Report Assignment

BENE 1133 Electric Principles

REPORT ASSIGNMENT
1.0 TITLE

Series and Parallel Combination

2.0 OBJECTIVES

i. ii. iii. iv. v.

Construct circuit using Multisim Software. Compare result from Multisim Software and measurement. Understand the connection of multimeter when measuring voltage and current. The enhanced knowledge and understanding on series and parallel combination To develop student skill in constructing electrical circuit and comparing the result with theoretical and simulated value.

3.0 EQUIPMENT / MATERIALS NO MATERIALS UNIT/S

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Resistor 4.7K Resistor 2.0K Resistor 1.0K Resistor 3.0K Resistor 5.6K Protoboard Connecting wires
MODEL

1 1 1 1 1 1 2
SERIAL NUMBER

EQUIPMENT

Digital Multimeter ( DMM ) Power supply

AW MULTIMETER GDM 391A GPC 3030D

07085011291 D 892316

Report Assignment

BENE 1133 Electric Principles

4.0 THEORY DMM (Digital Multimeter)

FIGURE 1: DIGITAL MULTIMETER

A DMM will have many functions built into it, and since there are many brands and types of DMMs on the market, I will only go into the basics that they all have in common. As with any tool or piece of equipment make sure you read and follow the instructions and cautions that come with it. This will protect you and your equipment. All DMMs will test for voltage, current and resistance. These are the three functions you will use most when trying to diagnose a problem. When you purchase a DMM, one of the most important things to look at is the meter's impedance, which is the meter's operating resistance. Most DMMs have very high impedance. Since the meter is part of the circuit being tested, its resistance will affect the current flow through that circuit. If a DMM has a very high impedance or resistance it will cause a slight increase in the circuit's current. This becomes a concern when you test electronic systems because the increased current draw can damage the components being tested or, at the very least, alter the readings or change a sensor signal. You want to get a meter that has an impedance of at least 10 megaohms. That is to say their current draw is so low it becomes invisible. Before you use your DMM to perform a test, you need to know what you are testing and what kind of results

Report Assignment

BENE 1133 Electric Principles

you are looking for. If you are looking for volts, you will need to select the proper range for the test. If you are looking for a 12-volt result, select a meter range higher than 12 volts. For example, a 0 to 25 volt range would be best. A range of 0 to 500 volts will not yield an accurate result. Almost all DMMs have an "auto-range" features that will automatically select the proper range. Some DMMs will let you override this feature and let you manually select the range you want. Some DMMs do not have this option and must be set manually. Check the documentation that came with your DMM and make sure you know and understand the different ranges it is capable of. Most DMMs that have an auto-range will have the setting either before or after the reading. Ohms are measured in multiples of ten and given the designation 'K' or 'M' with 'K' standing for 1,000 ohms and 'M' standing for 100,000,000 ohms. Amps would be displayed as mA, milliamps or 1/1000 of an amp or A for full amps. Volts will also be displayed as mV or volts. When you take a reading with a DMM that has auto-range, be sure you note at what range the meter is on. You could mistake 10 mA as 10 amps.

Series and Parallel Circuit Components of an electrical circuit or electronic circuit can be connected in many different ways. The two simplest of these are called series and parallel and occur very frequently. Components connected in series are connected along a single path, so the same current flows through all of the components. Components connected in parallel are connected so the same voltage is applied to each component. A circuit composed solely of components connected in series is known as a series circuit; likewise, one connected completely in parallel is known as a parallel circuit. In a series circuit , the current through each of the components is the same, and the voltage across the components is the sum of the voltages across each component.[ In a parallel circuit, the voltage across each of the components is the same, and the total current is the sum of the currents through each component. As an example, consider a very simple circuit consisting of four light bulbs and one 6 V battery. If a wire joins the battery to one bulb, to the next bulb, to the next bulb, to the next bulb, then back to the battery, in one continuous loop, the bulbs are said to be in series. If each bulb is wired to the battery in a separate loop, the bulbs are said to be in parallel. If the four light bulbs are connected in series, the same current flows through all of them, and the voltage drop is 1.5 V across each bulb and that may not be

Report Assignment

BENE 1133 Electric Principles

sufficient to make them glow. If the light bulbs are connected in parallel, the current flowing through the light bulbs combine to form the current flowing in the battery, while the voltage drop is 6.0 V across each bulb and they all glow. In a series circuit, every device must function for the circuit to be complete. One bulb burning out in a series circuit breaks the circuit. In parallel circuits, each light has its own circuit, so all but one light could be burned out, and the last one will still function.

