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MC LC
MC LC
MC LC .................................................................................................................. 1
HNG DN ............................................................................................................. 4
BI 1: TNG QUAN V ANTEN ..................................................................................... 1
1.1 GII THIU ......................................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 Khi nim ..................................................................................................... 1
1.1.2 Lch s pht trin ........................................................................................... 1
1.1.3 Cc loi anten. ............................................................................................... 2
1.2 CC C TNH CA ANTEN..................................................................................... 6
1.2.1 Tr khng ng vo ......................................................................................... 6
1.2.2 Hiu sut ca anten ........................................................................................ 8
1.2.3 Trng in t c to bi anten .................................................................. 10
1.2.4 Cng sut trng in t ............................................................................... 12
1.2.5 Phn cc (Polarization) ................................................................................. 16
1.2.6 th bc x ca anten ................................................................................ 20
1.2.7 rng na cng sut v rng gia cc hng bc x khng u tin. ........... 23
1.2.8 Gc khi ca chm tia bc x (ABSA - Antenna Beam Solid Angle) ...................... 25
1.2.9 H s nh hng v li hng tnh ca anten .............................................. 26
1.2.10 li anten v cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng (Antenna Gain &
Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power)....................................................................... 28
1.2.11 Mc cc bp ph v t l trc sau. .............................................................. 29
1.2.12 Anten thu (Receiving antennas) .................................................................... 30
1.2.13 Cc tuyn anten (antenna links) ................................................................... 35
TM TT ................................................................................................................ 37
CU HI N TP ...................................................................................................... 38
BI 2: L THUYT ANTEN .......................................................................................... 40
2.1 TRNG DO DNG IN BC X. ................................................................................. 40
2.2 CC PHNG TRNH MAXWELL V CC QUAN H NGUN-TRNG. ........................................... 41
2.3 TRNG IN T VNG XA C TO BI NGUN BT K .................................................. 44
2.4 DIPOLE HERTZ ...................................................................................................... 45
2.4.1 nh ngha .................................................................................................. 45
2.4.2 Tnh
.............................................................................................. 46
II
MC LC
.............................................................................................. 49
.............................................................................................. 52
.............................................................................................. 52
.............................................................................................. 55
.............................................................................................. 55
MC LC
I I I
IV
HNG DN
HNG DN
M T MN HC
Anten truyn sng siu cao tn l mt trong nhng mn hc cho chuyn ngnh
K thut in t Truyn thng. Mn hc bao gm 3 phn ring bit tng ng vi phn
Anten, Truyn sng v K thut siu cao tn.
Phn anten gii thiu cc khi nim c bn v anten, mt s loi anten c bn v
h thng bc x. Phn truyn sng gii thiu qu trnh truyn sng trong mt s mi
trng c bn: khng gian t do, tng i lu, tng in ly v thng tin di ng. Phn
K thut siu cao tn gii thiu cc phng php tnh ton thng s trn ng truyn
sng, cch s dng th Smith, mt s thit k mch.
NI DUNG MN HC
Bi 2. Cc c tnh ca anten.
Bi 3. L thuyt anten.
Bi 5. ng dy truyn sng.
Bi 6. th Smith.
Bi 7. Ma trn tn x.
YU CU MN HC
Ngi hc phi d hc y cc bui ln lp v lm bi tp y nh.
HNG DN
PHNG PHP NH GI MN HC
Mn hc c nh gi gm:
Nm 1901: Gugliema Marconi thc hin thnh cng vic truyn thng v tuyn
vt i Ty Dng ln u tin ti khong tn s 60 KHz
(1.1)
ZS
IA
ZA
VS
| |
| |
(1.2)
M:
(1.3)
Thay (1.3) vo (1.2), ta c:
|
|
(1.4)
Ch :
(1.5)
(1.6)
(1.7)
Gi q l h s ghp cng sut hay h s phi hp tr khng. Khi anten khng phi
hp tr khng vi ngun th:
(1.8)
Suy ra:
|
Khi
ZS
(1.9)
|
|
|
|
(1.10)
Vi l h s phn x:
(1.11)
||
(1.12)
(1.15)
Gi:
RR: in tr bc x c trng cho phn cng sut bc x ra ngoi khng gian.
RD: in tr tn hao c trng cho phn cng sut tn hao di dng nhit.
| |
| |
(1.16)
| |
Thay (1.16) vo (1.13), ta c:
(1.17)
Hiu sut anten c th tnh bng phng trnh khc:
(1.18)
V d 1.1: Mt anten c tr khng vo ZA = 75 + j43 () c in tr tn hao l RD
= 2 ()c ni vi mt my pht c VSRMS = 10 (V) v RS = 50 ().
a. V s tng ng ca h thng.
b. Tnh cng sut bc x, tn hao, tiu th v hiu sut ca anten.
Gii
a) S tng ng:
RS 50
IA
VA
VS , RMS 10V
b) Ta c:
2
| |
|
|
102
0,0752
RR = RA RD = 75 2 = 73 ()
Cng sut bc x:
| |
. 73. 0,0752
0,4
| |
. 2. 0,0752
0,01
| |
Hiu sut anten:
. 75. 0,0752
0,41
Z A 75 j 43
97%
Trng in
Trng t
/
/
=constant
1.2.3.1 in trng
Trng in do anten bc x:
(1.19)
Do
cch r:
(1.20)
Trong :
l h s truyn sng trong khng gian t do.
4 . 10
. .
/
/
: bc sng ca tn hiu.
Khi , ta c:
,
Vi quy c:
(1.21)
(1.22)
V hm phng hng:
(1.23)
Kt lun: in trng lan truyn theo hng xuyn tm t anten (tc l lan truyn
theo hng
).
trng l cc hm F, F.
