Simulation Analysis of Lighting Switching Impulse

Voltages
Ahmad Shaiful Amiruddin Taher(1071118187)
Irwan Ramli(1081116195)
Ari Musa(1051105968)
December 27, 2010
Abstract
This report serve the purpose of the simulation and analysis of lighting and switch-
ing impulse voltages as part of our High Voltage Engineering subject demand. The
objectives is to simulate switching and lightning impulse voltages, to study the be-
havior of circuit parameters on the impulse wave shape (t
f
&t
t
) and to be able to
simulate and compute the required impulse peak voltage for given front and tail
times by varying circuit parameters.
Contents
1 Introduction 2
2 Question 1 3
2.1 Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 MATLAB

simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3 Question 2 5
3.1 Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2 Matlab

simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3 the Matlab program to compute for lightning impulse wave form . . . . . . 10
3.4 Analysis and verication of the result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1
Figure 1: This is the caption for the picture.
1 Introduction
Power systems equipment must withstand not only the rated voltage (Vm), which corre-
sponds to the highest voltage of a particular system, but also overvoltages. Accordingly,
it is necessary to test high voltage equipment during its development stage and prior to
commissioning. The magnitude and type of test voltage varies with the rated voltage of
a particular apparatus. The standard method of measurement of high voltage and the
basic techniques for application to all types of apparatus for alternating voltages, direct
voltages, switching impulse voltages and lightning impulse voltages are laid down in the
relevant national and international standards
Testing with lightning impulse voltages. Lightning strokes terminating on trans-
mission lines will induce steep rising voltages in the line and set up travelling waves
along the line and may damage the systems insulation. The magnitude of these
overvoltages may reach several thousand kilovolts, depending upon insulation. Ex-
haustive measurements and long experience have shown that lightning overvoltages
are characterized by short front duration, ranging from a fraction of a microsecond
to several tens of microseconds and then slowly decreasing to zero. The standard im-
pulse voltage has been accepted as an aperiodic impulse that reaches its peak value
in 1.2s and then decreases slowly (in about 50s) to half its peak value. In addition
to testing equipment, impulse voltages are extensively used in research laboratories
in the fundamental studies of electrical discharge mechanism, notably when the time
to breakdown is of interest.
Testing with switching impulse voltages. Transient overvoltages accompanying
sudden changes in the state of power systems, e.g. switching operations of faults,
are known as switching impulse voltages. It has become generally recognized that
switching impulse voltages are usually the dominant factor aecting the design of
insulation in high voltage power system for rated voltages of about 300kV and above.
Accordingly, the various international standards recommend that equipment designed
for voltages above 300kV be tested for switching impulses. Although the waveshape
of switching overvoltages occurring in the system may vary widely, experience has
shown that for ashovevr distances in atmospheric air of practical interest the lowest
withstand values are obtained with surges with front times between 100 and 300s.
Hence, the recommended switching surge voltage has been designated to have a front
time of about 250s and half value time of 2500s.
2
2 Question 1
A Cockcroft Walton type voltage tripler circuit has C1 = C2 = 0.025 F and C3 = 0.15
F.The supply voltage is 105 sin t kV, where = 314. If the load current is 25 mA,
determine:
(a) ripple voltage
(b) voltage drop
(c) average output voltage
(d) ripple factor
(e) simulate the circuit using MATLAB simulink to verify above calculations
2.1 Calculations
ripple voltage
V =
_
I
1
f
_
_
2
C
1
+
1
C
3
_
=
_
25mA
50
_
_
2
0.025F
+
1
0.15F
_
= 43.33kV (1)
Voltage drop
V +
V
2
=
_
I
1
f
_
_
1
C
2
+
1
C
2
+
1
2C
3
_
=
_
25mA
314
2
__
1
0.025F
+
1
0.025F
+
1
2(0.01F)
_
= 41.6878kV (2)
Average output voltage
V
av
= 3V
s(max)

_
V +
V
2
_
= 3(105kV 41.6878kV )
= 273.3122kV (3)
3
Ripple factor
RF =
_
V +
V
2
_
3V
s(max)
=
41.6878kV
3(105kV )
= 0.1323 (4)
2.2 MATLAB

simulations
circuit diagram
4
graph plotted
Figure 2: Graph plotted from Matlab

simulink
3 Question 2
Figure 3 shows the equivalent circuit of a single stage impulse generator with input voltage
of 300 kV. The value of each component used in this circuit is C1= 7 nF, C2= 300 pF,
R1=1.6 k, R2= 6.5 k.
(a) Obtain the V
out(t)
and its eciencies.
(b) Using the MATLAB

simulink, plot the waveform.

(c) Using the le in the Energy Systems Lab (name of the le is IGA), modify the Matlab
program to compute for lightning impulse wave form
(d) Analyse and verify the results
5
Figure 3: Single stage impulse generator with input voltage of 300 kV
3.1 Solutions
Obtain the V
out(t)
and its eciencies.
K =
V
c
R
1
C
2
=
300kV
(1.6k)(200pF)
= 6.25 10
11
=
R
1
C
2
+ R
2
C
2
+ R
2
C
1
R
1
R
2
C
1
C
2
=
(1.6k)(200pF) + (6.5k)(300pF) + (6.5k)(7nF)
(1.6k 6.5k 7nF 300pF)
= 2.1946 10
6
=
1
R
1
R
2
C
1
C
2
=
1
(1.6k 6.5k 7nF 300pF)
= 4.5788 10
10
V
out
=
K
s
2
+ s +
V
out
=
6.25 10
11
[s
2
+ 2.1946 10
6
s + 4.5788 10
10
]
6
B(s) = [s
2
+ 2.1946 10
6
s + 4.5788 10
10
] = 0
a = 1
b = 2.1946 10
6
c = 4.5788 10
10
S =
b