5.0 PROCEDURE

1. Circuit as shown in Figure 2 is constructed using Multisim Software.A 4.7K, 2.0K, 1.0K, 3.0K, 5.6K resistor was used. Find the value of current:

Report Assignment

BENE 1133 Electric Principles

Find the value of voltage:

FIGURE 2: CONSTRUCTED CIRCUIT USING MULTISIM

2. The power supply was set to 12V as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3

3. The DMM is connected in series with the resistor in order to get the value of the current flow each resistor. 4. The Multisim is ran and the meter reading was recorded. 5. The step is then repeated by connect the DMM in parallel to get the value of the voltage across each resistor. 6. Then, the circuit was constructed using the protoboard in the laboratory. 7. The result then was compared with the theoretical and simulated value.

Report Assignment

BENE 1133 Electric Principles

6.0 RESULT

FROM PRACTICAL:
Measured resistance: Table 1.1 THEORETICAL VALUE 4.7K 2.0K 1.0K 3.0K 5.6K MEASURED VALUE 4.63K 1.966K 0.991K 3.018K 5.49K

Table 1.2

Measured DMM (A) Resistor() I1 4.7K 3.0k 2.0k 1.0k 5.6k 456 377.4 1.10m 1.18m 1.548m I2 459 377.5 1.08m 1.18m 1.57m I3 458 377.5 1.11m 1.18m 1.57m

Measured DMM (V)

V1 2.161 1.168 2.162 1.168 8.60

V2 2.162 1.168 2.162 1.168 8.60 2.162 1.168 2.162 1.168 8.60

V3

Report Assignment

BENE 1133 Electric Principles

FROM THEORETICAL:

Calculation For Current: RT=7.753 IT = =1.548mA

For IR1 IR1 = IR1= = 462.1A For IR2, IR2= IR2= x IT 1.548m IT

= 1.086mA For IR3, IR3 = IR3= x IT x 1.548m

=1.161mA For IR4, IR4 = IR4 = x IT x 1.548m

= 387A For IRa = IR1+ IR2 = 462.1 + 1.086m = 1.548mA For IRb = IR3 + IR4 = 1.161 m + 387 = 1.548 mA

Report Assignment

BENE 1133 Electric Principles

For IRa + IRb = IR5 IR5 = 1.548 mA

Calculation for voltage

For VR1, VR1 = IR1 x R1 = (462.1 )( 4.7k) = 2.172v

For VR2, VR2= IR2 x R2 = (1.036m)(2k) = 2.172v

For VR3, VR3 = IR3 x R3 = (1.161m) (1k) = 1.161v For VR4 VR4 =IR4 x R3 = (387)(3k) = 1.161v

For VR5, VR5 = IR5 x R5 = (1.548m) (5.6k)

= 8.669V

Report Assignment

BENE 1133 Electric Principles

Current Measurement

For R1 4.7K

For R2 2.0K

For R3 1K

Report Assignment

BENE 1133 Electric Principles

For R4 3K

For R5 5.6K

Voltage Measurement:
For R1 4.7K

Report Assignment

BENE 1133 Electric Principles

For R2 2.0K

For R3 1K

For R4 3K

For R5 5.6K

Report Assignment

BENE 1133 Electric Principles

FROM MULTISIM:
Measure the current for each resistors:

1.1 Circuit for simulation Measure the value of voltage:

1.2 Circuit for simulation

Report Assignment

BENE 1133 Electric Principles

COMPARISON RESULTS FOR THEORETICAL, PRATICAL AND SIMULATION

Table 1.3 : FOR CURRENT

RESISTORS() R1= 4.7K R2=2.0k R3=1.0k R4=3.0k R5=5.6k

THEORETICAL (A) 462.1A 1.086m 1.161m 387 .0 1.548 m

PRACTICAL(A) 456 1.10m 1.18m 377.4 1.548m

SIMULATION(A) 463.629 1.085m 1.160m 389.022 1.547m

Table 1.4 :FOR VOLTAGE

Resistors ()