1.2.3.2 T trng
i vi ngi quan st trng xa, trng in bc x bi anten ging nh sng
phng trng t c phng trnh nh sau:
(1.24)
(1.25)
,
|
|
(1.26)
Mt bc x:
(1.27)
Hay:
(1.28)
Vector mt cng sut bc x c phng theo phng ca
, c chiu i ra khi
1.2.4.2 Cng bc x
L i lng khng ph thuc vo khong cch r, ch ph thuc vo phng hng
(, ).
(1.29)
(1.30)
trong :
(1.31)
,
|
|
,
,
|
(1.32)
Hay:
(1.33)
vi
Kt lun:
Tng cng sut PR c bc x bi anten m trong phn trc c biu din nh
l tch s gia hiu sut ca anten vi cng sut PA nhn c t ngun PR = ePA by
gi c th tnh c bng cch ly tch phn cng bc x trn b mt kn S bao
quanh anten v i qua im M kho st.
V d 1.2: Trng in t vng xa bc x bi anten c cho bi hm phng
hng:
,
Gi s rng hiu sut ca anten l 25% v dng in vo anten IA = 1 (A), mi
trng kho st l khng gian t do.
Tnh:
a. Vector mt cng sut bc x.
b. Mt cng sut bc x
c. Cng bc x
d. Tng cng sut c bc x bi anten
e. in tr bc x ca anten
f. in tr tn hao ca anten
g. in tr ng vo ca anten
h. Tng cng sut PA m anten nhn t ngun
Gii:
a)
sin
1
240
sin
b)
c)
sin
sin
d) Cng sut bc x:
1
240
1
240
1
120
1
2
240
1
120
1
cos
3
e) in tr bc x:
2
| |
2
90.1
1
45
0,022
f) in tr tn hao:
0,25
1
15
g) in tr ng vo anten:
4
45
h)Tng cng sut:
0,089
0,067
1
90
0,011
1
2
| |
1 4
1
2 45
2
45
0,044
Bc 2. Lp biu thc ca
trng in
/
/
, :
,
(1.34)
l k (k l s nguyn) th hnh nh ca u mt
Nu biu thc
li khi lan truyn theo thi gian s nm trn mt ng trn nn sng m anten bc
x phn cc trn. Suy ra anten phn cc trn.
Nhng trng hp
khi y trng in tng c dng phn cc ellip. Suy ra sng hay anten phn cc ellip.
Trong trng hp phn cc trn hay elip, ng ti gc ta nhn dc theo phng
truyn sng. Vector
ln hn) v pha c thnh phn chm pha hn theo con ng ngn nht. Nu u mt
vector
; b/ +y
c/ -x
; d/ -y
Gii:
cos
,
V vector
cos
/2
phn cc trn.
Hng +y: = /2, = /2,
,r=y
cos
,
V biu thc
/2
Hng x: = /2, = ,
, r = -x = |x|
cos
cos
/2
, r = -y = |y|
cos
/2
c nh ngha nh sau:
,
(1.35)
Trong :
(1.36)
T , ta c:
,
,
(1.37)
(1.38)
1.2.6 th bc x ca anten
th bc x l s ph thuc ca cng bc x U(,) hoc hm phng hng
F(,) vo cc hng trong khng gian khi khong cch t anten n im quan st l
khng i. th bc x phn nh nhng thng tin v s phn b nng lng, v pha
v s phn cc ca trng bc x thng qua cc hm U(,) v F(,).
Trong thc t, ngi ta thng nghin cu cc anten i xng trc hoc cc anten
vi cc c im i xng khc. V khng gian 2 chiu l cc mt ct ca khng gian
3 chiu. Do vy, ch cn biu din th bc x trong khng gian 2 chiu l c hiu
qu cho vic m t cc c tnh bc x ca anten. Khi v th bc x, ngi ta cng
ch quan tm n cht lng ca anten biu din cc hng khc nhau m khng
quan tm n ln tuyt i. Do , ta thng a v dng chun ha nh sau:
(1.39)
Vi:
max
max
,
,
(1.40)
Kt lun:
S ph thuc ca cng bc x U(,) vo cc hng khc nhau trong khng
gian gi l th bc x cng sut.
S ph thuc ca F(,) vo cc hng khc nhau trong khng gian gi l th
bc x trng.
V
nn:
(1.41)
/2
2
,
max
0,
| v nn hai ng
| v nn hai ng
0
,
sin
a)
b)
Hnh 1.16 th bc x cng sut (a) v bc x trng (b) ca anten
(1.42)
left right
(1.43)
Xc nh HPBW v FNBW.
Null
U n ( right
)0
Null
U n ( left
)0
Null
left
Null
right
1 / 4
2 3 / 4
sin
0,
/4
3 /4
Hng bc x khng:
FNBW =
Ngi ta dng HPBW v FNBW nh gi bp chnh rng hay hp ng dng cho
nhng mc ch khc nhau trong thng tin v tuyn v radar.
(1.44)
. Tm ABSA.
sin
8 /3
,
U max
(1.45)
PR
PR O
U O ( , ) U a
r
(O: Ommidirectional)
M PR = PRO nn:
.4
(1.46)
Th (1.46) vo (1.45):
,
(1.47)
,
,
(1.48)
Hay:
,
(1.49)
(1.50)
sin
li hng tnh D:
D = max{D(,)} = 3/2 ti = /2
Kt lun:
H s nh hng c s dng nh gi kh nng nh hng ca mt anten c
hng (ngha l anten ang xt) hay cng bc x ca n gp bao nhiu ln so vi
cng bc x ca mt anten ng hng c cng cng sut bc x ti cc hng
khc nhau. Ngha l khi cng sut bc x ca hai anten ny bng nhau th ti im
quan st, cng bc x ca anten c hng ln hn cng bc x ca anten
ng hng bao nhiu ln.
