects have applied dual polarization antenna. Antenna is poluarized in
two manners: horizontal poloarization and vertical polarization, while one frequency
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carries signals of the said different polarization manners. In theory, as coupling effect
is not used for medium, mutual interference will not occur. But coupling effect will
occur in mobile communication environment. This means that after the signals are
transmitted via mobile radio medium, the energy of vertical polarized wave will leak to
the horizontal polarized wave and vice versa.Fortunately, compared with the main
enery flow, the enery leakage only involves a very small amount. Favorable diversity
gains can be obtained through ploarization diversity.The greatest advantage of
polarization diversity antenna only requires the installation of one set of antenna, thus
reducing the installation cost.
V. Comparison between space diversity and polarization
The greatest advantage of polarization diversity is to save antenna installation space.

The space diversity requires two pieces of receiving antenna at certain intervals,
while polarization requires only one such antenna. This antenna contains two different
types of polarization dipole. General space diversity is able to obtain a link gain of
3.5dB. As the path loss of horizontal polarizaton antenna is greater than that of
vertical polarization antenna (the horizontal polarized wave has more chance of
deploarization than the vertical polarized wave), for one dual poluaration antenna, its
gain improvement degree is 1.5 dB less than the space diversity. However, dual
polarization diversity is able to provide low relativity indoors or in a car compared with
the space diversity. As a result, it will gain 1.5 dB in improvement more than the
space diversity. In comparison, the advantage of dual polarization receiving antenna
is saving space for antenna installation. As transmitting antenna, if the base station
shares it for transmitting and receiving antenna in the way of dual polarization, the
dual polarization antenna using vertical and horizontal quadrature polarized dipole
compared with the dual polarization antenna using ±45°quadrature polarized dipole
(suppose the other conditions are the same), in an ideal free space (a mobile phone
receiving antenna is vertically polarized), the signals received by the mobile phone
from the antenna is 3dB more than that of the latter. But in practical application
environment, as multi-path transmission exits, when various multi-path signals at the
receiving points are averaged, the above difference will basically disappear. The
accuracy of this conclusion is verified in various tests. However, the said difference
may possibly exist in a vast plain, but how much difference remains to be proved in
test. There might be a difference of 1～2dB. To sum up, there is no much difference
between the said two polarization methods in practical application.
±45°quadraturequadrate polarization antenna is commonly seen on the present
market.
1.1.6 Three-sector base station antenna selection derivation
First of all, let’s make clear a concept concering the cell base station radius as shown
in Figure 4-4.
This is a standaard three-sector celluar layout. From the diagram, we can see that the
interval between the two three-sector base stations is R+r, while R=2r. However, we
usually use R to estimate the cell coverage radius, for this direction is that of the
major lobe of directional antenna; but r is often used to indicate the cell radius in
cellluar layout. In a celluar cell, for the area whose included angle with the major lobe
direction of the cell antenna, this cell is requried to cover a range of r=R/2. If
calcualted from path loss, it will be around 10dB less than that in the direction of
major lobe (deduction is as follows), that is, the effective radiated power in this
direction as required may be about 10dB less than that in the direction of major lobe.
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Figure 4-4 Three-sector Celluar Layout
According to this feature, this layout may adopt directional antenna with a horizontal
lobe (Azimuth beamwidth) of 60 ～ 65 degrees, because their diagram of horizontal
lobe gain has this feature, too.
If R indicates the cell radius, then the cell area is S=0.6495×R×R. However, people
sometimes call r as the cell radius. At this point the cell area is S=2.5981×r×r.
Therefore, while discussing a problem of this kind, we need to make clear what to be
used as the cell radius.
Figure 4-5 Presentation of R and r
Let’s deduce the theoretic basis for the difference of 10dB between R direction and r
direction in terms of path loss. As shown in Figure 4-5, in this standard cell of 120
degrees, the distance covered in r direction is half that in R direction, i.e. r=R/2. To
keep balanced coverage, the field intensity on the edge of this cell should be basically
equal, that is, RxlvelB=RxlevelC. Suppose
EIRP transmitted from Cell A is EIRPR in R direction and is EIRPr in r direction.
We choose urban HATA model for the path loss and the path loss from Point A to
Point B is expressed in Equation (1):
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EIRPR-RXLEVB=69.55+21.66lgf-13.82lgh1+(44.9-6.55lgh1)lgR (1)
The path loss from Point A to Point C is expressed in Equation (2):
EIRPr-RXLEVc=69.55+21.66lgf-13.82lgh1+(44.9-6.55lgh1)lgr (2)
The two equations subtract each other and the following equation will appear after
coordination:
EIRPR-EIRPr=(44.9-6.55lgh1)×(lgR-lgr)=(44.9-6.55lgh1) ×lg(R/r)
Put R=2r in the result and you will get the following:
EIRPR-EIRPr=0.3×(44.9-6.55lgh1)
Through computer simulation, as the height h1of base station increases from 5m to
100m, and (EIRPR-EIRPr) decreases from 12 to 9.5, it may be roughly treated as
10dB as shown in Figure 4-6.
◆ Series 1
Figure 4-6 Diagram of relation between the height of base station and
value of EIRPR-EIRPr
1.2 Antenna new technology
1.2.1 Shaped beam technology
In the cellular mobile system, it is always a complicated problem to reduce

interference of the same channel. Shaped beam technology has improved the reuse
of spatial frequency spectrum.There are two types of shaped beam. One is the radial
direction diagram on the shaped plane, i.e. shaped plane; the other is radial direction
diagram on the shaped vertical plane. In the cellular system, while replacing the
omnidirectional beam with the fan-shaped beam, the cellular interference distance will
increase, so that base station antenn will radiate level as low as possible to another
cell using the same frequency, while the base station antenna will radiate level as
high as possible to its service area radiation.
When the antenna at a fixed height illuminates a limited horizontal plane, the antenna
vertical directional diagram indicates that the existance of side lobe zero point may
possibly lead to blind zone within the area to be covered. Using the cosecant square
shaped beam power directional diagram of the vertical plane may eliminate the zero
points below the major lobe, so that the area to be covered has equal receiving signal
level. This is also known as zero point filling technology.
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In addition, the global celluar system around is basically using a processing

