Jewel Ornament of Liberation

cfrfo{ uDkf]kf lj/lrt
;4d{lrGtfdl0fdf]If/Tgfn+sf/
THE JEWEL ORNAMENT OF LIBERATION
The Wish-fulfilling Gem of the Noble Teachings
by
GAMPOPA
g]kfnLdf cg'jfb
ldng zfSo
;Dkfbg
dLg axfb'/ zfSo
k|sfzs
gfufh'{g af}4 cWoog ;+:yfg
n= k'= rfs'kf6, g]kfn
@)^$
Buddhist Text Translation Series -23
af}4 u|Gy cg'jfbqmd M @#
Published by :
Nagarjuna Institute of Exact Methods
(A Centre for Buddhist Studies)
P. O. Box 100
Chakupat, Lalitpur
Tel: 977-1-5520558, 977-1-5527558
Email: niem@wlink.com.np
Website: www.nagarjunainstitute.com
Copyright © 2008, Nagarjuna Institute of Exact Methods

This book may be copied or reprinted for free distribution without
permission from the publisher. Otherwise all rights reserved.
Typesetting, Layout and Translated into Nepali by : Milan Shakya
Edited by : Min Bahadur Shakya
First Edition : 2008, February, 5000 copies
Cover Photo: Dharma Lord Gampopa
Printed by:
The Corporate Body of Buddha Education Foundation
11th Floor, 55, Hang Chow S. Road, Sec 1, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Tel: 886-2-23951198, Fax: 866-2-23913415
This book is for free distribution, not to be sold.

ljifo ;"rL
Editorial Preface by Min Bahadur Shakya........................................... x
jGbgf============================================================================= @
ljifo k|j]z======================================================================= #
efu ! M x]t'================================================================= &
kl/R5]b ! M tyfut ue{====================================================== (
!= cuf]q=================================================================== !)
@= clgot uf]q=========================================================== !!
#= >fjs uf]q============================================================ !@
$= k|To]sa'4 uf]q======================================================== !@
%= dxfofg uf]q========================================================== !$
%=!= e]b=============================================================== !$
%=@= :j¿k=========================================================== !$
%=#= kof{o============================================================ !%
%=$= ljlzi6tf====================================================== !%
%=%= cfsf/=========================================================== !%
%=^= lnË============================================================== !%
efu @M cf>o============================================================= !(
kl/R5]b @ M b'n{e dg'io z/L/=========================================== @!
!= If0f====================================================================== @!
@= ;Dkb\=================================================================== @#
#÷!= ;+k|Too >4f====================================================== @(
#÷@= clenfif >4f===================================================== @(
#÷#= k|;fb >4f========================================================= @(
-i-
efu # M k|Too============================================================ ##
kl/R5]b # M sNof0fldq ;+>o============================================= ##
!= pkklQ================================================================== #%
@= e]b====================================================================== #(
#= k|To]s e]bsf nIf0f================================================== #(
$= sNof0fldq—;+>osf pkfox¿================================== $@
%= sNof0fldq—;+>osf nfex¿=================================== $$
efu $ M pkfo=========================================================== $%
efu $M ljifo–k|j]z========================================================= $&
o; hLjgsf ljifox¿k|ltsf] cfzlQmsf] k|ltkIf ===================== $(
kl/R5]b $ M clgTo efjgf================================================ %!
!= e]b====================================================================== %@
@= pkfo=================================================================== %@
#= cg'z+;f================================================================= ^#
ej;'v jf ;+;f/sf ;'vk|lt cfzlQmsf] k|ltkIf====================== ^%
kl/R5]b % M ;+;f/sf] b'Mv================================================= ^&
!= ;+:sf/ b'Mvtf======================================================== ^&
@= ljkl/0ffd b'Mvtf==================================================== ^*
#= b'Mv b'Mvtf============================================================ ^(
#=!= g/s nf]s====================================================== ^(
#=@= k|]t nf]s======================================================= &&
#=#= lto{s nf]s==================================================== &*
#=$= dg'io nf]s=================================================== *)
#=%= c;'/ nf]s===================================================== *&
#=^= b]j nf]s======================================================== *&
-ii-
kl/R5]b ^ M sd{ / To;sf] kmn========================================= *(
!= sd{ kmnsf] e]b====================================================== ()
@= x/]s e]bsf nIf0f==================================================== ()
s= ck'0o -cs'zn_ sd{—kmn================================== ()
-!_ k|f0ffltkft================================================== (!
-@_ cbQfbfg==================================================== (!
-#_ sfdldYofrf/============================================== (@
-$_ d[iffjfb====================================================== (#
-%_ k}z'Go k|nfk================================================ (#
-^_ kf?io jrg================================================ ($
-&_ ;lDeGg k|nfk============================================= ($
-*_ cleWof====================================================== (%
-(_ Jofkfb======================================================= (^
-!)_ ldYof b[li6================================================ (^
v= k'0o -s'zn_ sd{—kmn======================================= (*
u= cflg~ho sd{–kmn============================================ ((
#= sd{sf] :ju|fXotf================================================== !)!
$= s6' jf csf6\o kmn============================================== !)!
%= cNk x]t' ljk'n kmn============================================== !)@
^= cljk|0ffz sd{====================================================== !)#
;d;'vk|lt cfzlQmsf] k|ltkIf ========================================== !)%
kl/R5]b & M d}qL Pj+ s?0ff============================================= !)&
s= d}qL================================================================== !)*
!= d}qLsf] e]b===================================================== !)*
@= cfnDAo ljifo================================================= !)*
#= cfsf/=========================================================== !)*
$= efjgfsf] pkfo=============================================== !)*
-iii-
%= k"0f{tfsf] dfkb08============================================== !!@
^= d}qLsf u'0f====================================================== !!@
v= s?0ff================================================================= !!#
!= s?0ffsf] e]b=================================================== !!$
@= cfnDAo ljifo================================================= !!$
#= s?0ffsf] cfsf/=============================================== !!$
$= efjgfsf] pkfo=============================================== !!$
%= k"0f{tfsf] dfkb08============================================= !!%
^= s?0ffEof;sf] u'0f============================================= !!%
a'4Tjk|flKtsf pkfo–cgle1tfsf] k|ltkIf============================= !!&
a'4Tjk|flKtsf pkfo–cgle1tfsf] k|ltkIfM ljifo–k|j]z========== !!(
kl/R5]b * M z/0fudg==================================================== !@!
I. cf>o================================================================== !@!
s= dxfofg uf]q=================================================== !@!
v= lqz/0fudg===================================================== !@!
!= e]b============================================================ !@#
@= cf>o======================================================== !@#
#= ljifo========================================================= !@#
$= ;do======================================================== !@&
%= cfzo======================================================= !@&
^= ljlw========================================================== !@&
&= s/0fLo sd{================================================ !@(
*= lzIff======================================================== !@(
(= cg'z+;f===================================================== !#)
u= k|fltdf]If ;+j/================================================= !#!
-iv-
kl/R5]b ( M af]lwlrQ kl/u|x============================================ !#%
II. :j¿k================================================================= !#%
III. e]b==================================================================== !#%
IV. cfnDjg============================================================ !$)
V. x]t'===================================================================== !$!
VI. :yfg================================================================ !$@
VII. ljlw================================================================ !$$
VIII. cg'z+;f -kmfObfx¿_=========================================== !^%
IX. kl/xfl0f============================================================== !^(
X. k|TofklQ============================================================== !&!
kl/R5]b !) M af]lwlrQsf] cEof;====================================== !&#

XI. lzIff jf cEof;================================================== !&#
s= k|l0flw af]lwlrQsf] cEof;================================= !&#
!= s'g}klg ;™jnfO{ kl/Tofu gug'{====================== !&$
@= af]lwlrQsf cg'z+;fnfO{ :d/0f ul//fVg'\========== !&%
#= b'O{ ;Def/x¿sf] ;~ro ug'{=========================== !&^
$= af]lwlrQfEof;============================================ !&^
%= rf/ cs'zn -sfnf_ wd{x¿sf] kl/Tofu /
rf/ s'zn -z'Sn_ wd{x¿sf] u|x0f=================== !&&
kl/R5]b !! M k|:yfg af]lwlrQsf] cEof; M if8\kf/ldtf========== !*!
v= k|:yfg af]lwlrQsf] cEof;===================================== !*!
!= ;+Vof lgwf{/0f================================================== !*@
@= qmd lgwf{/0f==================================================== !*#
#= kf/ldtfsf nIf0f============================================== !*#
$= lg¿lQm========================================================= !*$
%= kf/ldtfx¿sf] k|e]b========================================= !*$
^= ;+u|x============================================================= !*$
-v-
kl/R5]b !@ M bfg kf/ldtf============================================== !*&
!= u'0f tyf bf]ifx¿sf] ;dLIff===================================== !*&
@= bfgkf/ldtfsf] :j¿k============================================ !()
#= e]b -juL{s/0f_===================================================== !()
$= x/]s e]bsf nIf0f================================================ !()
%= pkro -j[l4_======================================================= @))
^= bfgkf/ldtfsf] ljz'l4============================================ @)@
&= bfgkf/ldtfsf] kmn=============================================== @)#
kl/R5]b !# M zLn kf/ldtf============================================= @)%
!= u'0f tyf bf]ifsf] lgb]{z=========================================== @)%
@= zLnsf] :j¿k===================================================== @)&
#= zLnsf e]b========================================================= @)*
$= x/]s e]bsf nIf0f================================================ @)*
%= zLnsf] pkro -clej[l4_======================================= @@)
^= zLnsf] ljz'l4====================================================== @@)
&= zLnsf kmn========================================================= @@)
kl/R5]b !$ M IfflGt kf/ldtf=========================================== @@#
!= u'0f / bf]ifx¿sf] lgb]{z=========================================== @@#
@= IfflGt kf/ldtfsf] :j¿k======================================== @@^
#= IfflGt kf/ldtfsf e]bx¿======================================== @@^
$= x/]s e]bsf nIf0f================================================= @@&
%= pkro -j[l4_======================================================= @#$
^= ljz'l4 jf k"0f{tf==================================================== @#%
&= kmn==================================================================== @#%
kl/R5]b !% M jLo{ kf/ldtf============================================== @#&
!= u'0f / bf]ifx¿sf] lgb]{z=========================================== @#&
@= jLo{ kf/ldtfsf] :j¿k=========================================== @#*
-vi-
#= jLo{ kf/ldtfsf e]b=============================================== @$@
$= x/]s e]bsf nIf0f================================================ @$@
%= pkro -j[l4_======================================================= @$^
^= ljz'l4================================================================ @$^
&= kmn=================================================================== @$^
kl/R5]b !^ M Wofg kf/ldtf============================================= @$&
!= u'0f tyf bf]ifx¿sf] lgb]{z jf ;dLIff======================== @$&
@= Wofg kf/ldtfsf] :j¿k========================================= @$(
#= Wofg kf/ldtfsf e]b============================================= @^$
$= k|To]s e]bsf nIf0f=============================================== @^$
%= pkro -clej[l4_================================================== @^^
^= ljz'l4================================================================= @^^
&= kmn==================================================================== @^^
kl/R5]b !& M k|1f kf/ldtf============================================== @^(
!= u'0f / bf]ifx¿sf] lgb]{z=========================================== @^(
@= k|1fkf/ldtfsf] :j¿k============================================ @&@
#= k|1fkf/ldtfsf e]b================================================= @&#
$= x/]s e]bsf nIf0f================================================= @&#
%= k|1fkf/ldtfsf] 1fg============================================== @&$
^= k|1fkf/ldtfsf] cEof;=========================================== @(#
&= k|1fkf/ldtfsf] kmn=============================================== #)*
kl/R5]b !* M kfFr dfu{ ================================================== #)(
!= ;Def/ dfu{========================================================= #)(
@= k|of]u dfu{=========================================================== #!!
#= bz{g dfu{============================================================ #!@
$= efjgf dfu{========================================================== #!#
%= lgi7f -cz}If_ dfu{================================================ #!$
-vii-
kl/R5]b !( M bz af]lw;Tj e"ld======================================= #!&
!= e"ldsf] :j¿k======================================================= #!*
@= e"ldsf] lg?lQm====================================================== #!*
#= bz ;+Vofdf e"ldsf] juL{s/0f================================== #!(
s= k|yd e"ld====================================================== #!(
v= låtLo e"ld===================================================== #@#
u= t[tLo e"ld====================================================== #@%
3= rt'y{ e"ld====================================================== #@&
ª= k~rd e"ld===================================================== #@(
r= ifi7 -5}6f}+_ e"ld=============================================== ##!
5= ;Ktd e"ld==================================================== ###
h= ci6d e"ld===================================================== ##$
em= gjd e"ld====================================================== ##&
`= bzd e"ld====================================================== ##(
6= a'4e'ld========================================================== #$@
efu %M kmn============================================================== #$%
kl/R5]b @)M ;Dos\ ;Daf]lw============================================ #$&
!= a'4sf] :j¿k======================================================== #$&
@= a'4 zAbsf] cy{==================================================== #%^
#= a'4sfosf e]b====================================================== #%&
$= lqsfosf] Joj:yf================================================= #%&
%= sfo tLgj6} x'g'kg]{ sf/0f====================================== #%*
^= lqsfosf nIf0f==================================================== #%(
&= a'4sf ljz]iftfx¿================================================= #^%
efu ^M ;d'bfrf/====================================================== #^&
kl/R5]b @!M a'4 sd{ lgb]{z============================================== #^(
!= sfoåf/f lglj{sNk ul/g] sfo{================================== #&)
-viii-
@= jfs\åf/f lglj{sNk ul/g] sfo{================================== #&)
#= lrQåf/f lglj{sNk ul/g] sfo{=================================== #&!
kl/lzi6x¿=============================================================== #&&
kl/lzi6 ! M wd{/fh uDkf]kfsf] hLjgL=============================== #&(
v08 ! M wd{u'? uDkf]kfsf] ;++lIfKt hLjgL===================== #&(
v08 @ M Cl4k|fltxfo{=============================================== $!#
v08 # M uDkf]kfsf] wdf]{kb]z ug]{ z}nL========================= $!&
kl/lzi6 @ M u|Gydf pNn]lvt dxfk'?ifx¿sf] ;+lIfKt hLjgL=== $#!
!= ;'wg================================================================== $#!
@= ;bfk|?lbt=========================================================== $#@
#= g/f]kf -gf8kfb_==================================================== $##
$= cgn================================================================= $#&
%= df}b\uNofog======================================================== $#*
^= ;+3/lIft============================================================ $$@
&= >f]0fsf]6Ls0f{======================================================== $$%
*= :ylj/s============================================================= $$(
(= /fhf s[lssf ;ft k'qL========================================== $%!
!)= dxfbQ -dxfbfg_================================================ $%!
!!= d}qLan============================================================ $%$
!@= c+u'lndfn========================================================= $^)
!#= pbog=============================================================== $^#
!$= gGb================================================================= $^%
!%= chftzq'========================================================== $^*
kl/lzi6 # M u|Gydf p4/0f ul/Psf u|Gyx¿sf] ;"rL============ $^(
;Gbe{, l6Kk0fL / p4/0fx¿sf] ;+:s[t d"n========================== $&%
-ix-
EDITORIAL PREFACE
The present text called “Jewel Ornament of Liberation by Gampopa”

belongs to the genre of Buddhist teachings known as the stage of path
(skt: mārgakrama). This text is the guide book for the students who
follow the path of Bodhisattva from the elementary levels to the pro-
found realization of Buddhahood.
The special feature of this text of the Master Gampopa is that it
integrates the sūtra and the profound teachings of Mahāmudrā in
unified aspect. The text is divided into 21 chapters.
1. Buddhanature
2. The working basis
3. Instruction of Spiritual friend
4. Meditation on Impermanence
5. Sufferings of Samsara
6. The Karma and its results
7. Benevolence and compassion
8. Taking Refuge
9. Generation of Bodhicitta
10. Training in Bodhictta
11. The Six Perfections
12. The perfection in Generosity
13. The Perfection in Ethics and Manners
14. The Perfection of Patience
15. The Perfection in Strenuousness
16. The Perfection of meditative concentration
17. The Perfection of Awareness
18. The five Paths
19. The spiritual Levels
20. Perfect Buddhahood
21. Buddha activity
-x-
Another aspect of this text is that it is addressed to all people
monastic or lay person or philosopher who pursues the quest for en-
lightenment. The greatness of the author lies in the fact that he com-
pletely dispelled the darkness of confusion and reconciled all mis-
understanding between the sūtra and tantra systems. That is why, he
was declared to be the Sun like disciple of Milarepa.
The author Gampopa has profusely quoted various sūtras and
commentarial literatures to substantiate his instructions in tradition-
al manner. Here we have tried to give the quote in original sanskrit
wherever possible. Besides, the author has drawn various stories or
Avadānas to illustrate his statement. We have cited these stories in
detail in the appendices.
To add the sanctity of the text we have given the brief biography
of this illustrious master.
This Nepalese translation of Jewel ornament of Liberation is
based on three texts so far published.
1. Jewel Ornament of Liberation translated by Herbert Guen-

ther and published from Luzac London in 1959.
2. Another English Translation by Khenpo Konchog Gyaltsen
Rinpoche published by Snow Lion Publications, Ithaca, New
York, 1998.
3. A Hindi translation by Khenpo Sonam Gyatso published
from Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies, Sarnath,
Varanasi, 2000.
I hope this translation in Nepali will be useful for the readers who
are acquainted with this language. We have simplified the language as
far as possible. The text is the essence of all Tripitaka of Bodhisattva
path.
Acknowledgements:
First of all I’d like to thank my son Milan Shakya for his untiring
efforts in translating this text minutely in Nepali language for the
benefit of Nepalese readers. He took no stone unturned in presenting
this text as beautiful as possible.
-xi-
Thanks also to Kalyānamitra Mr. Punya Parajuli who helped in
clarifying the different aspect of doctrines presented in this text.
Thanks also goes to Mr. Radhakrishna Sharma who devoted his
time and energy in beautifying the text.
Finally, I’d like to thank Mr. Lin Kuo-Ying, the President of The
Corporate Body of Buddha Educational Foundation and his compas-
sionate and energetic staff who sponsored this important publication
for free distribution for the readers in Nepal, the birth place of Lord
Buddha. We are grateful for this generosity.
Namo Amitabha !
Min Bahadur Shakya
Director
Nagarjuna Institute of Exact Methods
A center for Buddhist Studies
P.O.Box.100 chakupat, Lalitpur
Kathmandu, Nepal
Tel: 977-1-5520558
Fax: 977-1-5527446
www.nagarjunainstitute.com
-xii-
cfrfo{ uDkf]kf lj/lrt

The Wish-fulfilling Gem of the Noble Teachings
by
GAMPOPA
;4dlrGtfdl0fdf]If/Tgfn+sf/
jGbgf
cfo{ d~h'>L s'df/e"tnfO{ jGbgf
lhg, lhg k'q, ;4d{! / ltgsf] klg d"n:j¿k u'?@nfO{ gd:sf/
ldnf/]kf / ctLzsf] cg'sDkfaf6, d cfˆgf] / c¿sf] lxtsf] nflu
lrGtfdl0f ;dfg o; ;4d{ u|Gy/Tg n]Vb}5' .
2
Â
ljifo k|j]z
;fdfGotofM ;d:t wd{x¿ oxL ;+;f/ / lgjf{0f b'O{6f ju{df ;d]l6–

Psf 5g\ . of] ;+;f/sf] :jefj z"Gotf xf], To;sf] cfsf/ e|flGt xf]
eg] To;sf] nIf0f b'Mvsf] ¿kdf pbo x'g' xf] . lgjf{0fsf] :jefj klg
z"Gotf g} xf], To;sf] cfsf/ / nIf0f qmdzM ;a} e|flGtx¿sf] cGt
jf kl/lgj[lt tyf ;a} b'Mvx¿af6 d'lQm x'g\ .
k|Zg M ;+;f/ gfds o; e|flGtdf sf] e|ldt 5g\ t <

pQ/ M lqwft'! sf ;a} k|f0fLx¿ e|ldt 5g\ .
k|Zg M of] e|flGt s'grfFxL cfwf/af6 pTkGg x'G5 <

pQ/ M z"Gotfsf] cfwf/af6 e|flGtsf] pbo x'G5 .
k|Zg M e|d jf e|flGtsf] sf/0f s] xf] <

pQ/ M e|flGtsf] sf/0f cljBf xf] .
k|Zg M s;/L k|f0fLx¿ e|flGtdf km:5g\\ <

pQ/ M if8\ult@sf ljifox¿df cf;Qm eP/ k|f0fLx¿ e|ldt x'G5g\ jf
e|flGtdf km:5g\ .
k|Zg M o;sf] pkdf s] xf] <

pQ/ M o;sf] pkdf lgGb|fdf b]lvg] ;kgf xf] .#
k|Zg M slxn] b]lv k|f0fL o;/L e|ldt x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ <
3
Â
pQ/ M cgflbsfnb]lv g} k|f0fLx¿ e|ldt x'Fb} cfO/x]sf 5g\ .
k|Zg M o; e|flGtdf s] bf]if 5 <

pQ/ M e|flGtn] ubf{ k|f0fLx¿n] s]jn b'Mv dfq ef]lu/fVg'kg]{5 .
k|Zg M of] e|flGt slxn] 1fgdf ablng ;Snf t <

pQ/ M cg'Q/ af]lw k|fKt x'gf;fy of] e|flGt 1fgsf] ¿kdf kl/0ft
x'G5 .
of] e|flGt :jtM cGt eP/ hfg]5 egL g;f]Fr] x'G5 lsgsL of]
e|flGtdo ;+;f/ cGtxLg¿kdf k|Voft 5 .
t;y{, of] ;+;f/ e|flGtdo, b'Mv} b'Mvn] el/k"0f{, cGtxLg, :jo+–
d'lQmsf] ;+efjgfn] /lxt 5 . To;}n] clxn]bl] v g} cle;+af]lw k|flKtsf]
nflu e/dUb'/ k|oTg ug'{k5{ .
cg'Q/ ;Dos\ ;Daf]lw k|flKtsf nflu s] s] s'/fx¿ cfjZos 5g\
t < o;sf] pQ/ lgDg ljifoj:t' leq kfOg]5M
x]t', cf>o, k|Too, pkfo, kmn / sd{ —

oL 5 j6f cg'Q/ af]lwsf ;fdfGo ;"rsx¿ x'g\ eg]/ a'l4dfg
dflg;n] hfGg'k5{ .
csf]{ zAbdf, af]lw x]t', k'b\un cf>o, af]lw k|flKtdf pTk|]/s

k|Too, af]lw k|flKtsf] pkfo, kmn / ;d'bfrf/sf] ¿kdf a'4 rof{nfO{
hfGg' cfjZos 5 .
oL ljifoj:t'x¿nfO{ qmda4¿kn] lgDg zLif{sx¿åf/f lrGg
;lsG5 .
-s_ x]t' tyfut ue{ xf] Ù
4
Â
-v_ cf>o clt b'n{e dg'io z/L/ xf] Ù
-u_ k|Too sNof0fldq xf] Ù
-3_ pkfo sNof0fldqsf pkb]z x'g\ Ù
-ª_ kmn ;Da'4sfo xf] Ù
-r_ ;d'bfrf/ lglj{sNk¿kn] nf]slxtfy{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug'{ xf] .
oL ^ j6f ljifoj:t'x¿ u|Gysf] d'Vo c+z x'g\ . ca logsf

c+ux¿sf] lj:t[t¿kdf JofVof ul/g]5 .
5
Â
efu !
x]t'
hetu twagtgÉR hae,

kl/R5]b !
tyfut ue{
xfdL h:tf xLg k|f0fLx¿n] hlt;'s} k|of; u/] klg o; e|flGtdo
;+;f/af6 d'Qm eO{ cg'Q/ af]lw k|fKt ug{ ;sf}Fnf t< olb xfdL o;/L
;f]FR5f}F eg] lg/Gt/ k|of; ul//Xof}F eg] af]lw lsg k|fKt x'b}g /< eGg]
hjfkm kfPkl5 xfdL cfZj:t x'g5 ] f}F . lsgeg] af]lw xfd|} kx'r
F leq 5 .
xfdL ;a} k|f0fLx¿df a'4Tjsf] x]t' tyfutue{ ljBdfg 5 . o;nfO{
;dflw/fh;"q df k'li6 ul/Psf] 5 M
tyfutue{åf/f ;d:t hut\ JofKt 5 .
n3'kl/lgjf{0f;"q sf cg';f/, ;a} ;™jx¿ tyfutue{n] o'Qm 5g\ .

dxfkl/lgjf{0f;"q sf cg';f/, h;/L b'wdf gf}gL JofKt 5, To;/L g}
;d:t ;™jdf tyfutue{ JofKt 5 .
dxfofg;"qfn+sf/ sf cg';f/,
tytf ;a} k|f0fLdf ;dfg g} x'G5,

t/ klg ha o;n] k"0f{ ljz'4L k|fKt u5{
ta dfq k|f0fL tyfut aG5 . o;}n] ubf{, ;a} ;™jdf
tyfut ue{ JofKt 5 .!
;a} ;™jx¿ tyfutue{n] o'Qm 5g\ lsgeg] wd{sfo¿kL z"Gotf

;a} k|f0fLdf JofKt 5 Ù lsgeg] wd{tf / tytfdf s'g} e]b x'Fb}g / ;a}
;™jx¿df To:tf sf/sx¿ x'G5g\ h;n] ltgLx¿nfO{ s'g} Ps uf]q
9
Â
ljz]ifdf juL{s/0f ul/lbG5 . pQ/tGq df o;/L elgPsf] 5 M
;+a'4sfon] B"ltdfg -k|sfzdfg_ ePsfn],

tytf e]b/lxt ePsfn],
/ uf]qx¿ ljBdfg ePsfn]
;d:t k|f0fLx¿ ;bf tyfutue{n] o'Qm 5g\ .@
klxnf] k+lQm …wd{sfo¿kL z"Gotf ;a} k|f0fLdf JofKt 5Ú sf] cy{

s] xf] eg] a'4 cflb¿kn] wd{sfo ePsf x'Fbf, wd{sfo z"Gotf ePsf]
x'Fbf, / z"Gotf ;a} k|f0fLx¿df JofKt ePsf] x'Fbf ;™jx¿ tyfutue{n]
o'Qm 5g\ . bf]>f] k+lQm cyf{t …wd{tf jf tytfdf s'g} e]b x'Fb}gÚ .
o;sf] cy{ s] x'g cfpF5 eg] a'4sf] tytf / ;™jsf] tytfdf /fd|f],
g/fd|f], 7"nf] ;fgf], pr gLr To:tf] s'g} e]b x'Fb}g . To;}n] klg ;™j
tyfutue{n] o'Qm 5g\ .
clGtddf, …;a} ;™jx¿df To:tf sf/sx¿ x'G5g\ h;n]
ltgLx¿nfO{ s'g} Ps uf]q ljz]ifdf /flvlbG5g\Ú . o;sf] cy{ xf]
;™jx¿ lgDg kfFr k|sf/sf a'4uf]qx¿df /xG5g\ .
cuf]q, clgotuf]q, >fjsuf]q,

k|To]sa'4 uf]q / af]lw;™j uf]q jf dxfofg uf]q .
oxL kfFr uf]qx¿df a'4uf]qs -;™jx¿_ ;+u[lxt 5g\ .
!= cuf]q M cuf]qs o:tf ;™jx¿ x'g\ h;df cfo{ c;Ësf] egfO{

adf]lhd cgkqfKo -lgn{Hhtf_, c¥xLs -zd{_, csf?0o -lgb{oL_ cflb
^ k|sf/sf nIf0fx¿ x'G5g\ . pxfFsf zAbx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
;+;f/sf b'Mvx¿ b]v]/ klg ltgLx¿ clnslt klg ;+j]u x'Fb}g Ù

a'4sf u'0fx¿ ;'g]/ ltgLx¿df clnslt klg >4f pTkGg x'Fb}g Ù
10
Â
hetu : twagtgÉR
pgLx¿df nfhzd{ -x|L_, eo -ckqkf_ / clnslt klg s?0ff x'Fb}g Ù

hlt;'s} kfk u/]klg pgLx¿df clnslt klg kZrftfk x'Fb}g .
oxL 5 j6f b'u'{0fx¿n] el/Psfn] a'4 aGg] df}sf ltgLx¿df x'Fb}g .
dxfofg;"qfn+sf/ sf cg';f/,
s'g} lgtfGt b'Zrl/q -kfkL_ x'G5g\,

s'g}n] ePsf s'znd"n klg Psgfzn] gfz ul//fv]sf x'G5g\,
eg] s'g}df df]Iftkm{ n}hfg] s'znd"n g} x'Fb}g,
s'znd"n gx'g] k|f0fLdf a'4 x'g] s'g} x]t' x'+b}g .#
cfˆgf] lrQnfO{ bL3{sfn;Dd ;+;f/df ef}Ftfl/gd} k|j[t t'NofPsf

o:tf pko'{Qm nIf0fx¿n] o'Qm cuf]qsx¿ klg slxNo} af]lw k|fKt
ug{ g;Sg] k|f0fLx¿ rfFlx xf]Ogg\ . k|of; u/]df ltgLx¿n] klg af]lw
k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ . of] tYonfO{ dxfs?0ffk'08/Ls;"q df klg pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 M
x] cfgGb Û lgjf{0f k|fKt ug]{ ;+:sf/ g} gePsf] s'g} ;™jn]

dfly cfsfzdf a'4nfO{ b]v]/ Pp6f dfq km"n kmfn]sf]
v08df klg pm lgjf{0fsf] clwsf/L aG5 .
d eG5' pm lgjf{0fsf] lgs6 d} x'G5, lgjf{0fsf] ;dLk k'U5 .
@= clgot uf]q M clgot uf]qs s'g} ljz]if k|Toosf] cwLgdf x'G5 .

hf] JolQm >fjs sNof0fldqsf] ;Dks{df cfpF5, hf] JolQm >fjssf]
ldq x'G5, / >fjssf ;"qx¿ k9]kl5 h;n] >fjs hLjg k4ltnfO{
ljZjf; u5{ pm >fjs uf]q s} x'G5, o:t} k|To]sa'4 jf af]lw;™j
uf]qsf] k|f0fLnfO{ e]6]kl5 qmdzM k|To]s a'4 jf af]lw;™juf]qsf] g}
aG5 .
11
Â
#= >fjs uf]q M >fjsuf]qs To:tf ;™jx¿ x'g\ h;n] ej;+;f/b]lv

eoeLt eP/ lgjf{0fsf] cfsf+Iff /fVb5g\ . ltgLx¿df sd dfq s?0ff
x'G5 . ltgLx¿sf] af/]df o:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
;+;f/sf] b'Mv b]v]/ ltgLx¿ eoeLt x'G5g\

/ lgjf{0fsf] cfsf+Iff /fV5g\ Ù
;™jx¿nfO{ lxt x'g] sfo{ ug{df pgLx¿ cfglGbt x'Fb}gg\ Ù
oL tLg nIf0fx¿af6 o'Qm ePaf6 pgLx¿ >fjsuf]qs x'g\ .
$= k|To]sa'4 uf]q M k|To]sa'4uf]qsx¿df oL tLg} nIf0fx¿ x'g'sf] ;fy

;fy} ltgLx¿ cToGt} cledfgL x'G5g\, cfˆgf u'?x¿af/] df}g /xG5g\
/ PsfGtdf PSn} a:g ?rfpF5g\ . h:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
;+;f/af6 plåUg -lg/fz_ eP/ pgLx¿ lgjf{0fsf] kl5 nfU5g\ Ù

pgLx¿df sd dfq s?0ff x'G5 t/ cledfgL eg] Psbd} x'G5g\
ltgLx¿ Ù
cfˆgf u'?x¿sf] af/] df}g /xG5g\ / PSn} a:g dg k/fpF5g\ —
o:tf ;™jx¿nfO{ a'l4dfg dflg;n] k|To]sa'4 uf]qs egL hfGg'k5{ .
>fjs / k|To]sa'4, oL b'O{ uf]qn] b'O{ cnu cnu hLjgk4ltnfO{

;+s]t u5{g\ . x'gt tL b'j}n] cf–cfˆgf nIox¿ k|fKt u5{g\ t/ h'g
lgjf{0f ltgLx¿n] k|fKt u/]sf] bfjL u5{g\ Tof] jf:tljs lgjf{0f xf]Og .
To;f]eP ltgLx¿ s'g e"lddf /xG5g\ t < cljBfsf] jf;gfe"lddf
l:y/ /x]tf klg, ltgLx¿ cgf>j sd{åf/f dgf]do sfo wf/0f u/]/
To;}df k|ltli7t x'G5g\ . of] ;dflw cgf>j -cf>j/lxt_ x'g] x'Fbf
oxL lgjf{0f xf] eGg] wf/0ffdf pgLx¿ 6fFl;G5g\ . ca oxfF s] k|Zg
p7\g ;Snf eg], olb of] ;fFlRrs}sf] lgjf{0f xf]Og eg] eujfg\ a'4n]
oL b'O{ dfu{x¿ ->fjsofg / k|To]s a'4 ofg_ lsg b]vfpg'eof] t<
12
Â
hetu : twagtgÉR
xf], lgDg sf/0fn] ubf{ pxfFn] oL b'O{6f dfu{x¿ b]vfpg'eof] . dfgfF}

s'g} ef/tLo Jofkf/Lx¿ ;d'b| kf/L dl0fx¿ lng hfG5g\ t/ aLr
ofqfd} s'g} d?e"lddf k'Ubf ltgLx¿ Psbd yfS5g\ / ca c¿ cufl8
a9\g g;Sg] s'/f ;f]RF 5g\ . To;kl5 pgLx¿ kmls{g nfUbf, pgLx¿sf]
gfOs]n] cfˆgf] Cl4ann] pgLx¿sf] cf>osf] nflu Pp6f ljzfn
gu/ agfOlbG5 . o;} k|sf/n] cNk dgf]ansf k|f0fLx¿ a'4sf] k/d
1fgsf] af/]df ;'g]/ eoeLt x'G5g\ / …a'4Tj k|fKt ug'{ t Psbd sl7g
/ em~em6k"0f{ /x]5, of] daf6 x'g ;Sb}gÚ eGg] ;f]+r]/ xtf]T;flxt
x'G5g\ / cfˆgf] b'a{ntfsf] sf/0f ljd'v x'G5g\ . To;a]nf a'4n] >fjs
/ k|To]sa'4sf dfu{x¿ b]vfP/ ltgLx¿nfO{ >fjs / k|To]sa'4sf]
cj:yfdf lj>fd u/fpg'eof] . h:tf] ;4d{k'08/Ls df elgPsf] 5 M
;a} -k|To]sa'4_ / >fjsx¿n] …d}n] lgjf{0f k|fKt u/]FÚ egL ;f]+R5g\ .

pgLx¿nfO{ eujfg\ a'4 eGg'x'G5 M—
æof] s]jn lj>fd xf], lgjf{0f xf]Og .Æ$
tL ;™jx¿ >fjs tyf k|To]sa'4x¿sf cj:yfdf lj>fd ul/–

/fv]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpgf;fy} tyfutn] pgLx¿nfO{ sfo,
jfs\ / lrQåf/f a'4Tj k|fKt ug{] k|]/0ff lbg'x'G5 . …lrQåf/fÚ cyf{t
eujfg\ a'4n] lkmhfpg'ePsf] /lZdn] dgf]do sfowf/L >fjs tyf
k|To]s a'4x¿nfO{ :kz{ u5{ . :kZf{ ug]{lalQs} pgLx¿ cgf>j ;dflw–
af6 Ao'lemG5g\ . To;kl5 eujfg\ a'4n] pgLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] sfosf]
;fIfft\ bz{g lbg'x'G5 . …jfsåf/fÚ cyf{t pxfF eGg'x'G5 M æx] leIf'x¿ Û
ltdLx¿n] cem} cfˆgf] sfo{ ;DkGg ul/;s]sf 5}gf}, ltdLx¿ s[ts[To
ePsf 5}gf}, ltdLx¿sf] lgjf{0f jf:tljs lgjf{0f xf]Og . x] leIf'x¿ Û
ca ltdLx¿ tyfutsxfF cfpg", tyfutsf s'/f ;'g / a'em .Æ o;/L
eujfg\ a'4n] pgLx¿nfO{ k|]l/t ug'{x'G5 . o;nfO{ ;4d{k"08/Ls;"q
df o;/L b]vfOPsf] 5 M
13
Â
x] leIf'x¿ Û cfh d ltdLx¿nfO{ eG5' M

oltdfqn] cem} lgjf{0f k|fKt ePsf] 5}g .
;j{11fg k|fKt ug{sf] nflu ltdLx¿n]
k/d jLo{ / pbf/tf pTkGg ug'{k5{ .
clg dfq ltdLx¿nfO{ ;j{1 a'4sf] 1fg xfl;n x'g]5 .%
eujfg\ a'4sf] o:tf] k|]/0ffn] ubf{ >fjs tyf k|To]s a'4x¿n]

;j{ky| d af]lwlrQf]Tkfb u5{g,\ To;kl5 ckl/ldt sNkx¿;Dd af]lw–
;™jsf] rof{ cEof; u/L cGtdf a'4 aG5g\ . oxL tYonfO{ n+sfjtf/;"q
/ ;4d{k"08/Ls ;"q df klg pNn]v ul/Psf] 5M
>fjsx¿n] lgjf{0f k|fKt ub}{gg\ .

>]i7 af]lwrof{ kfngf ul/;s]kl5 pgLx¿ a'4 g} aG5g\ .^
%= dxfofg uf]q M dxfofg jf af]lw;™j uf]q s] xf] <
e]b, :j¿k, kof{o,

cGo eGbf clws laz]if x'gdf sf/0f,
cfsf/ / lnË — oL ^ ljifoj:t'x¿df
dxfofguf]q ;+u[lxt 5 .
%=!= e]b M oxfF …e]bÚ b'O6f 5g\ M k|s[lt:y / ;d'bfgLt .
%=@= :j¿k M tL b'O6} e]bsf …:j¿kÚ sf] s'/f ubf{, k|s[lt:y uf]q
a'4wd{ -u'0f_ pTkfb ug{df ;dy{, cgflbsflns -cgflb sfnsf]_ /
wd{tfaf6 k|fKt x'G5 . x'gt ;d'bfgLt uf]q klg a'4wd{ -u'0f_ pTkfb
ug{df ;dy{ g} 5 t/ of] k"j{s[To -klxn] ul/Psf_ s'znd"naf6 k|fKt
x'G5 . kmntM oL b'j} uf]qx¿ a'4Tjsf clwsf/L 5g\ .
14
Â
hetu : twagtgÉR
%=#= kof{o M aLh, wft' / k/d :jefj …uf]qÚ sf kof{ojfrL zAbx¿

x'g\ .
%=$= ljlzi6tf M …cGo uf]qx¿ eGbf dxfofg uf]q clws ljlzi6 x'gdf
sf/0f s] xf] eg] >fjs / k|To]sa'4sf uf]q xLg -tNnf]:t/sf_ 5g\
lsgeg] tL uf]qx¿ s]jn Sn]zfj/0fsf] zf]wgn] dfq kl/z'4 ePsf
x'G5g\ . dxfofg uf]q >]i7 5 lsgeg] of] uf]q Sn]zfj/0f / 1]ofj/0f
b'j}sf] zf]wgn] kl/z'4 5 . To;}n], of] uf]q cGo ;a} uf]qx¿ eGbf
ljlzi6 / cg'Q/ 5 .
%=%= cfsf/ M o; uf]qsf] …cfsf/Ú k|a'4 uf]q / ck|a'4 uf]q xf] . k|a'4
uf]q To:tf] uf]q xf] h;df kmn -af]lw_ l;4 ePsf nIf0fx¿ b]lvG5g\ .
hasL ck|a4' uf]qdf tL nIf0fx¿ b]+lvb}gg\ lsgls kmn cem} k|fKt
ePs} xF'b}g . ck|a'4 uf]q s;/L k|a'4 uf]qdf kl/0ft x'G5 t <
k|lts"n k|Tooaf6 alh{t, cg's"n k|Toon] o'Qm x'Fbfv]/L uf]q k|a'4
aG5 . o;sf] 7Ls ljk/Lt eof] eg] uf]q ck|a'4 x'G5 .
k|lts"n k|Too rf/j6f 5g\ M cf7 cIf0fx¿df hlGdg', k|dfbL -r]tgf–
z"Go_ x'g', ldYof–dfu{df nfUg', b'O{ cfj/0fx¿n] 9fSg' .
cg's"n k|Too b'Oj6f 5g\M afXo cg's"n k|Too ;4d{ b]zgf xf]
h'g k/k|Too -cyf{t c¿df lge{/_ x'G5 . cfGtl/s cg's"n k|Too
of]lgzf]dg;+:sf/ -:d[ltn] o'Qm lrQ_, s'znwd{5Gb -s'zn wd{df
cle?rL_ OToflb xf] .
%=^= lnË M uf]qsf] …lnËÚ eGgfn] dxfofg uf]qsf] ljz]if lrXgnfO{

hgfp5 . h:tf] bzwd{s;"q df elgPsf] 5 M
h;/L w"jfFn] cfuf] ePsf] /

xfF;n] kfgL ePsf] yfxf x'G5,
15
Â
To;/L g} af]lw;™j uf]q To;sf lrGxx¿åf/f yfxf x'G5 .&
tL lrXgx¿ o:tf x'G5g\ . af]lw;™jsf sfo / jfs k|ltkIf lg/–

k]If -k|ltkIfsf] ;xf/f glnOsg}_ :jefj}n] d[b' x'G5g\ / lrQ hfnem]n /
5nsk6sf] k|efjaf6 /lxt x'G5 / To;df ;a} ;™jsf nflu :g]x
/ cfGtl/s z'4tf el/Psf] x'G5 . o;/L bzwd{s;"q sf cg';f/M
hf] s7f]/ / lgi7'/ x'Fb}g hf] 5n / dfof /lxt x'G5

h;df ;a} k|f0fLx¿k|lt :g]x el/Psf] x'G5,
ToxL g} af]lw;™j xf] .
csf]{ zAbdf, c1ftsfnb]lv g} af]lw;™jsf ;d:t sfo{ ;™jx¿–

k|lt s?0ffefjåf/f k|]l/t eO /fv]sf 5g\ . pgn] dxfofg wd{df
>4f /fV5g\, b'is/ rof{k|lt clt ;lxi0f' x'G5g\ / kf/ldtfs} :j¿k
s'znd"nx¿sf] cEof; u5{g\ . dxfofg;"qfn+sf/ df o:tf] n]lvPsf]
5M
;'¿b]lv g} s?0ffk"j{s sfo{ ug'{, clwd'lQm, IfflGt,

z'esfo{df ?lr — oL ;a} u'0fx¿ o; uf]qsf lrXg x'g\ .*
o; k|sf/ pQm kfFrj6} uf]qx¿dWo] dxfofg uf]qsf] ljBdfgtf

a'4Tj k|flKtsf] lgs6td x]t' xf] . >fjs tyf k|To]sa'4 uf]qsx¿n]
lgs} nfdf] ;dokl5 dfq a'4Tj k|fKt u5{g\, To;}n] pgLx¿sf] x]t'
b'/:y -lgs} 6f9fsf]_ x'G5 .
clgot uf]qsf k|f0fLx¿ dWo] s'g}sf] x]t' lgs6td\ x'G5 eg] s'g}
sf] b"/:y x'G5 . To:t} ;+;f/df ef}Ftfl/g d} k|j[t ePsf cuf]qsf
k|f0fLx¿n] klg cGttM dfq af]lw k|fKt u5{g\ lsgsL cuf]qsx¿df
klg lgs} b"/:y x]t' ePs} x'G5 .
16
Â
hetu : twagtgÉR
t;y{, ;™jx¿nfO{ ;+u[lxt ug]{ oL kfFr j6f uf]qx¿ /x]sfn]

;™jx¿ tyfut ue{n] o'Qm 5g\ . o; k|sf/ pko'{Qm tLg sf/0fx¿n]
;a} k|f0fLdf tyfue{ ljBdfg 5 eGg] tYo b]vfpF5g\ . o;nfO{
lgDglnlvt pkdfn] k|:6Øfpg vf]lhPsf] 5 M
h;/L wfpaf6 rfFlbnfO{ lgsfnL z'4 kfl/G5, ltnnfO{ k]n]/ t]n
lgsflnG5, b'waf6 gf}gL lgsflnG5, To;/L g} ;a} k|f0fLx¿df a'4Tj
Ps oyfy{ aGg ;S5 .
;4d{lrGtfdl0fd'lQm/Tgfn+sf/ cGtu{t
x]t' lgb]{z
gfds k|yd kl/R5]b ;dfKt .
17
Â
efu @
cf>o
Aaïy ÊlRÉ mnu:y zrIr hae,

kl/R5]b @
b'n{e dg'io z/L/
olb ;a} ;™jx¿ tyfutue{n] o'Qm 5g\ eg] s] g/s, k|]t, cflb kfFr
ultsf k|f0fLx¿df klg a'4Tj k|fKt ug]{ ;fdYo{ xf]nf t < x'Fb}g .
…b'n{e dg'io z/L/Ú g} o:tf] z/L/ xf] hf] If0f ;Dkbn] o'Qm 5 / h;df
tLg k|sf/sf >4fn] o'Qm lrQ 5 . a'4Tj k|flKtsf] nflu cf>o ¿kL
of] k'b\undf z'e u'0fx¿ 5g\ . lgDglnlvt a'Fbfx¿df o;sf] ;+lIfKt
JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 .
lgDg kfFr a'Fbfx¿ >]i7 cf>ol;t ;DalGwt 5g\ M

If0f, ;Dkb, ljZjf;, clenfiff / k|;fb,
logdf b'O{ sflos / tLg r]tl;s x'g\ .
!= If0f M …If0fÚ sf] cy{ cf7 cIf0fx¿af6 /lxt x'g' xf] . tL cf7
cIf0fx¿nfO{ ;4d{:d[To'k:yfg;"q df o;/L b]vfOPsf] 5 M
g/s, k|]t, lto{s\, Dn]R5, bL3f{o'if b]j, ldYofb[li6

a'4sf] k|fb'ef{j gx'g', / d"stf .
oL cf7 cIf0f x'g\ .!
oL ;a} s;/L cIf0f 5g\ < lsgsL g/ssf k|f0fLx¿n] ;b}j b'Mv oftgf
ef]Ug'k5{, k|]tx¿sf lrQ ;b}j ;+tKt /xG5 / lto{sx¿ k"0f{¿kn]
c1fgL x'G5g\ . oL tLg} ultsf k|f0fLx¿df l¥x -nfh_ / ckqkf -zd{_
x'+b}g / ltgLx¿sf rof{ cs'zn g} x'G5g\ . t;y{ ltgLx¿ s'zn
wd{sf] cEof;sf nflu of]Uo 5}gg\ .
21
Â
…bL3f{o'if b]jÚ o:tf ;™jx¿ x'g\ hf] c;+1L -:d[ltxLg_ x'G5g\ Ù

bL3f{o'if b]jsf ;a} lj1fgsf sfo{x¿ aGb x'g] ePsfn] ltgLx¿n]
wd{nfO{ ÅboËd ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . o;n] sfdwft'sf b]jx¿nfO{ klg
hgfpF5 . lsgeg] dg'iosf] t'ngfdf logLx¿sf] cfo' Psbd nfdf]
x'G5 . o;sf] cy{ b]jnf]sn] ;bf cIf0fnfO{ g} hgfpF5 lsgsL clgTo
;'vdf af+r]sf b]jtfx¿n] s'znd"nsf] cEof; ub}{ ub}{gg\ .@
t;y{, cln b'Mv em]Ng' k/]tf klg oxL dg'io h'gLdf dfq xfdLn]
wd{sf] cEof;sf nflu pko'Qm u'0f kfpF5fF} Ù csf]{ zAbdf, ;+;f/k|lt
plåUgtf -ljt[i0ff_ / ;f/f ;™jx¿k|lt s?0ff pTkGg x'G5 . cx+sf/
lgd"{n eO{ kfksd{af6 lj/lQm / s'zn sd{df cle?lr oxL h"gLdf
hfU5 . af]lwrof{jtf/ df o;/L n]lvPsf] 5 M
;+j]un] cledfg gi6 x'G5 Ù ;+;f/sf k|f0fLx¿k|lt s?0ff hfU5 Ù

kfkaf6 eoeLt eO{ s'zndf ?lr hfU5 Ù
oxL b'Mvsf] csf]{ u'0f xf] .
To;}n] oL rf/ ultx¿nfO{ cIf0f elgPsf] xf] .#
t}klg, oxfF pNn]vgLo s'/f of] 5 ls dg'io g} eP/ klg Dn]5

hflt -Border Tribes_ sf k|f0fLx¿nfO{ cof]Uo kfq dflgG5 lsgeg]
logLx¿df ;Tk'?if e]6fpg uf¥xf] x'G5 .
ldYofb[li6n] o'Qm ;™j klg plQs} cof]Uo 5g\ lsgeg] logLx¿n]
s'zn sd{ g} :ju{sf] Ifl0fs ;'v -cEo"bo_ / d'lQm -lgM>]o]z_ sf]
sf/s xf] eGg] s'/f] hfGb}gg\ .
a'4 gePsf] nf]sdf hlGdPsf ;™jx¿ klg cof]Uo g} 5g\ lsgeg]
pgLx¿nfO{ s] ug'{ x'G5 / s] ug'{ x'Fb}g, s] s'zn, s] cs'zn OToflb
l;sfpg] sf]xL x'Gg .
To;/L g} d"s ;™jx¿ klg cof]Uo 5g\ lsgsL ltgLx¿ :jo+n]
s] nfO{ s'zn / s] nfO{ cs'zn elgG5 eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg ;Sb}gg\ .
22
Â
Aaïy : ÊlRÉ mnu:y zrIr
ctM cf7 cIf0fx¿af6 /lxt x'g' g} cTo'Qd If0f;Dkb xf] .
@= ;Dkb\ M ;Dkb\x¿ bzj6f x'G5g\ . bz ;Dkb\x¿dWo] kfFr :j–;Dkb\

x'g\ eg] kfFr k/ ;Dkb\ x'g\ .
kfFr :j–;Dkb\x¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
dWob]zdf dg'io eP/ hlGdg', OlGb|ox¿sf] k"0f{tf,

ljkl/t sd{ -kfk_ af6 jlh{t x'g' / wd{k|lt >4f x'g' .
…dg'io x'g'Ú sf] cy{ ;fdfGo dg'iosf] h:t} k|s[lt eO{ k'?if cyjf
:qL OlGb|on] o'Qm x'g' xf] . …dWob]zdf hlGdg'Ú sf] tfTko{ o:tf] b]zdf
hlGdg' xf] hxfF xfdLn] k'0ojfg\ ;Hhgx¿l;t ;T;+ut ug{ ;S5f}F .
…OlGb|ox¿sf] k"0f{tfÚ d"v{ / d"s geO{ s'zn wd{ cg'i7fg ug{ ;Ifd
x'g' xf] . …wd{k|lt >4f x'g'Ú sf] tfTko{ a'4åf/f pklbi6 ljgo cflb ;a}
s'zn wd{x¿sf cfwf/¿kL ;4d{k|lt >4f x'g' xf] . …cljkl/t sd{Ú
sf] tfTko{ o; hGddf cfgGto{ sd{ -k~r dxfkfk_ gug'{ xf] .
kfFr k/–;Dkbx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M nf]sdf a'4 pTkGg x'g' Ù ;4d{
b]zgf Ù pklbi6 wd{ cIf'00f¿kn] sfod x'g' Ù To; wd{nfO{ cg'z/0f
ug'{ Ù c¿ k|f0fLk|lt d}qL s?0ff /fVg' .
ctM bz ;Dkbx¿ h;dWo] kf+r :j;Dkb / kf+r k/;Dkb cToGt}
pQd 5g\ .
b'n{e dg'io z/L/ oL b'j} If0f ;Dkbx¿n] o'Qm 5g\ . dg'io z/L/
lrGtfdl0f /Tg ;/x b'n{e / pkof]uL ePsf]n] o;nfO{ b'n{e /Tg
elgG5 . af]lw;™jlk6s df o; k|sf/ pNn]lvt 5M
dg'ioTj k|fKt ug'{ s7Lg 5

;4d{ k|fKt ug'{ s7Lg 5
/ a'4sf] pTklQ klg s7Lg g} 5 .$
23
Â
o:t} k|sf/n] dxfs?0ffk'08/Ls;"q df elgPsf] 5 M
dg'iosf] hGd b'ne

{ 5, If0f ;Dkb b'ne
{ 5 . a'4sf] nf]sdf
pTklQ klg b'n{e g} 5 . s'zn wd{df cle?lr klg b'n{e
g} 5 / ;Dos\ k|l0fwfg klg b'n{e 5 .
u08Jo"x;"q df klg elgPsf] 5 M
ci6fIf0faf6 d'Qm x'g' b'n{e -s7Lg_ 5 Ù dg'io hGd b'n{e

5, ljz'4 If0f ;Dkb b'n{e 5 Ù a'4sf] nf]sdf pTklQ b'n{e
5 Ù OlGb|ox¿sf] kl/k"0f{tf b'n{e 5 Ù a'4wd{sf] >j0f b'n{e
5 Ù ;Hhgx¿l;tsf] ;T;+ut b'ne{ 5 Ù ;Rrf sNof0fldq
b'ne{ 5g\ Ù ;xL pkb]z b'n{e 5, ;DosfhLljsf b'n{e 5 Ù
dg'io nf]sdf wd{ / cg'wd{ cg'i7fg b'n{e 5 .%
af]lwrof{jtf/ df elgPsf] 5M
If0f ;Dkb cToGt b'n{e 5g\ .^
of] b'n{e dg'io hLjg k|fKt ug{ slt uf¥xf] 5, s:tf ;™jx¿sf
nflu of] dg'io hLjg b'n{e 5 / lsg b'n{e 5 < oL ;a}sf] pQ/ xfdL
ljleGg pkdfx¿af6 kfpg ;S5f}F . If0f ;Dkbsf] b'n{etf bzf{pg]
ug]{ Pp6f pkdf af]lwrof{jtf/ df o;/L lbOPsf] 5 .
To;}n] eujfg\ a'4n] eGg'ePsf] 5 M

dxf;d'b|df kmflnPsf] h'cfsf] Kjfndf s'g} s5'jfn]
cfˆgf] 3fF6L l5/fpg' hlt sl7g 5
dg'io hGd k|fKt ug{' Tolt g} sl7g 5 .&
24
Â
lgDg pkdf ;Douufd af6 p4[t ul/Psf] xf] M

dfgf}F o; ;Dk"0f{ dxfk[YjL kfgL g} kfgLn] el/Psf] 5, To;df
Ps sfgf] s5'jf klg /xG5 . s'g} dflg;n] Tof] ;d'b|df Pp6f h'cf
kmfN5 h;nfO{ xfjfn] otf ptf rf/} lbzflt/ aufP/ nfG5 . xhf/f}F
jif{df Psrf]l6 dfly ;txdf lg:sg] Tof] sfgf] s5'jfn] To; h'cfsf]
Kjfndf cfˆgf] 6fpsf] l5/fpg] s'/f hlt b'M;fWo -x'g} g;Sg]_ xf]
dg'io hLjg k|fKt ug'{ Tof] eGbf klg b'M;fWo / sl7g 5 .
g/s, lto{s / k|]tnf]sdf hlGdg] …;™jÚ x¿sf nflu klg k'b\–
un¿kL dg'io hLjg k|fKt ug{ clt sl7g 5 To;}n] oxfF …k'b\unÚ
zAbsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .
of] dg'io h'gL k|fKt ug{ lsg sl7g 5 eGbfv]/L If0f ;Dkbn]
kl/k"0f{ of] z/L/ k'0o ;Def/ u/]kl5 dfq k|fKt eOG5 . tLg b'u{ltdf
hlGdg] ;™jx¿ s;/L s'zn sd{åf/f k'0o ;Def/ ug]{ eGg] s'/f
yfxf gkfP/ ;b}j cs'zn sd{df g} k|j[t x'G5g\ . To;}n] tLg j6f
b'u{ltx¿df hGd]/ klg olb s;}n] Psbd sd dfq kfk u/L s'zn
sd{åf/f k'0o;+ef/ ub{5 eg] dfq p;n] dg'io h'gL k|fKt ug{ ;S5 .
o;sf] pkof]lutf af]lwrof{jtf/ df o;/L b]vfOPsf] 5M
k'?iffy{ ;fwg dg'io h'gLdf x'g] ePsf]n] .*
ltAatL zAb …So]a'Ú nfO{ ;+:s[tdf k'?if elgG5 . k'?if zAbsf]

k|of]u an jf ;fdYo{sf] cy{df ul/G5 . If0f / ;Dkbn] o'Qm dfgj
b]xdf cEo'bo -;b\ult_ / lgM>]o; -lgjf{0f_ k|fKt ug]{ an jf ;fdYo{
/xG5 . To;}n] xfdL To;nfO{ …k'?ifÚ eG5f}F . o; afx]s, of] an
clwdfq, dWo / d[b' u/L tLg y/Lsf ePsf x'Fbf, k'?if klg pQd,
dWod / cwd u/L tLg} y/Lsf x'G5g\ . o;nfO{ af]lwkyk|bLk df
o;/L atfOPsf] 5 M
25
Â
k'?if tLg k|sf/sf 5g\ egL a'‰g'k5{ M

cwd, dWod / pQd(
tLg b'u{ltx¿df ktg gx'g] / b]j jf dg'io ult k|fKt ug{] ;fdYo{
cwd k'?ifdf x'G5 . To;}n] elgPsf] 5 M
h;n] s'g} klg pkfoåf/f s]jn

cfˆgf] nflu dfq ;'v–;'ljwf k|fKt ug]{
sfdgf u5{ To;nfO{ cwd k'?if elgG5 .!)
;+;f/af6 d'Qm eO;s]kl5 dWod k'?ifn] ;'v / zflGtsf] cj:yf

k|fKt ug{ ;S5 .
hf] ej;'vaf6 ljd'v /xG5,

kfk sd{af6 lj/Qm x'G5 /
h;n] cfˆgf] nflu dfq lgjf{0f rfxG5
To;nfO{ dWod k'?if elgG5 .!!
pQd k'?ifn] a'4Tj k|fKt u/]/ ;f/f ;™jx¿sf] lxtfy{ rof{ -sfo{_
ug{ ;S5g\ .
h;n] c¿sf ;a} b'Mvx¿nfO{ cfˆg} lrQ

;Gtltn] cg'ej ug]{ b'Mv ;dfg\ a'em]sf 5g\
To;}n] ;a}sf b'Mv ;d"n gi6 ug{ rfxG5g\
To;nfO{ g} pQd k'?if elgG5 .!@
dfgjb]xsf] pkof]lutfsf] ;DaGwdf cfrfo{ rGb|uf]ldg n] o:tf]

eGg'ePsf] 5 M
26
Â
of] dfgj b]x h;sf] k|flKtaf6 ej;fu/sf] cGt x'G5,

h;n] cg'Q/ af]lwsf aLh¿kL s'znd"n /f]Kg ;xfotf
u5{, h;sf u'0fx¿ lrGtfdl0f /Tgsf u'0fx¿ eGbf klg
Hofbf 5g\, To:tf] dfgj b]x s;n] v]/ kmfNg rfxG5 <
pRr dgf]ann] o'Qm dg'ioåf/f dfq k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] o;
dfu{nfO{ b]j / gfun] klg cg'z/0f ug{ ;Sb}gg\ g c;'/,
u?8, ljBfw/, lsGg/ / p/ux¿n] cg'z/0f ug{ ;S5g\ .
If0f ;Dkbn] o'Qm o; dfgj b]x cs'zn wd{ lgjf/0f ug{ / s'zn
wd{ ;Dkfbg ug{df ;dy{ 5 . ej;fu/nfO{ kf/ u/fpgdf ;dy{ 5,
af]lwkyufdL dfu{ cg'z/0f ug{ ;dy{ 5 / ;+a'4Tj k|fKt ug{df ;dy{
5 . To;}n] of] dfgjb]x b]j, gfu cflb cGo ultx¿sf b]x eGbf
clws ljlzi6 / lrGtfdl0f /TgeGbf klg pTs[i6 5 . cToGt} b'n{e
/ cToGt} pkof]uL ePsf] x'Fbf o;nfO{ …b'n{e /TgÚ elgG5 .
dg'io z/L/ b'n{e / cToGt} pkof]uL eP tfklg ;lhn}l;t gi6
klg x'G5 . lsgsL d[To'sf sf/0fx¿ w]/} 5g\ Ps If0f klg gkvL{ of]
eljio tkm{ a9\5 . ct, af]lwrof{jtf/ df elgPsf] 5 M
…d cfh t dlb{g lgÚ eGg] ;f]FrL

;'vzonk"j{s /xg' a'l4dtfk"0f{ s'/f xf]Og .
Tof] ;do t cjZo cfpF5 cfpF5
ha d o; ;+;f/df /xg]5}g .
To:tf] ;f]FRg'k5{ .!#
o; k|sf/ o; If0f ;Dkbn] o'Qm dfgj z/L/ k|fKt ug{ sl7g 5,

o;sf] gfz ;lhn}l;t x'G5, / of] cToGt} pkof]uL 5 . ctM o; z/L/
nfO{ Pp6f 8'Ëfsf] ¿kdf lnP/ o;sf] dfWodn] ej;fu/ tg]{ k|oTg
ug'{k5{ . h:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
27
Â
dfgjb]x¿kL 8'Ëfsf] ;xf/fn]

b'Mv¿kL dxfgbL t/ .
x] d'v{, of] ;'t]/ latfpg] ;do xf]Og
lsgsL of] 8'Ëf km]/L kfpg sl7g x'g]5 .!$
o; z/L/nfO{ 3f]8f 7fg]/ To;df r9L o; b'MvdoL ;+;f/af6

pDsg'k5{ . h:tf] pNn]lvt 5 M
cZj;dfg dfgjb]x r9]/ o; b'MvdoL ;+;f/af6 knfog x'g" .
cyjf, o; z/L/nfO{ bfzsf] ¿kdf lnP/ o;nfO{ s'zn sfo{df

tNnLg u/fpg'k5{ . h:tf] pNn]lvt 5 M
xfdL dflg;x¿sf] of] z/L/ bfzsf] ¿kdf sfd u/fpgsf]

nflu xf] .!%
dfgjb]xnfO{ pko'{Qm k|sf/n] pkof]u ug{sf] nflu >4f x'g' clt

h?/L 5 . >4f lagf xfd|f] ;bf kl/jt{gzLn hLjg k|jfxdf s'zn
u'0fx¿ -wd{x?_ sf] ljsfz x'g ;Sb}g . o;nfO{ bzwd{s;"q df o;/L
k'li6 ul/Psf] 5 M
>4f lagf s'g}klg JolQmdf s'zn wd{ c+s'l/t x'Fb}g

h;/L 89]sf] aLpaf6 xl/of] lj?jf knfP/ cfp+b}g .!^
oxL s'/f cjt+;s;"q df klg elgPsf] 5 M
cNk>4fjfg ;f+;fl/s JolQmx¿nfO{

a'4sf] af]lwsf] 1fg x'g ;Sb}g .
28
Â
t;y{ af]lw k|flKtsf] nflu >4f]Tkfb ul/g'k5{ h:tf] nlntlj:t/;"q

df elgPsf] 5 M
x] cfgGb Ú>4fn] o'Qm x'g" . oxL tyfutsf] cfu|x xf] .Ú
>4f tLg k|sf/sf] x'G5 M ;+k|Too, clenfif / k|;fb .
!= ;+k|Too >4f M …;+k|Too >4fÚ sd{ kmn, b'Mv ;To / ;d'bo

;ToaLrsf] ckl/xfo{ ;DaGwaf6 k}bf x'G5 . of] >4f s'zn sd{sf]
kmn:j¿k sfdnf]ssf] ;'v, cs'zn sd{sf] kmn:j¿k sfdnf]ssf]
b'Mv k|fKt x'G5 eg] cflg~Ho sd{sf] kmn:j¿k pWj{ wft' -¿kwft'
/ c¿kwft'_ l;t ;+a4 ;'v k|fKt x'G5 eGg] Pp6f b[9 ljZjf; xf] .
…;+k|Too >4fÚ ;d'bo ;To¿kL sd{ / Sn]zsf] ;d'bfrf/ -lqmofsnfk_
af6 b'Mv ;To¿kL ¿k cflb ;f;|j k~r :sGwx¿ pTkGg x'G5g\ eGg]
b[9 ljZjf; klg xf] .!&
@= clenfif >4f M …clenfif >4fÚ sf] cy{ cg'Q/ af]lwnfO{ ljz]if¿kn]

dx™jk"0f{ 7fgL To;nfO{ k|fKt ug]{ OR5fn] elQmk"j{s dfu{sf] cEof;
ug'{ xf] .
#= k|;fb >4f M …k|;fb >4fÚ lqz/0fudgaf6 pTkGg x'G5 . dfu{bz{s–

¿kL a'4/Tg, dfu{¿kL wd{/Tg / dfu{sf] cEof;df ;xfos¿kL ;+3–
/Tgk|lt lrQsf] clwd'lQm, elQmefj / k|;Ggtf g} k|;fb >4f xf] .
ctM clewd{ cg';f/ M
>4f s] xf] <

>4f sd{ kmn, / lq/Tgk|lt ljZjf; xf] .
of] clenfif -dg kg'{_ tyf lrQsf] k|;Ggtf xf] .!*
29
Â
/TgfjnL df klg o;sf] pNn]v 5M
5Gb, å]if, eo, df]x sf] sf/0fn] h;n] wd{nfO{ TofUb}g

