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B GIO DC V O TO

ANTEN - TRUYN SNG


- SIU CAO TN

Bin son:

ThS. Phm Hng Kim Khnh


TS. Nguyn Vn Mi
ThS. Nguyn Trng Hi

Ti Liu Lu Hnh Ti HUTECH

www.hutech.edu.vn

ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN


n bn 2013

MC LC

MC LC
MC LC .................................................................................................................. 1
HNG DN ............................................................................................................. 4
BI 1: TNG QUAN V ANTEN ..................................................................................... 1
1.1 GII THIU ......................................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 Khi nim ..................................................................................................... 1
1.1.2 Lch s pht trin ........................................................................................... 1
1.1.3 Cc loi anten. ............................................................................................... 2
1.2 CC C TNH CA ANTEN..................................................................................... 6
1.2.1 Tr khng ng vo ......................................................................................... 6
1.2.2 Hiu sut ca anten ........................................................................................ 8
1.2.3 Trng in t c to bi anten .................................................................. 10
1.2.4 Cng sut trng in t ............................................................................... 12
1.2.5 Phn cc (Polarization) ................................................................................. 16
1.2.6 th bc x ca anten ................................................................................ 20
1.2.7 rng na cng sut v rng gia cc hng bc x khng u tin. ........... 23
1.2.8 Gc khi ca chm tia bc x (ABSA - Antenna Beam Solid Angle) ...................... 25
1.2.9 H s nh hng v li hng tnh ca anten .............................................. 26
1.2.10 li anten v cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng (Antenna Gain &
Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power)....................................................................... 28
1.2.11 Mc cc bp ph v t l trc sau. .............................................................. 29
1.2.12 Anten thu (Receiving antennas) .................................................................... 30
1.2.13 Cc tuyn anten (antenna links) ................................................................... 35
TM TT ................................................................................................................ 37
CU HI N TP ...................................................................................................... 38
BI 2: L THUYT ANTEN .......................................................................................... 40
2.1 TRNG DO DNG IN BC X. ................................................................................. 40
2.2 CC PHNG TRNH MAXWELL V CC QUAN H NGUN-TRNG. ........................................... 41
2.3 TRNG IN T VNG XA C TO BI NGUN BT K .................................................. 44
2.4 DIPOLE HERTZ ...................................................................................................... 45
2.4.1 nh ngha .................................................................................................. 45
2.4.2 Tnh

.............................................................................................. 46

2.4.3 Cc c tnh bc x ca dipole Hertz ............................................................... 47


2.5 LNG CC NGN (SHORT DIPOLE) ............................................................................. 49

II

MC LC

2.5.1 nh ngha .................................................................................................. 49


2.5.2 Tnh

.............................................................................................. 49

2.6 LNG CC C TI KHNG ........................................................................................ 50


2.6.1 Phn b dng ph thuc vo (, ) ................................................................. 51
2.6.2 Tnh

.............................................................................................. 52

2.7 LNG CC C CHIU DI HU HN ............................................................................. 52


2.7.1 nh ngha .................................................................................................. 52
2.7.2 Tnh

.............................................................................................. 52

2.7.3 Xt anten c chiu di L = /2 (anten na sng) .............................................. 53


2.8 CC NGUN ANTEN DY (BC X THNG) ....................................................................... 54
2.8.1 nh ngha .................................................................................................. 54
2.8.2 Tnh

.............................................................................................. 55

2.8.3 Cc c trng bc x .................................................................................... 55


2.9 ANTEN VNG TRN KCH THC B. ............................................................................. 55
2.9.1 nh ngha .................................................................................................. 55
2.9.2 Tnh

.............................................................................................. 55

2.9.3 c trng bc x ......................................................................................... 56


2.10 CC MT PHNG T V CC N CC (GROUND PLANES AND MONOPOLES) .............................. 57
2.10.1 t vn ................................................................................................ 57
2.10.2 Bi ton .................................................................................................... 57
TM TT ................................................................................................................ 61
CU HI N TP ..................................................................................................... 62
BI 3: H THNG BC X ......................................................................................... 63
3.1 GII THIU ....................................................................................................... 63
3.2 H THNG BC X THNG KHONG CCH U (LESA-LINEAR EQUALLY SPACED ARRAYS)
................................................................................................................................. 66
3.3 H THNG BC X THNG KHONG CCH U KCH THCH NG NHT (LCPESA-LINEAR
CO-PHASAL EQUALLY SPACED ARRAYS) ........................................................................... 68
3.4 CC H THNG BC X HNG TRC BROADSIDE V ENDFIRE ................................ 71
3.4.1 H thng Broadside ...................................................................................... 71
3.4.2 H thng endfire .......................................................................................... 72
3.5 RNG BC X KHNG, RNG NA CNG SUT V H S NH HNG CA H
THNG BC X ............................................................................................................ 76
3.5.1 rng bc x khng (BWFN) ....................................................................... 76
3.5.2 rng na cng sut (HPBW) ...................................................................... 76
3.5.3 H s nh hng ......................................................................................... 77

MC LC

I I I

3.6 NHN TH..................................................................................................... 77


TM TT ................................................................................................................ 80
CU HI N TP ...................................................................................................... 81
BI 4: TRUYN SNG V TUYN ............................................................................... 83
4.1 GII THIU ....................................................................................................... 83
4.2 TRUYN SNG TRONG KHNG GIAN T DO ............................................................ 85
4.3 TRUYN SNG TRONG TNG I LU.................................................................... 89
4.3.1 Anten t trn mt t phng ........................................................................ 89
4.3.2 Anten t trn mt t cu ............................................................................ 94
4.4 TRUYN SNG BNG PHN X TRN TNG IN LY. ................................................ 98
4.4.1 Cu to tng in ly ..................................................................................... 98
4.4.2 c tnh tng in ly................................................................................... 100
4.4.3 Khc x v phn x trong tng in ly .......................................................... 102
4.5 CC M HNH THC NGHIM KHI TRUYN SNG TRONG THNG TIN DI NG ........... 105
4.5.1 M hnh Okumura ....................................................................................... 109
4.5.2 M hnh Hata ............................................................................................. 111
4.5.3 M hnh Walfisch - Ikegami .......................................................................... 112
TM TT .............................................................................................................. 115
CU HI N TP .................................................................................................... 116
TI LIU THAM KHO ............................................................................................. 118

IV

HNG DN

HNG DN
M T MN HC
Anten truyn sng siu cao tn l mt trong nhng mn hc cho chuyn ngnh
K thut in t Truyn thng. Mn hc bao gm 3 phn ring bit tng ng vi phn
Anten, Truyn sng v K thut siu cao tn.
Phn anten gii thiu cc khi nim c bn v anten, mt s loi anten c bn v
h thng bc x. Phn truyn sng gii thiu qu trnh truyn sng trong mt s mi
trng c bn: khng gian t do, tng i lu, tng in ly v thng tin di ng. Phn
K thut siu cao tn gii thiu cc phng php tnh ton thng s trn ng truyn
sng, cch s dng th Smith, mt s thit k mch.

NI DUNG MN HC

Bi 1. Tng quan v anten.

Bi 2. Cc c tnh ca anten.

Bi 3. L thuyt anten.

Bi 4. Truyn sng v tuyn.

Bi 5. ng dy truyn sng.

Bi 6. th Smith.

Bi 7. Ma trn tn x.

KIN THC TIN


Mn hc Anten truyn sng siu cao tn i hi sinh vin c nn tng v Trng
in t, L thuyt mch.

YU CU MN HC
Ngi hc phi d hc y cc bui ln lp v lm bi tp y nh.

CCH TIP NHN NI DUNG MN HC

HNG DN

hc tt mn ny, ngi hc cn n tp cc bi hc, tr li cc cu hi v lm


y bi tp; c trc bi mi v tm thm cc thng tin lin quan n bi hc.
i vi mi bi hc, ngi hc c trc mc tiu v tm tt bi hc, sau c ni
dung bi hc. Kt thc mi ca bi hc, ngi c tr li cu hi n tp v kt thc
ton b bi hc, ngi c lm cc bi tp.

PHNG PHP NH GI MN HC
Mn hc c nh gi gm:

im qu trnh: 30%. Hnh thc v ni dung do ging vin quyt nh, ph hp vi


quy ch o to v tnh hnh thc t ti ni t chc hc tp.

im thi: 70%. Hnh thc bi thi t lun trong 60 pht. Ni dung gm cc bi tp


thuc bi th 1 n bi th 9.

BI 1: TNG QUAN V ANTEN > TRANG 1


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

BI 1: TNG QUAN V ANTEN


Sau khi hc xong bi ny, ngi hc c th:

Bit hnh dng mt s anten.

Hiu cc c tnh c bn ca anten.

1.1 GII THIU


1.1.1 Khi nim
Anten l mt h thng hay mt thit b dng bc x hay thu nhp nng lng
in t.
Anten c s dng cho vic truyn nng lng in t gia my pht v my thu
m khng cn mt s tham gia no ca ng dy dn nh cp xon i, cp ng
trc, ng dn sng hay si quang.
Vi mt ngun nng lng in t, anten pht s bc x sng in t. Sng ny lan
truyn vo trong khng gian v kch thch vo anten pha thu chuyn i nng lng
sng in t thnh tn hiu in a xung ti tin.
Trong nhiu ng dng, anten nh bi nhng phng tin truyn ti nng lng
in t khc bi v s mt mt nng lng in t khi tn s tng. Ngha l khi tn s
s dng cng tng cao, vic s dng cc thit b truyn dn nh ng dn sng lm
bng vt liu s tr nn km hp dn hn. Trong khi , hiu sut ca anten s tng
cao khi tn s cng cao.

1.1.2 Lch s pht trin


Sng in t thng lnh s hot ng ca anten c m t mt cch y bi h
phng trnh Maxwell vo nm 1876. ng thng nht cc nh lut c pht minh
trc ca Ampre, Faraday, Gauss v hnh thnh nn mt nh l chng minh rng
s bin thin sng in t to nn s lan truyn.

TRANG 2 > ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Nm 1886: Heinrich Hertz, mt nh vt l nc c th nghim v kim tra


s tn ti ca sng in t. ng sng to nn anten vng v anten lng cc
n gin. Sau ng lm nhng th nghim vi nhng anten c gn thanh phn
sng n.

Nm 1897: Alexander PoPov, nh vt l Nga sng to ra tuyn anten thc s


u tin c kh nng truyn tn hiu qua khong cch 3 dm.

Nm 1901: Gugliema Marconi thc hin thnh cng vic truyn thng v tuyn
vt i Ty Dng ln u tin ti khong tn s 60 KHz

Nm 1916: Nu nh trc 1916 tt c nhng h thng v tuyn truyn thng


u da trn telegraphy (in bo) th n 1916 vic s dng tn hiu AM u
tin chng minh cho truyn c tn hiu thoi.

Nhng nm 1920: Cc ngun pht sng c kh nng to ra tn hiu 1MHz. T


ko theo s pht trin ca anten c tnh di m u tin.

Nhng nm 1930: Cc ngun to ra tn hiu tn s cao hn tip tc pht trin


ti hng GHz.

Nm 1934: H thng in thoi v tuyn thng mi u tin ra i hot ng


ti tn s 1,8 GHZ cho s trao i gia Anh v Php.

Nhng nm 1940-1945: Vi nhng n lc nghin cu t cuc chin tranh th gii


th 2; cc h thng radar; reflector; h thng bc x (arrays); anten lens; nhng
b lc cho ng dn sng ln lt ra i.

T 1945 n nay: y l k nguyn ca anten hin i, anten truyn c


sng v tuyn radio v TV trn ton th gii. Bng chng cho s pht trin ny
l k thut v tinh. Anten c th s dng nhiu mc ch nh GPS, Wireless LAN

1.1.3 Cc loi anten.


Anten dy (Wire Antenna): l mt dy dn in kim loi c nhiu hnh dng khc
nhau:
- Dipole: cn c gi l anten dy thng hay lng cc.

BI 1: TNG QUAN V ANTEN > TRANG 3


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Hnh 1.1 Anten lng cc


- Monopole: (n cc)

Hnh 1.2 Anten n cc


- Loop antenna: (Anten vng)

Hnh 1.3 Anten vng


- Helix antenna: (Anten xon)

Hnh 1.4 Anten lng cc

TRANG 4 > ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Anten mt (Aperture Antenna hay Horn Antenna)


L loi anten rt thun li khi lp t trn thn tu v tr, my bay hay thn tn
la. Chng c th c ph mt lp in mi trnh tc hi ca mi trng.

Hnh 1.5 Anten mt


Anten vi di (MicroStrip Antenna)
Gm mt ming kim loi t trn mt nn, ming kim loi c th c nhiu dng
khc nhau ph bin l hnh trn.

Hnh 1.6 Anten vi di


H thng bc x (Array Antenna)

Hnh 1.7 H thng bc x

BI 1: TNG QUAN V ANTEN > TRANG 5


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Anten ny c th p ng cc c tnh bc x c bit m mt anten n gin khng


th p ng c. N t c mt s pht x mt hng no v t cc tiu
cc hng cn li.
Anten phn x hay anten gng (Reflector Antenna)
Do nhu cu lin lc khong cch xa pht v thu khong cch hng triu
km. Anten phn x c tnh nh hng cao v t b nhiu. Nn mt phn x l mt
parabol bng kim loi.

Hnh 1.8 Anten phn x


Anten thu knh (Lens Antenna)
Dng ngn nng lng pht x ti nhng hng khng cn thit.

Hnh 1.9 Anten thu knh

TRANG 6 > ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

1.2 CC C TNH CA ANTEN


1.2.1 Tr khng ng vo
Anten l thit b dng thu hoc pht sng in t. Trong mch in ta xem anten
nh mt tr khng:
ZA = RA + jXA

(1.1)

Ch pht: anten ly nng lng tn hiu in t my pht v bc x in t ra


mi trng khng gian nn ng vai tr l ti ca ngun.

ZS

IA
ZA

VS

Hnh 1.10 Anten ch pht


Chng ta kho st mt my pht c tr khng vo l ZS to ra mt tn hiu c in
p l VS ni vi mt anten c tr khng vo l ZA. Nng lng ngun t my pht cp
cho anten khng bc x ton b thnh nng lng sng in t m c mt phn tiu
hao trn anten do cu to anten bng nhng vt liu khng l tng. Ta gi:
RA: in tr ca anten c trng cho nng lng tiu th trn anten.
jXA: l in khng ca anten.
Gi PA l cng sut nhn u vo ca anten.

| |

| |

(1.2)

M:
(1.3)
Thay (1.3) vo (1.2), ta c:

BI 1: TNG QUAN V ANTEN > TRANG 7


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN
|

|
|

(1.4)

Ch :

(1.5)

T l thuyt mch bit, tng cng sut nhn u vo anten s t cc i khi


tha mn iu kin phi hp tr khng gia ti v ngun:

(1.6)

Khi cng sut ng vo anten t cc i v bng:


|

(1.7)

Gi q l h s ghp cng sut hay h s phi hp tr khng. Khi anten khng phi
hp tr khng vi ngun th:
(1.8)
Suy ra:
|

Khi

ZS

(1.9)

l thun tr (XS = 0) th h s ghp cng sut biu din nh sau:


|

|
|

|
|

(1.10)

Vi l h s phn x:

(1.11)

H s ghp cng sut biu din nh sau:

||

(1.12)

Ch thu: anten thu sng in t ri cp cho ti l my thu anten ng vai tr


l ngun ca ti tin.