,
/
(1.51)
M PR = e.PA v
(1.52)
(1.53)
Ta cng c : G = eD
+ Khi ni n D l ni n li l tng khng b tn hao v G l k n tn
hao.
+G, D l cc i lng khng th nguyn.
(1.54)
(1.55)
(1.56)
ti u vo ca anten thu.
Khi iu kin phi hp khng tha, cng sut thc t c phn phi cho ti nh
hn PC v c tnh:
PL = qrPC
(1.58)
qr: h s ghp cng sut hay h s phi hp tr khng ca anten thu v ti.
(1.59)
||
(1.60)
: h s phn x
(1.61)
Anten thu
Ti
Anten thu
Ti
nhn tt c cng sut c mang bi sng ti trn din tch hiu dng Aeff tnh bng
m2 nh sau:
,
(1.63)
(1.64)
Khi phi hp tr khng gia ti v anten (qr = 1) v phi hp phn cc gia anten
thu v sng ti (PLF=1), cng sut ti nhn c l cc i:
(1.65)
v c
vector phn cc
b)
c)
/2
d)
/2
Gii:
,
C phi hp tr khng: qr = 1
f = 300 MHz = c/f = 1m
,
,
sin
,
sin
,
,
1
.
1.
1.1.
0,11
Tng t cu a: = /2, =
G(,) = sin2 = 1,
Suy ra :
Vy:
c)
0
.
Tng t cu a: = /2, =
G(,) = sin2 = 1,
Suy ra:
,
1
4
d)
/2
1.
1
1
1
1. .
4
2 240
1
1920
0,05
/2
x
Hnh 1.25 Hng truyn sng +x-z
Vector phn cc ca anten thu ti hng sng ti:
Vector phn cc ca sng ti
/2
/2
Suy ra :
1
,
1.
1
1
1
1. .
4
2 240
1
1920
0,05
Anten thu
Ngun
Ti
Hnh 1.26 Tuyn anten pht v thu.
Xt mt anten pht c cp tn hiu bi ngun VS c tr khng ni ZS. Tr khng
ca anten pht c k hiu l ZA,t. Mt b thu nh v ti chiu (t,t) so vi b pht.
Anten thu c tr khng vo ZA,r v c kt thc bng ti ZL. B pht v thu cch nhau
mt khong r v trng my pht tc ng ln b thu t chiu (r,r).
Cng sut m anten thu cp cho ti ZL: PL = qrPC
Mt khc: PC = Aeff.rSinc
Aeff.r: l din tch hiu dng ca b thu i vi cc sng ti phn cc
tc dng theo
chiu (r,r).
Sinc: l mt cng sut ca trng c bc x bi b pht v c o ti b thu
cch b pht r.
1
2
M
Suy ra:
,
4
(1.66)
(1.67)
l cng thc dng thng dng c trng cho cc tuyn truyn dn anten.
Mt cng dng khc khi ta thay: PL = qrPC v PA = qtPS.
Lc :
,
,
V:
(1.68)
,
,
,
(1.69)
ngha cc h s:
etqt: h s mt mt ca b pht.
erqr: h s mt mt ca b thu.
: l h s mt mt khng gian.
Vi thut ng ny cng sut thu c bng cng sut kh dng ti b pht PS nhn
vi cc h s mt mt (khng gian t do, b pht, b thu, mt phi hp phn cc) v
c nhn vi nh hng ca c hai anten theo chiu ca tuyn. Thng thng
quan h tuyn anten trn c tnh bng Decibel.
,
20
,
,
32,44
20
20
(1.70)
TM TT
Trong bi ny, ngi hc tm hiu c cc khi nim c bn v anten, bao gm hnh
dng mt s anten cng nh lch s pht trin ca anten.
Phn k tip gii thiu v cc c tnh ca anten: tr khng ng vo, hiu sut anten,
trng in v trng t do anten bc x, cng sut trng in t do anten to ra.
Ngoi ra, bi ny cng gii thiu v s phn cc v th bc x ca anten. y l
cc c tnh cho php xc nh ln cng bc x ti cc v tr trong khng gian.
CU HI N TP
Cu 1: Mt anten c tr khng vo l ZA = 250 + j50 trong in tr tn hao l
RD = 8 c ni vi mt my pht c VS = 10V v RS = 10
a. V s tng ng ca h thng
b. Tnh cng sut bc x, tn hao, tiu th v hiu sut ca anten
Cu 2: Mt anten c tr khng vo ZA = 100 + j75 vi in tr tn hao RD = 10
c cung cp bng ngun VS v tr khng ngun ZS.
a. Xc nh cc thng s ngun trong iu kin phi hp tr khng v cng sut
anten l 30 mW.
b. V s tng ng v tnh cng sut bc x, cng sut tn hao, hiu sut
anten.
Cu 3: Trng in t vng xa bc x bi anten cho bi hm phng hng sau:
Tnh:
a. Vetor mt cng sut bc x
b. Mt cng sut bc x
c. Cng bc x
d. Tng cng sut c bc x bi anten
e. in tr bc x ca anten
f. in tr tn hao ca anten
g. in tr ng vo ca anten
h. Tng cng sut PA m anten nhn t ngun
Cu 4: Trng in vng xa bc x bi anten cho bi: F(, ) = 2sin +3cos , gi
s hiu sut anten e = 70% v dng ti ng vo anten l 0,5A. Tnh:
a. Vector mt cng sut bc x
b. Mt cng sut bc x
c. Cng bc x
sin
v c vector phn cc
D. Khc
Cu 8: FNBW l:
A. Gc 0
B. Gc gia hng 0 v m
D. Khc
D. Khc
BI 2: L THUYT ANTEN
Sau khi hc xong bi ny, ngi hc c th:
I (z )
I z
: h s truyn sng.
sin
| |
0
/2
| |
/2
(2.1)
(2.2)
: mt dng in dn (A/m2)
: mt in tch khi (C/m3)
Vi mi trng ng hng tuyn tnh:
(2.3)
: thm t (H/m)
: thm in (F/m)
Trong khng gian t do:
. .
4 . 10
(2.4)
(2.5)
/
Gi
(2.6)
0
Trong :
l ton t Nabla.
(2.7)
Th vo (2.5):
0
/
(2.8)
theo i lng
thng qua
0 nn ta t
0 v
l rt kh
. Thay vo
(2.9)
Trong :
: ton t Laplace.
Nhc li:
(2.10)
(2.11)
, ta suy ra
nh sau:
(2.12)
0:
(2.13)
Suy ra:
(2.14)
A(r )
J (r ' )
'
r
r
r'
(2.15)
(2.16)
vi r l khong cch t gc ta
J (r ' )
'
r
r
A(r )
.i
r
r
'
bit chng ta cn tm
r '
.i
r
r'
Xt trng vng xa; r rt ln so vi r (r >> r); r >> 1; r >> D (D: khong cch
ln nht gia 2 im bt k trn V), r >> D2/. Ta c th xp x cc gi tr tnh ton
nh sau:
mu s:
m s:
Lc ny th vector
1
4
c vit li:
T (2.14):
nn:
(2.17)
M:
2
Trong h ta cc:
Thay
(2.18)
(2.19)
2 / :
(2.20)
(2.21)
I0
2.4.2 Tnh
c tnh l:
1
4
(2.22)
M ( r , , )
r
r
'
r'
mu s:
m s:
Thay dl=dz:
1
4
(2.23)
1
4
Chuyn
1
4
(2.24)
(2.25)
v h ta cu:
0
T ta tm c:
1
(2.26)
(2.27)
(2.28)
Suy ra:
,
,
,
,
sin2
(2.29)
a. th bc x
(2.30)
(2.31)
c. Cng bc x
(2.32)
(2.33)
d. Cng sut bc x:
(2.34)
Suy ra h s nh hng:
,
(2.35)
e. in tr bc x
80
(2.36)
f. in tr tn hao.
Gi bn knh dy anten dipole l a; dn in ring l th in tr b mt dy:
(2.37)
(2.38)
(2.39)
T suy ra in tr tn hao:
(2.40)
g. Hiu sut
(2.41)
4,52. 10
. , .
,
0,1
. ,
80
7,192. 10
,
80
7,896. 10
/ .
52,33%
| |
,| |
/2
(2.42)
I0
2.5.2 Tnh
M:
/
/
(2.43)
1
4
1
2| |
(2.44)
Hay:
1
4
(2.45)
(2.46)
Suy ra :
1
4
(2.47)
a.
b.
c.
d.
(2.48)
(2.49)
(2.50)
Cng sut bc x.
(2.51)
(2.52)
in tr bc x
in tr tn hao
/
/
(2.53)
(2.54)
a: bn knh dy anten
e.
th bc x
trong khi
I0
L/2
L
I 0
I0
L
2
L/2
I 0
| |
| |
/2
/2
| |
/2
(2.55)
2.6.2 Tnh
v
/
/
1
4
(2.56)
(2.57)
1 1
4 2
(2.58)
(2.59)
(2.60)
Suy ra:
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
(2.61)
(2.62)
(2.63)
(2.64)
(2.65)
2.7.2 Tnh
,| |
/2
(2.66)
v
1
4
/
/
| |
(2.67)
2 cos 2
cos 2
(2.68)
(2.69)
M ( r , , )
'
r'
(2.70)
Cng bc x:
2 2 2 cos 2
0
cos 2
(2.71)
(2.72)
cos 2
cos 2
2
08 2
7,6581
(2.74)
2
0 8 2
(2.75)
1,643
2
0
(2.76)
/2
(2.77)
2
0 8 2
,
2
(2.73)
7,6581 8
73
73
42,5
(2.78)
(2.79)
(2.80)
k0: hng s bt k.
l pha ca dng cp cho anten.
Bin ca dng l I0 = const.
Pha thay i theo chiu di anten.
(2.81)
2.8.2 Tnh
v
/
/
/
/
(2.82)
/
/
(2.83)
(2.84)
Trong :
kcos
(2.85)
Suy ra:
(2.86)
(2.87)
2.8.3 Cc c trng bc x
,
(2.88)
(2.89)
Nhn xt:
+ Khi L tng HPBW gim (do s bp ph tng).
+ Khi k0 thay i th hng bc x cc i cng thay i theo.
,
+ Khi k0 = 0:
. Gi s
2.9.2 Tnh
(2.90)
Ta c:
| |
2| |
(2.91)
(2.92)
''
'
r
r
dl
r'
a
I0
Hnh 2.15 Anten vng dy trn
Khi r ln: 1/jkr 0 nn:
(2.93)
(2.94)
(2.95)
(2.96)
2.9.3 c trng bc x
,
sin
(2.97)
(2.98)
(2.99)
10
(2.100)
31200
(2.101)
2.10 Cc mt phng t v cc n cc
(ground planes and monopoles)
2.10.1 t vn
cc phn trc chng ta ch xem xt trng bc x ca anten trong khng gian t
do m khng quan tm n v tr anten. Trong thc t, anten c t trn mt phng
dn in nh trn mt t. Trng bc x c to bi anten n mt phng t v
phn x li trong na mt phng Z > 0. Do vy s khng c trng thm thu vo na
mt phng Z < 0. Theo l thuyt nh th cc ngun c bc x ca mt tp ngun s
cp t trn mt phng dn in l tng ging nh trng c pht bi cc ngun s
cp cng vi nh ca n. nh hng ca dng th cp lm cho mt cng sut, in
tr bc x v tr khng vo ca anten b thay i do tn hao trong t lm gim hiu
sut ca anten. nh hng ny rt phc tp, n gin ta coi mt t l mt phng
dn in l tng.
2.10.2 Bi ton
Tm trng bc x do mt anten n cc t trn mt t dn c l tng ti mt
im cch anten l r.
xc nh trng, ta dng phng php nh gng, thay th nh hng ca mt
t bng mt anten nh ca anten tht qua mt phng dn in, dng in ca anten
nh ny c bin v pha nh th no trng tng to bi anten tht v anten
nh cng ging nh trng to bi anten tht v dng th cp. ng thi cc vector
trng tng phi tha mn iu kin b trn b mt dn l tng (c thnh phn tip
tuyn bng 0). Mun vy, dng in nh phi c bin bng bin ca dng in
anten tht, cn pha ca n so vi pha ca dng trn anten tht s ty thuc hng anten
tht so vi mt phn x.
Ta ln lt xt cc anten n cc trn mt t nh sau:
Ngha l anten nh phi c kch thc bng anten tht t i xng qua mt t v
dng in trn cng chiu vi dng in anten tht.
I (z )
I (z )
EP
ES
E
Hnh 2.16 Monopole t thng ng trn mt t.
I (z )
EP
ES
E
Hnh 2.17 Monopole t nm ngang trn mt t.
Ip
I (z )
I (z )
It
I 't
I 'p
Hnh 2.18 Monopole t nm xin trn mt t.
ti im M cng in trng ch c thnh phn php tuyn th anten nh phi
c kch thc ging anten tht t i xng qua mt t. Dng qua anten nh phi ngc
chiu vi dng qua anten tht.
Ta phn tch dng trn anten tht thnh 2 thnh phn thng ng v nm ngang; t
p dng nh gng cho tng thnh phn.
Trng bc x:
Xt mt anten Monopole di L t thng ng trn mt phng dn in l tng.
Dng phng php nh gng tm trng do anten monopole gy ra v ng bng trng
do anten dipole di 2L gy ra trong khng gian (Hnh 2.16).
+ Cng in trng:
(2.102)
+ Cng bc x:
(2.103)
+ Cng sut bc x:
(2.104)
(2.105)
+ H s nh hng:
,
+ in tr bc x
_
(2.106)
0,5 73
42,5
in tr b mt dy:
. .
. , ,
4,52. 10
.
. , .
0,144 /
/
/
1,47.10
TM TT
Trong bi ny, ngi hc tm hiu c cch tnh trng bc x do anten bng cch
gii h phng trnh Maxwell.
Cc anten c bn c gii thiu trong bi ny bao gm cc lng cc (dipole Hertz,
dipole ngn, dipole ti khng, dipole c chiu di so snh c vi bc sng), cc
ngun anten dy, anten vng dy trn.
Cc thng s tnh ton ca cc anten trn bao gm th vector
trng
, cng t trng
, cng in
CU HI N TP
Cu 1: Mt monopole di L = /4 hot ng ti tn s 300 MHz, dng vo anten l
1A v hiu sut 75%. Tnh:
a. Tr khng vo ca anten.
b. Cng sut bc x.
c. li anten.
Cu 2: Mt anten dipole di 0,5 lm vic ti tn s 30 MHz, dng vo 0,5 A. t
hai cun cm ln vo gia mi nhnh ca anten. Xc nh in tr bc x v h s
nh hng ca anten.
B. 0,0157
C. 0,0197
D. 0,078
Cu 4: in tr tn hao ca anten l:
A. 1,57.10-4 B. 0,57.10-4
C. 0,057
D. 0,57.10-3
C. 69,5%
D. 71,3%
B. 52,2%
B. 0,1W
C. 0,05W
D. 0,2W
BI 3: H THNG BC X
Sau khi hc xong bi ny, ngi hc c th:
, ,...,
A(r )
A1 (r )
A0 (r )
M (r , , )
J0
J1
r'
J2
J N 1
Ta c th vector
do phn b dng
ca phn t bc x th i gy ra ti M
vng xa l:
(3.1)
do
gy ra ti M vng xa. Ta c:
(3.2)
Do :
(3.3)
Trong :
(3.4)
(3.5)
(3.6)
(3.7)
(3.8)
Vy:
A1 (r )
(3.9)
A0 ( r )
M (r , , )
J1
J2
J N 1
r'
ri
r 'i
J0
dVi
(3.10)
(3.11)
Tng t:
(LESA-LINEAR
EQUALLY
SPACED
ARRAYS)
Xt mt h thng bc x gm N phn t c xp thng hng v khong cch gia
2 phn t lin tip bng nhau v bng d.
J N 1
M (r , , )
J2
ri
J1
J0
(3.12)
(3.13)
V:
Thay vo h s sp xp ta c:
(3.14)
t C = ejkdcos:
(3.15)
0 mt hng no th:
nn
0
0
(3.16)
Theo bi:
/
1
/
0 1
0 2
1
1
2
/
/
CO-PHASAL
EQUALLY
SPACED
ARRAYS)
LCPESA l mt h thng bc x thng khong cch u gm N phn t v kch thch
bi dng c bin ging nhau v pha ca 2 phn t lin tip lch nhau mt gc l k0.
(3.17)
I 0 e j ( N 1) k0
M (r , , )
I 0 e jk0
ri
I 0 e j 2 k0
I0
1
1
t = kdcos + k0:
1
1
(3.18)
(3.19)
(3.20)
Bin ca ARFAC l:
(3.21)
(3.22)
(3.23)
Cc i khi = 0.
Khi N tng:
-
S bp ph tng ln.
ARFAC n
1
Cc im cc i tng ng vi cc hng cc i.
t cc i I0N khi
Xt gi tr cc i ti gc ta ta c m = 0 = kdcos + k0 =0 k0 = - kdcos.
(3.24)
0
0
(3.25)
Gii
N = 4; kd = k0 = -.
ARFAC n
1
(3.26)
ARFAC n
4
2
(3.27)
(3.28)
cos
(3.29)
(3.30)
cos
cos
(3.31)
i vi h thng endfire:
2 cos
(3.32)
0,866
cos
(3.33)
m: hng bc x cc i (m /2)
H thng endfire:
2 0,866
(3.34)
3.5.3 H s nh hng
(3.35)
7,28
Vi L = Nd l chiu di ca h thng.
3.6 NHN TH
T (3.10):
, th bc x ca h thng bc x gm th bc
ARFAC n
U ( , ) n , ref
1
U ( , ) n, Arrays
N 4
d /2
Gii
y l h thng endfire thng nn th ca |ARFAC|, phn t chun v h thng
bc x trn cc mt phng nh Hnh 3.14.
1
ARFAC n
1
1
F ( , ) n , ref
F ( , ) n , Arrays
TM TT
Trong bi ny, ngi hc tm hiu c cch sp xp ca cc anten c bn to
thnh mt h thng bc x. Cc h thng bc x tnh ton da trn cc anten c bn
v thc hin nhn th phng hng ca cc anten ny vi h s sp xp ARFAC.
Cc h thng bc x c gii thiu trong bi l h thng bc x thng khong cch
u LESA, h thng bc x thng khong cch u kch thch ng nht LCPESA v cc
h thng broadside, endfire.
Ngoi ra, rng bc x khng, bc x na cng sut v h s nh hng ca h
thng bc x cng c kho st.
CU HI N TP
Cu 1: V th |ARFAC| cho cc h thng bc x sau:
a. N = 4, d = , k0 = /2, cc phn t xp dc trc y v t trn trc z.
b. N = 3, d = /2, k0 = /2, cc phn t xp dc trc y v t trn trc y.
c. N = 4, d = , k0 = 0, cc phn t xp dc trc z v t trn trc z.
d. N = 4, d = /2, k0 = /2, cc phn t xp dc trc y v t trn trc z.
Cu 2: V th bc x ca mt h thng gm 4 phn t Dipole Hertz c d = 3/8,
k0 = -3/4, cc phn t xp dc trc y v t trn trc z. Cho bit y l h thng bc
x g v tnh FNBW ca h thng.
Cu 3: V th bc x ca h thng vi cc phn t l anten ng hng t cch
nhau d = /2 v kch thch ng pha (k0 = 0) nh Hnh 3.15.
Cu 4: Cho h thng endfire loi 1 gm 5 anten phn t l cc anten dipole c
t cch nhau khong cch d nh Hnh 3.16. V th bc x ca h thng.
Cu 5: Cho mt h thng anten endfire loi 1 gm 5 phn t anten dipole ngn
(short dipole) t cch nhau mt khong cch d nh Hnh 3.17. Hy v th bc x
ca h thng.
d /2
d /2
Hnh 3.15
Hnh 3.16
N 5
Hnh 3.17
BI 4: TRUYN
SNG
TUYN
Sau khi hc xong bi ny, ngi hc c th:
Tnh ton qu trnh truyn sng v tuyn trong khng gia t do, tng i lu,
tng in ly.
Tn bng tn
Extremely
low
frequency
Super
low
frequency
Ultra
low
frequency
Very
low
frequency
Low frequency
Medium
frequency
High frequency
Very
high
frequency
Vit
ITU
Tn s/
tt
band
Bc sng
ELF
SLF
ULF
VLF
LF
MF
HF
VHF
330 Hz
100,000 km 10,000 km
30300 Hz
10,000 km 1000 km
3003000 Hz
1000 km 100 km
330 kHz
100 km 10 km
Ghi ch
communication,
30300 kHz
Navigation,
10 km 1 km
longwave broadcasting
3003000 kHz
1 km 100 m
time
signals,
AM
AM (Medium-wave) broadcasts
330 MHz
100 m 10 m
radio
30300 MHz
10 m 1 m
Ultra
frequency
high
UHF
3003000 MHz
1 m 100 mm
Super
high
frequency
Extremely
high
frequency
SHF
10
EHF
11
330 GHz
100 mm 10 mm
30300 GHz
Radio
10 mm 1 mm
astronomy,
high-speed
Night vision
< 1 mm
1m 2
Radio tower
(4.1)
Gi tr S trong biu thc trn cng chnh l gi tr trung bnh ca vector Poynting tb
trn mt cu.
(4.2)
Trong :
Eh (V/m): gi tr hiu dng cng in trng.
Hh (A/m): gi tr hiu dng cng t trng.
Hai i lng ny c quan h nh sau:
(4.3)
120
. .
4 . 10
(4.4)
(4.5)
Th (4.5) vo (4.1):
(4.6)
Nu anten nhn c cng sut t ngun l PA v pht x cng sut PR th hiu sut
anten c tnh bi:
(4.7)
T :
(4.8)
anten v hng c cng sut PR.D to ra. Nh vy vic s dng mt anten c hng s
tng ng vi vic tng cng sut bc x hng ln D ln so vi dng anten v
hng.
(4.9)
(4.10)
(4.11)
(4.12)
(4.13)
(4.14)
(4.15)
Trong khong cch tnh bng km v tn s tnh bng MHz. Biu din di dng
Decibel:
32,5
20log
20log
(4.16)
Thnh phn th hai trong biu thc trn l kt qu ca qu trnh phn tn sng
trong khi truyn ra xa ngun v c gi l h s suy hao trong khng gian t do.
32,5
20log
20log
(4.17)
VSAT
Satellite based
Hub
Network
32,5
20log
20log
32,5
15
10
0,25.10
45
20log 36000
196
136
20log 4000
196
+ Gc ti ca sng ti.
+ S phn cc.
Trng hp l tng: || = 1, =
Cc gi tr ||, ca h s phn x thng xc nh theo thc nghim.
(4.18)
(4.19)
(4.20)
||
(4.21)
||
(4.22)
(4.23)
(4.25)
.2
(4.26)
(4.27)
T :
||
||
(4.28)
(4.29)
Do ta c:
1
Vi
||
||
l hm giao thoa.
(4.30)
| |
1
||
||
1
1
||
| |
||
2||
||
2||
||
(4.31)
||
||
(4.32)
| |
2||
||
(4.33)
| |
2||
2 sin
(4.34)
| |
2 sin
(4.35)
Lc :
| |
2 sin
(4.36)
Nhn xt:
Khi sin
Nu:
1 2
1 2
| |
(4.37)
| |
(4.38)
V d 4.2: Xt h thng pht sng VHF c cng sut 100W ti tn s 600 MHz,
cao anten pht 120m v c li 2,15 dB. Anten thu t cch anten pht 10km.
a. Xc nh cng trng ti anten thu cao 2m.
b. Xc nh cao anten thu cng trng ln nht.
Gii
a.
2,15
1,64
0,5
0,024
,
,
b.
4,22 10
2
n = 0:
n = 1:
10,41m
,
31,25m
(4.39)
C
B
0
Hnh 4.5 Tm nhn thng ca tuyn lin lc
4,124
(4.40)
A
C
0
Hnh 4.6 Thng tin c ly ln
Nu qua im phn x ca sng trn mt t ta v mt mt phng tip tuyn vi
mt t v chiu cao anten tnh t mt phng y th bi ton by gi c dng ging bi
ton truyn sng trn mt t phng. Suy ra bi ton trn tng ng:
+ Anten cao h1 v h2; mt t l phng, c ly lin lc d = d1 + d2.
(4.41)
2
V h1 << a:
(4.42)
(4.43)
Tng t:
Suy ra:
(4.44)
(4.45)
2
M:
Ta tm c:
(4.46)
(4.47)
Ta c th p dng cng thc giao thoa bng cch thay cc cao h1 v h2 trong
biu thc hm giao thoa bng h1 v h2 tnh trng ti im thu.
V d 4.3: Cho mt tuyn lin lc v tuyn c anten pht cao 100m, anten thu cao
10m, li anten pht l 20 dB, cng sut pht 50W, c ly thng tin 12km, tn s
sng truyn 150MHz.
a. Xc nh tm nhn thng ca tuyn lin lc. T xc nh mt t c xem l
phng hay cu.
b. Tm cng trng ti anten thu.
Gii
a.
4,124
4,124 100
10
54,28
12
10,91
12
1,091
,
100
. .
20
100
2
0,077
. .
,
10
.
.
.
.
93
9,93
15,6 10
4.4.1.3 Cc lp ion ha
Bu kh quyn phn chia thnh 3 lp D, E, F t cao thp nht n cao ln
nht. Lp F cng c chia thnh hai lp na l F1, F2. S vng mt hay hin din ca
cc lp trong tng in ly ph thuc vo v tr ca mt tri:
Lp D nm cao 60km 90km hp th sng trung v sng ngn; phn x
sng di. Vo ban m, lp D b bin mt bi v s ti hp ca ion xy ra nhanh.
Lp E t trn lp D 160km t thay i theo thi gian ban ngy. N c kh nng
phn x sng trung v sng ngn. Sng cc ngn b hp th mnh.
Lp F t 160km 500km bin thin mnh gia ngy v m. N phn x sng
ngn do c ng dng trong truyn tin sng ngn.
ng truyn sng trong tng in ly khng n nh, do thng xy ra hin
tng fading. Khi thu sng ngn c hin tng cng trng tng hp dao ng khi
ln khi nh nguyn nhn l do c s giao thoa gia nhng sng ti im thu bng
nhng con ng khc nhau nn pha ca cc sng ti s khc nhau.
(4.48)
Trong :
N: mt electron [m-3]
q: in tch electron = 1,6x10-19 [C]
0: hng s in mi trong khng gian t do = 8,854 x 10-12 [F/m]
m: khi lng electron = 9,11x 10-31 [kg]
: tn s gc ca sng [rad/s]
= 0: khng xt n nh hng ca s va chm, tn hao = 0.
Thay cc gi tr trn ta c:
81
(4.49)
(4.50)
Tn s ny c gi l tn s plasma.
(4.51)
2,82.10
1
V v l mt hm ca
3,19.10
(4.52)
3
2
1
h0
(4.53)
(4.54)
Bit rng trong tng in ly; gim dn theo cao nn t (4.54) ta thy s tng
dn, ngha l gc ti ca sng mi lp s ln dn. Sng lin tc b khc x qua cc
lp v mt cao no c th s phn x tr v mt t.
Ta tm quan h gia mt in t, gc ti ca sng b di cng ca tng in
ly v tn s cng tc trong trng hp xy ra ni phn x trong tng in ly:
Gc ti:
Khi xy ra phn x trong tng in ly ti lp n: n = /2
(4.55)
Hay:
(4.56)
Gi s h s in mi ca mi trng bn di tng in ly 0 = 1:
81
(4.57)
81
81
(4.58)
(4.59)
(4.60)
(4.61)
(4.62)
(4.63)
: gc ngng
h: cao biu kin (l cao ca giao im gia tia ti v tia phn x cui cng)
Khi k n cong ca mt t:
4.5 CC
HNH
THC
(4.64)
NGHIM
KHI
Hnh 4.15 Tn x
(4.65)
(4.66)
lch pha:
(4.67)
(4.68)
G h
/200
20 log
(4.69)
G h
G h
10 log
20 log
/3
/3
3
3
10
(4.70)
/200
20 log
20 log
f = 900 MHz, d = 50 km
/3
7,96
4,44
32,5
20log
20log
125,56
133,09
(4.71)
(4.72)
(4.73)
Vi thnh ph ln:
Vi thnh ph nh v va:
a(hMS) = (1,1log10(f) 0.7)hMS - (1,56log10(f) - 0,8) dB
Vng ngoi v nng thn:
(4.74)
(4.75)
(4.76)
V d 4.5: Xt qu trnh truyn sng trong thng tin di ng dng m hnh Hata:
- Anten trm gc c cao hBTS = 80m
- Thit b di ng c cao hMS = 1,5m v li anten 1 dB
- Anten pht vi cng sut 1 kW v li anten pht 10 dB.