To;nfO{ >4fjfg eGg'k5{ .
pm lgM>]o;sf] nflu pQd kfq xf] .!(
oxfF …5Gbsf] sf/0fn] wd{nfO{ gTofUg'Ú sf] cy{ /fusf] jzdf k/]/
wd{nfO{ gTofUg' xf] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, s;}n] k|nf]eg lbP/ eG5,
æd ltdLnfO{ wgwfGo, :qL, /fHo cflb lbG5', t/ ltdLn] wd{nfO{
TofUg'k5{Æ, o:tf] k|nf]eg lbOFbfklg wd{sf] Tofu gug'{ xf] .
…å]ifsf] sf/0fn] wd{nfO{ gTofUg'Ú sf] tfTko{ k|lt3 -qmf]w_ sf]
sf/0fn] wd{nfO{ gTofUg' xf] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu s;}n] dnfO{ w]/} clxt
jf xflg u/]sf] 5 / pml;t abnf lng] df}sf d;Fu 5 . t}klg d}n]
wd{nfO{ Tofu]/ pml;t abnf lnGg .
…eosf] sf/0fn] wd{nfO{ gTofUg'Ú sf] cy{ eoeLt eP/ wd{sf]
Tofu gug'{ xf] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu s;}n] o:tf] wDsL lbG5, …olb
ltdLn] wd{nfO{ Tofu]gf} eg] d tLg ;o of]4fx¿nfO{ lbgx'F ltd|f]
z/L/sf kfFr kfFr 6'qmf df;' sf6\g c¥xfpF5' . o:tf] cj:yfdf klg
ltdL wd{nfO{ TofUb}gf} .
…df]xsf] sf/0fn] wd{nfO{ gTofUg'Ú sf] cy{ c1fgtfsf] sf/0fn]
wd{sf] Tofu gug'{ xf] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu s;}n] eG5, æsd{ ;To xf]
Og, kmn ;To xf]Og g t lq/Tg g} ;To xf] . wd{ u/]/ s] kfpF5f}
ltdLn] . Toflub]pm o; wd{nfO{ .Æ t}klg ltdLn] wd{nfO{ TofUb}gf} .
ctM h;n] pko'{Qm rf/ l:yltx¿df klg wd{nfO{ TofUb}g Tof] g}
>4fjfg JolQm xf] . ToxL JolQm lgM>]o; -df]If_ k|flKt sf] nflu pQd
kfq klg aG5 .
ha s'g} JolQmdf oL tLg k|sf/sf >4f x'G5g\, To;j]nf p;nfO{
c;Ld nfex¿ k|fKt x'G5g\ . p;df pQd k'?ifsf] lrQ pTkGg
30
Â
x'G5, p;sf cIf0fx¿ lgj[t -;dfKt_ x'G5g\, p;sf OlGb|ox¿ tLI0f

/ t]lhnf x'G5g\, pmaf6 zLn pNn+3g x'Fb}g, p;sf Sn]zx¿ gi6
x'G5g\, p;nfO{ df/n] 5'g ;Sb}g, p;nfO{ df]If dfu{ k|fKt x'G5,
ljk'n k'0o;Def/ x'G5, cg]s a'4x¿sf] bz{g k|fKt eP/ pxfFx¿åf/f
clwli7t x'G5 / p;nfO{ cg]s clrGTo u'0fx¿ k|fKt x'G5g\ . t;y{
/Tgf]Nsfgfdwf/0fL df klg elgPsf] 5 M
a'4 / a'4wd{df >4f /fVg],

af]lw;™j rof{df >4f /fVg],
cg'Q/ af]lwdf >4f /fVg] JolQmdf
dxfk'?ifx¿sf] lrQ pTkGg x'G5 .
csf]{ s'/f, s;}df >4f 5 eg], eujfg\ a'4 klg p;sf] ghLs
cfP/ p;nfO{ wd{b]zgf ug'{x'G5 . h:tf] af]lw;™jlk6s df elgPsf]
5M
o:tf] >4fn] o'Qm af]lw;™jnfO{ eujfg\ a'4n] a'4wd{sf] kfq

7fg]/ cfkm} p;sf] ghLs uP/ p;nfO{ af]lw;™jdfu{sf]
;Dos\ b]zgf ug'{x'G5 .
o; k|sf/, If0f ;Dkbn] o'Qm of] b'n{e dg'io z/L/ / tLg k|sf/–
sf >4fn] o'Qm To;sf] lrQ g} cg'Q/ af]lwsf] nflu cf>o¿kL k'b–\
un xf] .
;4d{lrGtfdl0f—d'lQm/Tgfn+sf/ cGtu{t
cf>o lgb]{z
gfds låtLo kl/R5]b ;dfKt
31
Â
efu #
k|Too
àTyy kLya[imÇhê ÷n!,

kl/R5]b #
sNof0fldq ;+>o
cf>o¿kL b'n{e dg'ioz/L/ eP/ klg ha;Dd xfdLnfO{ k|Too¿kL
sNof0fldqx¿sf] k|]/0ff k|fKt x'+b}g ta;Dd k"j{ ;dodf u/]sf b'isd{
cEof;åf/f ;+jlw{t k|an jf;gfn] ubf{ xfdLnfO{ af]lwkydf nfUg
Psbd s7Lg x'G5 . ctM sNof0fldqsf] cf>o lng' cToGt} cfjZos
5 . sNof0fldq ;+>ol;t ;DalGwt s'/fx¿ lgDg kfFr zLif{sx¿leq
kfOg]5g\ M
pkklQ, e]b, k|To]s e]bsf] nIf0f,

;+>osf] pkfo, Pj+ cg'z+;f .
!= pkklQ M sNof0fldq ;+>o sf tLgj6f pkklQx¿ -sf/0fx¿_ 5g\ .

tL x'g\ M
!=!= cfud,
!=@= o'lQm /
!=#= b[i6fGt -pkdf_ .
!=!= cfud M …cfudÚ cGtu{tsf s'/fx¿ k|1fkf/ldtf;d'Rroufyf df

kfOG5 M
u'?eQm c;n lziox¿ ;bf

ljåfg u'?sf] ;Dks{df /xg'k5{,
lsgeg] pgLaf6 ljåtfsf u'0fx¿ k|fKt x'G5g\ .!
35
Â
cfo{ ci6;fxl;|sf k|1fkf/ldtf df klg elgPsf] 5M
cg'Q/ ;Dos\ ;Daf]lw k|fKt ug{

OR5's af]lw;™j dxf;™jn] ;j{k|yd
sNof0fldql;t ;+>o -ko'{kf;g_ ug'{k5{,
clg pgsf] ;]jf / k|z+;f ug'{k5{ .
!=@= o'lQm M ;j{1Tj k|fKt ug{] Ifdtfn] o'Qm k'b\un -JolQm_ sf] u'0f
ltdLdf 5 . ctM ltdLn] sNof0fldqsf] cf>o lng'k5{ . lsgeg]
ltdL :jo+ k'0o ;+ef/ / cfj/0fx¿sf] k|xf0f s;/L ug]{ eGg] af/]
cgle1 5f} . of] lglj{jfb tYo xf] . ;fdfGotof lqsfna'4 -cyf{t
e"t, jt{dfg / eljiosf a'4_ x¿ ;fwDo{ -wdf{g's"n_ b[i6fGt x'g\ .
hasL k|To]s a'4x¿ j}wDo{ -ljkl/t_ b[i6fGt x'g\ .@ ctM k"0f{ a'4Tj
k|fKt ug{ OR5's xfdL h:tf ;™jx¿sf nflu k'0o Pj+ 1fg ;+ef/ ug{
cfjZos x'G5 . ;+ef/ ;+ro ug]{ pkfo sNof0fldqåf/f dfq ;fWo
-;Dej_ x'g;S5 . a'4Tj k|flKtsf] nflu Sn]z tyf 1]o cfj/0fx¿nfO{
;d"n gi6 ug'{ klg plQs} cfjZos 5 . tL cfj/0fx¿af6 5'6sf/f
klg sNof0fldqaf6 dfq ;+ej 5 .
!=#= b[i6fGt M …b[i6fGt -pkdf_Ú o:tf] 5 M ckl/lrt 7fpFdf hfFbfv]/L

sNof0fldq Ps dfu{bz{s ;dfg xf], eofjx k|b]zdf hfFbfv]/L
sNof0fldq Ps ;+/Ifs ;dfg xf], / dxf gbL tbf{v]/L sNof0fldq
Ps gfljs ;dfg xf] .
k|yd b[i6fGtsf] ;DaGwdf, ha xfdL dfu{bz{slagf s'g} ckl/–
lrt 7fpFdf ofqf u5f}{F, To;a]nf af6f] la/fpg], x/fpg] 8/ xfdLdf
/xG5 . t/ olb Pshgf dfu{bz{s ;fydf lnP/ uof}F eg] To:tf]
8/ x'Fb}g / Pp6f klg Joy{ kfOnf grfnL xfdL cfˆgf] uGtJo;Dd
;s'zn k'Ug ;S5f}F . To:t} k|sf/n] af]lwkydf cf?9 eO{ ;Dos;Da'4
36
Â
àTyy : kLya[imÇ s<ïy
e"ld;Dd k'Ugsf] nflu xfdLnfO{ dfu{bz{ssf] ¿kdf s'g} dxfoflgs

sNof0fldqsf] vfFrf] kb{5 . cGoyf tLly{sx¿sf dfu{df km:g], af6f]
la/fP/ >fjs dfu{ tyf k|To]sa'4 dfu{df k'Ug] cfz+sf /xg]5 . xfd|f]
dfu{bz{ssf] ¿kdf Pshgf sNof0fldq eOlbPsf] v08df To:tf] s'g}
8/ jf cfz+sf /xGg, / xfdL ;j{1 gu/;Dd ;s'zn k'U5f}F . o;nfO{
>L;+ejljdf]If df atfOPsf] 5 M
sNof0fldqx¿ dfu{bz{s ;dfg x'g\ lsgsL pgLx¿n] g}

xfdLnfO{ kf/ldtfsf] dfu{df :yflkt u/fOlbG5g\ .
bf]>f] b[i6fGtdf, eofjx k|b]z -7fpF_ rf]/, 8fFs", / c¿ lx+;s

hgfj/x¿sf cft+sn] u|:t x'G5 . s'g} ;+/Ifs lagf xfdL ToxfF uof}F eg]
cfˆgf] z/L/, hLjg hf]lvddf kg]{ jf xfd|f] wg;Dklt n'l6g] 8/ x'G5 Ù t/
xfdL;Fu Ps anjfg ;+/Ifs ;fydf 5 eg] cfˆgf] uGtJo;Dd lagf
s'g} gf]S;fgL k'Ug ;S5f}F . To:t} k|sf/n] af]lwkydf k|j]z u/L k'0o
Pj+ 1fg ;+ef/x¿ ;+ro u/]/ ;j{1 gu/ tkm{ k|:yfg ug]{ ;dodf olb
xfd|f] ;fydf Ps ;+/Ifs¿kL sNof0fldq /x]gg\ eg] cfGtl/s t™jx¿
h:t} ljsNk, Sn]z tyf jfXo t™jx¿ h:t} c;'/, ldYof kyk|bz{s
/ c¿ 5nL dflg;x¿åf/f xfd|f] k'0o ;+ef/ gi6 eOg] 8/ x'G5, /
;'ultdf k|fKt ePsf] xfd|f] of] k|f0f ;d]t l5lgg] ;+efjgf eO/xg] x'G5 .
h:tf] atfOPsf] 5 M
Sn]z¿kL 8fFs"x¿sf] bn
plrt cj;/ jf bfpsf] kvf{Odf /xG5 .
df}sf kfpb} dflg;n] k|fKt u/]sf
s'zn sd{x¿ ;a} l5g]/ nfG5g\
p;sf] ;'ultdf kfPsf]
k|f0f ;d]t x/]/ nfG5g\ .#
37
Â
;+/Ifssf] ¿kdf sNof0fldq xfd|f] ;fydf ePdf, xfd|f s'zn wgsf]

ckx/0f x'Fb}g, xfd|f] ;'ultdf k|fKt ePsf] k|f0f xfdLaf6 l5lgb}g /
xfdL ;s'zn ;j{1 gu/;Dd k'U5f}F . o;nfO{ >L;+ej ljdf]If df
o;/L k'i6ØfOPsf] 5 M
af]lw;™jsf ;a} k'0ox¿ sNof0fldqåf/f ;+/lIft x'G5g\ .$
/ pkfl;sfrnfljdf]If df klg pNn]lvt 5 M
sNof0fldq Ps ;+/Ifs ;dfg x'g\ lsgeg] xfdL logs}