TRANG 8 > ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Hnh 1.11 Anten ch thu

1.2.2 Hiu sut ca anten


Khi anten s dng ch pht th n l thit b dng bc x nng lng sng
in t. Mt cch l tng th anten pht s bc x tt c cng sut m n nhn c
t ngun. Nhng trong thc t, cc tn hao v in v in mi lm cho anten khng
th bc x tt c nng lng m n nhn c.
Gi PR l cng sut bc x thc s ca anten. Hiu sut anten, k hiu e, l t s
gia cng sut anten bc x thc s vi ton b cng sut anten nhn c t ngun:
(1.13)
Gi PD l cng sut tn hao do nhit trn anten. Ta lun c:
(1.14)
T (1.13):

(1.15)

Gi:
RR: in tr bc x c trng cho phn cng sut bc x ra ngoi khng gian.
RD: in tr tn hao c trng cho phn cng sut tn hao di dng nhit.

| |
| |

(1.16)

| |
Thay (1.16) vo (1.13), ta c:
(1.17)
Hiu sut anten c th tnh bng phng trnh khc:

BI 1: TNG QUAN V ANTEN > TRANG 9


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

(1.18)
V d 1.1: Mt anten c tr khng vo ZA = 75 + j43 () c in tr tn hao l RD
= 2 ()c ni vi mt my pht c VSRMS = 10 (V) v RS = 50 ().
a. V s tng ng ca h thng.
b. Tnh cng sut bc x, tn hao, tiu th v hiu sut ca anten.
Gii
a) S tng ng:

RS 50
IA

VA

VS , RMS 10V

b) Ta c:
2
| |

|
|

102

0,0752

RR = RA RD = 75 2 = 73 ()
Cng sut bc x:

| |

. 73. 0,0752

0,4

Cng sut tn hao:

| |

. 2. 0,0752

0,01

Cng sut tiu th:

| |
Hiu sut anten:

. 75. 0,0752

0,41

Z A 75 j 43

TRANG 10 > ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

97%

1.2.3 Trng in t c to bi anten


Cng sut PR c bc x bi anten di dng trng in t. Trng in t ny
gm c 2 phn:

Trng in

Trng t

/
/

vung gc vi nhau v cng vung gc vi phng truyn sng.

=constant

Hnh 1.12 Trng bc x bi anten

BI 1: TNG QUAN V ANTEN > TRANG 11


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Gi s anten t ti gc ta . Ta kho st trng in t do anten to ra ti im


M bt k trong khng gian.
Ch :
l vector n v trng vi on thng ni lin gc ta n v tr ang xt.

l vecto n v vung gc bn knh ng trn bn knh OM nm trong mt phng


zoy, zox c chiu theo .
l vector n v vung gc bn knh ng trn bn knh OM (M l hnh chiu
ca M trn mt phng xOy) nm trong mt phng xOy, c chiu theo .

1.2.3.1 in trng
Trng in do anten bc x:
(1.19)

vung gc vi phng truyn sng nn Er = 0 v ph thuc vo khong

Do
cch r:

(1.20)

Trong :
l h s truyn sng trong khng gian t do.

4 . 10
. .

/
/

: t thm trong khng gian t do.


: in thm trong khng gian t do.

c = 3.108 (m/s): vn tc nh sng trong khng gian t do.

: bc sng ca tn hiu.

Khi , ta c:

,
Vi quy c:

(1.21)

TRANG 12 > ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

(1.22)

V hm phng hng:

(1.23)

Kt lun: in trng lan truyn theo hng xuyn tm t anten (tc l lan truyn
theo hng

).

in trng suy gim theo khong cch r.

Khng c thnh phn hng tm

Cng in trng dc theo

ph thuc ty theo hng bc x, c

trng l cc hm F, F.

1.2.3.2 T trng
i vi ngi quan st trng xa, trng in bc x bi anten ging nh sng
phng trng t c phng trnh nh sau:

(1.24)

Z: tr khng sng ca mi trng.

120 : tr khng sng ca khng gian t do.


Kt lun: Vector cng in trng v cng t trng nm trong mt phng
vung gc vi phng truyn sng. Vector cng t trng cng khng c thnh
phn hng tm, c 2 thnh phn vung gc nhau v cng vung gc vi phng
truyn sng.

1.2.4 Cng sut trng in t


1.2.4.1 Mt cng sut
Nng lng ca trng in t bin thin lan truyn thnh dng nng lng vi
vector mt cng sut l phn thc ca vector Poynting:

(1.25)

BI 1: TNG QUAN V ANTEN > TRANG 13


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Vector mt bc x l phn thc ca vector Poynting:

,
|
|

(1.26)

Mt bc x:

(1.27)

Hay:
(1.28)
Vector mt cng sut bc x c phng theo phng ca

, c chiu i ra khi

anten. Do nng lng c bc x ra bn ngoi.


Mt cng sut bc x suy gim t l nghch vi nghch o ca bnh phng
khong cch t im quan st n anten.

1.2.4.2 Cng bc x
L i lng khng ph thuc vo khong cch r, ch ph thuc vo phng hng
(, ).

(1.29)

1.2.4.3 Cng sut bc x


tnh tng cng sut m anten bc x ti v tr M cch anten mt khong r ta dng
S l 1 mt kn bt k bao quanh anten i qua im M kho st. V n gin, ta chn
S l mt cu c bn knh r. Do , tng cng sut bc x bi anten l PR s bng tng
cng sut gi qua b mt S ca qu cu :

(1.30)

TRANG 14 > ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

trong :
(1.31)

,
|

|
,

,
|

(1.32)

Hay:

(1.33)

vi
Kt lun:
Tng cng sut PR c bc x bi anten m trong phn trc c biu din nh
l tch s gia hiu sut ca anten vi cng sut PA nhn c t ngun PR = ePA by
gi c th tnh c bng cch ly tch phn cng bc x trn b mt kn S bao
quanh anten v i qua im M kho st.
V d 1.2: Trng in t vng xa bc x bi anten c cho bi hm phng
hng:

,
Gi s rng hiu sut ca anten l 25% v dng in vo anten IA = 1 (A), mi
trng kho st l khng gian t do.
Tnh:
a. Vector mt cng sut bc x.
b. Mt cng sut bc x
c. Cng bc x
d. Tng cng sut c bc x bi anten
e. in tr bc x ca anten
f. in tr tn hao ca anten

BI 1: TNG QUAN V ANTEN > TRANG 15


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

g. in tr ng vo ca anten
h. Tng cng sut PA m anten nhn t ngun
Gii:

a)

sin

Mi trng khng gian t do: Z = Z0 = 120 ()

1
240
sin

b)
c)

sin

sin

d) Cng sut bc x:
1
240

1
240
1
120

1
2
240

1
120

1
cos
3

e) in tr bc x:
2
| |

2
90.1

1
45

0,022

f) in tr tn hao:
0,25

1
15

g) in tr ng vo anten:
4
45
h)Tng cng sut:

0,089

0,067

1
90

0,011

TRANG 16 > ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

1
2

| |

1 4
1
2 45

2
45

0,044

1.2.5 Phn cc (Polarization)


1.2.5.1 nh ngha
S phn cc ca anten c xc nh l phn cc ca sng in t vng xa do
anten bc x. Phn cc ca sng in t l hnh nh li bi u mt ca vector
cng in trng

lan truyn theo thi gian t khi c quan st theo phng

truyn sng. Khi xt phn cc anten, ngi ta ch quan tm hnh nh li ca u


mt vector cng trng in theo thi gian nn chn h trc ta Descartes
kho st. Ti cc hng khc nhau trong khng gian, sng in t lan truyn s phn
cc khc nhau. Do chng ta thng xt s phn cc ca sng ti cc hng khc
nhau trong khng gian.
Quy tc xt phn cc anten:
Bc 1. Lp biu thc ca cng trng in
cch thay cc gi tr r, , ,

dc theo hng kho st bng

ti 1 im M bt k thuc hng sng lan truyn bi

cc gi tr tng ng trong h to Descartes.

Hnh 1.13 Sng phn cc tuyn tnh

BI 1: TNG QUAN V ANTEN > TRANG 17


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Hnh 1.14 Sng phn cc trn


Ch :
phn bin ca sng, nu v tr kho st phn m ca cc trc ta (-x,-y,z) th phi ly tr dng. V d |x|; |y|.
a tt c cc gi tr -1; +j; -j v hm m nh sau:

Bc 2. Lp biu thc ca
trng in

/
/

trong min thi gian. Biu thc theo thi gian ca

, :
,

(1.34)

Bc 3. Kho st cc trng hp sau:


Nu biu thc

c 1 thnh phn hoc 2 thnh phn m hiu pha ca chng

l k (k l s nguyn) th hnh nh ca u mt

li khi lan truyn theo thi gian

s nm trn mt ng thng nn sng m anten bc x phn cc thng. Suy ra anten


phn cc thng hay cn gi l phn cc tuyn tnh. Ty theo phng ca sng m
ta c hai loi l phn cc ngang hay phn cc ng.

TRANG 18 > ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Nu biu thc

c 2 thnh phn m hiu pha ca chng l /2 + k, (k l

s nguyn) v bin hai thnh phn bng nhau th hnh nh ca u mt

li khi lan truyn theo thi gian s nm trn mt ng trn nn sng m anten bc
x phn cc trn. Suy ra anten phn cc trn.
Nhng trng hp

c 2 thnh phn c quan h bin v pha bt k,

khi y trng in tng c dng phn cc ellip. Suy ra sng hay anten phn cc ellip.
Trong trng hp phn cc trn hay elip, ng ti gc ta nhn dc theo phng
truyn sng. Vector

s quay theo chiu t pha c thnh phn nhanh pha (pha

ln hn) v pha c thnh phn chm pha hn theo con ng ngn nht. Nu u mt

vector

v nn ng trn hay ellip cng chiu kim ng h ta gi l CW (Clock

Wise) v ngc li ta gi l CCW (CounterClock Wise).


V d 1.3: Cng trng in vng xa c bc x bi anten cho nh sau:

Cho bit c tnh phn cc ca anten cc hng dc theo trc sau:


a/ +x

; b/ +y

c/ -x

; d/ -y

Gii:

Hng +x: Ta xt im M nm trn trc +x c ta : = /2, = 0,


,r=x

cos

,
V vector

cos

/2

c 2 thnh phn trng ngc pha v bin bng nhau nn sng

phn cc trn.
Hng +y: = /2, = /2,

,r=y

BI 1: TNG QUAN V ANTEN > TRANG 19


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

cos

,
V biu thc

/2

, c 1 thnh phn nn sng phn cc tuyn tnh.


,

Hng x: = /2, = ,

, r = -x = |x|

cos

cos

/2

Sng phn cc trn.


,

Hng y: = /2, = 3/2,

, r = -y = |y|

cos

/2

Sng phn cc tuyn tnh.

1.2.5.2 Vector phn cc ca anten


m t c tnh phn cc ca anten, ngi ta s dng vector phn cc

c nh ngha nh sau:
,

(1.35)

Trong :

(1.36)

T , ta c:

,
,

(1.37)

(1.38)

TRANG 20 > ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

1.2.6 th bc x ca anten
th bc x l s ph thuc ca cng bc x U(,) hoc hm phng hng
F(,) vo cc hng trong khng gian khi khong cch t anten n im quan st l
khng i. th bc x phn nh nhng thng tin v s phn b nng lng, v pha
v s phn cc ca trng bc x thng qua cc hm U(,) v F(,).
Trong thc t, ngi ta thng nghin cu cc anten i xng trc hoc cc anten
vi cc c im i xng khc. V khng gian 2 chiu l cc mt ct ca khng gian
3 chiu. Do vy, ch cn biu din th bc x trong khng gian 2 chiu l c hiu
qu cho vic m t cc c tnh bc x ca anten. Khi v th bc x, ngi ta cng
ch quan tm n cht lng ca anten biu din cc hng khc nhau m khng
quan tm n ln tuyt i. Do , ta thng a v dng chun ha nh sau:

(1.39)

Vi:

max
max

,
,

(1.40)

Kt lun:
S ph thuc ca cng bc x U(,) vo cc hng khc nhau trong khng
gian gi l th bc x cng sut.
S ph thuc ca F(,) vo cc hng khc nhau trong khng gian gi l th
bc x trng.
V

nn:

(1.41)

Khi v th bc x ca anten, chng ta thng cp n vng bc x mnh


nht gi l bp sng chnh (main lobe). S bc x nhng hng khc yu hn gi l
bp sng ph (side lobe).

BI 1: TNG QUAN V ANTEN > TRANG 21


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Hnh 1.15 th bc x ca anten


V d 1.4: Trng bc x vng xa ca mt anten c xc nh bi:

V th bc x trng v cng sut ca anten trn cc mt phng xOy; xOz v


yOz.
Gii:
Mt phng xOy:

/2
2

,
max

Do th bc x trng ca anten trn l mt ng trn trong mt phng xOy.


Mt phng xOz:

0,

th ln ca trng trong mt phng xoz l


trn pha = 0 v khi 0
Mt phng yOz:

| v nn hai ng

| v nn hai ng

0
,

th ln ca trng trong mt phng xoz l


trn pha = /2 v 3/2 khi 0

th bc x cng sut c c bng cch suy ra t th bc x trng theo cng


thc (1.41):

TRANG 22 > ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

sin

a)

b)
Hnh 1.16 th bc x cng sut (a) v bc x trng (b) ca anten

BI 1: TNG QUAN V ANTEN > TRANG 23


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

1.2.7 rng na cng sut v rng gia cc hng bc


x khng u tin.
1.2.7.1 rng na cng sut (HPBW Half Power Beam Width)
HPBW ca mt anten c o bi gc bao quanh hng bc x cc i hp bi 2
hng m c cng bc x bng mt na cng bc x cc i.

(1.42)

left right

Hnh 1.17 rng na cng sut

1.2.7.2 rng gia cc hng bc x khng u tin (FNBW


First Null Beam Width)
FNBW l gc gia cc im khng ca bp u tin k lin bp chnh trong mt
phng.

(1.43)

V d 1.5: th bc x vng xa ca mt anten c xc nh bi cng in


trng chun ha:

Xc nh HPBW v FNBW.

TRANG 24 > ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Null
U n ( right
)0

Null
U n ( left
)0
Null
left

Null
right

Hnh 1.18 rng gia cc hng bc x khng u tin

1 / 4

2 3 / 4

Hnh 1.19 HPBW vi


Gii:

Cng bc x chun ha:


Xt trong mt phng zOx:

Hng bc x na cng sut:


Vy HPBW = 3/4 - /4 = /2

sin

0,

/4
3 /4

BI 1: TNG QUAN V ANTEN > TRANG 25


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Hng bc x khng:

FNBW =
Ngi ta dng HPBW v FNBW nh gi bp chnh rng hay hp ng dng cho
nhng mc ch khc nhau trong thng tin v tuyn v radar.

