668 P R A C T I C E BOOK ON Q U I C KE R MATHS

x 4 =36 digit-cards) along with four Honour cards

Ace, King, Queen and Jack (a total of 4 x 4 =16 Honour
cards).
Illustrative Examples
Ex. 1: A card is drawn from a pack of cards. What is the
probability that it is
(i) a card of black suit?
(ii) a spade card?
(iii) an honours card of red suit?
(iv) an honours card of club?
(v) a card having the number less than 7?
(vi) a card having the number a multiple of 3?
(vii) a king or a queen?
(viii) a digit-card of heart?
(ix) ajack of black suit?
Soln:
For all the above cases n(S)
- 52,
(ii) Total no. of Queens =4
Selection of 1 Queen card out of 4 can be done in
4 C , = 4 ways. He can select the remaining 1 card
from the remaining (52 - 4 =) 48 cards. Now, cards in
48
C, =48 ways.
n(E) =4x48 P(E) =
4x48 32
26x51 221
(iii) Total no. of honours card =16
To have no honours card, he has to select two card:
out of the remaining 52 - 16 =36 cards which he car.
do in3 6 C 9 =^ ^ =18x35
:52
.'. P(E) =
2 .
18x35
26x51
ways
105
221
26
(OH
13
00 s -
26,
or,
52.
26
52
(v C, =n)
16,
(iii)
4x2
52
( i v ) 52= n
(v)
5x4
52
2_
13
5
(vi)
3x4
52
4 1 4 1
(vii) P(a king) = =; P(a queen) =^ =
1 1 2
.-. P(a king or a queen) =7J + 7J
(viii)
52
13
2 1
( k ) 52 = 26
Ex. 2: From a pack of 52 cards, 2 cards are drawn at random.
What is the probability that it has
(i) both the Aces? (ii) exactly one queen?
(iii) no honours card? (iv) no digit-card?
(v) One King and one Queen?
52^ 52x51
Soln: For all the above cases, n(S)= C2 =^
(i) Total no. of Aces =4
nr. V 4 x 3 f.
:. n(E)= C2 = =6
26x51
(iv)P(E) =
8x15 20
26x51 26x51 221
(v)n(E)=4 C, x 4 C, =4x4 =16
, P 26x51 663
Ex. 3: From a pack of 52 cards, 3 cards are drawn. What is the
probability that it has
(i) all three aces?
(ii) no queen?
(iii) one ace, one king and one queen?
(iv) one ace and two jacks?
(v) two digit-cards and one honours card of black
suit?
Soln: For all the above cases, n(S)
52x51x50
= 5 2 C
(i)n(E)
3x2
_ 4
C 3 =4
, P(E ) =
= 26x17x50
1
26x17x50 5525
(ii)n(E)=4 8 C3 =8x47x46
, P(E ) =
8*47x46 4324
26x17x50 5525
(i i i )n(E )=4 C, x4 C, x4 C, =4x4x4
,.P(E) =
4x4x4 16
26x17x50 5525
, P(E):
26x51
1
221
(iv)n(E)=4 C, x 4 C, =4x6
Probability 669
, P( E ) =
(v)n(E) =
36-
P(E) =
4x6 6
26x17x50 ~5525
: xC, =18x35x8
18x35x8 252
26x17x50 1105
Exercise
One card is drawn at randomfrom a pack of 52 cards.
What is the probability that the card drawn is a face
card?
a) b)
1
c) d)
1
13 4 52 ' 13
One card is drawn at randomfrom a pack of 52 cards.
What is the probability that the card drawn is either a
red card or a king?
1
c >l J
d)
27
52
Two cards are drawn at randomfrom a pack of 52 cards.
What is the probability that the drawn cards are both
aces?
a) d) None of these g a-
1 2 3
2^1 b ) 13 C ) 2~6
What is the probability of getting a king or a queen in a
single drawn from a pack of 52 cards?
a)
1 1
c)
d)None of these
26 ' 13 ' 13
A card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. A card is drawn
at random. What is the probability that it is neither a
heart nor a king?
4 9 2 4
a ) 77 b) c) d)
13 13 C ) 13 ~' 13
A card is drawn at randomfrom a pack of 52 cards. What
is the probability that the card drawn is a spade or a
king?
4 3 2 1
a ) 77 b)
C ) T3
P(E) =
13 ' 13
\nswers
| I . a; Hint: Clearly, n(S) =52 and there are 16 face cards.