technology known as beam declination downtilt.The said technology mainly aims to
decline the major beam so as to compress the FR level towards the directio and
increase the carrier-to-interference ratio.In this case, although the carrier wave level
on the edge of area falls, the interference level drops more than the carrier level, so
the total carrier-to-interference ratio increases. Strictly speaking, beam
declinationdowntilt is not really the shaped beam technology, but they are for the
same purpose.To date, there are two ways to decline the beam.One is electric
adjustment declinationdowntilt to adjust the beam declinationdowntilt by changing the
excitation coefficient of antenna array; and the other is mechanical adjustment to
change the declinationdowntilt angle of the antennal.
Corresponding to different methods for beam declinationdowntilt, antenna is divided
into electric adjustment antenna and mechanical antenna. After electric adjustment
antenna adopts the methods combining mechanic and electronics to decline by 15°,
the directional diagram of the antenna will not change greatly with the coverage
distance shortened obviously in the direction of major lobe. The overall antenna
directional diagram is within the local base station sector. To increase the
declinationdowntilt degree will reduce the sector coverage, but will not produce
interference. We simply need such a directional diagram. Electric adjustment antenna
is of two types: one is the preset fixed electric declinationdowntilt angle antenna, and
the other is antenna to make adjustment of electric declinationdowntilt angle one the
site according to practical needs. The latter is described as follows. When the
mechanical antenna declines by 15°, the form of antenna directional diagram
changes greatly from the shape of juicy pear (grown in Hebei Province) to the shape
of spindle. Although the coverage distance in the major lobe direction is obviously
shortened, the overall antenna directional diagram is not within the sector of base
station and the sector in the neighboring base station will also receive the signals
from the said base station, thus resulting in interference. This is attributed to the
following reasons: the electric antenna is installed perpendicular to the ground
(mechanical declinationdowntilt of 0°～5°is optional). Once the antenna is installed, in
the course of adjusting antenna declinationdowntilt angel, the antenna itself will not
move. Through electric signal the antenna dipole phase is adjusted, thus changing
the breadth of horizontal and vertical component as well as the component field
intensity, so as to change antenna coverage distance. At the same time the filed
intensity in each direction of the antenna increases or decreases, so as to ensure the
antenna directional diagram will not change greatly after the change of
declinationdowntilt angle. After the mechanical antenna is installed perpendicular to
the ground, while adjusting the declinationdowntilt angel of antenna, the antenna itself
will move too. It is necessary to change the antenna declinationdowntilt angle by
adjusting the position of the rear rack of antenna, and changing the
declinationdowntilt angle. Although the coverage distance in the major lobe direction
of the antenna undergoes no obvious change, the vertical component and horizontal
component of the antenna will remain unchanged in terms of breadth. Therefore, the
antenna directional diagram will be transformed seriously. As a result, the advantage
of electric antenna is: in the event of great declinationdowntilt angle, the coverage
distance is obviously shorten in the major lobe direction with antenna directional
diagram changing not so much, so as to bring down the call loss and reduce the
interference. In addition, in the event of network optimization, management and
maintenance, to adjust the antenna declinationdowntilt angle, you do not have to shut
down while using electric antenna. In this way, you may use special test equipment
for mobile communication to monitor the adjustment of antenna declinationdowntilt
angle, so as to ensure the antenna declinationdowntilt angle is at its best value.
The step degree of declinationdowntilt angle for electric antenna is 0.1°, while the
step degree for mechanical antenna is 1°. Therefore, electric antenna is highly
precise and yields good result. When electric antenna is installed, while adjusting
antenna declinationdowntilt angle, the maintenance personnel do not have to clime to
the place where the antenna is installed but adjust the declinationdowntilt angle on
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the ground. They may also perform remote monitoring adjustment on the base station
antenna on top of high mountains and in remote areas. While adjusting the
declinationdowntilt angle of mechanical antenna, it is required to shut down the entire
system. And monitoring cannot be conducted when the antenna declinationdowntilt
angle is being adjusted. The declinationdowntilt angle of mechanical antenna is a
theoretical value through calculation by computer simulation analysis software, and it
will differ form the actual best declinationdowntilt angle to some extent. Besides, it
takes much trouble to adjust the declinationdowntilt angle for mechanical antenna.
Normally, the maintenance personnel shall have to clime to the place where the
antenna is installed at night before making adjustment. Furthermore, it is rather
difficult to adjust some antennas after they have been installed, such as mountaintop
or special buildings.
In addition, the index for Level 3 normal intermodulation of electric antenna is
-150dBc, while such index for mechanical antenna is -120dBc. Thus, the difference of
the two is 30dBc. However, the Level 3 intermodulation index is very important to
eliminate adjacent frequency interference and scattering interference. In particular, in
the area of high traffic intensity with small distance between base stations but much
carrier frequency, it is requested that the index for Level 3 intermodulation should
reach around -150dBc. Otherwise, large interference will occur.
Currently, China Mobile Communication Network is suffering much call loss and large
interference in the areas with high traffic intensity. One of the important reasons is
that the declinationdowntilt degree of mechanical antenna is too large, so antenna
directional diagram gets distorted seriously. To solve the problem of insufficient
capacity in areas with much traffic, it is necessary to shorten the station distance and
increase the antenna declinationdowntilt angle. But while using mechanical antenna,
when the declinationdowntilt angle is more than 10°, the antenna directional diagram
will be distorted quite seriously. Therefore, it is very different to solve the problem of
high call loss and large interference in areas with high user intensity through
mechanical antenna. It is recommended that the mechanical antenna be replaced by
electric antenna in traffic-intensive areas. The replaced antennas may be installed in
the rural areas and suburbs where the traffic intensity is relatively low.
1.2.2 Intelligent Antenna
With the rapid development of global telecommunication services, the wireless mobile
communicaiton technology as the major means of individual communication in the
future attracts much attention among the general public. It has become major factors
for people to consider how to eliminate co-channel interference (CCI), multi-address
interference (MAI) and multi-pathm fading in improving the performance of wireless
mobile communication system. The intelligent antenna uses digital signal processing
technology and adopts advanced switched beam technology as well as adaptive
spatial digital processing technology, to produce space directional beam so that the
antenna major beam is aimed at the direction where the user signals arrive with its
side lobes aimed at the direction where the interference signal will arrive, so as to
attain the objective of making most of mobile user signals and of deleting or
suppressing the interference signals. Compared with other deepening and maturing
technologies for eliminating interferences, the applied research on intelligent antenna
technology is just in the ascendant and reveals huge potentials.
The greatest disadvantages of system wireless base station is it wastes radio signal
energy. Normally, only a small amount of signal energy can reach the destination. In
addition, when the base station is receiving signals, it receives not only useful signals
but also interference noice from other signals. It is not the case with intelligent
antenna. It is able to receive the signals from a specified user and transfer the signal
enegy to the said user in a more effective way. Different from traditional TDMA, FDMA
or CDMA, intelligent antenna introduces the fourth dimension multiple access: SDMA.
12
With the same time slot, frequency or address code, the user is still able to
differentiate them in light of the space transmitting paths of the signals. Intelligent
antenna is equal to a time space filter, which works to notably reduce the interference
of user signals with each other under the control of parellel antenna beams directed
to different users. To be specific, intelligent antenna will improve the performance of
future mobile communication system in the following aspects:
(1) Enlarge system coverage;
(2) Reduce interference and raise system capacity;
(3) Improve utilization rate of high frequency spectrum;
(4) Raise the sensitivity of base station;
(5) Reduce transmitting power of base station, so as to lower system cost and reduce
interference between signals and environmental pollution of electromagnetism.
Intelligent antenna is of two major types: multi-beam intelligent antenna and adaptive
array antenna, known as multi-beam antenna and adaptive antenna; the latter is the
main type of intelligent antenna.
Multi-antenna uses multiple parallel beams to cover the entire user area with each
beam pointing to a fixed place. The beamwidth varies with the number of array
elements. With the users moving in the cell, the base station will choose different
beams accordingly, so as to make the signals received the strongest. As user signals
are not necessarily at the center of fixed beams, when the user is at the edge of
beam with the interference signal at the heart of beam, the receiving effect will be the
worst. Therefore, multi-beam antenna cannot achieve best reception of signals. It is
generally used as receiving antenna. However, compared with adaptive array
antenna, multi-beam antenna has such advantages as simple structure and no need
for judging the direction where the user signal reaches.
Normally, adaptive antenna adopts an array element structure of 6～16 antennas with
a interval of 1/2 wavelength between array elements. If such interval is too large, the
correlativity of received signals to each other will be reduced; if such interval is too
small, there will arise unnecessary grid slobes. Thus, the interval is generally half
wave length.
Adaptive array antenna system adopts digital signal processing technology to identify
the direction where the user signals reach and then form major beam of the antenna
in this direction. Adaptive array antenna provides different space channels tantamount
to the cables for wire transmission in light of different user signals, so as to ward off
the effect of interference on the system. The general structure of intelligent antenna
is shown in Figure 4-7(a):
13
Figure 4-7(a) Structure of Intelligent Antenna
(b) Diagram of TDD Wireless Base Station with Intelligent Antenna
Antenna array may take such shapes as straight line, circle or two-dimention plane.
The core of antenna system is the digital signal processing unit, which enables
antenna array to produce directional beams pointing to the mobile subscribers
according to certain standards and automatically adjust the weight coefficient so as to
achieve space filtering as required. Intelligent antenna is required to solve the
following two key problems: identify the signal direction and achieve digital shaping
(matrix). The representative algorithm for signal direction AOA (Angle of Arrival) is
Music, ESPRIT, and maximum likelihood algorithms etc. The aim of adaptive beam
shaping is to obtain best weight coefficient through adaptive algorithm. What algorith
to take requires considering adaptive rules, the most common of which are SINR,
MMSE, minimum mean square and maximum likelihood etc. It has been proved that
the best weight coefficients using the above four rules will result in equal steady state
solution, or Wiener-Kolmogorov solution. Adaptive algorithms in common use include
the following: (1) Direct sampling covariance matrix inversion algorithm (DMI); (2)
various minimum mean square algorithms (LMS); recursion least square algorithm
(RLS); (4) constant model algorithm (CMA) etc. These adaptive algorithm has their
own advantages and disadvantages. Proper algorithm should be selected in practical
application in light of practical conditions.
Hereunder is the detailed description of matrix expression of shaped beams.
As shown in Firgure 4-7(b), it describes a block diagram of CDMA base station with
intelligent antenna, working in TDD mode. From the figure, we can see that compared
with the traditional base station without intelligent antenna, it has FR part composed
of an antenna array and a group of receive-and-transmit units on its hardware, while
the hardware for baseband signal processing is basically the same. What should be
pointed out is that this group of wireless receive-and-transmit units will use the same
local vibration source, so as to ensure this group is working in a corelative way.
As shown in Figure 4-7(b), each FR receive-and-sent unit has ADC and DAC, which
convert the baseband analog signals received into digital signals, and convert the
digital signals to be transmitted into analog baseband signals, so as to perform the
conversion between analog signals and digital signals. All the signals received and
14
transmitted are connected by a group of high-speed digital buses and baseband