1.2.8 Gc khi ca chm tia bc x (ABSA - Antenna Beam


Solid Angle)
U max
U max
S

Hnh 1.20 Gc khi ca chm tia bc x


ABSA ca mt anten l gc khi ca mt anten tng ng c cng sut bc x
cng ging nh anten ang xt nhng cng bc x l hng s v bng cng
bc x cc i Umax ca anten ang xt v khng c bp sng ph.

(1.44)

Hin nhin vi mi anten ng hng c cng bc x khng i vi tt c cc


gc khi, ngha l U(,)= Umax th:

TRANG 26 > ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Vi cc anten c hng khc ta lun c A < 4.

V d 1.6: Mt anten c cng chun ha

. Tm ABSA.

sin

8 /3

1.2.9 H s nh hng v li hng tnh ca anten


1.2.9.1 H s nh hng
H s nh hng ca mt anten k hiu D(,) l t s gia cng bc x ca
anten v cng bc x trung bnh ca anten :

,
U max

(1.45)

PR

PR O

U O ( , ) U a
r

Hnh 1.21 Cng bc x ca anten c hng v anten ng hng cng cng


sut bc x

BI 1: TNG QUAN V ANTEN > TRANG 27


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

tnh cng bc x trung bnh Ua ca anten, ta xt mt anten ng hng c


cng sut bng cng sut ca anten ang xt v c cng bc x bng cng
bc x trung bnh ca anten ang xt. Ta c:

(O: Ommidirectional)

M PR = PRO nn:

V anten ng hng c cng bc x l hng s mi hng v cng bc


x trung bnh Ua ca anten ang xt cng khng i nn:

.4

(1.46)

Th (1.46) vo (1.45):
,

(1.47)

1.2.9.2 li hng tnh


T biu thc chng minh cho h s nh hng:
,

,
,

Ta thy D(,) ch ph thuc vo ,. li hng tnh D ca mt anten nh ngha


l nh hng ca anten ti v tr bc x cc i khi cng sut bc x khng i:
D = max{D(,)}

(1.48)

Hay:
,

(1.49)

l i lng khng th nguyn v thng tnh theo dB:


D [dB] = 10log10D

(1.50)

V d 1.7: Cng bc x vng xa ca mt anten c cho bi: U(,) = 5sin2

TRANG 28 > ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Tnh h s nh hng ca anten v li hng tnh.


Gii:
H s nh hng ca anten:

sin

li hng tnh D:
D = max{D(,)} = 3/2 ti = /2
Kt lun:
H s nh hng c s dng nh gi kh nng nh hng ca mt anten c
hng (ngha l anten ang xt) hay cng bc x ca n gp bao nhiu ln so vi
cng bc x ca mt anten ng hng c cng cng sut bc x ti cc hng
khc nhau. Ngha l khi cng sut bc x ca hai anten ny bng nhau th ti im
quan st, cng bc x ca anten c hng ln hn cng bc x ca anten
ng hng bao nhiu ln.

1.2.10 li anten v cng sut bc x ng hng tng


ng (Antenna Gain & Equivalent Isotropically
Radiated Power)
1.2.10.1 li anten
Mt i lng rt hu ch khc c th din t hot ng ca anten l li. Mc d
li ca anten c mi quan h vi h s nh hng, nhng n l mt i lng
tnh ton hiu sut ca anten v kh nng nh hng ca anten. Trong khi , h s
nh hng ch m t c kh nng nh hng ca anten.
li ca anten theo mt hng no c nh ngha l t s gia cng bc
x theo hng vi cng bc x thu c nu nh ton b cng sut anten nhn
c t ngun c bc x mt cch ng hng.

,
/

U(,) l cng bc x theo hng xt li.


PA l cng sut anten nhn c t ngun.

(1.51)

BI 1: TNG QUAN V ANTEN > TRANG 29


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

PA/4 l cng bc x ca mt anten ng hng (cng bc x thu c nu


nh cng sut PA c bc x ra ngoi khng gian mt cch ng hng).
Vy:

M PR = e.PA v

(1.52)

ln cc i ca li c xem nh li cng sut v k hiu bng G:

(1.53)

Ta cng c : G = eD
+ Khi ni n D l ni n li l tng khng b tn hao v G l k n tn
hao.
+G, D l cc i lng khng th nguyn.

1.2.10.2 EIRP (cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng)


Cng sut bc x tng ng ng hng l cng sut bc x ca mt anten ng
hng c cng bc x bng cng bc x cc i ca anten ang xt.
EIRP = AUmax = 4Umax
Theo (1.53): 4Umax = GPA
EIRP = GPA = eDPA = DPR

(1.54)

1.2.11 Mc cc bp ph v t l trc sau.


1.2.11.1

Mc bc x ph (SLL - Side Lobe Level)

nh ngha: SLL l t s gia cng bc x bp sng ph ln nht vi cng


bc x cc i ca anten.
,

SLL khng c th nguyn.

SLL khng ph thuc vo cng sut bc x ca anten.

(1.55)

TRANG 30 > ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

SLL c th c tnh theo D,G.

Hnh 1.22 Mc cc bc x ca anten c hng

1.2.11.2 T l trc sau (FBR: Front To Back Radio)


L t s gia cng bc x hng bc x cc i v cng bc x hng
i xng vi hng bc x cc i.
,
,

(1.56)

Mi anten bc x ng hng u c FBR=1. Thng tin thng c truyn dng


im-im nn ta lun mong mun thit k anten khng ch c tnh nh hng cao v
h s khuch i ln m cn mong mun mc cc bp ph nh nht c th.

1.2.12 Anten thu (Receiving antennas)


Trong phn ny, chng ta s nghin cu cc anten hot ng nh cc anten thu.
Gi s mt anten c kch bi mt sng phng n c gc ti (,) v c c tnh
bi trng in

ti u vo ca anten thu.

Gi s ti ZL = RL + jXL c ni n anten thu. Vn t ra l cng sut bao nhiu


c a vo ti?
tr li cu hi ny, chng ta xt mt mch in tng ng ca anten thu. S
kch thch bng sng mt to nn in p VC ni tip vi tr khng anten ZA. VC ph
thuc vo bin , phn cc ca trng n

Vi iu kin phi hp tr khng (


|

v chiu truyn sng.

), cng sut PC phn phi cho ZL bng:


(1.57)

BI 1: TNG QUAN V ANTEN > TRANG 31


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Khi iu kin phi hp khng tha, cng sut thc t c phn phi cho ti nh
hn PC v c tnh:
PL = qrPC

(1.58)

qr: h s ghp cng sut hay h s phi hp tr khng ca anten thu v ti.
(1.59)

||

(1.60)

: h s phn x

(1.61)

Nu ti thun tr (XL = 0):

Anten thu

Ti

Anten thu

Ti

Hnh 1.23 Sng ti v s tng ng anten pha thu


PC c th c tnh bng tch s gia mt cng sut ca sng ti Sinc vi din tch
hiu dng Aeff.
(1.62)
D nhin cng ging nh trng hp ta gii thiu VC; Aeff ph thuc vo chiu n
(,) v s phn cc ca sng ti. Vn t ra l chng ta Aeff tnh nh th no?

TRANG 32 > ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Phng trnh (1.62) c s din dch n gin v mt vt l rng vi mt sng phng


ti c phn cc

tc ng ln anten thu c hng (,) th anten s c kch thch v

nhn tt c cng sut c mang bi sng ti trn din tch hiu dng Aeff tnh bng
m2 nh sau:
,

(1.63)

= c/f [m]: bc sng ca sng ti.


Gr(,): li ca anten thu.
,

: h s tn hao do mt phi hp phn cc gia sng ti vi anten

thu (Pole Loss Factor).


,

: vector phn cc ca anten thu.

: vector phn cc ca sng ti.

Hnh 1.24 Din tch hiu dng ca mt anten


T ta suy ra cng sut cung cp cho ti:
,

(1.64)

Khi phi hp tr khng gia ti v anten (qr = 1) v phi hp phn cc gia anten
thu v sng ti (PLF=1), cng sut ti nhn c l cc i:
(1.65)

V d 1.8: Xt mt anten m khi s dng nh anten pht tn s f=300 MHz bc


x trng in vng xa vi bin trng in chun ha:

v c

BI 1: TNG QUAN V ANTEN > TRANG 33


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

vector phn cc

, hiu sut ca anten l 2/3. V anten cng s dng lm anten

thu c ni n ti c phi hp tr khng. Tnh cng sut cung cp cho ti i vi


nhng sng phng ti sau.
a)
(lan truyn theo trc x, c phng theo +y)

b)
c)

/2

d)

/2

Gii:
,

C phi hp tr khng: qr = 1
f = 300 MHz = c/f = 1m

,
,

sin
,

sin

G(,) = eD(,) = sin2


a)
Ti h trc ta t anten thu, sng ti lan truyn theo phng (+x) nn: = /2,
= .
li ca anten thu ti hng sng ti: G(,) = sin2 = 1
Vector phn cc ca anten thu ti hng sng ti:
Vector phn cc ca sng ti:
Suy ra :
Vy:
b)

,
,

1
.

1.

1.1.

0,11

TRANG 34 > ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Tng t cu a: = /2, =
G(,) = sin2 = 1,
Suy ra :

Vy:

c)

0
.

/2: sng phn cc trn lan truyn theo trc +x.

Tng t cu a: = /2, =
G(,) = sin2 = 1,
Suy ra:

,
1

4
d)

/2

1.

1
1
1
1. .
4
2 240

1
1920

0,05

/2

Phng truyn sng ti : = /4, =


G(,) = sin2 = 1/2
z

x
Hnh 1.25 Hng truyn sng +x-z
Vector phn cc ca anten thu ti hng sng ti:
Vector phn cc ca sng ti

/2

/2

BI 1: TNG QUAN V ANTEN > TRANG 35


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Suy ra :

1
,

1.

1
1
1
1. .
4
2 240

1
1920

0,05

1.2.13 Cc tuyn anten (antenna links)


Anten pht

Anten thu

Ngun

Ti
Hnh 1.26 Tuyn anten pht v thu.
Xt mt anten pht c cp tn hiu bi ngun VS c tr khng ni ZS. Tr khng
ca anten pht c k hiu l ZA,t. Mt b thu nh v ti chiu (t,t) so vi b pht.
Anten thu c tr khng vo ZA,r v c kt thc bng ti ZL. B pht v thu cch nhau
mt khong r v trng my pht tc ng ln b thu t chiu (r,r).
Cng sut m anten thu cp cho ti ZL: PL = qrPC
Mt khc: PC = Aeff.rSinc
Aeff.r: l din tch hiu dng ca b thu i vi cc sng ti phn cc

tc dng theo

chiu (r,r).
Sinc: l mt cng sut ca trng c bc x bi b pht v c o ti b thu
cch b pht r.
1
2
M

l cng bc x trng do anten pht.

Suy ra:
,
4

(1.66)

TRANG 36 > ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

iu ny ni rng mt cng sut ca trng c bc x bi b pht c o ti


b thu, bng mt cng sut gy ra t b pht cng sut v hng nhn vi li
ca b pht theo chiu b thu.
T ta kt hp c:
.

(1.67)

l cng thc dng thng dng c trng cho cc tuyn truyn dn anten.
Mt cng dng khc khi ta thay: PL = qrPC v PA = qtPS.
Lc :

,
,

V:

(1.68)

,
,
,

(1.69)

ngha cc h s:
etqt: h s mt mt ca b pht.
erqr: h s mt mt ca b thu.

: h s mt mt do phi hp phn cc ca tuyn anten.

: l h s mt mt khng gian.

Vi thut ng ny cng sut thu c bng cng sut kh dng ti b pht PS nhn
vi cc h s mt mt (khng gian t do, b pht, b thu, mt phi hp phn cc) v
c nhn vi nh hng ca c hai anten theo chiu ca tuyn. Thng thng
quan h tuyn anten trn c tnh bng Decibel.

,
20

,
,

32,44

20

20
(1.70)

BI 1: TNG QUAN V ANTEN > TRANG 37


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

TM TT
Trong bi ny, ngi hc tm hiu c cc khi nim c bn v anten, bao gm hnh
dng mt s anten cng nh lch s pht trin ca anten.
Phn k tip gii thiu v cc c tnh ca anten: tr khng ng vo, hiu sut anten,
trng in v trng t do anten bc x, cng sut trng in t do anten to ra.
Ngoi ra, bi ny cng gii thiu v s phn cc v th bc x ca anten. y l
cc c tnh cho php xc nh ln cng bc x ti cc v tr trong khng gian.

TRANG 38 > ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

CU HI N TP
Cu 1: Mt anten c tr khng vo l ZA = 250 + j50 trong in tr tn hao l
RD = 8 c ni vi mt my pht c VS = 10V v RS = 10
a. V s tng ng ca h thng
b. Tnh cng sut bc x, tn hao, tiu th v hiu sut ca anten
Cu 2: Mt anten c tr khng vo ZA = 100 + j75 vi in tr tn hao RD = 10
c cung cp bng ngun VS v tr khng ngun ZS.
a. Xc nh cc thng s ngun trong iu kin phi hp tr khng v cng sut
anten l 30 mW.
b. V s tng ng v tnh cng sut bc x, cng sut tn hao, hiu sut
anten.
Cu 3: Trng in t vng xa bc x bi anten cho bi hm phng hng sau:

. Gi s hiu sut ca anten l 40% v dng in vo anten l 0,5A.

Tnh:
a. Vetor mt cng sut bc x
b. Mt cng sut bc x
c. Cng bc x
d. Tng cng sut c bc x bi anten
e. in tr bc x ca anten
f. in tr tn hao ca anten
g. in tr ng vo ca anten
h. Tng cng sut PA m anten nhn t ngun
Cu 4: Trng in vng xa bc x bi anten cho bi: F(, ) = 2sin +3cos , gi
s hiu sut anten e = 70% v dng ti ng vo anten l 0,5A. Tnh:
a. Vector mt cng sut bc x
b. Mt cng sut bc x
c. Cng bc x

BI 1: TNG QUAN V ANTEN > TRANG 39


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

d. Tng cng sut c bc x bi anten


e. in tr bc x ca anten
f. in tr tn hao ca anten
g. in tr ng vo ca anten
h. Tng cng sut PA m anten nhn t ngun
Cu 5: Cng in trng vng xa c bc x bi anten cho nh sau:

sin

. Cho bit c tnh phn cc ca anten hng +x; hng +y

Cu 6: Xt mt anten s dng nh anten pht tn s f=3GHz bc x trng in


vi bin chun ha:

v c vector phn cc

; hiu sut anten

l 70% v nu anten c s dng lm anten thu c ni n ti c phi hp tr


khng. Tnh cng sut cung cp cho ti i vi nhng sng phng ti:
a.
b.
Cu 7: HPBW l:
A. Gc 1/2

B. Gc gia hng 1/2 v m

C. Gc gia 2 hng 1/2

D. Khc

Cu 8: FNBW l:
A. Gc 0

B. Gc gia hng 0 v m

C. Gc gia hng 1/2 v 0

D. Khc

Cu 9: Din tch hiu dng ca anten thu ph thuc vo:


A. Cng sut pht

B. ln cng in trng ti anten thu

C. Hng ca vector cng in trng ti anten thu

D. Khc

Cu 10: Din tch hiu dng ca anten thu ph thuc vo:


A. Cng sut pht

B. ln cng in trng ti anten thu

C. Khong cch gia anten pht v anten thu

D. Phn cc ca anten thu

TRANG 40| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

BI 2: L THUYT ANTEN
Sau khi hc xong bi ny, ngi hc c th:

Cch xc nh trng in t bc x ca mt anten.

Bit c trng in t bc x ca mt s anten c bn.

2.1 Trng do dng in bc x.


bi 1, ta m t anten thu v pht t quan im hin tng. Bi ny chng ta s
phn tch cht ch hn cc trng in t bc x bi anten v bt u bng cc phng
trnh Maxwell.
Bt u t vic xem xt dng phn b trn cc anten, c th l anten dipole v loi
ny dng kh ph bin, c th dng c lp hoc c th ghp kt cu thnh h thng
bc x phc tp. Phng php gn ng xc nh phn b dng trn dipole da trn
s suy lun tng t gia dipole vi ng dy song hnh mch u cui khng tn
hao.

I (z )

Hnh 2.1 - ng dy song hnh v anten dy.


T ng dy song hnh c th bin dng thnh anten dy i xng bng cch m
rng u cui ca ng dy n khi gc m na nhnh l 1800. Nu gi s rng dng
I(z) chy trong cc phn dc ca dy l ging nh phn thng tr trn ng dy
truyn sng nguyn thy (lc cha b), ta c th vit:

I z
: h s truyn sng.

sin

| |
0

/2

| |

/2

(2.1)

BI 2: L THUYT ANTEN > TRANG 41


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

I0: bin dng in u vo.

Hnh 2.2 - Phn b dng dc theo chiu di anten dy tuyn tnh


Dng phn b trn anten vi cc chiu di khc nhau v dng in trn anten s bc
x ra trng in t khc nhau. nh gi trng bc x ny ta xem xt mi quan h
ngun-trng bt u t cc phng trnh Maxwell.

2.2 Cc phng trnh Maxwell v cc quan h


ngun-trng.

: vector in cm (C/m2) (Mt thng lng in).


: vector t cm (Wb = T/m2) (Mt thng lng t).

(2.2)

TRANG 42| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

: mt dng in dn (A/m2)
: mt in tch khi (C/m3)
Vi mi trng ng hng tuyn tnh:

(2.3)

: thm t (H/m)
: thm in (F/m)
Trong khng gian t do:

. .

4 . 10

(2.4)

T (2.2) v (2.3) suy ra:

(2.5)

/
Gi

l th vector, trong gii tch vector, cc php ton trong h ta Descartes

c c biu din di dng ton t nh sau:

(2.6)

0
Trong :
l ton t Nabla.

(2.7)

Th vo (2.5):

0
/

(2.8)

BI 2: L THUYT ANTEN > TRANG 43


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Gii trc tip h phng trnh trn tm

theo i lng

khn v phc tp. Ngi ta dng n vector trung gian


. Sau biu din

thng qua

v tm vector theo i lng

0 nn ta t

0 v

l rt kh

. Thay vo

(2.8), rt gn ta c phng trnh sng:

(2.9)

Trong :

: ton t Laplace.
Nhc li:

(2.10)

(2.11)

Gii phng trnh sng (2.9) ta c :


1
4

Tch phn trn c ly trn ton b khng gian V c cha mt dng in


|

: biu th s chm pha ca vector

khong cch R so vi ngun.

k l h s pha, vi mi trng chn khng, k = 2/.


C c

, ta suy ra

nh sau:

(2.12)

Theo (2.8), khi xt khng gian khng c ngun, tc l v tr r m

0:
(2.13)

Suy ra:

(2.14)

TRANG 44| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

A(r )

J (r ' )

'
r
r

r'

Hnh 2.3 - Th vector c to bi ngun phn b trong th tch V


Nu dng in phn b trn mt S th ta c:
1

(2.15)

Nu dng in c phn b trn ng cong L:


1
4

(2.16)

2.3 Trng in t vng xa c to bi


ngun bt k
Xt mt khi th tch V bt k c phn b dng

vi r l khong cch t gc ta

n ngun. Ta kho st trng do V gy ra ti M rt xa so vi ngun. Ngha l vi

J (r ' )

'
r
r

A(r )

.i
r
r
'

bit chng ta cn tm

r '
.i
r

r'

Hnh 2.4 - Trng in t vng xa c to bi ngun bt k


Th vector:
1
4

BI 2: L THUYT ANTEN > TRANG 45


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Xt trng vng xa; r rt ln so vi r (r >> r); r >> 1; r >> D (D: khong cch
ln nht gia 2 im bt k trn V), r >> D2/. Ta c th xp x cc gi tr tnh ton
nh sau:

mu s:
m s:

Lc ny th vector
1
4

c vit li:

T (2.14):

. vng xa theo l thuyt sng phng, ta xp x

nn:

(2.17)

M:
2

Trong h ta cc:


Thay

(2.18)

(2.19)

2 / :

(2.20)

c tm t cng in trng theo biu thc:

(2.21)

2.4 Dipole Hertz


2.4.1 nh ngha
Dipole Hertz l phn t dn in rt mnh c bn knh a << v L << , trn c
dng in m bin v pha mi im l nh nhau I=I0.
Gi s dipole Hertz c t ti gc ta v dng chy theo phng trc z trong
khng gian ng nht rng v hn. By gi chng ta xt trng vng xa do anten gy
ra ti im M.

TRANG 46| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

I0

Hnh 2.5 - Phn b dng trn dipole Hertz

2.4.2 Tnh

Dng kch thch c phng trnh


th vect

. V dng phn b trn ng cong L nn

c tnh l:
1
4

(2.22)

M ( r , , )
r

r

'

r'

Hnh 2.6 - Trng bc x bi dipole Hertz

mu s:
m s:

Thay dl=dz:
1
4

Do k.z=2/.z v z << nnkz 0.


Suy ra :

(2.23)

BI 2: L THUYT ANTEN > TRANG 47


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN
/
/

1
4

Chuyn

1
4

(2.24)

(2.25)

v h ta cu:

0
T ta tm c:
1

(2.26)

Theo (2.20), (2.21):


0

(2.27)
(2.28)

Trng bc x ca Dipole Hertz l trng phn cc thng. Vi anten c xt dc


theo trc z, in trng ch c 1 thnh phn E v t trng ch c 1 thnh phn H.

2.4.3 Cc c tnh bc x ca dipole Hertz


Cng trng in:

Suy ra:

,
,

,
,

sin2

(2.29)

a. th bc x

Hnh 2.7 th bc x ca dipole Hertz

(2.30)

TRANG 48| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

b. Vector mt cng sut bc x.


|

(2.31)

c. Cng bc x

(2.32)

(2.33)

d. Cng sut bc x:

(2.34)

Suy ra h s nh hng:
,

(2.35)

e. in tr bc x

80

(2.36)

Trong : k = 2/ v Z = 120 () trong khng gian t do.

f. in tr tn hao.
Gi bn knh dy anten dipole l a; dn in ring l th in tr b mt dy:

(2.37)

Tr khng dy trn n v di:

(2.38)

Cng sut tiu hao:


/
/

(2.39)

T suy ra in tr tn hao:

(2.40)

g. Hiu sut

(2.41)

BI 2: L THUYT ANTEN > TRANG 49


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

V d 2.1: Mt dipole Hertz c chiu di L = 0,1m lm bng ng c dn in =


5,8x107 S/m, bn knh a = 1cm c kch thch bng dng I0 = 1A ti tn s 3 MHz. Tnh
in tr bc x, in tr tiu tn v hiu sut anten.
Gii:
. .

4,52. 10

. , .
,

0,1

. ,

80

7,192. 10
,

80

7,896. 10

/ .

52,33%

2.5 Lng cc ngn (Short Dipole)


2.5.1 nh ngha
Anten lng cc ngn l anten c chiu di L<< vi dng phn b c dng:
1

| |

,| |

/2

(2.42)

Xt anten t ti gc ta dc trc z. Tng t nh dipole Hertz, chng ta kho st


trng vng xa do anten gy ra ti M.

I0

Hnh 2.8 Phn b dng trn short dipole

2.5.2 Tnh

Ging nh dipole Hertz, th vector c tnh nh sau:


1
4

M:

/
/

(2.43)

TRANG 50| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Do |z| L/2 v L << : |z| <<


/
/

1
4

1
2| |

(2.44)

Hay:
1
4

(2.45)

(2.46)

Suy ra :
1
4

(2.47)

a.

Mt cng sut v cng bc x.



,

b.

c.

d.

(2.48)

(2.49)

(2.50)

Cng sut bc x.

(2.51)

(2.52)

in tr bc x

in tr tn hao
/
/

(2.53)
(2.54)

a: bn knh dy anten

e.

th bc x

Ging dipole Hertz.

2.6 Lng cc c ti khng


Vi s phn b dng trn dipole ngn (lng cc ngn) th

trong khi

dng trn lng cc ngn li nh hn. Do vy, tng in tr bc x, trong thc t


cu trc ca n cn phi c ci tin mang phn b dng in cng ging nh phn

BI 2: L THUYT ANTEN > TRANG 51


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

b dipole Hertz cng tt. iu ny c th t c bng cc ti cm hoc dung hoc kt


hp c hai k thut.
Ti cm s c to ra dng hng s cho n v tr ti cm v gim dn tuyn tnh t
ti cm n u cui ca dipole.

I0

Hnh 2.9 Phn b dng trn trn anten c ti cm


Ti dung s to ra dng c dng tam gic v khng bng khng ti cc u cui ca
dipole.

Hnh 2.10 Phn b dng trn trn anten c ti dung

L/2
L

I 0
I0

L
2
L/2

I 0

Hnh 2.11 Anten c phn b dng ti khng


Xt anten c phn b dng nh Hnh 2.11.

2.6.1 Phn b dng ph thuc vo (, )


| |

| |

| |
/2

/2
| |

/2

(2.55)

TRANG 52| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

2.6.2 Tnh

v
/
/

1
4

(2.56)

(2.57)

1 1

4 2

(2.58)

(2.59)

(2.60)

Suy ra:
2

2
2

2
2
2
2
2

(2.61)

(2.62)

(2.63)

(2.64)

(2.65)

2.7 Lng cc c chiu di hu hn


2.7.1 nh ngha
L lng cc c chiu di L c th so snh vi bc sng v c phn b dng trn
anten nh sau:
| |

2.7.2 Tnh

,| |

/2

(2.66)

v
1
4

/
/

| |

(2.67)

Ch : kzcos khng th 0 do L c th so snh vi .


1

2 cos 2

cos 2

(2.68)
(2.69)

BI 2: L THUYT ANTEN > TRANG 53


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

M ( r , , )

'

r'

Hnh 2.12 Lng cc c chiu di hu hn


Nhn xt:
Chng ta thy rng

gm c hai thnh phn:

Thnh phn th nht:

Thnh phn th hai:

(2.70)

Cng bc x:
2 2 2 cos 2
0

cos 2

(2.71)

2.7.3 Xt anten c chiu di L = /2 (anten na sng)

Hnh 2.13 Anten na sng


Dng cp cho anten c phn b:
cos
V cng trng in:

(2.72)

TRANG 54| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

cos 2

cos 2
2
08 2

7,6581

(2.74)

2
0 8 2

(2.75)

1,643

2
0

(2.76)

/2

(2.77)

2
0 8 2

,
2

(2.73)

7,6581 8
73

73

42,5

(2.78)
(2.79)
(2.80)

Hnh 2.14 Gc khi ca chm tia bc x anten na sng

2.8 Cc ngun anten dy (bc x thng)


2.8.1 nh ngha
L ngun c chiu di L v phn b dng nh sau:


k0: hng s bt k.
l pha ca dng cp cho anten.
Bin ca dng l I0 = const.
Pha thay i theo chiu di anten.

(2.81)

BI 2: L THUYT ANTEN > TRANG 55


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

2.8.2 Tnh

v
/
/

/
/

(2.82)

/
/

(2.83)

Tnh tch phn ta c:

(2.84)

Trong :

kcos

(2.85)

Suy ra:

(2.86)

(2.87)

2.8.3 Cc c trng bc x
,

(2.88)
(2.89)

Nhn xt:
+ Khi L tng HPBW gim (do s bp ph tng).
+ Khi k0 thay i th hng bc x cc i cng thay i theo.
,

+ Khi k0 = 0:

2.9 Anten vng trn kch thc b.


2.9.1 nh ngha
L mt vng dy dn c bn knh a << ; trn c phn b dng

. Gi s

dng chy ngc kim ng h.

2.9.2 Tnh

(2.90)

TRANG 56| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Ta c:

| |

2| |

(2.91)

Tnh tch phn trn ton vng dy ta c:

(2.92)

''

'

r
r

dl

r'
a

I0
Hnh 2.15 Anten vng dy trn
Khi r ln: 1/jkr 0 nn:

(2.93)

(2.94)
(2.95)
(2.96)

2.9.3 c trng bc x
,

sin

(2.97)

(2.98)
(2.99)

10

(2.100)

31200

(2.101)

BI 2: L THUYT ANTEN > TRANG 57


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

2.10 Cc mt phng t v cc n cc
(ground planes and monopoles)
2.10.1 t vn
cc phn trc chng ta ch xem xt trng bc x ca anten trong khng gian t
do m khng quan tm n v tr anten. Trong thc t, anten c t trn mt phng
dn in nh trn mt t. Trng bc x c to bi anten n mt phng t v
phn x li trong na mt phng Z > 0. Do vy s khng c trng thm thu vo na
mt phng Z < 0. Theo l thuyt nh th cc ngun c bc x ca mt tp ngun s
cp t trn mt phng dn in l tng ging nh trng c pht bi cc ngun s
cp cng vi nh ca n. nh hng ca dng th cp lm cho mt cng sut, in
tr bc x v tr khng vo ca anten b thay i do tn hao trong t lm gim hiu
sut ca anten. nh hng ny rt phc tp, n gin ta coi mt t l mt phng
dn in l tng.

2.10.2 Bi ton
Tm trng bc x do mt anten n cc t trn mt t dn c l tng ti mt
im cch anten l r.
xc nh trng, ta dng phng php nh gng, thay th nh hng ca mt
t bng mt anten nh ca anten tht qua mt phng dn in, dng in ca anten
nh ny c bin v pha nh th no trng tng to bi anten tht v anten
nh cng ging nh trng to bi anten tht v dng th cp. ng thi cc vector
trng tng phi tha mn iu kin b trn b mt dn l tng (c thnh phn tip
tuyn bng 0). Mun vy, dng in nh phi c bin bng bin ca dng in
anten tht, cn pha ca n so vi pha ca dng trn anten tht s ty thuc hng anten
tht so vi mt phn x.
Ta ln lt xt cc anten n cc trn mt t nh sau:

Anten t thng ng trn mt t:


Gi M l ca ng sc in ca anten tht v mt phng dn in. Ti M tha
mn iu kin trn mt dn l tng th thnh phn tip tuyn ca in trng do anten
nh to ra phi c phn b nh th no chng trit tiu vi thnh phn tip tuyn
ca in trng do anten tht to ra.
Nh vy; dng anten nh c:

TRANG 58| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Ngha l anten nh phi c kch thc bng anten tht t i xng qua mt t v
dng in trn cng chiu vi dng in anten tht.

I (z )

I (z )

EP

ES

E
Hnh 2.16 Monopole t thng ng trn mt t.

Anten nm ngang trn mt t:


I (z )

I (z )

EP

ES

E
Hnh 2.17 Monopole t nm ngang trn mt t.

Ip

I (z )

I (z )

It

I 't

I 'p
Hnh 2.18 Monopole t nm xin trn mt t.
ti im M cng in trng ch c thnh phn php tuyn th anten nh phi
c kch thc ging anten tht t i xng qua mt t. Dng qua anten nh phi ngc
chiu vi dng qua anten tht.

Anten t xin trn mt t:

BI 2: L THUYT ANTEN > TRANG 59


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Ta phn tch dng trn anten tht thnh 2 thnh phn thng ng v nm ngang; t
p dng nh gng cho tng thnh phn.

Trng bc x:
Xt mt anten Monopole di L t thng ng trn mt phng dn in l tng.
Dng phng php nh gng tm trng do anten monopole gy ra v ng bng trng
do anten dipole di 2L gy ra trong khng gian (Hnh 2.16).
+ Cng in trng:

(2.102)

+ Cng bc x:

(2.103)

+ Cng sut bc x:

(2.104)

(2.105)

+ H s nh hng:
,

+ in tr bc x
_

(2.106)

V d 2.2: Cho 1 anten n cc di L = /4 c t trn mt t dn in l tng


khng tn hao c bin dng ng vo l I0 = 1A c phn b theo phng trnh I(z) =
I0sin[k(L z)]. Cho in dn ca anten l = 5,8.107 S/m, bn knh anten a = 0,5 cm
v tn s cng tc 300MHz. Tnh tr khng ng vo, cng bc x v cng sut tn
hao.
Gii:
Trng bc x anten Monopole
/

Suy ra cng bc x anten Monopole:

TRANG 60| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

0,5 73

42,5

in tr b mt dy:
. .

. , ,

4,52. 10

Tr khng dy trn n v di:


,

.
. , .

0,144 /

Cng sut tiu hao:


/
/

Thay dng in I(z) = I0sin[k(L z)] = sin


/
/

/
/

1,47.10

BI 2: L THUYT ANTEN > TRANG 61


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

TM TT
Trong bi ny, ngi hc tm hiu c cch tnh trng bc x do anten bng cch
gii h phng trnh Maxwell.
Cc anten c bn c gii thiu trong bi ny bao gm cc lng cc (dipole Hertz,
dipole ngn, dipole ti khng, dipole c chiu di so snh c vi bc sng), cc
ngun anten dy, anten vng dy trn.
Cc thng s tnh ton ca cc anten trn bao gm th vector
trng

, cng t trng

, cng in

v cc c trng bc x ca anten (cng sut bc x,

in tr bc x, h s hng tnh, hiu sut).

TRANG 62| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

CU HI N TP
Cu 1: Mt monopole di L = /4 hot ng ti tn s 300 MHz, dng vo anten l
1A v hiu sut 75%. Tnh:
a. Tr khng vo ca anten.
b. Cng sut bc x.
c. li anten.
Cu 2: Mt anten dipole di 0,5 lm vic ti tn s 30 MHz, dng vo 0,5 A. t
hai cun cm ln vo gia mi nhnh ca anten. Xc nh in tr bc x v h s
nh hng ca anten.

Mt dipole Hertz c chiu di L = 0,05 lm bng ng c dn in = 5,8.107


S/m, bn knh a = 2cm c kch thch bng dng I0 = 1A ti tn s 30 MHz. Hng s
t thm = 4.10-7 H/m.
Cu 3: in tr bc x ca anten l:
A. 0,157

B. 0,0157

C. 0,0197

D. 0,078

Cu 4: in tr tn hao ca anten l:
A. 1,57.10-4 B. 0,57.10-4

C. 0,057

D. 0,57.10-3

C. 69,5%

D. 71,3%

Cu 5: Hiu sut ca anten l:


A. 97,2%

B. 52,2%

Cu 6: Cng sut bc x ca anten l:


A. 0,01W

B. 0,1W

C. 0,05W

D. 0,2W

BI 3: H THNG BC X > TRANG 63


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

BI 3: H THNG BC X
Sau khi hc xong bi ny, ngi hc c th:

Bit cch sp xp ca h thng bc x.

Tnh ton trng do h thng anten bc x.

3.1 GII THIU


Xt mt h thng anten c N phn t t trong khng gian v phn b dng trn
mi phn t l

, ,...,

. Chng ta cn xt trng do h thng gy ra ti M v c

xc nh thng qua th vect

A(r )

A1 (r )

A0 (r )

M (r , , )

J0

J1

r'

J2

J N 1

Hnh 3.1 - H thng bc x gm N phn t phn b ri rc


V: l th tch cha cc anten phn t.
:l phn b dng tng tt c cc anten phn t trong V.
r: l khong cch t gc ta n dV ang xt trn mt phn t anten.
r: l khong cch t gc ta n M cn xc nh trng.

TRANG 64| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Ta c th vector

do phn b dng

ca phn t bc x th i gy ra ti M

vng xa l:

(3.1)

Vi: l th tch cha phn t anten th i.


By gi ta tm th vector

l phn b dng tng ri rc gm , , . . . ,

do

gy ra ti M vng xa. Ta c:

(3.2)

Do :

(3.3)

Trong :

(3.4)

: khong cch t gc ta n phn t th i.


: khong cch t im gc trn phn t th i dVi.
Gi

l phn b dng trn phn t tham kho no .

(3.5)

Thay (3.4) v (3.5) vo (3.3):

(3.6)

Gi ARFAC (Array Factor) l h s sp xp:

Th vector lin quan n phn t tham kho:

(3.7)

BI 3: H THNG BC X > TRANG 65


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

(3.8)

Vy:

A1 (r )

(3.9)

A0 ( r )
M (r , , )

J1

J2

J N 1

r'

ri

r 'i
J0

dVi

Hnh 3.2 - Th vector tng ca N phn t bc x


Ta thy ARFAC l i lng v hng ph thuc vo:
+ Cch sp xp cc phn t bc x trong khng gian.
+ T l dng gia cc phn t bc x.
Ta c:
vi
Do :

(3.10)

(3.11)

Tng t:

TRANG 66| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

3.2 H THNG BC X THNG KHONG CCH


U

(LESA-LINEAR

EQUALLY

SPACED

ARRAYS)
Xt mt h thng bc x gm N phn t c xp thng hng v khong cch gia
2 phn t lin tip bng nhau v bng d.

J N 1

M (r , , )

J2

ri
J1

J0

Hnh 3.3 - H thng bc x LESA


Chn h trc ta nh hnh v. H s sp xp ARFAC ca h thng c tm t
biu thc (3.7):

Chn phn t th 0 lm phn t tham kho. Lc :

(3.12)

(3.13)

V:

Thay vo h s sp xp ta c:

BI 3: H THNG BC X > TRANG 67


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

(3.14)

t C = ejkdcos:

(3.15)

Kt lun: ARFAC ca LESA c N phn t c biu din nh a thc bc N-1 theo


bin phc C.
Cc im khng (null) ca th ARFAC ca h thng LESA:

0 mt hng no th:

nn

0
0

(3.16)

Do ARFAC ph thuc vo Ii, d, nn ta c th chn Ii v d sao cho ARFAC = 0 mt


hng no .
V d 3.1: Xy dng h s bc x ca mt h thng bc x c 3 phn t sao cho
ARFAC = 0 hng = /4 v =/2 . Gi s khong cch gia 2 phn t lin tip l
d = /4. V th ARFAC.
Gii:

Theo bi:
/

1
/

0 1

0 2

T (2): I2 = -1 I1, th vo (1):


/

1
1
2

/
/

Nhn xt: Bng cch chn la dng

bt k (bng 1A), sau chn cc gi tr

, thch hp, ta c th chn la cc hng bc x tha mn yu cu ca bi ton.

TRANG 68| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

3.3 H THNG BC X THNG KHONG CCH


U KCH THCH NG NHT (LCPESALINEAR

CO-PHASAL

EQUALLY

SPACED

ARRAYS)
LCPESA l mt h thng bc x thng khong cch u gm N phn t v kch thch
bi dng c bin ging nhau v pha ca 2 phn t lin tip lch nhau mt gc l k0.

(3.17)

V h thng l LESA nn:

I 0 e j ( N 1) k0
M (r , , )

I 0 e jk0

ri

I 0 e j 2 k0

I0

Hnh 3.4 - H thng bc x LCPESA

1
1
t = kdcos + k0:

1
1

(3.18)

BI 3: H THNG BC X > TRANG 69


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

(3.19)

(3.20)

Bin ca ARFAC l:

(3.21)

(3.22)

Khi v ARFAC ta thng s dng hm chun ha:

(3.23)

Ta thy ARFAC ph thuc vo N, d, k0 v .


Kho st |ARFAC| theo :
Trc ht ta xt ARFAC l hm theo = kdcos + k0. Hm ny c c tnh:
-

Cc i khi = 0.

C chu k tun hon l 2 v i xng xung quanh = .

C N-1 im khng cch u nhau mt khong 2/N trong mt chu k. Do


trong khong [0,2] c N-2 bp ph (do c N-1 im khng). Bp ph c
rng 2/N. Ti gc ta ta c mt bp chnh vi rng 4/N.

Khi N tng:
-

Bin bp chnh s tng (do t l thun vi N).

S bp ph tng ln.

rng bp chnh hp li.

TRANG 70| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

ARFAC n
1

Hnh 3.5 th bc x ca LCPESA


Quy tc v th |ARFAC| ph thuc vo :
Bc 1: V th ARFAC ph thuc vo .
Bc 2: V mt ng thng song song vi trc ; tn ca trc l trc ca anten
xp dc trn n; chiu tng ca trc trng vi chiu tng ca .

BI 3: H THNG BC X > TRANG 71


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Bc 3: Ti im = k0 v mt ng thng vung gc ct trc mi v ti mt


im. Ly im lm tm v v ng trn bn knh kd.
Bc 4: th ARFAC ph thuc vo thu c bng cch chiu t th trong
bc 1 xung ng trn trn nh sau:

Cc im khng tng ng vi cc hng bc x khng.

Cc im cc i tng ng vi cc hng cc i.

Cc bp ph tng xng vi nhau.

V th |ARFAC| theo i xng quanh trc i vi mt h thng tuyn tnh nn


ta v trong vng 0 < ( l gc so vi trc mi v). Nu trc l trc z th = ,
nu x hoc y th = /2 - .
Bc 5: Chuyn t th |ARFAC| theo qua 3 mt phng xOy, xOz, yOz.
V d 3.2: V th ARFAC theo cho h thng bc x gm 4 phn t t dc trc
z vi k0 = 0 v khong cch gia hai phn t bc x lin tip l /2.
Gii:
|ARFAC|= 0 ti

v i xng quanh = . th |ARFAC| c 3 im

0 trong 1 chu k 2. Cc im khng chia [0,2] thnh 4 on bng nhau. Kt qu m


t nh Hnh 3.5.

3.4 CC H THNG BC X HNG TRC


BROADSIDE V ENDFIRE
3.4.1 H thng Broadside
L h thng bc x thng khong cch u kch thch ng nht c hng bc x
cc i vung gc trc anten.
iu kin h thng LCPESA tr thnh h thng broadside xut pht t (3.21):

t cc i I0N khi

Xt gi tr cc i ti gc ta ta c m = 0 = kdcos + k0 =0 k0 = - kdcos.

TRANG 72| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

h thng LCPESA tr thnh broadside th i hi |ARFAC| t cc i ti gi tr


= /2 (gi s h thng c cc phn t t dc trc z). T k0 = 0.
Kho st h thng bc x Broadside, s ph thuc ca ARFAC vo N v d:
Hnh 3.6 cho thy:
Khi d = const; nu N tng th th rng ca bp chnh gim v s bp ph tng.
Khi N = const; nu d tng th rng bp chnh gim v s bp ph tng.
Khi d tng n mc d > , s xut hin cc bp ph c bin bng bin bp
chnh. iu ny xy ra khi kd > 2 - 2/N d > (1 1/N). Lc cc bp ph c
gi l cc bp li. S xut hin ca n l iu khng mong mun v gy nhiu thng
tin cho h thng khc nn ta thit k sao cho:

(3.24)

Hnh 3.6 th bc x ca h thng broadside

3.4.2 H thng endfire


H thng Endfire thng: l h thng LCPESA c hng bc x cc i trng vi
trc t anten. Gi s cc phn t bc x t trn trc z. Khi iu kin tr thnh
endfire thng:

0
0

(3.25)

V d 3.3: V th ARFAC theo cho h thng bc x endfire thng gm 4 phn


t t dc trc z vi khong cch gia hai phn t bc x lin tip l /2.

BI 3: H THNG BC X > TRANG 73


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Gii
N = 4; kd = k0 = -.
ARFAC n
1

Hnh 3.7 th bc x ca h thng endfire thng


H thng endfire loi 1: l h thng endfire thng v khng c bp ph pha sau
bp chnh. Gi s cc phn t bc x t trn trc z. Khi iu kin tr thnh
endfire loi 1:

(3.26)

V d 3.4: V th ARFAC theo cho h thng bc x endfire loi 1 gm 4 phn


t t dc trc z.
Gii
d = 3/8, k0 = -3/4.

TRANG 74| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

ARFAC n

4
2

Hnh 3.8 th bc x ca h thng endfire loi 1

Hnh 3.9 th bc x trong khng gian ca h thng endfire loi 1

BI 3: H THNG BC X > TRANG 75


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

H thng endfire loi 2: l h thng endfire thng v c mt bp ph pha sau


bp chnh. Gi s cc phn t bc x t trn trc z. Khi iu kin tr thnh
endfire loi 2:

(3.27)

V d 3.5: V th ARFAC theo cho h thng bc x endfire loi 2 gm 4 phn


t t dc trc z.
Gii
d = 7/16, k0 = -7/8.
ARFAC n

Hnh 3.10 th bc x ca h thng endfire loi 1


H thng Hansen-woodyard: l h thng endfire thng nhng ng trn c
di v pha sau mt on

v k0 < m bo rng bp ph nh hn bp chnh.

Gi s cc phn t bc x t trn trc z. Khi iu kin tr thnh Hansenwoodyard:

TRANG 76| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

(3.28)

3.5 RNG BC X KHNG, RNG NA


CNG SUT V H S NH HNG CA
H THNG BC X
3.5.1 rng bc x khng (BWFN)
Cc hng bc x khng ca h thng c xc nh t iu kin |ARFAC| = 0
= kdcos + k0 = m2/N. Chn m = 1:

cos

(3.29)

i vi h thng broadside (k0 = 0) v gn broadside:

(3.30)

cos

cos

(3.31)

i vi h thng endfire:

2 cos

(3.32)

3.5.2 rng na cng sut (HPBW)


H thng broadside v gn broadside:

0,866

cos

(3.33)

m: hng bc x cc i (m /2)
H thng endfire:

2 0,866

(3.34)

BI 3: H THNG BC X > TRANG 77


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

3.5.3 H s nh hng

(3.35)

7,28
Vi L = Nd l chiu di ca h thng.

3.6 NHN TH
T (3.10):

, th bc x ca h thng bc x gm th bc

x ca phn t chun nhn vi h s sp xp ARFAC.


V d 3.6: V th bc x ca h thng anten c 4 phn t bc x ng hng,
c t thng hng cch nhau d = /2 v k0 = 0 dc trc z.
Gii:
th ca |ARFAC|:
ARFAC n

Hnh 3.11 |ARFAC| ca h thng anten c 4 phn t

TRANG 78| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

ARFAC n

U ( , ) n , ref

1
U ( , ) n, Arrays

Hnh 3.12 th |ARFAC|, phn t chun v h thng bc x ca h thng


anten c 4 phn t
Ch : nu phn t chun ng hng th th bc x ca h thng l th bc
x ca |ARFAC|.
V d 3.7: V th bc x ca h thng bc x c 4 phn t dipole Hertz c t
dc trn trc z thng hng cch nhau d = /2 v k0 = -.

N 4

d /2

Hnh 3.13 Sp xp ca cc phn t

BI 3: H THNG BC X > TRANG 79


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Gii
y l h thng endfire thng nn th ca |ARFAC|, phn t chun v h thng
bc x trn cc mt phng nh Hnh 3.14.
1

ARFAC n

1
1

F ( , ) n , ref

F ( , ) n , Arrays

Hnh 3.14 th |ARFAC|, phn t chun v h thng bc x ca h thng


anten c 4 phn t dipole Hertz
Ch : anten chun dipole Hertz t dc trc y; nn th bc x thay trc z bi
trc y.

TRANG 80| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

TM TT
Trong bi ny, ngi hc tm hiu c cch sp xp ca cc anten c bn to
thnh mt h thng bc x. Cc h thng bc x tnh ton da trn cc anten c bn
v thc hin nhn th phng hng ca cc anten ny vi h s sp xp ARFAC.
Cc h thng bc x c gii thiu trong bi l h thng bc x thng khong cch
u LESA, h thng bc x thng khong cch u kch thch ng nht LCPESA v cc
h thng broadside, endfire.
Ngoi ra, rng bc x khng, bc x na cng sut v h s nh hng ca h
thng bc x cng c kho st.

BI 3: H THNG BC X > TRANG 81


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

CU HI N TP
Cu 1: V th |ARFAC| cho cc h thng bc x sau:
a. N = 4, d = , k0 = /2, cc phn t xp dc trc y v t trn trc z.
b. N = 3, d = /2, k0 = /2, cc phn t xp dc trc y v t trn trc y.
c. N = 4, d = , k0 = 0, cc phn t xp dc trc z v t trn trc z.
d. N = 4, d = /2, k0 = /2, cc phn t xp dc trc y v t trn trc z.
Cu 2: V th bc x ca mt h thng gm 4 phn t Dipole Hertz c d = 3/8,
k0 = -3/4, cc phn t xp dc trc y v t trn trc z. Cho bit y l h thng bc
x g v tnh FNBW ca h thng.
Cu 3: V th bc x ca h thng vi cc phn t l anten ng hng t cch
nhau d = /2 v kch thch ng pha (k0 = 0) nh Hnh 3.15.
Cu 4: Cho h thng endfire loi 1 gm 5 anten phn t l cc anten dipole c
t cch nhau khong cch d nh Hnh 3.16. V th bc x ca h thng.
Cu 5: Cho mt h thng anten endfire loi 1 gm 5 phn t anten dipole ngn
(short dipole) t cch nhau mt khong cch d nh Hnh 3.17. Hy v th bc x
ca h thng.

d /2
d /2

Hnh 3.15

TRANG 82| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Hnh 3.16

N 5

Hnh 3.17

BI 4: TRUYN SNG V TUYN > TRANG 83


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

BI 4: TRUYN

SNG

TUYN
Sau khi hc xong bi ny, ngi hc c th:

Tnh ton qu trnh truyn sng v tuyn trong khng gia t do, tng i lu,
tng in ly.

Tnh ton truyn sng trong thng tin di ng.

4.1 GII THIU


Truyn thng bng sng v tuyn c thc hin bng sng in t truyn qua bu
kh quyn ca tri t hay vo khng gian trn mt khong cch xa m khng cn dng
bt k dy dn no. Sng in t c tn s t 100Hz trong di tn ELF (Extremely Low
Frequency) cho n 300GHz trong di tn EHF (Extremely High Frequency) c dng
cho mc ch truyn thng ny. Gn y ngi ta dng n cc di tn nm gn cc
bc sng nh sng thy c c tn s xp x 1015 Hz.
+Tc ng ca mi trng truyn sng:
- Lm suy gim bin sng
- Lm mo dng tn hiu tng t
- Gy li i vi tn hiu s do nhiu
+ Mc tiu nghin cu qu trnh truyn sng:
- Xc nh trng ti im thu khi bit cc thng s ca my pht v iu kin
thu c cng trng ti u.
- Nghin cu s pht sinh mo dng hoc gy li tn hiu v tm bin php khc
phc.

TRANG 84| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

+ S suy gim cng trng do cc nguyn nhn:


- S phn tn nng lng bc x khi lan truyn (suy hao khong cch)
- S hp th ca mi trng (tn hao nhit)
- S nhiu x sng (tn x )
- S tn sc
Quy c v cc di tn s v phm vi ng dng:

Tn bng tn

Extremely

low

frequency
Super

low

frequency
Ultra

low

frequency
Very

low

frequency

Low frequency
Medium
frequency
High frequency
Very

high

frequency

Vit

ITU

Tn s/

tt

band

Bc sng

ELF

SLF

ULF

VLF

LF

MF

HF

VHF

330 Hz
100,000 km 10,000 km
30300 Hz
10,000 km 1000 km
3003000 Hz
1000 km 100 km
330 kHz
100 km 10 km

Ghi ch

Communication with submarines

Communication with submarines

Communication within mines


Submarine

communication,

avalanche beacons, wireless heart


rate monitors

30300 kHz

Navigation,

10 km 1 km

longwave broadcasting

3003000 kHz
1 km 100 m

time

signals,

AM

AM (Medium-wave) broadcasts

330 MHz

Shortwave broadcasts and amateur

100 m 10 m

radio

30300 MHz
10 m 1 m

FM and television broadcasts


television broadcasts, mobile phones,

Ultra
frequency

high

UHF

3003000 MHz

wireless LAN, ground-to-air and air-

1 m 100 mm

to-air communications, and Two-Way


Radios such as FRS and GMRS Radios

BI 4: TRUYN SNG V TUYN > TRANG 85


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Super

high

frequency
Extremely

high

frequency

SHF

10

EHF

11

330 GHz

microwave devices, wireless LAN,

100 mm 10 mm

most modern Radars

30300 GHz

Radio

10 mm 1 mm

microwave radio relay

Above 300 GHz

astronomy,

high-speed

Night vision

< 1 mm

4.2 TRUYN SNG TRONG KHNG GIAN T


DO
Gi thit ngun bc x l ng hng vi cng sut pht PR v t trong khng gian
t do (ngha l mi trng ng nht, ng hng, khng hp th v c h s in mi
tng i = 1).
Mt cng sut sng ca trng bc x c ly d k t ngun hay cng sut sng
in t qua mt n v din tch ca mt mt cu bn knh d l:

1m 2

Radio tower

Hnh 4.1 - Mt cng sut bc x ng hng

(4.1)

Gi tr S trong biu thc trn cng chnh l gi tr trung bnh ca vector Poynting tb
trn mt cu.

(4.2)

TRANG 86| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Trong :
Eh (V/m): gi tr hiu dng cng in trng.
Hh (A/m): gi tr hiu dng cng t trng.
Hai i lng ny c quan h nh sau:

(4.3)

Z l tr khng sng ca mi trng. i vi khng gian t do:

120

. .

4 . 10

(4.4)

Th (4.3) v (4.4) vo (4.2):

(4.5)

Th (4.5) vo (4.1):

(4.6)

Nu anten nhn c cng sut t ngun l PA v pht x cng sut PR th hiu sut
anten c tnh bi:

(4.7)

T :

(4.8)

Trong thc t, ngi ta thng dng h thng bc x c hng tnh. Mc nh


hng c nh gi bi h s nh hng D. H s D c trng cho mc tp trung
nng lng bc x ca anten theo mt hng no . Ta hiu mt cch n gin rng:
mi anten c hng u c cng sut bc x PR v h s nh hng mt hng no
l D, s to ra ti im thu hng mt cng trng c tr s ging nh mt

BI 4: TRUYN SNG V TUYN > TRANG 87


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

anten v hng c cng sut PR.D to ra. Nh vy vic s dng mt anten c hng s
tng ng vi vic tng cng sut bc x hng ln D ln so vi dng anten v
hng.

(4.9)

(4.10)

M li anten pht Gt=e.D:

Gi tr bin ca cng trng ca anten c hng:

(4.11)

Anten thu c th iu chnh v tr n c th nhn c cng sut cc i t sng


in t. Khi v tr , gi s cng sut PR tiu tn trn ti ca anten thu di iu kin
tng thch th anten thu nhn c nng lng sng in t ny c th xem nh c
mt din tch hiu dng l Aeff nhn mt cng sut t anten pht gi n:

(4.12)

Din tch hiu dng Aeff ca anten c tnh nh sau:

(4.13)

Gi s anten thu phi hp phn cc vi anten pht nn PLF=1:

(4.14)

Gi s anten pht ni vi ngun v anten thu ni vi ti c phi hp tr khng. Th


lc t s cng sut ti ti anten thu nhn c Pr vi cng sut ngun my pht Pt
c biu din nh sau:
,

(4.15)

Trong khong cch tnh bng km v tn s tnh bng MHz. Biu din di dng
Decibel:

TRANG 88| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

32,5

20log

20log

(4.16)

Thnh phn th hai trong biu thc trn l kt qu ca qu trnh phn tn sng
trong khi truyn ra xa ngun v c gi l h s suy hao trong khng gian t do.

32,5

20log

20log

(4.17)

VSAT

Satellite based

Hub

Network

Hnh 4.2 Qu trnh truyn sng trong khng gian t do


V d 4.1: Trong h thng thng tin v tinh c th gi thit l sng truyn trong
khng gian t do. V tinh cao 36000km, tn s hot ng l 4GHz. li anten
pht 15dB v li anten thu l 45dB. Tnh h s suy hao ng tryn v cng sut
thu c trn v tinh khi cng sut pht ti trm mt t l 200W.
Gii
H s suy hao ng truyn:

32,5

20log

20log

32,5
15

10

0,25.10

Pr = 0,25.10-13.200 = 5.10-12 W = 5 pW.

45

20log 36000
196

136

20log 4000

196

BI 4: TRUYN SNG V TUYN > TRANG 89


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

4.3 TRUYN SNG TRONG TNG I LU


Tng i lu l tng di cng ca kh quyn tri t tri t mt t ln n cao
khong 8-10km cc v tuyn cc, khong 10-12km cc v tuyn trung bnh v 1618 km min nhit i. Sut b dy ca tng i lu, cht kh c thnh phn khng
i ging nh trn mt t (N2 l 78%, O2 l 21% v mt s cc cht kh khc nh H2,
CO2, v hi nc). Ring mt hi nc c th bin i ty theo iu kin kh tng
v gim mnh theo chiu cao. Trong tng ny cc iu kin truyn sng trong khng
gian t do b thay i do b mt cong tri t v bu kh quyn tri t.

4.3.1 Anten t trn mt t phng


Trong m hnh ny b mt tri t c gi s l phng trong khong gia anten
thu v anten pht. Lc sng ti anten thu gm c hai thnh phn:
Sng ti trc tip.
Sng phn x t mt t.

4.3.1.1 Hin tng phn x


Gi s anten t ti A cao h1 trn mt t phng. Ta kho st trng im B
t anten thu c cao h2. Khong cch AB = d.
A
B

Hnh 4.3 M hnh truyn sng tng i lu vi mt t phng


Khc vi khng gian t do; trng ti im thu l tng hp ca sng ti v sng
phn x. Tnh cht ca sng phn x ph thuc vo h s phn x mt t. H s
phn x ny ph thuc vo cc yu t sau:
+ Tnh dn in ca mt t.

TRANG 90| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

+ Gc ti ca sng ti.
+ S phn cc.
Trng hp l tng: || = 1, =
Cc gi tr ||, ca h s phn x thng xc nh theo thc nghim.

4.3.1.2 Giao thoa


Do c s phn x t mt t nn trng ti im thu l tng hp sng ti v sng
phn x. Hin tng ny c gi l giao thoa v ph thuc vo ||, . lch pha
ca sng ti v sng phn x ph thuc vo v s chnh lch di ng i ca 2
tia:

(4.18)

Thc t do h1 v h2 << d, cho nn gc lch s rt nh.


Vn t ra l xc nh cng trng thu c B
Dng phng php nh gng, thay nh hng ca mt t ln A bi A. Vy ti B
l tng hp ca 2 sng do ngun s cp ti A gy ra v ngun th cp ti A gy ra.
A
B

Hnh 4.4 nh hng ca tia phn x


Cng trng ti im thu ca tia ti trc tip c th c xc nh bi cng thc
truyn sng trong min thi gian:

(4.19)

BI 4: TRUYN SNG V TUYN > TRANG 91


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

(4.20)

Cng trng ti im thu ca tia phn x t mt t c th c xc nh bi


cng thc truyn sng trong min thi gian:

||

(4.21)

||

(4.22)

(Ch : Ta ch ly phn thc ca cc biu thc trn.)


Trong thc t h1, h2 << d, d << d nn:
Khi tnh bin :
d2 = d1 + d d1 d

(4.23)

Khi tnh pha:


(4.24)

(4.25)

.2

(4.26)
(4.27)

T :

||

||

(4.28)

(4.29)

Do ta c:

1
Vi

||

||

l hm giao thoa.