b
2
4ac
2a
S =
b

b
2
4ac
2a
S =
2.1946 10
6

_
(2.1946 10
6
)
2
4(1)(4.5788 10
10
)
2(1)
= 21066, 2173534
V
out
= 6.25 10
11
_
A
s + 21066
+
B
s + 2173534
_
by comparison with:
V
out
=
6.25 10
11
[s
2
+ 2.1946 10
6
s + 4.5788 10
10
]
we get
A + B = 0 (5)
2173534A + 21066B = 1 (6)
solve for (5) and (6):
A =
1
2152468
= 4.6458 10
7
B =
1
2152468
= 4.6458 10
7
V
out
= 6.25 10
11
_
4.6458 10
7
s + 21066

4.6458 10
7
s + 2173534
_
7
by taking Laplace Transform.
V
out
= 290.3625(e
21066t
e
2173534t
)kV
dV
out
dt
=
d
dt
290.3625(e
21066t
e
2173534t
)kV = 0
21066e
21066t
+2173534e
2173534t
= 0
e
21066t
e
2173534t
=
21066
2173534
e
2152468t
= 9.6920 10
3
lne
2152468t
= ln9.6920 10
3
t = 2.1540s
V
out
= 290.3625(e
21066(2.1540s)
e
2173534(2.1540s)
)kV
V
out
= 274.78095kV
=
V
out
V
in
100%
=
274.08795kV
300kV
100%
= 91.59365%
8
3.2 Matlab

simulations
Figure 4: Circuit design with Matlab

Simulink
Figure 5: Wavefrom generated by Matlab

Simulink
9
3.3 the Matlab program to compute for lightning impulse wave
form
This program Calculates Front time and tail time of Lighting Impulse Generator circuit
EET 4106 High Voltage Engineering
r1=input(Enter wave front resistor, R1 on IG side = );
r2=input(Enter wave tail resistance, R2 = );
c1=input(Enter capacitance of the impulse generator, C1 = );
c2=input(Enter capacitance of the test object, C2 = );
Vin=input(Enter the charging voltage of impulse generator, Vin = );
a = (1/(r1*c2))+(1/(r2*c2))+(1/(r1*c1));
b = 1/(r1*r2*c1*c2);
c = r1*c2;
alpha = a/2;
beta = sqrt((a/2)^2 - b);
y1 = alpha - beta;
y2 = alpha + beta;
tf = (1/(y2-y1))*log(y2/y1);
K = 0.7/((y1)*tf);
tt = K*tf;
A=(Vin/(c*(y2-y1)));
step=0.1e-6;
t(1) = 0;
for i = 1 : 1000
e(i) = A*(exp(-y1*t(i))-exp(-y2*t(i)));
t(i+1) = t(i) + step;
end
t = t(1:length(t)-1);
plot(t,e);grid;
title(LIGHTNING IMPULSE VOLTAGE WAVEFORM);
xlabel(Time in seconds);
ylabel(Magnitude);
Vp = max(e);
disp(sprintf(a = (1/(r1c2) + 1/(r2c2) + 1/(r1c1)) = \%g,a))
disp(sprintf(b = (1/r1r2c1c2) = \%g,b));
disp(sprintf(y1 = \%g,y1));
disp(sprintf(y2 = \%g,y2));
disp(sprintf(K = \%g,K));
10
disp(sprintf(TIME TO FRONT, Tf = \%g sec,tf));
disp(sprintf(TIME TO TAIL, Tt = \%g sec,tt));
disp(sprintf(Impulse Peak Waveform Voltage, Vp = \%f, Vp));hold on;
Vtp = 0.5*Vp;
for i = 1 : 1000
hp(i) = Vtp;
end
plot(t,hp,.r);
for i = 1 : 1000
if e(i) == Vtp
if t(i) > 2e-6
tt = t(i);
disp(sprintf(Tail time of the impulse wave, Tt = %g, tt));
end
end
end
Figure 6: Lightning Impulse Voltage Wavefrom generated by Matlab

Simulink
11
3.4 Analysis and verication of the result
=
1
R
1
C
1
+
1
R
2
C
1
+
1
R
1
C
2
=
1
(1600)(7nF)
+
1
(6500)(7nF)
+
1
(1600)(300pF)
= 2.1946 10
6
=

2
= 1.0973 10
6
=
1
R
1
R
2
C
1
C
2
=
1
2.184 10
11
= 4.5788 10
10
=

2
b
=

1.0973 10
62
4.5788 10
10
= 1.0762 10
6

1
=
= 1.0973 10
6
1.0762 10
6
= 21100

1
=
= 1.0973 10
6
1.0762 10
6
= 21100
12

2
= +
= 1.0973 10
6
+ 1.0762 10
6
= 2173500
V
peak
=
_
V
o
2R
1
C
2

_
{e

1
t
f
e

2
t
f
}
= [235.76k]{e
21100t
f
e
2173500t
f
dV
peak
(t
f
)
dt
f
=
d
dt
f
[235.76k]{e
21100t
f
e
2173500t
f
= 0
e
21100t
f
= e
2173500t
f
e
2152400t
f
= 9.7078 10
3
lne
2152400t
f
= ln9.7078 10
3
t
f
= 2.1533 10
6
V
peak
= [235.76k]{e
21100(2.153310
6
)
e
2173500(2.153310
6
)
}
= 223.1051kV
=
V
out
V
in
100%
=
223.1051
300
100%
= 74.3684%
13