digital signal processor.
From Figure 4-7(b), let’s first study the signals from multiple user terminals. These
upsteam signals have such effects as multi-address interference, fading, multi-path
transmission and doppler frequency shift, and have other interferences and noises.
Use Si(n) for the output of Receiver i as shown in the figure at n time point. Through
deamplification and the corresponding digital siganl processing, you may get the data
received from each code channel. If we use Xji(∫) to indicate the array elements of
Symbol ∫of Code channel j received at Antenna i , then after beam shaping
(composition) on the baseband, the total data received from the intelligent antenna
should be:
W refers to uplink beam shaping matrix, whose matrix element is Wij(∫).

Next, the intelligent antenna will shape its downlink beams. Use Yj(∫) to indicate
Symbol∫tranmitted to this user from code channel j. The signals transmitted from
antenna array element i via the downlink beam shaping of intelligent antenna (adjust
the amplitude and phase of the signals transmitted from each transmitter in the base
station) can be expressed as:
where U is downsteam beam shaping matrix for element uji(∫).

Obviously, to get the best receiption, we must find out a good algorithm for uplink
beam shaping, or a method for obtaining W matrix; in order for the user to get the
best signals, it is necessary to find out a good algorithm for downlink beam shaping,
or a method for obtaining U matrix. It must be pointed out that the only thing already
known is the geometric structure and the signals received by various receivers of the
antenna array in finding this beam shaping matrix. In this respect, the researchers
have done a lot of work, and there are several algorithms available, mainly limited to
the processing capacity of baseband processor and the requirements on real-time
work.
Intelligent antenna technology will bring much good to wireless communicaiton,
especially in improving CDMA system performance and reducing its cost. However,
consideration must be given to the problems arising from the application of intelligent
antenna to CDMA system. At the same time, the following problems should be solved
in respect of standard, produce and network design:
I. Ominidirectional beam and shaped beam
Intelligent antenna’s major functions are performed through adaptive transmission

and shaping the received beam. Furthermore, the shaping of beams received and
15
transmitted is done on the basis of geometric structure, system requirements and the
user signals received with respect to the base station antenna. Under mobile
communication system, the intelligent antenna uses shaped beams on the uplink
signal of each user, which serves to improve the system performance directly.
However, when the user is not transmitting but only receiving signals and moving
within the area covered by the base station (idle status), it is impossible fo the base
station to know exactly where the user is. In this case, the base station will use
omnidirectional beams for transmission (such physical channels in the system as
Pilot, synchronization, broadcast and paging). For the base station with
omnidirectional coverage as shown in Figure 4-8, different beams are transmitted
from different code channels. That is to say, the base station must provide
omnidirectional and directional shaped beams. In this sense, an omnidirectional
channel requirs much higher transmitting power (the maximum power possible is
101gN dB higher than the dedicated channel,where N is the quantity of antenna
array elements. This must be taken into account in system design.
Figure 4-8 Diagram of Coverage Requirements on Different Channels
II. Shared downlink channel and discontinuous transmission
The mobile communication system providing IP data services is designed with uplink
and downlink channels shared by multiple users and discontinuous transmission
technology is used in the base station and at the user terminal. In a base station
using intelligent antenna, as the users move, it is impossible for the base station to
locate the useres; therefore, in general, only omnidirectional downlink beam should
be used. In addition, one more access process may be added to transmit signals to
each user in a fixed direction. These two methods each have their advantages and
may be possibly used.
III. Alignment of intelligent antenna
While using intelligent antenna, it is required to provide technology of automatic and
16
real time alignm of intelligent antenna. While using intelligent antenna in TDD system,
use the uplink beam shaping coefficient directly to shape downlink beam in
accordance with the principle of reciprocity in electromagnetic field theory; but for
actual wireless base station, it is impossible that the radio transceiver on each
channel is totally the same; moreover, its performance may vary with such factors as
period, work level and environmental conditions. Without real-time automatic
alignment, the downlink beam shaping will be affected seriously. It will not only fail to
gain the advantages of intelligent antenna but also cannot even communicate at all.
IV. Frame structure and relevant physical layer technology
There is no special requirement on physical layer technology for a mobile

communication system in using intelligent antenna. Moreover, basic technologies for
the physical layer as modulation demodulation, spread spectrum, channel coding,
error correction and data multiple connection, will definitely be totally the same.
However, to use intelligent antenna may allow you to design the physical layer in a
more effective way. For example, in the TD-SCDMA-recommended system,
synchronous CDMA technology is used to simplify the tranceiver; specified uplink and
downlink Pilot time slots are used in the design of time slots at the physical layer, so
as to reduce the interference arising from cell search and random access etc., thus
the functions of intelligent antenna are brought into full play.
V. Combination of antenna with other anti-interference technologies
Presently, there must be a comprise between the algorithm complication and real time
implementation of the intelligent antenna. Thus, the practical intelligent antenna
algorithm still can neither solve the problem of multi-path interference arising from
time delay over the width of one code nor overcome channel deterioration as a result
of doppler effect out of high-speed movements. Under the serious environment of
multi-path high-speed movements, it is required to combine the intelligent antenna
with other anti-interference digital signal processing technologies, so as to achieve
the best results.These digital signal processing technologies include joint detection,
interference cancellation and Rake receiption etc. Currently, the combination of
intelligent antenna with joint detection or interference cancellation already has
practical algorithm, while the algorithm for its combination with Rake receiver is still
under research.
VI. Problem of beam shaping speed
It must be noted that due to the mobility of user terminal, mobile communication is a
time variant channel. Intelligetn antenna uses received signals to shape the uplink
and downlink beams, so it is requested that TDD cycle should not be too long. For
example, when the user terminal moves at a speed of 100km/h, its doppler frequency
shif approaches 200Hz and the change of user terminal location within 10ms will
reach 28cm. At 2GHz frequency band, it already exceeds one wavelength, resulting in
huge error in shaping downlink beams. Therefore, TDD cycle is expected to be
reduced at least by half, so that the interval between transmitting and receiving is
within the range of 2-3ms in order to ensure the intelligent antenna works in a proper
way. If this system terminal is required to mover faster, TDD uplink and downlink
conversion cycle should be shortened further.
VII. Consideration of equipment complication
Apparently, the performances of intelligent antenna will increase with the increase in
the number of antenna array elements. However, to increase the number of antenna
array elements will add to the complication of the system. Such complication will
ascend by geometrical progression in respect of the quantity of baseband digital
17
signals to be processed. Nowadays, CDMA system trends towards broad band and
the code rate already stands quite high, so the complication of baseband processing
requires more and more in respect of microelectronic technique. In this way, this
determines it impossible to have a large number of antenna elements.According to
the current level, the number of elements should range between 6 and 16.
In addition, as the mobile communication environment is particular, other new
problems occur to intelligent antenna: serious multi-path problem and message
sources generally outnumber antenna array elements. The characteristic of multiple
sources and paths requires the research and development of intelligent antenna to
gain momentus in the following aspects: have a full understanding of the mobile
communication environment, especially the space dimension characteristic, which
requires not only new models created for mobile communication environment but
more test results. On the basis of understanding the particularity of mobile
communication environment, develop new algorithms in seamless connection with the
mobile communication system and other wireless technologies; research on the
interworking of intelligent antenna with other technologies, such as power control,
multipl user detection, synchronous technologies and RAKE receiption with the
objective of eliminating, balancing and utilizing interference in a better way so as to
improve system performance.
Currently, intelligent antenna technology is considered internationally as a major
development trend of mobile communication technology later than the third
generation. It has become possible to apply intelligent antenna to WCDMA TDD
system. As a matter of fact, intelligent antenna is one of the key technologies for TD-
SCDMA system.
18
1.3 Antenna Dip AngleDowntilt Planning