(4.30)

TRANG 92| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

| |
1

||

||

1
1

||

| |

||

2||

||

2||

||

(4.31)

||

||


(4.32)

Th (4.19) v (4.32) vo (4.30):

| |

2||

||

(4.33)

Biu thc (4.33) l cng thc giao thoa. N ch ra rng do nh hng ca mt t


nn trng ti im thu khc vi trng trong khng gian t do mt i lng hm
giao thoa F.
Gi s mt t dn in l tng: || = 1, =

| |

2||

2 sin

(4.34)

Thay (4.27) vo (4.34):

| |

2 sin

(4.35)

Lc :

| |

2 sin

(4.36)

Nhn xt:
Khi sin

1 th F=2 cng trng ln gp i ln cng trng

trong khng gian t do.


Khi sin

0 th F=0 cng trng bng 0.

Khi mt t dn in l tng, nng lng tia ti v tia phn x bng nhau. Vi


mt gc ti no th trng ca hai tia ng pha v ln ca trng tng tng gp

BI 4: TRUYN SNG V TUYN > TRANG 93


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

i. Vi mt gc ti khc th trng ca hai tia ngc pha nn ln trng tng hp


bng 0; Hin tng ny gi l ct khe.
Kho st s ph thuc ca F vo h2
Ta phi thay i cao h2 hm F t max v trnh ri vo vng c F = 0.
, ta c th thay th gn ng: sin

Nu:

1 2

1 2

Cng thc (4.36) tr thnh:

| |

(4.37)

Nu thay n v ca PA thnh kW, d thnh km, ta c cng thc Vedenski:

| |

(4.38)

V d 4.2: Xt h thng pht sng VHF c cng sut 100W ti tn s 600 MHz,
cao anten pht 120m v c li 2,15 dB. Anten thu t cch anten pht 10km.
a. Xc nh cng trng ti anten thu cao 2m.
b. Xc nh cao anten thu cng trng ln nht.
Gii
a.

2,15

1,64
0,5

0,024

,
,

b.

khng i Ermax khi Fmax.

4,22 10

TRANG 94| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

2
n = 0:
n = 1:

Fmax khi sin


,

10,41m
,

31,25m

4.3.2 Anten t trn mt t cu


4.3.2.1 Tm nhn thng
Khi khong cch gia anten thu v anten pht kh ln, ta khng th xem mt
t l mt phng m phi coi l mt cu; do trong qu trnh tnh ton cn tnh
n cong ca mt t.
Mt thng s quan trng ca ng thng tin trong trng hp ny l tm nhn
thng. Tm nhn thng c xc nh bi di ca on thng tip tuyn vi mt t
ni gia anten thu, anten pht.
Ta c th xc nh c khong cch tm nhn thng dmax nh sau:


(4.39)

Trong a: l bn knh tri t (a=6378 km), h1, h2 l cao ca anten pht v


anten thu so vi mt t.

C
B

0
Hnh 4.5 Tm nhn thng ca tuyn lin lc

BI 4: TRUYN SNG V TUYN > TRANG 95


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Do hin tng khc x nn bn knh Tri t xem nh = 4/3 bn knh tht:

4,124

(4.40)

+ Nu d 0,2dmax: ta xem mt t l phng.


+ Nu d > 0,2dmax: ta xem mt t l cong. Khi ta phi hiu chnh cc cng
thc tnh cng trng v hm giao thoa c tnh n cong ca mt t.

4.3.2.2 Thng tin c ly ln


Ta kho st bi ton truyn sng trn mt t hnh cu, ngha l d > 0,2dmax.

A
C

0
Hnh 4.6 Thng tin c ly ln
Nu qua im phn x ca sng trn mt t ta v mt mt phng tip tuyn vi
mt t v chiu cao anten tnh t mt phng y th bi ton by gi c dng ging bi
ton truyn sng trn mt t phng. Suy ra bi ton trn tng ng:
+ Anten cao h1 v h2; mt t l phng, c ly lin lc d = d1 + d2.

Trong hnh ny ta phng i kch thc anten nhn c r. Thc ra vi chiu


cao tht ca anten th gc lch gia h1 v h1; h2 v h2 kh b v c th b qua c.
Khi ta c th vit:

TRANG 96| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

(4.41)

T tam gic OA1C v OCB1, ta c:

2
V h1 << a:

(4.42)

(4.43)

Tng t:


Suy ra:

(4.44)

Khi c ly rt nh: im C phn x c th tm c ging nh khi mt t phng:

(4.45)

Vi c ly ln: ng thng A1B1 v ng gp khc ACB gn nh trng nhau, ta


c th coi d dmax:

2
M:
Ta tm c:

(4.46)

BI 4: TRUYN SNG V TUYN > TRANG 97


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

(4.47)

Ta c th p dng cng thc giao thoa bng cch thay cc cao h1 v h2 trong
biu thc hm giao thoa bng h1 v h2 tnh trng ti im thu.
V d 4.3: Cho mt tuyn lin lc v tuyn c anten pht cao 100m, anten thu cao
10m, li anten pht l 20 dB, cng sut pht 50W, c ly thng tin 12km, tn s
sng truyn 150MHz.
a. Xc nh tm nhn thng ca tuyn lin lc. T xc nh mt t c xem l
phng hay cu.
b. Tm cng trng ti anten thu.
Gii
a.

4,124

4,124 100

10

54,28

d = 12 km > 0,2dmax = 10,86 km mt t c xem nh mt cu.


b.

12

10,91

12

1,091
,

100
. .

20

100
2

0,077

. .
,

10

.
.
.
.

93
9,93

TRANG 98| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

15,6 10

4.4 TRUYN SNG BNG PHN X TRN


TNG IN LY.
4.4.1 Cu to tng in ly
Tng in ly l min ion ha kh quyn, cao 60km 1000km.

4.4.1.1 Qu trnh ion ha (Ionization)


Qu trnh ion ha xy ra khi cc tia cc tm mang nng lng i vo tng in ly
ca bu kh quyn, tc ng vo cc nguyn t kh lm cc electron lp ngoi cng
bc ph ra khi nguyn t to thnh cc electron t do mang in tch m. Trong khi
nguyn t tr nn dng hn (gi l ion dng). Qu trnh ny gi l qu trnh ion
ha. Cc electron m t do ny s hp th nng lng ca cc tia cc tm v cng lm
cho n i ra xa hn cc nguyn t ca n. V khi cc tia cc tm tip tc lm sn sinh
ra cc ion dng v electron m th cng ca cc tia ny li gim i bi v s hp
thu nng lng ca cc electron t do, do cc lp ion ha hnh thnh.
Tc ion ha xy ra cn ph thuc vo mt ca cc nguyn t trong bu kh
quyn v cng ca cc tia sng cc tm. V bu kh quyn c lm y bng nhng
tia sng cc tm c tn s khc nhau do cc lp ion ha cng c hnh thnh
cao khc nhau. Nhng tia sng cc tm c tn s thp xuyn qua bu kh quyn t hn
nn chng to ra cc lp ion ha cao hn v ngc li. Mt yu t quan trng
trong vic quyt nh mt ca cc lp ion ha na l do gc ngng ca mt tri so
vi mt t. Gc ny lun lun thay i nn cao v dy ca lp ion ha cng thay
i v ph thuc vo thi gian trong ngy v ma trong nm.

4.4.1.2 Qu trnh ti hp (recombination)


L qu trnh m cc electron t do v ion dng kt hp li vi nhau. Qu trnh ny
ph thuc vo thi gian ca ngy. T lc sng n chiu ti, tc ion ha vt qu
tc ti hp, lc cc lp ion ha t c tc cc i nn c tc dng rt ln

BI 4: TRUYN SNG V TUYN > TRANG 99


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

n vic truyn sng v tuyn. Vo ban m, tc ti hp li vt qu tc ion ha


nn mt ca lp ion ha gim.

4.4.1.3 Cc lp ion ha
Bu kh quyn phn chia thnh 3 lp D, E, F t cao thp nht n cao ln
nht. Lp F cng c chia thnh hai lp na l F1, F2. S vng mt hay hin din ca
cc lp trong tng in ly ph thuc vo v tr ca mt tri:
Lp D nm cao 60km 90km hp th sng trung v sng ngn; phn x
sng di. Vo ban m, lp D b bin mt bi v s ti hp ca ion xy ra nhanh.
Lp E t trn lp D 160km t thay i theo thi gian ban ngy. N c kh nng
phn x sng trung v sng ngn. Sng cc ngn b hp th mnh.
Lp F t 160km 500km bin thin mnh gia ngy v m. N phn x sng
ngn do c ng dng trong truyn tin sng ngn.
ng truyn sng trong tng in ly khng n nh, do thng xy ra hin
tng fading. Khi thu sng ngn c hin tng cng trng tng hp dao ng khi
ln khi nh nguyn nhn l do c s giao thoa gia nhng sng ti im thu bng
nhng con ng khc nhau nn pha ca cc sng ti s khc nhau.

Hnh 4.7 Cc lp ion ha trong tng in ly

TRANG 100| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

S bin thin lin tc ca mt in t trong tng in ly cng lm cho im phn


x thay i lin tc thay i di ng i ca cc tia sng thay i hiu pha
gia chng cng trng tng dao ng. Bi l do ny m cc tuyn thng tin
cn cht lng cao phi s dng dng thu phn tp (deversity): c cc anten thu t
cch nhau hoc s dng vi tn s khc nhau.

4.4.2 c tnh tng in ly


Do s c mt ca cc in t v ion nn thng s in mi ca mi trng kh ion
ha gm c h s in mi v in dn sut. Nhng tham s ny quyt nh cc tnh
cht khc x v hp t i vi sng v tuyn.
Gi s sng phn cc thng truyn trong cht kh ion ha ng nht c mt in
t l N;

trng vi hng trc z v trng iu ha.

Khi khng tnh n va chm: in thm c tnh:

(4.48)

Trong :
N: mt electron [m-3]
q: in tch electron = 1,6x10-19 [C]
0: hng s in mi trong khng gian t do = 8,854 x 10-12 [F/m]
m: khi lng electron = 9,11x 10-31 [kg]
: tn s gc ca sng [rad/s]
= 0: khng xt n nh hng ca s va chm, tn hao = 0.
Thay cc gi tr trn ta c:

81

(4.49)

D dng thy rng, ng vi mt in t N nht nh, ta c th tm c tn s


N sao cho h s in mi tng i = 0.

BI 4: TRUYN SNG V TUYN > TRANG 101


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

(4.50)

Tn s ny c gi l tn s plasma.

(4.51)

Khi < N th 0. Khi chit sut mi trng: n = s l mt s o v h s


truyn sng (h s pha)

cng l mt s o. Khi y biu thc trng s khng

c dng truyn lan m c dng suy gim theo hm m m; ngha l sng vi tn s


< N khng th lan truyn trong mi trng ny c m b phn x v mt t. Khi
> N sng truyn xuyn qua tng in ly.
Khi khng c s va chm ca in t vi cc ht khc th nng lng m cc in
t nhn c s c bo ton v bc x hon ton li. Khi y mi trng c tnh cht
nh mt in mi l tng. Thc t, trong tng in ly lun xy ra s va chm ca in
t vi cc phn t v ion do s chuyn ng nhit hn lon ca cc phn t v ion gy
ra. Khi va chm, cc in t s trao cho cc phn t v ion phn nng lng m chng
nhn c t sng in t. Phn nng lng ny s chuyn ha thnh nng lng
chuyn ng nhit ca cc ht. iu s dn n s hp thu sng trong cht kh ion
ha. Mc hp thu c nh gi bi tr s in dn sut ca mi trng.
n gin, ta gi s sau mi ln va chm, in t s trao li cho phn t ton b
nng lng ca n. Gi l tn s va chm th h s in mi v in dn sut ca mi
trng l:

2,82.10

1
V v l mt hm ca

3,19.10

(4.52)

nn c tnh ca tng in ly thay i theo tn s

ca sng. Gi s mt sng phng truyn vo lp ion c mt in t N tng theo


chiu cao. Khi sng c tn s t ti cao m N ln lm cho = 0 th
sng khng truyn c na m phn x ngc v mt t.

TRANG 102| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

4.4.3 Khc x v phn x trong tng in ly


Mt in t trong tng in ly bin i theo cao, do cc thng s v in
ca n theo cao cng b bin i. Tng in ly tr thnh mi trng khng ng
nht v khi truyn sng trong mi trng y, qu o sng s b un cong i v c th
phn x v mt t.
Gi s tng in ly c cc tnh cht bin i theo cao, cn trong mt phng song
song vi mt t cc tnh cht ca n khng bin i. Ta chia tng in ly thnh cc
lp mng, trong mi lp y h s in mi c coi l hng s. mt phn gii gia
hai lp s c s khc x sng.

3
2
1

h0

Hnh 4.8 Cc lp c h s in mi l hng s


: chit sut ca mi trng.
p dng nh lut khc x i vi b 1 ta c:

(4.53)

p dng nh lut khc x cho cc b tip theo:

(4.54)

Bit rng trong tng in ly; gim dn theo cao nn t (4.54) ta thy s tng
dn, ngha l gc ti ca sng mi lp s ln dn. Sng lin tc b khc x qua cc
lp v mt cao no c th s phn x tr v mt t.
Ta tm quan h gia mt in t, gc ti ca sng b di cng ca tng in
ly v tn s cng tc trong trng hp xy ra ni phn x trong tng in ly:

BI 4: TRUYN SNG V TUYN > TRANG 103


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Gc ti:
Khi xy ra phn x trong tng in ly ti lp n: n = /2

Hnh 4.9 M t qu trnh phn x trong tng in ly


T (4.54):

(4.55)

Hay:

(4.56)

Gi s h s in mi ca mi trng bn di tng in ly 0 = 1:

81

(4.57)

Nh vy vi mt in t N nht nh ca tng in ly ng vi mt tn s f cho


trc, sng ch c th phn x tr v c khi gc ti c tr s bng hoc ln hn tr
s 0 xc nh t (4.57).
Tn s:

TRANG 104| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Vi mt gc 0 cho trc (gc ny c nh bi c ly thng tin v chiu cao tng


in ly) v mt in t N ca tng in ly bit th ta c th xc nh c tn s
ln nht m vi tn s y sng c th phn x tr v (ti cao ng vi N ni trn).

81

81

(4.58)

Khi sng ti thng gc vi tng in ly (0 = 0) th (4.58) tr thnh:

(4.59)

Lin h gia (4.58) v (4.59):

(4.60)

Vi hm sec = 1/cos. Phng trnh (4.60) l phng trnh ca nh lut Secant.


Bit rng mi lp ion ha ca tng in ly c mt cao. Tn s cc i ca sng
c th phn x c ti cao ng vi mt in t Nmax khi sng ti theo phng
thng ng c gi l tn s ti hn ca lp.

(4.61)

Tn s ln nht ca sng c th phn x c ng vi mt in t cc i Nmax


khi sng n vi gc ti xin c gi l tn s kh dng cc i (MUF - Maximum
usable frequency).

(4.62)

cao biu kin (virtual height):


Nu ko di tia ti v tia phn x gp ti mt im c cao h; th cao ny c
gi l cao biu kin ca tng in ly.
cao biu kin dng xc nh gi tr cc i ca gc ti i v c ly thng tin.

BI 4: TRUYN SNG V TUYN > TRANG 105


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Khi mt t xem l phng (c ly thng tin 0,2dmax):

(4.63)

: gc ngng
h: cao biu kin (l cao ca giao im gia tia ti v tia phn x cui cng)
Khi k n cong ca mt t:

4.5 CC

HNH

THC

(4.64)

NGHIM

KHI

TRUYN SNG TRONG THNG TIN DI


NG
Trong thng tin di ng, sng v tuyn c truyn qua mi trng vt l c nhiu
cu trc khc nhau nh ta nh, xe c, rng cy, ni, bin, Qu trnh truyn sng
ny rt phc tp v s xy ra hin tng a ng, trn mi ng truyn s c hin
tng tn x, nhiu x, phn x, khc x.

Hnh 4.10 Truyn sng trong thng tin di ng

TRANG 106| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Hnh 4.11 Cc hin tng trn knh truyn

Phn x (Reflection): xut hin khi tia sng gp mt chn dn c kch


thc so snh c vi bc sng nh cc b mt kim loi hay mt t, h
s phn x l t s gia tia phn x v tia ti lun nh hn 1. Nu mt phn
x dn hon ton th h s phn x bng 1.

Hnh 4.12 Phn x


Khc x (Refraction): hin tng khc x xut hin khi tia sng truyn t mt
mi trng ny sang mt mi trng khc.

BI 4: TRUYN SNG V TUYN > TRANG 107


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Hnh 4.13 Khc x

Hnh 4.14 Nhiu x

Hnh 4.15 Tn x

TRANG 108| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Nhiu x (Diffration): xut hin ti cnh chn ca vt th c kch thc c th so


snh c vi bc sng, tia sng b un cong theo cong ca b mt vt chn.
Tn x (scattering): xut hin khi tia sng gp vng bt ng nht hay cc vt
th c kch thc b hn nhiu so vi bc sng.
Ngoi ra, khi gia my pht v my thu c s dch chuyn tng i th tn s thu
c c s khc bit so vi tn s pht ca sng mang. Hin tng ny c gi l
hiu ng Doppler.
Ta nh ngha gc ti l gc hp bi phng chuyn ng v phng ca sng ti,
v l vn tc tng i gia thit b di ng v trm gc, d l qung ng di chuyn,
l l chch lch v khong cch.

(4.65)

(4.66)

lch pha:

Hnh 4.16 Hiu ng Doppler


dch tn:

(4.67)

BI 4: TRUYN SNG V TUYN > TRANG 109


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

m hnh ha mt ng truyn trong thng tin di ng, ta dng mt s m hnh


thc nghim sau:

4.5.1 M hnh Okumura


M hnh Okumura thng s dng cho thng tin trong vng thnh ph v tn s s
dng trong khong t 150 MHz n 1920 MHz, khong cch truyn t 1 n 100 km
v cao anten t 30m n 1000m. Suy hao ng truyn ca m hnh Okumura cho
bi phng trnh:

Hnh 4.17 ng cong biu din Amu theo f,d


Lm(dB) = L0 + Amu(f,d) G(hBTS) G(hMS) Garea

(4.68)

L0 : tn hao trong khng gian t do (tnh theo (4.17)).


Amu(f,d) : tn hao mi trng tng i (so snh vi mi trng chn khng).

TRANG 110| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

G(hBTS) : li ca chiu cao anten trm gc:

G h

/200

20 log

(4.69)

G(hMS): li chiu cao ca thit b di ng.

G h
G h

10 log
20 log

/3
/3

3
3


10

(4.70)

Hnh 4.18 ng cong biu din Garea theo f


Garea: h s lm ng do c im ca mi trng truyn dn.
Cc ng cong Amu(f,d) v Garea c gi l ng Okumura nh m t trong Hnh
4.17 v Hnh 4.18.
V d 4.4: Xt h thng thng tin di ng dng m hnh Okumura c:

BI 4: TRUYN SNG V TUYN > TRANG 111


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Trm gc cao hBTS = 80m.


Cng sut pht 1kW v li anten pht l 2 dB.
Thit b di ng cao hMS = 5m vi li 1 dB v cch trm gc 50km.
H thng s dng tn s 900 MHz, ph sng trong vng ngoi .

Xc nh cng sut ti anten thu.


Gii
Theo Hnh 4.17, Amu(900MHz,50km) = 43 dB.
Theo Hnh 4.18, Garea = 9 dB.
hBTS = 80m G h
hMS = 5m G h

/200

20 log
20 log

f = 900 MHz, d = 50 km

/3

7,96

4,44
32,5

20log

20log

125,56

Suy hao ca tuyn lin lc:


Lm(dB) = L0 + Amu(f,d) G(hBTS) G(hMS) Garea = 163,09 dB
Cng sut ti anten thu:

133,09

hay Pr = 0,05 pW.

4.5.2 M hnh Hata


M hnh Hata c tn s s dng trong khong t 150 MHz n 1500 MHz, khong
cch truyn t 1 n 20 km. Suy hao ng truyn trong vng thnh ph ca m hnh
Hata cho bi phng trnh:
Lm(Urban)(dB) = 69,55 + 26,16log10(f) 13,82log10(hBTS) a(hMS) +
(44,9 6,55log(hBTS))log10(d)

(4.71)

a(hMS) = 8,29(log10(1,54hMS))2 1,1 dB vi f < 300 MHz

(4.72)

a(hMS) = 3,2(log10(11,75hMS))2 4,97 dB vi f > 300 MHz

(4.73)

Vi thnh ph ln:

Vi thnh ph nh v va:
a(hMS) = (1,1log10(f) 0.7)hMS - (1,56log10(f) - 0,8) dB
Vng ngoi v nng thn:

(4.74)

TRANG 112| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Lm(Suburban)(dB) = Lm(Urban)(dB) - 2[log(f/28)]2 5.4

(4.75)

Lm(open)(dB) = Lm(Urban)(dB) - 4.78[log(f)]2 + 18.33log(f) - 40.98

(4.76)

V d 4.5: Xt qu trnh truyn sng trong thng tin di ng dng m hnh Hata:
- Anten trm gc c cao hBTS = 80m
- Thit b di ng c cao hMS = 1,5m v li anten 1 dB
- Anten pht vi cng sut 1 kW v li anten pht 10 dB.
- Khong cch gia BTS v MS l d = 15km.
- Tn s hot ng 900 MHz.
a. Xc nh cng sut ti anten thu khi vng ph sng l thnh ph (va).
b. Cho my di ng c cht lng nghe c vi cng sut thu l -80 dBm. Xc nh
khong cch cc i gia BTS v MS cho vng ph sng l thnh ph (va).
Gii
a. a(hMS) = (1,1log10(f) 0.7)hMS - ( 1,56log10(c) - 0,8) = 0,016 dB
Th vo (4.71):
Lm(Urban) = 158,66 dB
Cng sut ti anten thu:

117,66

hay Pr = 1,71 pW.

b. Pr = -80 dBm Pr = -110 dB Lm = 151 dB


Lm(dB) = 69,55 + 26,16log10(f) 13,82log10(hBTS) a(hMS) + (44,9
6,55log(hBTS))log10(d) = 120,52 + 32,43log10d = 151
d = 8,7 km

4.5.3 M hnh Walfisch - Ikegami


M hnh ny th hin s ph thuc vo 4 thng s: cao to nh, b rng con
ng, khong cch gia cc ta nh, hng ca con ng so vi hng ca tia truyn
sng.

BI 4: TRUYN SNG V TUYN > TRANG 113


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

BS
h

BTS

hMS
hroof

MS
w
b

MS

hMS

hng truyn sng

Hnh 4.19 Cc thng s trong m hnh Walfisch - Ikegami


Suy hao ng truyn:
Lm = L0 + Lrts + Lmsd

nu Lrts + Lmsd > 0

Lm = L0

nu Lrts + Lmsd < 0

(4.77)

Lrts: tn hao do nhiu x v tn x bi cc nc ta nh (root-to-street diffraction and


scattering loss)
Lrts = -16,9 -10log10(w) + 10log10(f) + 20log10hMS + Lori

(4.78)

Lori: h s hiu chnh do hng ng truyn (correction factor for street orientation)
Lori = -10 + 0,354()

vi 00 < < 350

2,5 + 0,075( 350)

vi 350 < < 550

4,0 0,114( 550)

vi 550 < < 900

(4.79)

Lmsd: tn hao nhiu x nhiu tng (multiscreen diffraction loss due to rows of
buildings)
Lmsd = Lbsh + ka + kdlog10(d) + kflog10(f) 9log10(b)
Lbsh = -18log10[1+(hBTS hroof)]

(4.80)

khi hBTS > hroof

= 0

khi hBTS hroof

ka = 54

khi hBTS > hroof

= 54 0,8(hBTS hroof)

khi hBTS hroof v d 0,5 km

= 54 0,8(hBTS hroof)d/2

khi hBTS hroof v d < 0,5 km

(4.81)

(4.82)

TRANG 114| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

kd = 18
= 18 15(hBTS hroof)/hroof
kf = -4 + 0,7(f/925 1)
= -4 +1,5(f/925 1)

khi hBTS > hroof


khi hBTS hroof

(4.83)

cho thnh ph nh v va
cho thnh ph ln

(4.84)

V d 4.6: Xt qu trnh truyn sng trong mi trng thng tin di ng dng m


hnh Walfisch Ikegami (m hnh thnh ph nh):
- Khong cch truyn 3km.
- Tn s hot ng 1 GHz.
- Chiu rng ng w = 15m
- Khong cch gia 2 to nh b = 25m.
- hBTS = 30m, hroof = 25m, hMS = 1,5m
- Gc lch = 200.
-

Cng sut pht l 100 W, li anten pht 10 dB, li anten thu 10 dB.

Xc nh cng sut ti anten thu.


Gii
= 200 Lori = -10 + 0,354() = -2,92 dB
Lrts = -16,9 -10log10(w) + 10log10(f) + 20log10hMS + Lori = 25,84 dB
hBTS = 30m, hroof = 25m Lbsh = -18log10[1+(hBTS hroof)] = -14, ka = 54, kd = 18,
kf = -4 + 0,7(f/925 1) = -3,94
Lmsd = Lbsh + ka + kdlog10(d) + kflog10(f) 9log10(b) = 24,17 dB

f = 1000 MHz, d = 3 km

32,5

20log

20log

102,04

Lrts + Lmsd > 0 Lm = L0 + Lrts + Lmsd = 152,05 dB


Cng sut ti anten thu:

112,05

hay Pr = 6,23 pW.

BI 4: TRUYN SNG V TUYN > TRANG 115


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

TM TT
Bi ny gii thiu cc qu trnh truyn sng v tuyn: trong khng gian t do, tng
i lu, tng in ly v mi trng thng tin di ng.
Qu trnh truyn sng trong khng gian t do c tnh ton theo cng thc (4.16)
v (4.17).
Khi truyn sng trong tng i lu, do c nh hng ca mt t, nn sng thu c
bao gm sng phn x t mt t v sng ti trc tip (mt t xem nh phng).
Trong trng hp khong cch ln, qu trnh tnh ton phi xem mt t nh mt
cu. Khi phi hiu chnh cao anten thc hin tnh ton tng t nh mt t
phng.
Qu trnh truyn sng trong tng in ly da vo c tnh phn x ca sng. Tn s
hot ng v gc ti ca sng quan h theo nh lut Secant.
Khi truyn sng trong mi trng thng tin di ng, cc m hnh thc nghim c
gii thiu l m hnh Okumura, m hnh Hata v m hnh Walfisch Ikegami.

TRANG 116| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

CU HI N TP
Cu 1: Mt tuyn chuyn tip sng viba hot ng tn s 10GHz. Cng sut pht
5W. li anten pht v thu 30dB. Gi s anten c li l 1. Khong cch gia hai
trm l 30km.
a. Tnh cng trng ti im thu . So snh vi trng hp truyn trong khng
gian t do v gii thch s khc bit ny.
b. Tm cao anten thu v pht thu c tn hiu cc i.
Cu 2: Mt my pht sng tn s 300MHz c cng sut pht l 1 kW. Anten pht
c h s nh hng 10dB. My thu t cch my pht 50km. Anten thu c h s nh
hng ging anten pht. Gi s mi trng ng nht c suy hao 80dB v khng k
n nh hng ca mt t.
a. Xc nh nhy cn thit ca my thu.
b. Gi nguyn cng sut pht v nhy my thu cu a. Nu mun tng c ly
thng tin th ta phi tng hay gim tn s pht? Gii thch ti sao?
Cu 3: Mt tuyn lin lc viba hot ng tn s 12GHz cng sut pht 5W. cao
anten pht 50m. li anten pht 30dB. C ly thng tin lin lc 10km. Bit hiu sut
anten l 90%.
a. Tm cao ca anten thu thu c tn hiu cc i.
b. Tnh cng trng ti anten thu vi cao anten thu tnh cu a.
c. Xc nh vng t nh hng chnh ln tuyn lin lc.
Cu 4: Mt tuyn lin lc c c ly 2000Km.
a. Phng thc truyn sng no c th s dng c cho tuyn lin lc trn?
b. Nu s dng phng thc sng phn x tng in ly th tn s pht phi l bao
nhiu? Cho bit sng phn x cao 250km v mt electron cao ny
l 1011 [m-3]

BI 4: TRUYN SNG V TUYN > TRANG 117


ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

Cu 5: Mt tuyn lin lc theo phng thc sng tng i lu c cng sut 1KW.
Tn s lm vic 100MHz. H s nh hng anten thu v pht 10dB. C ly thng tin
50Km. cao anten pht v thu 50m. Bit tng i lu c dN/dh = -4.10-2.
a. Tnh cng trng ti im thu.
b. Nu khng k n nh hng ca khc x trong tng i lu th cng trng
nh th no?
c. So snh c ly thng tin cc i c th c khi c nh hng ca khc x tng i
lu v khi khng c nh hng ca khc x tng i lu vi cao anten pht
v thu 50m.
Cu 6: Mt i pht sng ngn theo phng thc phn x tng in ly hot ng
tn s 8MHz. Mt electron cao 250km l 1011[m-3]
a. Xc nh gc ngng cc i ca anten.

b. Xc nh vng c th ph sng ca i pht.

TRANG 118| ANTEN - TRUYN SNG - SIU CAO TN

TI LIU THAM KHO


1. L Tin Thng, Trn Vn S, Truyn sng v Anten, NXB i hc Quc gia
TPHCM.
2. Nguyn c Chnh, Bi ging K thut Siu cao tn, Truyn sng v anten, Hc
vin Hng Khng Vit Nam.
3. Robert E. Collin, Antenna and Radiowave Propagation, ISBN 0-07-011808-6,
McGraw Hill.
4. Thi Hng Nh, Trng in t, Truyn sng v anten, NXB Khoa Hc K thut,
2006.
5. V nh Thnh, L thuyt C S K Thut Siu Cao Tn, Nh Xut Bn Khoa Hc
K Thut, 1997.
6. David M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, Addison Wesley Publishing Co., 1997.
7. Samuel Y. Liao, Microwave Circuit Analysis and Amplifier Design, Prentice Hall,
1987.

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