- Khong cch gia BTS v MS l d = 15km.
- Tn s hot ng 900 MHz.
a. Xc nh cng sut ti anten thu khi vng ph sng l thnh ph (va).
b. Cho my di ng c cht lng nghe c vi cng sut thu l -80 dBm. Xc nh
khong cch cc i gia BTS v MS cho vng ph sng l thnh ph (va).
Gii
a. a(hMS) = (1,1log10(f) 0.7)hMS - ( 1,56log10(c) - 0,8) = 0,016 dB
Th vo (4.71):
Lm(Urban) = 158,66 dB
Cng sut ti anten thu:
117,66
BS
h
BTS
hMS
hroof
MS
w
b
MS
hMS
Lm = L0
(4.77)
(4.78)
Lori: h s hiu chnh do hng ng truyn (correction factor for street orientation)
Lori = -10 + 0,354()
(4.79)
Lmsd: tn hao nhiu x nhiu tng (multiscreen diffraction loss due to rows of
buildings)
Lmsd = Lbsh + ka + kdlog10(d) + kflog10(f) 9log10(b)
Lbsh = -18log10[1+(hBTS hroof)]
(4.80)
= 0
ka = 54
= 54 0,8(hBTS hroof)
= 54 0,8(hBTS hroof)d/2
(4.81)
(4.82)
kd = 18
= 18 15(hBTS hroof)/hroof
kf = -4 + 0,7(f/925 1)
= -4 +1,5(f/925 1)
(4.83)
cho thnh ph nh v va
cho thnh ph ln
(4.84)
Cng sut pht l 100 W, li anten pht 10 dB, li anten thu 10 dB.
f = 1000 MHz, d = 3 km
32,5
20log
20log
102,04
112,05
TM TT
Bi ny gii thiu cc qu trnh truyn sng v tuyn: trong khng gian t do, tng
i lu, tng in ly v mi trng thng tin di ng.
Qu trnh truyn sng trong khng gian t do c tnh ton theo cng thc (4.16)
v (4.17).
Khi truyn sng trong tng i lu, do c nh hng ca mt t, nn sng thu c
bao gm sng phn x t mt t v sng ti trc tip (mt t xem nh phng).
Trong trng hp khong cch ln, qu trnh tnh ton phi xem mt t nh mt
cu. Khi phi hiu chnh cao anten thc hin tnh ton tng t nh mt t
phng.
Qu trnh truyn sng trong tng in ly da vo c tnh phn x ca sng. Tn s
hot ng v gc ti ca sng quan h theo nh lut Secant.
Khi truyn sng trong mi trng thng tin di ng, cc m hnh thc nghim c
gii thiu l m hnh Okumura, m hnh Hata v m hnh Walfisch Ikegami.
CU HI N TP
Cu 1: Mt tuyn chuyn tip sng viba hot ng tn s 10GHz. Cng sut pht
5W. li anten pht v thu 30dB. Gi s anten c li l 1. Khong cch gia hai
trm l 30km.
a. Tnh cng trng ti im thu . So snh vi trng hp truyn trong khng
gian t do v gii thch s khc bit ny.
b. Tm cao anten thu v pht thu c tn hiu cc i.
Cu 2: Mt my pht sng tn s 300MHz c cng sut pht l 1 kW. Anten pht
c h s nh hng 10dB. My thu t cch my pht 50km. Anten thu c h s nh
hng ging anten pht. Gi s mi trng ng nht c suy hao 80dB v khng k
n nh hng ca mt t.
a. Xc nh nhy cn thit ca my thu.
b. Gi nguyn cng sut pht v nhy my thu cu a. Nu mun tng c ly
thng tin th ta phi tng hay gim tn s pht? Gii thch ti sao?
Cu 3: Mt tuyn lin lc viba hot ng tn s 12GHz cng sut pht 5W. cao
anten pht 50m. li anten pht 30dB. C ly thng tin lin lc 10km. Bit hiu sut
anten l 90%.
a. Tm cao ca anten thu thu c tn hiu cc i.
b. Tnh cng trng ti anten thu vi cao anten thu tnh cu a.
c. Xc nh vng t nh hng chnh ln tuyn lin lc.
Cu 4: Mt tuyn lin lc c c ly 2000Km.
a. Phng thc truyn sng no c th s dng c cho tuyn lin lc trn?
b. Nu s dng phng thc sng phn x tng in ly th tn s pht phi l bao
nhiu? Cho bit sng phn x cao 250km v mt electron cao ny
l 1011 [m-3]
Cu 5: Mt tuyn lin lc theo phng thc sng tng i lu c cng sut 1KW.
Tn s lm vic 100MHz. H s nh hng anten thu v pht 10dB. C ly thng tin
50Km. cao anten pht v thu 50m. Bit tng i lu c dN/dh = -4.10-2.
a. Tnh cng trng ti im thu.
b. Nu khng k n nh hng ca khc x trong tng i lu th cng trng
nh th no?
c. So snh c ly thng tin cc i c th c khi c nh hng ca khc x tng i
lu v khi khng c nh hng ca khc x tng i lu vi cao anten pht
v thu 50m.
Cu 6: Mt i pht sng ngn theo phng thc phn x tng in ly hot ng
tn s 8MHz. Mt electron cao 250km l 1011[m-3]
a. Xc nh gc ngng cc i ca anten.