THEORETICAL (V)

PRACTICAL (V)

SIMULATION (V)

R1= 4.7k R2 = 2.0k R3 = 1.0k R4 = 3.0k R5 = 5.6k

2.172 2.172 1.161 1.161 8.669

2.161 2.162 1.168 1.168 8.600

2.784 2.784 1.088 1.088 8.127

Report Assignment

BENE 1133 Electric Principles

7.0 DISCUSSION

The result obtained by using DMM is not very accurate compare to multisim since the readings have a slightly difference from the reading predicted by calculation. The result obtained can have more decimal places by using multisim asmultisim can only read up to 3 decimal places without error and have higher sensitivity. There are several advantages of using multisim compared to electrical instrument like DMM. i. ii. iii. iv. ` The result obtain are more accurate, since it has higher sensitivity. Decrease the chancesof having gross error, systematic error, and random error. The experiment can carried out easily. Circuit component or instruments will not be damaged. Before you use your DMM to perform a test, you need to know what you are testing

and what kind of results you are looking for. If you are looking for volts, you will need to select the proper range for the test. If you are looking for a 12-volt result, select a meter range higher than 12 volts. For example, a 0 to 25 volt range would be best. A range of 0 to 500 volts will not yield an accurate result. Almost all DMMs have an "auto-range" features that will automatically select the proper range. Some DMMs will let you override this feature and let you manually select the range you want. Some DMMs do not have this option and must be set manually. Check the documentation that came with your DMM and make sure you know and understand the different ranges it is capable of. Most DMMs that have an auto-range will have the setting either before or after the reading. Ohms are measured in multiples of ten and given the designation 'K' or 'M' with 'K' standing for 1,000 ohms and 'M' standing for 100,000,000 ohms. There is only one current I, in a series circuit.I=VT/RT, where VT is the voltage applied across the total series resistance RT.This I is the same all the series components. The total resistance RT of a series string is the sum of the individual resistances.RT=R1+R2+R3.... The applied voltage VT equals the sum of the series IR voltages drops.V=IR.

Report Assignment

BENE 1133 Electric Principles

The negative side of an IR voltage drop is where electrons flow in,attracted to the positive side at the opposite end. The sum of the individual values of power used in the individual resistances equals the total power supplied by the source. Series-aiding voltages are added:series opposing voltages are subtracted. An open circuit result in no current in all part of the series circuit.In an open circuit, the voltage across the two open terminals is equal to the apply voltage. There is only one voltage VA across all components in parallel. The current in each branch Ib equals the voltage VA across the branch devided by the branch resistance Rb Or Ib = VA/Rb. The total line current equals the sum of all branch currents. Or IT = I1=I2=I3....... For the general case of any number of branches, calculate REQ as VA/IT or use the reciprocal resistance formula:I/REQ=I/R1+I/R2+I/R3.....The sum of the individuals values of power dissipated in parallel resistances equals the total power by the source. Based on our comparison, in table 1.3 for current the value from theoretical and simulation most same but for practical the value is most different this is because some error such gross error. Its means that human mistake in reading and using instrument or errors in recording observations. So that, we repeat the experiment until three times to get the more accurate value. For voltage in table 1.4 we also compared the value of voltage and the value of simulation is more different, this is because of some error in multisim. Means that the connection in multisim make the value of voltage is more different from theoretical and practical. We also repeat this experiment for three times to get the more accurate value for voltage.

8.0 CONCLUSION

From this assignment, we have been introduced to the topic of series and parallel combination through the subject of Electronic Principle. After completing the assignment, we are more familiar with the usage of the digital multimeter. We are taught the way to design a circuit of series and parallel combination. In the other hand, we are able to apply the formula that we have learnt to calculate the voltage through a circuit of series and parallel combination.At the end, with the help of the lecturer and the guidance given, we are manage to accomplish the assignment successfully and get to understand more about Multisim Software and how to construct series and parallel circuit.

Report Assignment 9.0 REFERENCES

BENE 1133 Electric Principles

Book Sources: i. Kalsi H.S., Electronic Instrumentation, Second Edition, Tata McGraw Hill, 2004. ii. Bernard Grob, Electronic Instrumentation, Eighth Edition, Tata McGraw Hill, 2001.

Internet sources:

i.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits