Bai soan Vi x ly

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CHUONG 2
MAY VI TINH VA H THNG VI XU LY

B vi x l co mt trong cac may vi tnh la s phat trin tip theo cua b x l c
dung nh la mt b phn chu cht trong cacmay tnh cua cac th h trc. nm bt
c tnh k tha va tnh lin tuc cua s phat trin nay, trc khi gii thiu v cac b vi
x l ta ra mt chut thi gian gii thiu v cac loai may tnh noi chung.
1. Tu may tinh lon dn may vi tinh
Nh ta a bit v kin thc cua may tnh noi chung, mt may tnh (Computer) thng
thng bao gm cac khi chc nng c ban nh: khi x l trung tm (CPU, central
processing unit), b nh (M, Memory) va khi phi ghep vi thit b ngoai vi (I/O,
input/output) . tuy theo quy m phc tap cua cac khi chc nng k trn ma ngi ta phn
cac may i t a va ang s dung ra thanh cac loai sau:
1.1. May tinh lon
May tnh ln (mainframe) la loai may tnh c thit k giai cac bai toan ln vi
tc o nhanh. No thng lam vic vi s liu t 64 bit hoc ln hn na va c trang b
b nh rt ln. Chnh v vy may tnh cung ln v kch thc vt ly. Chung thng c
dung iu khin cac h thng thit b dung trong qun s hoc cac h thng may moc
cua chng trnh nghin cu vu tru, x ly cac thng tin trong nganh ngn hang, nganh
kh tng, cac cng ty bao him ... Tiu biu cho loai may tnh nay la loai may IBM
8341, honeywell DSP8. loai may ln nht trong cac may ln c goi la supercomputer
(nh loai may Y-MP/832 cua Cray).
1.2. May tinh con
May tnh con (minicomputer) la mt dang thu nho v kch thc cung nh v tnh
nng cua may tnh ln. No ra i nhm thoa man cac nhu cu s dung may tnh cho cac
ng dung va phai ma nu dung may tnh ln vao o th se gy lang ph. Do vy may tnh
con thng lam vic vi cac d liu co o dai t 32 bit vi tc chm hn va kha nng
cua b nh han ch hn. May tnh con thng c dung cho cac tnh toan khoa hoc ky
thut, gia cng d liu quy m nho hay iu khin quy trnh cng ngh. Tiu biu cho
nhom nay la loai may VAX 6360 cua Digital Equipment Corporation va MV/8000II cua
Data genaral.
1.3.May vi tinh
May vi tnh (Microcomputer) la loai may tnh rt thng dung hin nay. Mt may vi
tnh co th la mt b vi iu khin (microcontroller)., mt may vi tnh trong mt vo mach
(one- chip- microcomputer), va mt h vi x l co kha nng lam vic vi s liu co dai
1 bit, 4 bit, 8 bit, 16 bit. Hin nay mt s may vi tnh co tnh nng co th so sanh c vi
may tnh con, lam vic vi s liu co dai t la 32 bit (thm ch la 64 bit). Ranh gii
phn chia gia may vi tnh va may tnh con chnh v th ngay cang khng ro net. Mt dc
Bai soan Vi x ly

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im tiu biu nhn bit may vi tnh la chung u s dung cac b x l trung tm
(CPU) c ch tao bng cng ngh mach vi in t vi mc t hp ln, mach VLSI
(very large of integration) ma ngi ta quen goi la cac b vi x ly (microcomputer, P)
Cac b vi x ly hin co tn th trng thng c xp theo cac ho phu thuc vao
cac nha san xut va chung rt a dang v chung loai. Ni bt nht trong cac ho vi x ly
la 2 ho cua 2 nha san xut hang u ni ting trong lnh vc nay, o la ho vi x ly 80x86
cua Intel va ho vi x ly 680xx cua Motorola.
Trong cac chng sau chung ta se quan tm chu yu n cac b vi x ly, cac mach
phu tr va cac h thng xy dng trn c s linh kin cua Intel, tuy th sau y cung ta
cung se gii thiu lt qua v lch s phat trin va cac c im chung nht cua cac th h
vi x ly t trc n nay. Cui cung chung ta se a ra bang tng kt, trong o nu ra cac
thng s chnh cua cac b vi x ky th h gn y nht cua 2 nha cung cp ni ting la
Intel va Motorola.
2. Su phat trin cua cac b vi xu ly
2.1. Th h 1 (1971-1973)
Nm 1971, trong khi phat trin cac vi mach dung cho may tnh cm tay, Intel a cho
ra i b vi x ly u tin la 4004 ( 4 bit ) cua Rockwell International, IPM-16 (16 bit)
cua National Semiconductor.
c iem chung cua cac vi x ly th h nay la:
dai t thng la 4 bit (cung co th dai hn)
Cng ngh ch tao PMOS vi c im mt phn t nho, tc thp, gia
thanh re va co kha nng a ra dong tai nho.
Tc thc hin lnh: 10-16s/lnh vi tn s ng h f
clk
= 0,1- 0,8 MHz.
Tp lnh n gian phai cn nhiu mach phu tr mi tao nn mt h vi x ly
hoan chnh.
2.2. Th h 2 (1974-1977)
Cac b vi x ly ai din trong th h nay la cac vi x ly 8 bit 6502 cua MOS
Technology, 6800 va 6809 cua Motorola, 8080 va 8085 cua Intel va c bit la b vi x
ly Z80 cua Zilog. Cac b vi x ly nay co tp lnh phong phu hn va thng co kha nng
phn bit a ch b nh vi dung lng n 64KB. Co mt s b vi x ly con co kha
nng phn bit c 256 a ch cho cac thit b ngoai vi (ho Intel va Zilog). Chung a
c s dung rng rai trong cng nghip va nht la tao ra cac may tnh 8 bit ni ting
mt thi nh Apple II va Commodore 64. Tt ca cac b vi x ly thi k nay u c san
xut bng cng ngh NMOS ( Vi mt in tu trn mt n v din tch cao hn so vi
cng ngh PMOS) hoc CMOS ( tit kim in nng tiu thu) cho phep at c tc
t 1-8 s/lnh vi tn s ng h f
clk
= 1-5 MHz.
2.3. Th h 3 (1978-1982)
Cac b vi x ly trong th h nay co ai din la cac b vi x ly 16 bit
8086/80186/80286 cua Intel hoc 86000/86010 cua Motorola. Mt iu ti b hn hn so
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vi cac b vi x ly 8 bit th h trc la cac b vi x ly 16 bit co tp lnh a dang vi cac
lnh nhn, lnh chia va cac lnh thao tac vi chui k t. Kha nng phn bit a ch cho
b nh hoc cho thit b ngoai vi cua cac vi x ly th h nay cung ln hn ( t 1MB n
16 MB cho b nh va ti 64 K a ch cho thit b ngoai vi i vi ho Intel). y la cac
b vi x ly c dung trong cac may IBM PC, PC/XT, PC/AT va cac may Macintosh
cua Apple. Phn ln cac b vi x ly trong th h nay u c san xut bng cng ngh
HMOS va cho phep at c tc t 0,1-1s/lnh vi tn s ng h f
clk
=5-10 MHz.
Trong thi k nay cung xut hin cac may vi tnh 8 bit trong mt vo nh 8048/49 va
6805R2 (mach nay con co thm ca ADC 12 bit cho 4 knh u vao tng t) hoc cac b
vi iu khin 1 bit trong vo nh MC 14500B va 4 bit trong 1 vo nh MC 141000.
2.4. Th h 4 (1983-1999)
Cac b vi x ly ai din trong th h nay la cac vi x ly 32 bit 80386/80486 va 64
bit Pentium cua Intel 60-66MHz, Intel P6 - Pentium Pro 120- 133 MHz, Intel Pentium
150- 166 - 200 MHz vi cac m rng cho multimedia, Intel Pentium II 233-450 MHz,
Intel Pentium III 500-550 MHz. Ngay nay cac thng s c ban cua b vi x l ngay cang
c cai thin : tc ngay cang cao ( cac b vi x l hin ai cua INTEL a at ti tc
800 MHz - 3GHz, rng knh thng tin d liu ngay cang ln nh : 32, 64 bit .
iu o a giup cho bai toan thit jk cac bai toan thjit kcac h vi x l chuyn dung
vi tnh nng rang lain tr nn d dang hn. Song song vi cac h vi x l cua hang
INTEL, hang Motola cung a ra cac vi x ly 32 bit 68020/68030/68040 va cac vi x l
64 bit 68060/64. Ngay nay tc cua cac vi x l hin ai cua hang MOTOROLA cung
at trn 3GHz. c im cua cac b vi x ly th h nay co s lng transistor rt ln ( t
vai 3 triu n trn 50 triu transistor .Phn lain cac b vi x l mi thc hin cac lnh
trong mt chu ky, va thc t taut ca chung u co n v x l du phy ng FPU
(Floating-point Unit ) bn trong. Chung co cac thanh ghi chung 16-32 bit. Nhiu loai co
phn bit cac tp thanh nghi 32-bit ( register file ) cho n v nguyn IU ( interger unit )
vaf teepj thanh ghi 32- bit cho FPU. Chung co Cache memory bn trong vi dung lng
ln ti 36 KB. a s Cache memory bn trong phn i : dung cho lnh Icache va
dung cho d liu Dcache. Cac b vi x l cng ngh cao hin nay( advanced
microprocessors) a thoa man cac yu cu ch tao cac may tnh ln ( mainframes ) va cac
siu may tnh ( supercomputers). Cac vi x l thi nay co bus a ch u la 32 bit ( phn
bit 4 GB b nh) va co kha nng lam vic vi b nh ao. Ngi ta cung ap dung cac c
ch hoc cac cu truc a c s dung trong cac may tnh ln vao cac b vi x l : c ch
x ly xen ke lin tuc dong ma lnh( pipeline), b nh cache (b nh n), b nh ao. Cac
b vi x ly nay u co b quan ly b nh(MMU) va nhiu khi ca cac b ng x ly toan
hoc bn trong. Chnh nh cac cai tin o ma cac b vi x ly th h nay co kha nng
canh tranh c vi cac may tnh nho trong rt nhiu lnh vc ng dung. Phn ln cac b
vi x ly th h nay u c san xut bng cng ngh HCMOS.
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Mt s thng s chnh cua cac b vi x ly cua Intel va Motorola c cho trong
bang 2.1 va 2.2.


Bn canh cac b vi x ly van nng truyn thng thng c dung e xy dng cac
may tnh vi tp lhn y u ( complex instruction set computer, CISC) a noi trn,
trong thi gian nay cung xut hin cac b vi x ly cai tin dung xy dng cac may tnh
vi tp lnh rut gon (reduced instruction set computer, RC) vi nhiu tnh nng co th so
sanh vi cac may tnh ln cac th h trc. o la cac b vi x ly Alpha cua Digital,
PowerPC cua t hp hang Apple- Motorola- IBM... Co le hay con sm, nhng cung a co
nhiu biu hin co th noi c rng s ra i cua cac vi x ly loai RISC chnh la s
bt u cho mt th h khac trong lch s phat trin cua cac th h vi x ly.
3. Gioi thiu so luoc cu truc va hoat dng cua h vi xu ly
Trn y b vi x ly la mt thanh phn rt c ban khng thiu c tao nn may
vi tnh. Trong thc t b vi x ly con phai co th kt hp thm vi cac boo phn in t
khac nh b nh va b phi ghep vao/ra tao nn mt h vi x ly hoan chnh. Cn lu y
rng ch mt h thng co cu truc nh trn, thut ng h vi x ly mang y ngha tng
quat hn so vi thut ng may vi tnh, v may vi tnh ch la mt ng dung cu th cau h
vi x ly.
Hnh 2.1 gii thiu s khi tng quat cua mt h vi x ly.






Trong s naydf ta thy ro cac khi chc nng chnh cua h vi x ly gm:
+ Khi x ly trung tm (central pgocessing unit,CPU)
+ B nh ban dn (memory, M
+ Khi phi ghep vi cac thit b ngoai vi (input/ output,I/O)K
+ Cac bus truyn thng tin.
Ba khi chc nng u lin h vi nhau thng qua qp cac ng day truyn tn
hiu goi chung la Bus h thng. Bus h thng bao gm 3 bus thanh phn. ng vi cac tn
hiu a ch, d liu va iu khin ta co bus a ch, bus d liu va bus iu khin.
CPU ong vai tro chu ao trong h vi x ly. y la mt mach vi in t co tch
hp rt cao. Khi hoat ng, no oc ma lnh c ghi di fang cac bit 0 va bit 1 t b
nh, sau o no se giai ma cac lnh nay thanh cac day xung iu khin ng vi cac thao
tac trong lenh iu khin cac khi khac thc hin tng bc cac thao tac o. lam
c vic nay bn trong CPU co thanh ghi dung cha a ch cua lnh sp thc hin
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goi la thanh ghi con tro lnh (instruction pointer,IP) hoc b m chng trnh (program
cuonter,PC), mt s thanh ghi a nng khac cung b tnh toan s hoc va logic (ALU)
thao tac vi d liu. Ngoai ra y con co cac h thng mach in t rt phc tap giai
ma lnh va t o tao ra cac xung iu khin cho toan h.
B nh ban dn hay con goi la b nh trong la mt b phn khac rt quan trong cua
h vi x ly.Tai y (trong ROM) ta co th cha chng trnh iu khin hoat ng cua
toan h khi bt in th CPU co th ly lnh t y ma khoi u h thng. Mt phn
cua chng trnh iu khin h thng, cac chuing trnh ng dung , d liu cung cac kt
qua cua chng trnh thng c trong RAM. Cac d liu va chng trnh mun lu
tr lu dai se c b nh ngoai.
Khi phi ghep vao/ra (I/O) tao ra kha nng gaio tip gia h vi x ly vi th gii
bn ngoai . Cac thit b ngoai vi nh ban phm, chut, man hnh, may in, chuyn i s
tng t (D/A converter, DAC) va chuyn i tng t / s (A/D converter, ADC)., a
t... u lin h vi h vi x ly qua b phn nay. B phn phi ghep cu th gia bus h
thng vi th gii bn ngoai thng c goi la cng. Nh vy tra se co cac cng vao
ly thng tin t ngoai vao va cac cng ra a thng tin t trong ra ngoai. Tuy theo nhu
cu cu th cua cng vic, cac mach cng nay co th c xy dng t cac mach lgic
n gian hoc t cac vi mach chuyn dung lp trnh c .
Bus a ch thng co t 16, 20,24 n 32 ng dy song song chuyn tai thng tin
cua cac bit a ch. Khi oc/ghi b nh CPU se a ra trn bus nay a ch cua o nh lin
quan. Kha nng phn bit a ch (s lng a ch cho nh ma CPU co kha nng phn
bit c) phu thuc vao s bit cua bus a ch. V du nu mt CPU co s ng dy a
ch la N=16 th no co kha nng a ch hoa c 2
N
= 65536 =64 kil nhkhac nhau
(1K= 2
10
=1024). Khhi oc/ghi vi cng vao/ra CPU cung a ra trn bu a ch cac bit
a ch tng ueng cua cng. Trn s khi ta d nhn ra tnh mt chiu cua bus a ch
qua mt chiu cua mui tn. Ch co CPU mi co kha nng a ra a ch trn bus a ch(
sau nay ta se thy con mach DMAC, mach iu khin trao i d liu trc tip gia b
nh - thit b ngoai vi cung co kha nng nay).
Bus d liu thng co t 8,16,20,24,32 n 64 ng dy tuy theo cac b vi x ly
cu th. S lng ng dy nay quyt nh s bit d liu ma CPU co kha nng x ky
cung mt luc. Chiu mui tn trn sus s liu ch ra rng y la bus 2 chiu., ngha la d
liu co th truyn i t CPU (d liu ra) hoc truyn n CPU (d liu vao). Cac phn t
co u ra ni thng vi bus d liu u phai c trang b u ra 3 tang thai co th
ghep vao c va hoat ng binbhf thng vi bus nay.
Bus iu khin thng gm hang chuc ng dy tn hiu khac nhau. Mi tn hiu
iu khin co mt chiu nht nh. V khi hoat ng CPU a tn hiu iu khin ti cac
khi khac trong h, ng thi no cung nhn tn hiu iu khin t cac khi o phi hp
hoatm dng cua toan h nn cac tn hiu nay trn hnh ve c th hin bi cac ng co
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mui tn 2 chiu, iu o khng phai la d ch tnh hai chiu cua mt tn hiu ma la tnh
hai chiu cua ca mt nhom cac tn hiu.
Hoat ong cua h thng vi x ly trn cung xo th nhn theo mt cach khac. Trong
khi hoat ng va tai mt thi im nht nh, v mt chc nng mi khi trong h thng
trn tng ng vi cac thanh ghi trong ( nm trong CPU) hoc cac thanh ghi ngoai
(nm rai rac trong b nh ROM, b nh RAM va trong khi phi ghep I/O). Hoat ng
cua toan h thc cht la s phi hp hoat ng cua cac thanh ghi trong va cngoai noi trn
thc hin s bin i d liu hoc s trao i d liu theo cac yu cu a nh trc.