In cellular communication, coverage theory, frequency multiplexing theory and BSS
functional algorithm are all based on the same precondtion, i.e. regular cellular layout.
The factors affecting cellular layout in wireless network planning are mainly reflected
through the design of project parameters, ranging from the macro layout of multiple
base stations in wireless network to the location of a single base station, antenna
height, lobe width, direction, dip angledowntilt and EIRP etc, thus forming a specific
celluar network. Normally, the performance indexes of the antenna itself are selected
according to the characteristics of wireless network such as the intensity of base
stations and macro coverage goal; once the location of base station is determined in
combination of networking requirements and external ojective conditions, it seldom
changes thereafter; while the antenna height, direction, dip angledowntilt and
coverage goal should be finalized in accordance with the parameters specified
previously and the specific coverage goal of a single cell.
Hereunder is the analysis of the relationship between such elements of the anntenna
as its height, direction, dip angledowntilt and coverage goal (cell radius is R), and the
recommended value of the antenna dip angledowntilt under certain condition will be
given.As radio signals are transmitted closed related to the environment (such as loss
in the area with dense high buildings, the reflection of mountains, water surface or
huge glass walls, which will have effect on the transmission of electric waves), it is not
necessarily adaptable to all the transmission environments. However, if careful
consideration is given to the regularity of cellular structure as well as the range to be
covered by the cell and coverage goal, it may help lay a solid foundation for the
quality of wireless network.
1.3.1 Antenna Dip AngleDowntilt Design
In designing antenna dip angledowntilts, consideration must given to the following

factors: antenna height, azimuth angle, gains, vertical half power angle and the cell
range expected to be covered.
As is known all, when the antenna gain is determined, the horizontal half power angle
of the antenna is in inverse ratio against its vertical half power angle with their
relationship expressed as follows:
G a =32600/(   )
Where Ga is antenna gain (a multiplying factor, which should be converted into dB
value),  is vertical half power angle and  is horizontal half power angle. It must be
noted that this formula only yields a theoretical value. As a result of such reasons as
manufacturing technique, the actual antenna index will be different, especially the
width of vertical lobe. Therefore, before specific application, it is prefered to look up
antenna technical manual.
From the above formula, we know thaqt when antenna gain is relatively small, the
vertical half power angle and the horizontal half power angle of antenna are normally
large, and vice versa. In order to better control trans-regional coverage, it is
appropriate to select the antenna with higher gains in network planning within a
region of intensive base stations, but antenna with high gains will easily result in
unfavorable coverage in the vicinity. In serious cases, zero point filling technology
must taken into account.
For the base stations distributed in downtown areas, when the antenna has no dip
angledowntilt or the angle is very small, the service range of each cell is subject to the
19
height, azimuth angle, gain, transmitting power and land forms and ground objects
with regard to the antenna. In this case, the coverage radius may be calculated
through Okumura-Hata or COST231 formula; when the antenna dip angledowntilt is
relatively large, as the above formula fails to consider the dip angledowntilt, thus it is
impossible to work out the coverage radius (if there is an accurate transmission
model and digital map, ASSET may be figured out). At this point, direction estimation
can be done in accordance with the size of vertical half power angle and the dip
angledowntilt of the antenna on the basis of triangle geomety formula as follows:
Suppose the radius to be covered is D(m) with antenna height as H(m), dip
angledowntilt as  and the vertical half power angle as , then the relation between
the antenna major lobe beams and the ground as shown in Figure 4-9.
Figure 4-9 Relation between Antenna Major Lobe Beams and the Ground
It can be seen that when antenna dip angledowntilt is 0 degree, antenna beam major
lobes or major energy radiate horizontally; when antenna declines by degrees, the
extension line in the direction of major lobes will ultimately intersect a point on the
ground (Point A). As antenna is of certain beam width vertically, much energy will be
radiated in the direction from Point A to Point B. According to technical performance of
the antenna, within the scope of half power angle, antenna gain will come down
slowly; beyond the half power angle, antenna gain (especially the upper lobe) will fall
sharply. Therefore, while considering the size of antenna dip angledowntilt, the scope
ranging from the extension line of the half power angle to the intersection point on the
ground (Point B) may be regarded as the actual coverage area of this antenna.
According to the above analysis and the theories for triangle geometry, it can be
deduced that the relationship between antenna height, dip angledowntilt, and
coverage distance is as follows:  = arctan(H/D)+ /2
The above formula may be used to estimate the coverage distance after the dip
angledowntilt has been adjusted. The actual result of practical application on the
optimism site reveals that this formula is of great guiding significance. However, the
application of this formula is limited by the following conditions: the dip angledowntilt
must be greater than half of the half power angle; the distance D must be less than
the distance worked out according to the formula in absence of a dip angledowntilt.
For vertical beam width in the above formula, pleaes refer to the specific antenna
technical index or work out the rough value.
In a situation where the vertical beam width is 17 degrees and the base station
antenna is 40 meters high, the relationship between the coverage distance and
antenna dip angledowntilt is shown in Figure 4-10. When the vertical beam width is
6.5 degrees and the base station antenna is 40 meters high, the relationship the
coverage distance and antenna dip angledowntilt is shown in Figure 4-11.
20
coverage distance-declination
angle
distance (meter )
declination angle
(degree)
Figure 4-10 Relation between Coverage Distance and Dip AngleDowntilt

(vertical beam width as 17 degrees, and antenna height as 40 meters)
coverage
distance-declination angle
distance (meter )
declination angle
(degree)
Figure 4-11 Relation between Coverage Distance and Dip AngleDowntilt

(vertical beam width as 65 degrees, and antenna height as 40 meters)
Seen from the above two figures, when the antenna height and dip angledowntilt are
specified, the relation between the coverage distance and the vertical beam width of
the antenna is as follows: The smaller the vertical beam width, the coverage distance
will be shorter. As a result, to control trans-regional coverage in a better way, we
should choose an antenna of small vertical beam width with zero point filling function
while selecting antennas in the planning stage. In this way, it will prevent trans-
regional interference and improve the coverage in the vicinity and indoor coverage.
However, when the vertical beam width grows smaller, the horizontal lobe or gain will
get larger, thus causing new trans-regional interference or excessive cross coverage
between neighboring cells. As a result, antennas of medium gain are usually chosen
21
in urban areas. For example, GSM900 selects antenna of 65 degrees and 15dBi. At
this time, the width of vertical lobe ranges between 11-15 degrees. It must be noted
that the adjustment of dip angledowntilt may serve to control the coverage area in
addition to improve the indoors coverage in the vicinity of the base station, but the
coverage far from the base station will get worse.
1.3.2 Practical Application
In order for practical application considering the necessary overlap of some areas
between adjacent cells. The distance D from the base station in downtown area to the
coverage desitination may be simplified as the designed cell radius (diameter as R);
the antenna height H refers to the relative height of the base station and the coverage
designation, and this article only treats of the areas similar to plains.Antenna
declinationdowntilt is divided into mechanical declinationdowntilt and electric
declinationdowntilt, both of which have equal effect on the coverage. As electric
declinationdowntilt is more expensive and requires customization, we usually adopts
mechanical desclination. It is generally believed that it is a scientific approach to keep
the mechanical declinationdowntilt of the antenna below 10 degrees; in the event of
more than 10 degrees, the lobes are easily distorted, thus causing unexpected
interference against other cells; another conclusion is that the dip angledowntilt of
mechanical declinationdowntilt should not exceed the half power beam width within
the vertical plane of the said antenna. Otherwise, coverage is distorted.
Therefore, in terms of the goal of maximum rationaliztion, we wish to adopt electric
antenna in populous downtown areas for networking. As the anntenna capable of
onsite adjustment of electric declinationdowntilt angle is rather expensive, we
normally use antenna with preset factory 6～7 degrees of electric declinationdowntilt
(or the average declinationdowntilt angle within the coverage area). Combine
mechanical declinationdowntilt in network capacity enlargement and optimization, so
as to set large declinationdowntilt angle of 15～20 degrees.
According to what is discussed above and in combination with A anntenna in most
common use and the commonly seen antenna height antenna (25 ～50 meters), the
value recommended for antenna declinationdowntilt angle under the cell radius of
250, 500, 800 and 1000 meters. The same is true of other circumstances.
Vertical
Declination
half power Cell radius Antenna
Antenna model Downtilt
angle of R(m) height
angle
antenna
65 degrees, a gain of
12 200 50 20
15 dBi
12 250 50 17
15 dBi
12 250 40 15
15 dBi
12 250 30 13
15 dBi
12 250 25 12
15 dBi
12 500 50 12
15 dBi
12 500 40 11
15 dBi
12 500 30 10
15 dBi
12 500 25 9
15 dBi
12 800 30 8
15 dBi
22
12 1000 30 2
15 dBi
From this we can see that when the cell radius is too small, antenna mechanical
declinationdowntilt cannot ensure control of coverage area. At this time, we cannot
but reduce the antenna height; if it is difficult to reduce the height, it is necessary to
adopt the combination of electric declinationdowntilt and mechanical
declinationdowntilt. In application, for a base station with its antenna of 40-50 meters
in height, the minimum cell radius is 250 meters. Normally, the ideal height for macro
cellular antenna in downtown areas is 25～30 meters and the antenna in suburbs or
directed to the suburbs is 40～50 meters in height.
The above method for calculating declinationdowntilt angle is mainly applicable to the
dense base station networking with an interval of less than 1200 meters (i.e.
R=800m) between stations.
When the base station is over 800 meters away from the coverage destination, the
most concern is still the coverage of a large area. It is not necessary to consider the
effect of vertical half power angle in working out the antenna declinationdowntilt
angle. At this time, the angle of declinationdowntilt is normally 1～4 degrees; under
special circumstances, for example, if the base station has been installed in a higher
position, its angle of declinationdowntilt may also be large.
However, the surroundings around the base station are quite complex. The
declinationdowntilt angle must also take the reflection from the neighboring
mountains, water surface and tall glass walls into consideration in that such reflection
will easily cause unexpected adjacent frequency interference with other base stations
and even its own time dispersion effect; consideration should also be given to shadow
effect caused by the buidling roof, dense architectural complex and slope on electric
waves.。However, in practical networking, the surrounding geographical environment
around the base station will be combined to use the obstruction of tall building or
mountain to control the coverage area. It is required to consider the
declinationdowntilt angle at this time.
Networking in populous downtown area should also consider the street effect and
unexpected trans-regional coverage arising from the antenna major lobe right
directed to the street. In general, the major lobe should avoid being directed to a
straight street.
When a cell needs to cover an area higher than the antenna, it is possible to adopt
inverse directional antenna or negative angle of declinationdowntilt. The antenna is
required to proof against water.
If the base station is placed too high and thus necessitating the coverage of valleys
far lower than the base station ( more than 50～60 meters or depression angle more
than 5 degrees) and only omni-antenna can be used, it is necessary to consider using
omni-antenna characterized by electric declinationdowntilt angle (3 degrees or 5
degrees etc.), wide vertical lobe (low gain), zero point filling or improvement on the
gain of lower secondary lobe in order to improve the coverage near the base station
and avoid possible signal fluctuation caused by “blind under tower” and unequal
coverage.
We must also give consideration to the direction after the antenna back lobe declines
on the major lobe of the antenna, because the front-to-back ratio for general antenna
nowadays only stands at 20dB. The back lobes with strong signals will easily cause
much interference against high buildings. Therefore, it is recommended to adopt
electric declinationdowntilt while selecting antenna in populous urban areas, and take
note of the effect of upper secondary lobes.
Normally, the vertical power angle of omni-antenna is symetric vertically along the
plane, and thus the inverse and upright installation will have equal effect; in practial
23
project, the vertical directional diagram of specific omni-antenna should still be taken
into consideration to check if the electric declinationdowntilt angle is already available.
In this case, careful consideration should be given to inverse installation.
24
1.4 Antenna Selection

In mobile communication network, it is a very important part to select an antenna. We
should make a choice in light of practical conditions such as the requirement on
coverage, traffic, interference and network service quality of the network. A proper
antenna will enlarge the coverage, reduce interference and improve service quality.
As the selection of antenna is closely related to coverage requirement, the
environment for using antennas can be divided into 4 types in light of the land form or
the distribution of traffic: urban area, suburb, rual area and highroad.
1.4.1 Current Problems of Using Antenna
Little consideration is given to the relation between the actual land form and the
antenna directional diagram with antenna selected simply in consideration of the
distribution of covered traffic. For example, in selecting omni-antenna, the entire
network uses a single type of omni-antenna, which leads to “blind under tower” as a
result of narrow vertical plane beam when the antenna is placed high.
Oblivious to the limit on the use of antenna, many places decline the antenna in a
very large angle in order to reduce interference without regard to antenna directional
diagram, thus distorting the directional diagram and causing problems with coverage.
Actually, simulation indicates there should be different limits on declinationdowntilt
angle in light of antennas with different gains.
Too much attention is focused on the high gain performance of the antenna without
regard to the disadvantages of such performance. As a result, almost the gains of all
the antennas used in the entire network stand quite high. The weak points of high-
gain antenna are as follows: large size, heavy, high secondary lobe, deep zero lobe
and narrow vertical beams.
Without regard to the difference between dual polarization antenna and vertical
polarization antenna in terms of use, consideration is only given to selecting dual
polarization antenna from the angle of engineering installation.
1.4.2 Application Principle for Base Station Antenna in Urban Areas
In urban areas, as the base stations are densely distributes, it is requested that a
single base station covers a small area in hopes of reducing trans-regional coverage,
reducing the itnerference between base stations and improving frequency
multiplexing rate. In principle, the antenna should meet the following requirements:
I. Selection of antenna plane horizonal half power beam width
As there are a large number of base stations distributed in urban areas, overlapping
coverage and frequency interference will arise as a serious problem. To reduce the
overlapping area of adjacent sectors, and reduce the interference between base
stations, the beam width of antenna planehorizonal half power should be small.
Normally, we select an antenna whose plane horizontal half power beam width is 65
°. Normally, those antennas with beam width over 90° will not be chosen._
II. Selection of antenna gain
As the base station in urban areas normally requies no large coverage distance, it is
recommended to select the antennas with medium gains. Thus, the vertical plane
beam of antenna can be made wider, so as to enhance the coverage effect within the
25
area to be covered. At the same time, the size and weight of antenna can become
smaller instrumental to the installation and reducing cost. According to the current
antenna models, it is recommended to select a gain of 15dBi (900MHz) or 15-18dBi
(1800MHz) for antennas in urban areas.
For a base station on the outskirt of a city, if the coverage distance is required to be
long, antenns with higher gains such as 17dBi、18dBi can be selected.
In principle, while designing base station coverage in urban areas, we should select
an antenna with fixed electric declinationdowntilt angle, whose size is subject to
practical conditions (6-9°preferred).
Inside a city, in order to raise the frequency multiplexing rate, reduce trans-regional
interference and improve D/U value (the ratio of useful signal level to useless signal
level), it is allowed to select an antenna with its first upper secondary lobe suppressed
and the first lower zero point filled (shaping technology). However, the antenna of this
kind usually has no fixed angle of declinationdowntilt.
As it is different to select a site for an urban base station, the installation space for
antenna is limited. Generally, it is recommended to select dual poluarization antenna.
Under indentical or similar electric indicators, it is better to select an antenna of small
size.
1.4.3 Application Principle for Suburb Base Station Antenna
In the suburbs, things are largely different. We may estimate what type of antenn is
required according to the coverage area as required. Generally, we may comply with
the following basic principles:
We may select an antenna with its plane horizontal half power beam width as 65° or
90°in light of practical conditions. When there are few base stations around, it is
imperative to give priority to the antenna with its plane horizontal half power beam
width of 90°.
If a lot of base stations are around, refer to the selection antennas in urban areas for
the the principle for antenna selection.
With a view to smooth upgrading in the furture, in general, it is not recommended to
adopt an omni-antenna in this case.
Whether to adopt an angle of declination downtilt is subject to practical conditions.
Even if a declination downtilt angle is used, it is generally very small.
1.4.4 Application principle for base station antennas in rural areas
As rural areas require small amount of traffic but large coverage, the application of
antennas should follow the principles hereunder.
If the base station is required to cover its neighboring areas without obvious
directions, and the traffic around the base station is scattered, it is recommended in
this case to adopt the omnidirectional coverage of base station. It should be noted
that the large coverage herein does not mean long coverage distance but large
coverage area without apprarent directions.At the same time, we should also pay
attention to the following fact: as omni-directional base station has small gains, the
coverage distance is not as long as the directional base station.
If the equipment buyer requires farther base station coverage distance, it is required
to use three directional antennas to attain this objective. Normally, we should use a
directional antenna with plane horizontal half beam width of either 90°or 120°.
26
Another thing requiring attention is that vertical polarization antenna has more
diversity effect and stronger capacity against slow fading than dual polarization
antenna. As required for large coverage in rural areas, if conditions permit, we may
substitute two pieces of vertical polarization antenna for dual polarization antenna.
For high stations in mountaineous areas (the relative height of antenna is over 50
metres), we should generally select antennas with zero point filling function to solve
the problem with “blind under tower” in short range. While solving this problem via an
angle of declination downtilt, we should note the reduction of coverage area.
1.4.5 Application principle for antennas to cover highroads
To cover highroad areas, the principle for selecting antenna is as follows:

For a base station designed to cover the areas along railways and highroads, narrow
beam directional antenna can be used to this effect.
To cover highroads and scattered villages around them, we may consider using an
omni-antenna.
To cover expressways, 8-shaped antenna may be used for this purpose.In this way,
the number of base stations may fall, so as to achieve the coverage of expressways.
To cover an expressway and the towns along the highroad, the antenna with plane
horizontal half power beam width of 210° may be used. It is recommended to give
priority to 8-shaped antenna and 210° antenna to cover highroads. The directional
diagram of the said two antennas is shown as follows.
210¡ ã directional diagram

town
highroad
base station
mountain
Figure 4-12 (a) 210-degree Antenna
27
8-shaped directional diagram
Base station
Highroad
Mountain
Figure 4-12 (b) 8-shaped antennas
1.4.6 Other factors in antenna application
The basic principles for selecting antennas in different places are described as above.
In fact, capacity expansion in the future and basic performances should also be taken
into consideration in selecting antennas.
Here is a simple example:
If 210°antenna is selected for an expressway, the quantity of carrier frequency should
increase to meet the demand on capacity expansion provided that the said area sees
a traffic rise in the future. Due to different CF configurations of base station, with the
increase of carrier frequency, insertion loss will increase. In this case, capacity
expansion will inevitably lead to the drop in coverage distance. Unless cavity
combiner is used, these problems should be anticipated when antenna type is
selected.
In addition, in selecting antennas, consideration should be given to the distribution of
traffic and surrounding station types, especially in rural areas, where few types of
stations exist, this must be considered more carefully. In rural areas, if the traffic is
distributed equally around the base station, we may consider using omni-antenna. At
the same time, we should take into account of an omni-antenna with zero point filling.
If the traffic is only distributed on one side of the base station, and there is almost no
traffic on the other side, we may consider 210° antenna. If traffic exists only on a
narrow and long highroad, we may consider directional antenna of narrow beams or
8-shaped antenna.
In addition, as the azimuth angle of antenna requires regular adjustment during the
network optimization period, it is recommended to select an antenna with its azimuth
adjusted electrically after the antenna with electrically adjustable azimuth is mature
upon argumentation.
1.4.7 Notes on special antennas
Zero point filled antenna serve to solve the problem of “blind under tower” without any
effect in other respects. It is recommended that antennas with zero point filling are
used for all the omni-antennas so as to avoid the problem of “blind under tower”.
28
With regard to 8-shaped and 210° antennas, it is recommended to give top priority to
them in respect of expressway coverage.
If a base station installed on top of a mountain is required to cover the areas at the
foot of the mountain, it is recommended to select an antenna with wide vertical plane
half power beam for the coverage, such as omni-antenna with a gain of 8.5dBi or a
directional antenna of 14dBi with vertical plane beam width of around 20°.
29
1.4.8 Reference for antenna selection

Statoin Recommendation for antenna
Land form Remark
type selection
Normally, select antennas
with low or medium gains and While installing an
fixed electric angle of antenna, make
declinationdowntilt, subject to sure that the
Directional
Urban area the density of base stations; if mechanical
station
an antenna with electrically declinationdowntilt
adjustable azimuth is angle is no more
available, it should also be than 10 degrees.
selected.
Normally, select antennas
with high gains, permitting of
electrically adjustable
If mechanical
azimuth or mechanical
declinationdowntilt
declinationdowntilt angle.In
Directional angle is to be
Suburb addition, if some areas are
station installed, the angle
not well covered in some
should not be too
directions, antennas with its
large.
planehorizonal half power
beam width of 90 degrees
may be selected.
Generally, select an antenna
of 90 degrees or of 120 Generally no
Plains & rural Directional
degrees. It is perferred to use declinationdowntilt
areas station
vertical single polarization angle is added.
antenna.
First there must be zero point
Omnidirect Generally no
filled antenna without regard
ional declinationdowntilt
to angle of
station angle is added.
declinationdowntilt.
First consider 8-shaped
antenna and then consider Generally no
Directional
Exressways 0.5/0.5 configuration using declinationdowntilt
station
power splitter; it is preferred angle is added.
to have zero point filling.
Directional
First consider 210-degree
station + Generally no
antenna, then consider the
omnidirecti declinationdowntilt
combination of directional
onal angle is added.
antenna+ omni-antenna
station
First consider antenna with
Omnidirect zero point filling function, Generally no
Mountainous
ional then consider antenna of declinationdowntilt
areas
station lower gain before adding a angle is added.
declinationdowntilt angle.
First consider antenna with
Generally no
Directional low gain and vertical plane
declinationdowntilt
station beam width before adding a
angle is added.
declinationdowntilt angle.
30
1.5 Combining and distribution unit

