Basic Processing Unit: Lecture Plan

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Lecture plan
Code & name of subject: 141403 computer organization and architecture
Unit no: 2
BASIC PROCESSING UNIT
Control Unit has two major functions:
To control the sequencing of information-processing tasks
performed by machine
Guiding and supervising each unit to make sure that each
unit carries out every operation assigned at the proper time
Control of a computer can be distributed or centralized
Early computers used distributed control and a lot of
redundant hardware
http://csetube.co.nr/
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Lecture plan
Unit no: 2
PROCESSING UNIT FEATURES
Execution of a Complete Instruction
o Add (R3), R1 /* R1 [R1] + [[R3]]
o Adds the contents of a memory location pointed to by R3 to
register R1.
o Sequence of control steps:
1. PCout, MARin, Read, Select4, Add, Zin
2. Zout, PCin, Yin, WMFC
3. MDRout, IRin
4. R3out, MARin, Read
5. R1out, Yin, WMFC
6. MDRout, SelectY, Add, Zin
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Lecture plan
Unit no: 2
7. Zout, R1in, End
Multiple bus architecture
Single-bus structure: Control sequences are long as only one data item
can be transferred over the bus in a clock cycle.
Figure on next slide shows a three-bus structure.
All registers are combined into a single block called register file with
three ports: 2 outputs allowing 2 registers to be accessed
simultaneously and have their contents put on buses A and B, and 1
input allowing data on bus C to be loaded into a third register.
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Lecture plan
Unit no: 2
Buses A and B are used to transfer source operands to the A and B
inputs of ALU, and result transferred to destination over bus C.
For the ALU, R=A (or R=B) means that its A (or B) input is
passed unmodified to bus C.
Add R4, R5, R6 /* R6 [R4] + [R5]
o Adds the contents of R4 and R5 to R6.
Sequence of control steps:
o PCout, R=B, MARin, Read, IncPC
o WMFC
o MDRoutB, R=B, IRin
o R4outA, R5outB, SelectA, Add, R6in, End
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Lecture plan
Unit no: 2
Hardwired control
The control logic is implemented with gates, F/Fs, decoders, and
other digital circuits
To execute instructions, a computer's processor must generate the
control signals used to perform the processor's actions in the proper
sequence. This sequence of actions can either be executed by another
processor's software or in hardware.
Hardware signals are generated either by hardwired control, in
which the instruction bits directly generate the signals
hardwired control usually was implemented using discrete
components, flip-chips, or even rotating discs or drums. This can be
generally done by two methods.
The classical method of sequential circuit design. It attempts to
minimize theamount of hardwire, in particular, by using only log
2
p
flip flops to realize a p state circuit.
An approach that uses one flip flop per state. While expensive in
terms of flip flops, this method simplifies controller unit design and
debuggi
Combinational logic
Determine outputs at each state.
Determine next state.
Storage elements
Maintain state representation
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Lecture plan
Unit no: 2
Hardwired Implementation
The Cycles (Fetch, Indirect, Execute, Interrupt) are
constructed as a State Machine
The Individual instruction executions can be constructed
as State Machines
State Machine
Combinational
Logic Circuit
Storage
Elements
Inputs Outputs
Clock
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Lecture plan
Unit no: 2
Common sections can be shared. There is a lot of
similarity
One ALU is implemented. All instructions share it
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Lecture plan
Unit no: 2
Microprogrammed control
A control unit whose binary control variables are stored in memory
(control memory).
The Control Memory contains sequences of microinstructions that provide
the control signals to execute instruction cycles, e.g. Fetch, Indirect,
Execute, and Interrupt
Microinstruction : Control Word in Control Memory
The microinstruction specifies one or more microoperations
Microprogram
A sequence of microinstruction
Dynamic microprogramming : Control Memory =
RAM
n RAM can be used for writing (to change a
writable control memory)
n Microprogram is loaded initially from an
auxiliary memory such as a magnetic disk
Static microprogramming : Control Memory =
ROM
n Control words in ROM are made permanent
during the hardware production.
Microprogrammed control Organization :
1) Control Memory
A memory is part of a control unit : Microprogram
Computer Memory (employs a microprogrammed
control unit)
--Main Memory : for storing user program
(Machine instruction/data)
--Control Memory : for storing microprogram
(Microinstruction)
2) Control Address Register
Specify the address of the microinstruction
3) Sequencer (= Next Address Generator)
Determine the address sequence that is read from
control memory
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Lecture plan
Unit no: 2
Next address of the next microinstruction can be
specified several way depending on the sequencer
input : 4) Control Data Register (= Pipeline
Register )
Hold the microinstruction read from control
memory
Allows the execution of the microoperations
specified by the control word simultaneously with
the generation of the next microinstruction
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Lecture plan
Unit no: 2
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Lecture plan
Unit no: 2
Microprogrammed control
--Typical Microinstruction Formats
--Micro-instruction Types
Each micro-instruction specifies single (or few) micro-operations to
be performed
(vertical micro-programming)
Each micro-instruction specifies many different micro-operations to
be performed in parallel
(horizontal micro-programming)
Vertical Micro-programming
Width is narrow
n control signals encoded into log2 n bits
Limited ability to express parallelism
Considerable encoding of control information requires external
memory word decoder to identify the exact control line being
manipulated
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Lecture plan
Unit no: 2
Horizontal Micro-programming
Wide memory word
High degree of parallel operations possible
Little encoding of control information
Micro-instruction Address
Function Codes
Jump
Condition
Internal CPU Control Signals
Micro-instruction Address
Jump Condition System Bus
Control Signals
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Lecture plan
Unit no: 2
Nanoprogramming

Use a 2-level control storage organization
Top level is a vertical format memory
Output of the top level memory drives the address register of the bottom
(nano-level) memory
Nanomemory uses the horizontal format
Produces the actual control signal outputs
The advantage to this approach is significant saving in control memory
size (bits)
Disadvantage is more complexity and slower operation (doing 2 memory
accesses fro each microinstruction)

Example: Supppose that a system is being designed with 200 control
points and 2048 microinstructions
Assume that only 256 different combinations of control points are ever
used
A single-level control memory would require 2048x200=409,600 storage
bits
A nano programmed system would use
Microstore of size 2048x8=16k
Nanostore of size 256x200=51200
Total size = 67,584 storage bits
Nano programming has been used in many CISC microprocessors
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Lecture plan
Unit no: 2
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Lecture plan
Unit no: 2
Nano programmed machine

Basic Processing Unit: Lecture Plan

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