]6 _ _4_
52 * 13
Hint: Clearly n(S) =52. There are 26 red cards (includ-
ing 2 kings) and there are 2 more kings.
Let (E) be the event of getting either a red card or a
king.
Then, n(E) =28
3. a;
4.c;
5.b;
P(E) =
m
n(s)
28
52
7
13
Hint: n(S) =Number of ways of drawing 2 cards out
of52
= 5 2 52x51= 1 3 2 6
2 2x1
n(E) =Number of ways of drawing 2 cards out of 4
.'. P(E) =
1326
1
221"
Hint: Clearly, n(S) =52, there are 4 kings and 4 queens.
n(E) _ 8 _ 2
P ( E ) = ( 5) " 52" 13-
Hint: There are 13 hearts and 3 more kings
13 + 3 _ 4
~13
P(heart or a king) =
52
P(neither a heart nor a king) =
4 =
13
9_
13 '
Hint: Let E and F be the event of getting a spade and
that of getting a king respectively.
Then n F>s the event of getting a king of spade
v n(E) =13, n(F) = 4 and n(E n F) =1
So, P(E) =
11
52
1
-,P(F) =
4 _ 1
- - - an d
1
P( E nF ) =-
P(a spade or aking) =P(E u F)
=P(E) + P(F) - P(E n F)
]_ _1_
4+ L3 52
4
Rule 5
Theorem: If a bag contains x red, y yellow and z green
balls, 3 balls are drawn randomly, then the probability of
the balls drawn contain balls of different colour is given by
6xyz
{x + y + z)(x + y + z-\)(x + y + z-2)
or
C] X ^Cy X C|
Illustrative Example
Ex: A bag contains 3 red, 5 yellow and 4 green balls. 3
balls are drawn randomly. What is the probability that
the balls drawn contain balls of different colours?
670 P R A C T I C E B OOK ON Q U I C KE R MATHS
Soln: Detail Method: Totalno.ofballs =3+5+4 =12
n(S)
_ 12
c, =
12x11x10
3x2
=220
In order to have 3 different coloured balls, the selec-
tion of one ball of eachcolour is to be made.
n(E)= 3 C,x5 C, x4 C, =3x5x4 =60
P(E) =
60 _ 3
220 " 11
Quicker Method: Applying the above theorem, we
have
6x3x5x4 _ 3
the required answer =~ - .
12x11x10 11
Exercise '
1. A bag contains 4 red, 6 yellow and 5 green balls. 3 balls
are drawn randomly. What is the probability that the
balls drawn contain balls of different colours?
24 14 13 21
a)^T b ) - O - d ) -
2. A bag contains 5 red, 7 yellow and 6 green balls. 3 balls
are drawn randomly. What is the probability that the
balls drawn contain balls of different colours?
35 35 35 35
3 ) Tl 8 b ) 136 C ) l 37 d ) 163
3. A bag contains 6 red, 8 yellow and 4 green balls. 3 balls
are drawn randomly. What is the probability that the
balls drawn contain balls of different colours?
4 3 6 8
a ) r7 b ) n c)n d ) T7
4. A bag contains 4 yellow, 5 red and 8 green balls. 3 balls
are drawn randomly. What is the probability that the
balls drawn contain balls of different colours?
a)
17
b)
17
c)
17
8
d ) I 7
Answers
l.a 2.b 3. a 4.c
Rule 6
Theorem: If a bag contains x red, y yellow and z green
balls, 3 balls are drawn randomly, then the probability of
the balls drawn contain
(i) exactly 2 green balls is given by
3z(z-\)(x + y)
(x +y +z) (x +y +z -1) (x + y + z - 2)
(ii) exactly 2 yellow balls is given by
>cx: c2
or
3y(y-\)(x + z)
(x + y + z)(x + y + z-\)(x + y + z-2) o r W*+$CX
(iii) exactly 2 red balls is given by
3x(x-\)(y + z)
era
(x +y +z) (x +y +z -1) (x +y +z - 2)
or
Illustrative Example
Ex: A bag contains 3 red, 5 yellow and 4 green balls, j
balls are drawn randomly. What is the probability that
balls drawn contain exactly two green balls?
Sol: Detail Method:
Total no. of balls =3 +5 +4=12
1 2 ^ 12x11x10
" ( S ) = C 3 = - ^ 2 - = 2 2
2 green balls can be selected from4 green balls r
4 C2 ways and the rest one ball can be selected frorr
the remaining (12 - 4) =8 balls in8 C, ways.
n(E) =
' C2 xs C, 6x8 =48
.-. P(E) =
48 12
220 55
Quicker Method: Applying theabove theorem, we
have
the required answer
3x4x(4-l )x8 3x4x3x8 12
12x11x10 12x11x10 55
Exercise
1. A bag contains 4 red, 6 yellow and 5 green balls. 3 ba
are drawn randomly.
(i) What is the probability that balls drawn contain
exactly 2 green balls?
20
a)
15 10
91 b ) 9 l C ) 91
d) Data inadequate
(ii) What is the probability that balls drawn contain
exactly 2 yellow balls?
20 28 27 37
a)T\9f C ) ?T d)Yl
(iii) What is the probability that balls drawn contain ex-
actly 2 red balls?
54
a) b)
44 54
d) Noneof the
455 ' 455
2. A bag contains 5 red, 7 yellow and 6 green balls. 3 ba.:
are drawn randomly.
(i) What is the probability that balls drawn contain
exactly 2 green balls?
Probability
677
a)
d) Noneof these
2.
3.
probability that one is red and other white?
48 24 1
95 b ) 95 C ) 19
A bag contains 5 white and 5 red balls. Two draws of
one ball eachare made without replacement. What is the
probability that one is red and other white?
25 1 5 4
a >17 b>3" C >9 d >9
A bag contains 4 white and 8 red balls. Two draws of
one ball eachare made without replacement. What is the
probability that one is red and other white?
a) b)
16
c)
d) Data inadequate
33 ' 33 " M l
A bag contains 9 white and 3 red balls. Two balls are
drawn in succession at random. What is the probability
that one of themis white and the other red?
a) | b)
22
c)
22
d)
_3_
11
Answers
l.a 2.c 3.b
4. a; Hint: See Note.
Rule 14
Theorem: A basket contains xx white and yx blackballs.
There is another basket which contains x2 white and y2
black balls if one ball is to be drawn from either of the two
baskets, then the probability of drawing
f \
x\ 2
(i) a white ball is given by ? + and
(ii) a black ball is given by ^
Illustrative Example
Ex: A basket contains 3 white and 9 black balls. There is
another basket which contains 6 white and 8 black
balls. One ball is to be drawn fromeither of the two
baskets. What is the probability of drawing awhite
ball?
Soln: Detail Method:
Since there are two baskets, eachequally likely to be
chosen, the probability of choosing either basket is
fc
2 '
I f the first basket is chosen, the probability of draw-
1
ing awhite ball =~x \
C,
1 A
2 12
Similarly, if the second basket be chosen, the prob-
ability of drawing a white ball =
1
2X 1 4
C\ 6_
~2 14 C
3_
14
Since, the two events are mutually exclusive, we use
addition, therefore, the probability of drawing awhite
ball fromeither basket is
I A
8 14
7 +12
56
19
56
Quicker Method: Applying the above theorem, we
have,
the required probability:
3_ 6_
12 14
J9
56
Exercise
1. A basket contains 4 white and 10 black balls. There is
another basket which contains 5 white and 7 black balls.
One ball is to be drawn fromeither of the two baskets.
(i) What is the probability of drawing awhite ball?
89 59 59 89
a ) m b)M C ) 168 d ) 84
(ii) What is the probability of drawing ablack ball?
a)
119
b) d)
109
2.
89 59
168 168 C ) 168 168
A basket contains 5 white and 9 black balls. There is
another basket which contains 7 white and 7 black balls.
One ball is to be drawn fromeither of the two baskets,
(i) What is the probability of drawing awhite ball?
a) b)
d) Noneof these
6 3_
7 " ' 7 C ) 7
(ii) What is the probability of drawing ablack ball?
a) b)
8 5_ 4
7 " ' 7 C ) 7
A basket contains 6 white and 9 black balls. There is
another basket which contains 8 white and 7 black balls.
One ball is to be drawn fromeither of the two baskets,
(i) What is the probability of drawing awhite ball?
a)
8 7 3 6
T I b ) T5 C ) I d ) T s "
(ii) What is the probability of drawing ablack ball?
a > T ?
Answers
l.(i) c (ii)d
3.(i)b (ii)b
b)
15
c)
15
d)
15
2.(i)c (ii)c
678 P R A C T I C E B OOK ON Q U I C KE R MATHS
Rule 15
Theorem: A and B stand in a ring with 'x' other persons. If
the arrangement of all the persons is at random, then the
probability that there are exactly 'y' persons between A
2
and B is given by I ~~j J . Where y < x.
Illustrative Example
Ex: A and B stand in aring with 10 other persons. I f the
arrangement of the 12 persons is at random, then the
probability that there are exactly 3 persons between
A and B is.
(Provident Fund Exam 2002)
Soln: Detail Method:
7
6,
Let A stand on some point of thering.
Then n(S) =the number of points on which B can
stand =11
I f there be exactly 3 persons between A and B, then
corresponding to any position occupied, B can take
up only two position, the 4th place and the 8th place
as counted fromA.
Thusn(E) =2
P(E) =
n{E)
n(S) 11
Quicker Method: Applying the above theorem, we
have,
the required probability =
10 + 1 11
Exercise
1. A and B stand in aring with 9 other persons. I f the
arrangement of the 11 persons is at random, then the
probability that there are exactly 4 persons between A
and B is.
a) b)
1
c)
1
d)
1
11 "' 5 10 " Ml
2. A and B stand in aring with 8 other persons. I f the
arrangement of the 10 persons is at random, then the
probability that there are exactly 5 persons between A
and B is.
a)
b >9
1
C >9
1
d) y
3. A and B stand in aring with 7 other persons. I f the
arrangement of the 9 persons is at random, then the prob-
ability that there are exactly 2 persons between A and B
is
1 3 2 3
a ) l b ) 4" C ) 9 d >8
4. A and B stand in aring with 11 other persons. I f the
arrangement of the 13 persons is at random, then the
probability that there are exactly 3 persons between A
and B is.
1 2 3 4
3 ) 6 b ) IT C >* d ) 9
5. A and B stand in aring with 14 other persons. I f the
arrangement of the 16 persons is at random, then the
probability that there are exactly 6 persons between A
and B is.
a) 77
Answers
l .b 2.b3.a
b)
4. a
1
c)
14
d)
5.a
Rule 16
Theorem: If 'n' persons are seated at a around table then
the probability that'm' particular persons sit together is
(nm)\m\
given by
Illustrative Example
Ex.:
Soln:
10 persons are seated at a round table. What is the
probability that two particular persons sit together?
Detail Method:
n(S) =no.of waysof sitting 10 persons at round table
=(10-1)!=9!
Since 2 particular personswill be always together,
then the no. of persons =8+1=9
,", 9 personswill be seated in (9 - 1)! =8! ways at
round table and 2 particular personswill be seated
themselves in 2! ways.
.-. The number of waysin which two persons always
sit together at round table =8! * 2! =n(E)
n(E) _ 8!x2! _ 8!x2 _ 2
" P ( E ) = n(S) ~ 9! ~9x8!~9
Quicker Method: Applying the above theorem, we
have,
the required probability:
(10-2)!2!
(10-1)!
8! 2!
9!
Exercise
1. 12 persons are seated at a round table. What is the prob-
ability that 4 particular persons sit together?
Probability
679
4 8 9 4
a ) ToT b)T6? C ) 185 d)Y5
8 persons are seated at a round table. What is theprob-
ability that 3 particular persons sit together?
2 1
a) r b) - c) d)Noneof these
7 ' 1 "'14
10 persons are seated at a round table. What is theprob-
ability that 3 particular persons sit together?
1
Answers
l.a 2.b
b >9
3.a
c)
1
d)
1
Rule 17
Theorem: If an event is repeated, under similar conditions,
exactly 'n' times, then the probability that event happens
exactly V times is |"Cr x pr xq"~r\, provided that
p = probability of happening and
q = probability of not happening ie p + q = 1.
Illustrative Example
Ex.: An unbiased coin is tossed 7 times, find the chance
that exactly 5 times headwill appear.
Soln: Here, n =7, r =5
p =probability of happening =
q =probability of not-happening =
.-. required probability =
7 C5 x
21
128
r i V ( V
X
- *
, 2j \ ,2,
7-5
Exercise
1. An unbiased coin is tossed 5 times, find the chancethat
exactly 3 times tail will appear.
5 5 10
a) 77 b) c)
d) Noneof these
16 "' 32 ' 64
2. An unbiased coin is tossed 9 times, find the chancethat
exactly 6 times headwill appear.
21 21 21
a) 7777 b ) 256 ^64 d ) D a t a m a d e c l u a t e
3. An unbiased coin is tossed 6 times, find the chancethat
exactly 4 times tail will appear.
15
a) 77
Answers
l.a 2. a
b)
15
128
c)
11
64
d)
15
256
3.c