The combining and distribution unit is mainly to achieve transceiver duplexing,
transmitting signal combiner, filtering and receiving signal filtering, low noise
amplification and distribution, and provide tower amplification with feeding circuit, and
share the same antenna unit with multiple signals transmitted and received.
1.5.1 Principle for combining and distribution unit
The combining and distribution unit has the following functions of detection and alarm:
(1) Standing wave dection: to monitor the status of antenna feeder; When it detects
that the standing wave exceeds the preset threshold (1.5:1 or 2.5:1), it will give
corresponding alarm signals and indication.
(2) Low noise amplifier fault alarm: as the fault signal is taken from the feeding current
of low noise amplifier, when the current exceeds a certain range or there is no
current, alarm signal will occur.
(3) Tower amplification alarm: when tower amplification works with the fault signals
taken from its feeding current, when the current exceeds a certain range or there is
no current, alarm signal will occur.
(4) Control function: to exercise the control of the power attenuation over the master
and slave receiving channel (dynamic state 15dB, step 1dB); perform function of
switching on and off feeding current; select different tower amplification feeding
current at the same time.
Take Huawei equipment for example, it has three kinds of modules that can provide
combining and distribution unit: CDU, SCU and EDU.
Schematic diagram of CDU is shown in Figure 4-13.
Figure 4-13 CDU Schematic Diagram
31
SCU schematic diagram is shown in Figure 4-14.
Combiner
TX1
TX2
Combiner
Combiner
TX3
TX4
TX-DUP
Figure 4-14 SCU Schematic Diagram
EDU schematic diagram is shown in Figure 4-15.
32
Figure 4-15 EDU Schematic Diagram
Different combining and distribution units have different losses, which are configured
and used in light of different station types. The following indexes are specified: for
each combination (two combined into one), in theory, insertion loss is 3dB and
duplexer insertion loss is 1dB or so.
1.5.2 Combining and distribution unit configuration
This section takes Huawei equipment to explain the configuration of various

combining and distribution units:
Regular Large coverage
FC number for each
configuration configuration Remark
cell
plan plan
Large station is
mostly located in the
7～8TRX 2CDU＋2SCU urban area, which is
basically applicable
to large coverage.
5～6TRX CDU+CDU+SC CDU+CDU+SC In applying large
U U coverage
configuration plans, it
33
is necessary to
combine Huawei’s
concentric circle
technology
3～4TRX CDU+SCU Dual CDU
EDU is only
applicable to the
situation where each
EDU or dual
1～2TRX CDU sector has no less
CDU
than 2 CF. Changes
are required in
capacity expansion.
What should be noted is that large coverage plan as mentioned above is a

recommendation on the precondition of not increasing antennas and feeders in each
cell. In practical network application, we may flexibly select different configurations
(antennal feeder + amplifier {40W 、 60W 、 80W etc})in light of the coverage and
capacity demands for different stations if the conditions for uplink and downlink
balance are met; and in combination with Huawei Company’s BSC software algorithm
(such as concentric circle control technology applicable to when each CF coverage is
not the same in the same cell), so as to attain the best coverage effects.
34
1.6 Outdoor antenna feeder system

Outdoor antenna feeder system includes antenna, tower amplifier, feeder linefeeder
cable, jumper and lightning arrester, as shown in Figure 4-16. Antenna has been
described above and the following is devoted to tower amplifier and feeder linefeeder
cable.
Figure 4-16 Composition of outdoor antenna feeder system
1.6.1 Tower amplifier
In terms of technial principle, tower amplifier is to reduce the noise coefficient of the
base station receiving system, so as to improve the sensitivity of base station
receiving system. Tower amplifier makes different contributions to uplink,
distinguished from each other in light of the performance of low noise amplifier of the
tower amplifier itself, but it is not the right way only to focus on its gains. Generally,
the uplink and downlink balance with tower amplification increased should be
modified and calculated in accordance with the method for testing its actual
sensitivity. Tower amplifiers of sub band or all band should be seleted in light of
different frequency bands.
The principle for triplex tower amplifier is shown in Figure 4-17. This tower amplifier
shares signal transmission and reception (only one feeder tube is required) and has
bypass functioons (automatic bypass in the event of fault, when it receives a gain of
about.
35
Figure 4-17 Digram of Duplex Tower Amplifier
1.6.2 Feeder lineFeeder cable
It is very important to select feeder linefeeder cables in the overall system design. As
the line is exposed outdoors, the cable needs to stand up to the water wash. Foam is
pressed into the cable as isloation medium and air can be also taken as isolation
medium.When bent, the air-insulative cable can easily result in short circuit; therefore,
it is seldom adopted.
I. Use of feeder linefeeder cable
There are two types feeder linefeeder cable in common use, that is, 7/8" feeder linefeeder
cable and 5/4" feeder linefeeder cable. They are used as follows:
(1) GSM900 feeder linefeeder cable:
7/8" feeder linefeeder cable is used for a length of less than 80m, while 5/4" feeder linefeeder
cable for a length of more than 80m.
(2) GSM1800 feeder linefeeder cable：
7/8" feeder linefeeder cable is used for a length of less than 50m; while 5/4" feeder linefeeder
cable for a length of more than 50m.
II. Technical indexes for the insertion loss of several feeder linefeeder cables
Standing wave
Feeder lineFeeder cable type 100 meter attenuation (dB)
(Any length)
1,000M 1,700M
890MHz 2,000MHz
Hz Hz
SYFY-50-22(7/8 inch) 4.03 5.87 6.46 1.15
LDF5-50A (7/8 inch) 4.03 4.3 5.87 6.46 1.15
LDF6-50 (5/4 inch) 2.98 3.17 4.31 4.77 1.15
M1474A (7/8 inch) 4.3 6.6 1.15
HFC22D-A (7/8 inch) 4.47 6.7 1.15
FSJ4-50B(1/2 inch) 11.2 11.9 16.1 17.7 1.15
36
III. Installtin of feeder linefeeder cable
The feeder linefeeder cable used for installation should be the shortest of all and easy
for installation and maintenance. The curvature of feeder linefeeder cable should
comply with the requiremetn of manufacturers on feeder linefeeder cable.Whether the
antenna is installed on the tower, roof and any other place, the external conductor of
its feeder linefeeder cable should be grounded well before it goes into the equipment
room.
37
1.7 Distributed antenna system

With the development of mobile communication, the subscribers have higher and
higher demand on service quality. People expect to communicate anywhere at any
time. However, as some places (complicated areas with multiple blocks such as
inside a large building, tunnel and metro) are not reachable if only covered by outdoor
base station antenna and there will arise some blind spots unreachable by signals,
thus causing communication interruption. In some areas, as the signals from different
base stations are all quite strong, the mobile station has to switch frequently, thus
causing communication interruption. Someone calls this pingpong effect. To resolve
the above problems, distributed antenna system comes into existence. Besides, we
may also transfer the capacity of a cell with excessive communication capacity to
another area, so as to solve the problem with the distribution of system capacity.
1.7.1 Principle for composition of distributed antenna system
Figure 4-18 is the schematic diagram of the composition of a distributed antenna

system. In terms of function, it is equal to one single poluarization antenna connected
to a base station.
Figure 4-18 Diagram of the Composition of a Distributed Antenna System
The downlink signals from the base station go to the distributed antenna system via
the interface. These signals form multiple tributaries via the power splitter, each of
which can be divided into smaller tributaries via the power splitter. The end of each
tributary is connected with a small antenna. Each small antenna covers a certain
area. When the signal is not strong enough, it will be amplified by bi-directional
amplifier with certain gains; on the contrary, the uplink signals in each tributary area,
via small antenna, power splitter and bi-directional amplifier, will reach the base
station through interface.
In the above system, the transmission and distributiojn of signlas can be performed
through coaxial cable and FR power splitter or through optical link. In addition, it can
also be a mixture of coaxial cable, power splitter and raditation antenna: disclosure
cable.
38
1.7.2 Types of distributed antenna system
I. Coaxial feeding distributed antenna system
Figure 4-19 Coaxial Feeding Distributed Antenna System
II. Disclosure cable
In some narrow and long coverage areas, it is a better way of coverage in using
disclosure cable. A terminal load is required at cable terminal.
Figure 4-20 Disclosure cable
Compared with coaxial feeding, the cost for the equipment and fees for installation for
disclosure cable are quite expensive.
III. 3. Fiber feeding distributed antenna system
For applications with large coverage and long transmission distance,

optical fiber can be used to replace coaxial feeding.
39
Figure 4-21 Fiber distributed antenna system
Figure 4-21 is the diagram of fiber distributed antenna system. The manufactures
may differ from each other in practice.Compared with coaxial feeding, fiber feeding for
short haul system is more expensive but the feeding loss is small. Its disadvantage is
that it requires local power and automatic detection equipment.
IV. Summary
Distributed antenna
Advantages Disadvantages
type
Flexible design
Coaxial feeding Low cost Large loss
High reliability
Disclosure cable Flexible design High cost
High cost
Low loss Poor design flexibility
Fiber feeding
Easy for installation The equipment at overage
terminal requires power
1.7.3 Indexes for component key technologies
I. Two-in-one combiner (mixed conducting bridge of 3dB)
The technical indexes of combiner are shown in the following table:

GSM900 GSM1800
Work frequency band 890～960MHz 1710～1880MHz
Port imbalance 0.25dB
Insertion loss 3.6dB
Port standing wave 1.5dB
Power capacity 300W
II. Equal power divider
Equal power divider works to distribute the energy of base station equally into several
tributaries, thus forming common components for coverage distribution. To simply the
project design, the system only adopts two types of equal power dividers, whose
indexes are as follows:
Description 1 to 2 1 to 4
Work frequency band 800～2000MHz
40
Power distribution ratio 1:1 1:1:1:1

Insertion loss 3.5dB 6.5dB
Port standing wave 1.5dB
Connector type N_Female
The insertion loss as defined in the above table includes the distribution loss.
III. Power coupler
The coupler here is bi-directional coupler, also known as unequal power divider. In
project design, couplers with different coupling degrees can be selected in light of
practical needs, to distribute the signals of the base station equally to each antenna in
order to ensure equal coverage and avoid waste of energy. With a view to reducing
the types of system components so as to bring down the cost, this system only
selects the following three types of couplers with different coupling degrees:
15dB
Description 7dB coupler 10dB coupler
coupler
Work frequency band 800～2000MHz
Coupling degree 7dB 10dB 15dB
Insertion loss 1.2dB 0.5dB 0.3dB
Port standign wave 1.5
As we stipulate that this system is a small-sized one for simple indoor coverage, the
above three types of couplers can basically meet the requirement for project design.
In the system design of distributed antenna, we should try to avoid the existence of
more than two power dividion components (or coupler) along the path from the base
station to each antenna, so as to ensure power balance of uplink signals.
IV. Indoor antenna
In general, the distributed antenna system uses antenna of small gains and does not
specifically require the half power width of beams. This is attributed to the
characteristics of indoor coverage. The following three kinds of antenna is nice to the
look and enjoys desirable performance, which basically meets the requirement for
indoor coverage. For places with a small area to be covered by a single antenna, it is
recommended to use dual frequency omnidirectional antenna. If a long and narrow
area is to be covered, it is however recommended to adopt a directional antenna.
Dual frequency 900M 1800M
band omnidirectional directional
antenna antenna antenna
890～960, 1710～ 890～ 1710～
Work frequency band
1880MHz 960MHz 1880MHz
Gain (2dBi) 2 7 8
Horizontal beam width 360 90 90
Form of polarization Vertical
Power capacity 300W
Standing wave <2 <1.5 <1.5
V. Coaxial connector
As the length of the feeder linefeeder cable for indoor distribution system is not
specified, it is necessary to specify the length in light of practical needs and make
connectors. The system selects two types of coaxial connectors.
41
Type N type N type

Coaxial connector-N type Coaxial connector -N
connector-50Ω/right type connector
Description angle/male-nut -50Ω/straight/female
installation-configured - configured with
with SYV-50-7-1 7/8"LDF5-50A cable
Type of calbe configured SYV-50-7-1 7/8"
Impedance 50Ω
Standing wave 1.2
VI. Disclosure cable
In such narrow and long coverage areas as tunnel and metro, it is a better way to use
disclosure cable. Disclosure cable is common cable with holes in its shell, so that the
electromagnetic wave may leak from the holes to cover a certain area. In this case,
each hole is equal to a small antenna.
Description
Characteristic
50Ω
impedance
Attenuation constant 900MHz：0.051dB/m；1800MHz：0.076dB/m
900MHz：72dB；1800MHz：84dB; ( the loss 2 meters
Coupling loss
away from the coupling hole with an error of ±10dB)
Cable structure
7/8"
specification
Type of supporting
14040121
connetor
Fire-proof performance Able to prevent flaming and proof against ultraviolet
VII. Ordinary feeder linefeeder cable
In the project design of antenna system, feeder linefeeder cable should be used to
connect all the components. Two types of feeder linefeeder cable in the list are
selected. One is SYV cable easy to be bent with a large loss but low cost; the other is
7/8 inch feeder tube with little loss but high cost, which does not get bent easily. The
former is applicable to the tributary connection from the power divider to antenna, and
the latter is applicable to trunk connectioon from one power divider to another power
divider.
SYV-50-7-1 LDF5-50A-7/8"
Performance
50Ω 50Ω
impedance
900MHz: 0.22dB/m 1000MHz: 0.0446dB/m
Attenuation constant
1800MHz: 0.31dB/m 2000MHz: 0.0659dB/m
Type of N connection
14040184 14040121
configured
Bending properties Good Poor
VIII. Load
While using disclosure cable, its end may either use a small antenna as load or use
the load directly for match. The load index as defined in the list is:
Work frequency band 0～2GHz
Characteristic impedance 50Ω
Port standing wave ratio <1.15
Connector type N_Male
Power capacity 300W
42

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Wireless Network Planning Table of Contents

Chapter 1 About Antenna & Feeder cable .................................................................................1

Chapter 1 About Antenna & Feeder cable

1.1 Basics of Antenna

1.1.1 Antenna gain

Ideal isolated wave source

Theoretical half wave dipole

Figure 4-1 Gain Comparison

1.1.2 Directional Diagram

The directional diagram describes the dirstribution of antenna radiation

directional diagram expressed in radiation filed strength is called field strength

Figure 4-2(a) Diagram of omni-antenna lobe

Figure 4-2(b) Diagram of directoinal antenna lobe

zero radiation directions on both sides of maximum major lobe;

 Secondary lobe level refers to the ratio of maximum secondary lobe to

 Electric angle of declinationdowntilt.

Polarization is one radiation feature describing the space direction of electromagnetic

Figure 4-3 Polarization Diagram

polarized wave feature rotating phase.

1.1.4 Other technical indicators of antenna

I. Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR)

used to indicate the match characteristic of the port, R.L.(dB) = 20 lg ｜Г ｜, if

II. Front-to-back ratio (F/B)

III. Port isolation

For a multi-port antenna, such as bipolarization antenna and dual-band bipolarizatin

IV. Power capacity

V. Zero point filling

VI. Upper secondary lobe suppressioin

VII. Antenna input interface

In order to improve the reliability of passive intermodulation and RF connection, the

VIII. Passive intermodulation (PIM)

IX. Antenna size and weight

XI. Work temperature and humidity

XII. Lightning protection

XIII. “Three proof” capacity

1.1.5 Antenna diversity

II. Diversity and synthesis

where k 1 , k 2 , ..., k q refers to weight coefficient. To select different weight coefficients

III. Space diversity

IV. Polarization diversity

The polarization of electromagnetic wave is described hereinbefore. Currently, more

V. Comparison between space diversity and polarization

The greatest advantage of polarization diversity is to save antenna installation space.

1.1.6 Three-sector base station antenna selection derivation

Figure 4-4 Three-sector Celluar Layout

Figure 4-5 Presentation of R and r

1.2 Antenna new technology

1.2.1 Shaped beam technology

In the cellular mobile system, it is always a complicated problem to reduce

In addition, the global celluar system around is basically using a processing

1.2.2 Intelligent Antenna

Figure 4-7(a) Structure of Intelligent Antenna

(b) Diagram of TDD Wireless Base Station with Intelligent Antenna

transmitted are connected by a group of high-speed digital buses and baseband

W refers to uplink beam shaping matrix, whose matrix element is Wij(∫).

where U is downsteam beam shaping matrix for element uji(∫).

I. Ominidirectional beam and shaped beam

Intelligent antenna’s major functions are performed through adaptive transmission

Figure 4-8 Diagram of Coverage Requirements on Different Channels

II. Shared downlink channel and discontinuous transmission

III. Alignment of intelligent antenna

While using intelligent antenna, it is required to provide technology of automatic and

IV. Frame structure and relevant physical layer technology

There is no special requirement on physical layer technology for a mobile

Chapter4 About Antenna & Feeder Cable

Chapter4 About Antenna & Feeder Cable