;+/If0fdf ;j{1 gu/;Dd k'U5f}F .
cGtdf, t]>f] b[i6fGt cg';f/, s'g} JolQmn] gfljs g} gePsf] 8'Ëf

r9]/ dxfgbL tg{ vf]Hof] eg], pm of t gbL d} 8'A5 of t p;nfO{
gbLk|jfxn] aufP/ nfG5, csf]{ lsgf/;Dd pm k'Ug ;Sb}g . t/ Pp6f
gfljs klg xfdL;+u ePsf] v08df xfdL p;sf] k|of;af6 ;s'zn
csf]{ lsgf/fdf kfOnf 6]Sg ;kmn x'G5f}F . To:t} k|sf/n], ej ;fu/
tbf{ xfd|f] ;fydf gfljssf] ¿kdf sNof0fldq 5}g eg] ;4d{¿kL 8'Ëf
g} r9] klg xfdL oxL ;+;f/ jf ej;fu/df 8'Ag]5f}F, jf o;}sf] k|jfxn]
xfdLnfO{ aufP/ nfg]5 . h:tf] syg klg 5 M
h;/L gfljs gePsf] 8'Ëfn] ofqLnfO{ gbL kf/ u/fP/ csf]{

lsgf/f;Dd nfg ;Sb}g To;/L g} ;j{u'0f ;DkGg eP klg
u'? lagf s'g}klg JolQm ejsf] cGt;Dd k'Ug ;Sb}g .
t;y{, olb gfljs ;dfg s'g} sNof0fldqsf] cf>o lnof}F eg]

xfdL ej;fu/ t/]/ csf]{ lsgf/f cyf{t lgjf{0f;Dd k'U5f}F . h:tf]
u08Jo"x;"q df atfOPsf] 5 M æ;+;f/¿kL dxfgbL kf/ u/fpg] x'gfn]
38
Â
sNof0fldq gfljs ;dfg x'g\ .Æ ctM dfu{bz{s, ;+/Ifs / gfljs¿kL

sNof0fldqsf] cf>o lng'k5{ .
@= e]b M sNof0fldq rf/ k|sf/sf 5g\ M -s_ k[yUhg sNof0fldq, -v_

dxfe"ld:y af]lw;™j sNof0fldq, -u_ lgdf{0fsflos a'4 sNof0fldq
/ -3_ ;+ef]usflos -a'4_ sNof0fldq . oL rf/} k|sf/ xfd|} cfWoflTds
cj:yfx¿l;t ;Da4 5g\ .
cflbsld{s -;'?;'?sf]_ cj:yfdf xfd|f] ;+>o -;Dks{_ a'4 jf dxf–
e"ld:y af]lw;™jx¿l;t x'g ;Sb}g, To;}n] To;a]nf k[yUhgx¿nfO{
g} sNof0fldqsf] ¿kdf dfgL cf>o lng'k5{ . xfd|f sd{ cfj/0fx¿
kl/z'4 eO;s]kl5 xfdLn] dxfe"lddf /x]sf af]lw;™jx¿nfO{ klg
e]6\g ;S5f}F . dxf;+ef/dfu{ eGbf dfly pFef] nflu;s]kl5 xfdLn]
lgdf{0fsflos sNof0fldqnfO{ b]V5f}F . cGttf]uTjf, dxfe"lddf k'Ugf;fy
xfdLn] ;Def]usflos sNof0fldqx¿nfO{ klg e]6\g ;S5f}F .
olb s;}n] oL rf/ sNof0fldqx¿dWo] s;sf] s[kf a9L /xG5
eg]/ k|Zg u¥of] eg] To;sf] hjfkm xf] M k|f/lDes cj:yfdf xfdL
cem} sd{ / Sn]zsf] cGwsf/do u[xdf y'lgPsf x'G5f}F, To;}n] xfdLn]
dxfe"ld:y sNof0fldqsf] d'v ;Dd klg b]Vg ;Sb}gf}F . To;sf/0f,
To;a]nf, xfdLn] s'g} To:tf] k[yUhg sNof0fldq g} vf]Hg' kg]{ x'G5
h;sf] bLk ;dfgsf] wd{ pkb]znfO{ cg'z/0f u/]/ xfdL qmdzM
pRr e"ldsf sNof0fldqx¿l;t ;+ut ub}{ hfg ;Ifd x'G5f}F . t;y{
;aeGbf a9L s[kf t k[yUhg sNof0fldq s} /xG5 .
#= k|To]s e]bsf nIf0f M oL rf/ k|sf/sf sNof0fldqx¿sf nIf0f

xfdL o;/L JofVof ug{ ;S5f}F .
#=!= ;Def]usflos tyf lgdf{0fsflos sNof0fldq M b'O{ k|sf/sf

cfj/0f -Sn]zfj/0f / 1]ofj/0f_ x¿nfO{ k|xf0f ul/;s]sfn] jf x6fO–
39
Â
;s]sfn] a'4 k|xf0f ;DkGg 5g\ / b'O{ k|sf/sf 1fg% n] o'Qm ePsfn]
pgL 1fg;DkGg klg 5g\ .
#=@= dxfe"ld:y af]lw;Tj sNof0fldq M dxfe"ld:y af]lw;™j sNof0f–

ldqx¿ klg k|yd e"ld b]lv lnP/ bzf}+ e"ld;Dd sf k|xf0f Pj+ 1fgn]
o'Qm x'G5g\ .
ljz]if¿kn] cf7f}+ e"ld eGbf dflysf af]lw;™jx¿;+u bz o:tf
anx¿ -jlztfx?_ x'G5g\ h;åf/f pgLx¿ c¿ k|f0fLx¿sf] p4f/
ug{ ;S5g\ . tL bz an jf jlztfx¿ x'g\M -s_ cfo'jlztf, -v_
lrQjlztf, -u_ pks/0fjlztf, -3_ sd{jlztf, -ª_ pTklQjlztf,
-r_ clwd'lQm jlztf, -5_ k|l0fwfgjlztf, -h_ Cl4jlztf, -em_
1fgjlztf, Pj+ -`_ wd{jlztf .
…cfo'jlztfÚ sf] cy{ cfkm"n] rfx]hlt ;do;Dd afFlr/xg;Sg' xf] .
…lrQjlztfÚ sf] cy{ cfˆgf] OR5f cg';f/ ;dflwdf /xg ;Sg' xf] .
…pks/0fjlztfÚ k|f0fLx¿ pk/ ckl/ldt pks/0f /Tgx¿sf] j[li6
u/fpg ;Sg' xf] .
…sd{jlztfÚ sf] cy{ wft', ult, of]lg tyf cGo s'g} cj:yfdf
hGd]/ klg ;dflwaf6 Ro"t gx'g] Ifdtf xf] .
…pTklQjlztfÚ sf] cy{ ;dflwaf6 Ro"t geOsg sfdwft'df
hlGdg' xf] Ù / sfdwft'df hlGdPklg To;sf bf]ifx¿af6 lnKt gx'g'
xf] .
…clwd'lQm jlztfÚ sf] cy{ s]jn dgn] lrtfpgf;fy} t'?Gt} hn–
nfO{ k[YjLdf ¿kfGtl/t ug]{ / c¿ To:t} k|sf/sf >[l4 rdTsf/ u/]/
b]vfpg] Ifdtf xf] .
…k|l0fwfg jlztfÚ sf] cy{ cfˆgf] / c¿sf] s'g} k|of]hg k"lt{ ug]{
k|l0fwfg ug'{ / To;} cg';f/ l;l4 klg kfpg' xf] .
…Cl4 jlztfÚ sf] cy{ k|f0fLx¿sf] dgdf pT;fx pdË hufpg
cg]s Cl4x¿ k|s6 u/]/ b]vfpg' xf] .
40
Â
…1fgjlztfÚ sf] cy{ wd{, cy{, lg?lQm Pj+ k|ltefg k"0f{¿kn] hfGg'
xf] .
…wd{jlztfÚ sf] cy{ oyfof]u / ck]lIft dfqfdf ;a} k|f0fLx¿nfO{
cGofGo gfd, kb Pj+ Jo~hgåf/f ;"q cflb wd{x¿df 9fn]/ Ps}rf]l6
Ps} jrgdf ltgLx¿s} cf—cfˆg} efiffx¿df k|jrg lbP/ ltgLx¿sf]
dgnfO{ ;Gt'i6 kfg'{ .
#=#= k[yu\hg sNof0fldq M k[yUhg sNof0fldq cf7, rf/ jf b'O{

u'0fx¿n] o'Qm x'G5g\ . klxnf] cyf{t\, cf7 u'0fx¿n] o'Qm sNof0fldqsf]
;DaGwdf af]lw;™je"ld df o:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
h'g JolQm cf7 k|sf/sf u'0fx¿n] o'Qm x'G5 p;nfO{

;jf{sf/—kl/k"0f{ af]lw;™j sNof0fldq elgG5 M tL cf7
u'0fx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M -s_ af]lw;™jzLnn] ;DkGg x'g',
-v_ af]lw;™jlk6sdf ax'>'t -w]/} hfGg];'Gg]_ x'g' jf lgk'0f
x'g', -u_ clwudo'Qm x'g', -3_ d}qL / s?0ffn] o'Qm x'g', -ª_
rt'j}{zf/B ;DkGg x'g', -r_ IfflGt;DkGg x'g', -5_ jLo{o'Qm
lrQ x'g', -h_ ;'eflift x'g' .^
bf]>f] cyf{t rf/ k|sf/sf u'0fx¿n] o'Qm sNof0fldqsf] ;DaGwdf

dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ df o;/L JofVof ul/Psf] 5 M
ax'>'t x'g', z+sf lgjf/0f ug{ ;Sg] x'g', dfGo x'g', låljw
t™j& x¿sf] bz{g lbg ;Sg] x'g' g} af]lw;™jsf] cg'Q/
wd{b]zgfdf x'g] u'0fx¿ x'g\ .*
…ax'>'t x'g'Ú sf] cy{ w]/} g} lzIff u|x0f u/]sf sf/0fn] af]lw;™j
Ps dxfu'? x'g\ . cfˆgf] dxfk|1fn] pgn] c¿sf] z+sf lgjf/0f u5{g\ .
41
Â
;Tk'?ifsf sd{ ug]{ ePsfn] pgsf] jrg dfGo x'G5 . ;+Sn]z / kl/–
z'l4 oL b'O{ nIf0fn] o'Qm t™jx¿ j0f{g u/]/ k/dfy{ wd{nfO{ cgfj/0f
u5{g\ .
t]>f] cyf{t b'O{ k|sf/sf u'0fx¿n] o'Qm sNof0fldqsf] ;DaGwdf
af]lwrof{jtf/ df o;/L elgPsf] 5 M
sNof0fldqn] dxfofg wd{sf] dd{ /fd|f]l;t hfg]sf x'G5g\ .

cfˆgf] k|f0f} uPklg af]lw;™jj|t lnPsf
sNof0fldqx¿sf] kl/Tofu gug"{ .(
csf]{ zAbdf eGg] xf] eg], dxfofg wd{sf dd{1 Pj+ af]lw;™j
;+j/n] o'Qm af]lw;™j g} t]>f] sNof0fldq x'g\ .
$= sNof0fldq—;+>osf pkfox¿ M sNof0fldq ;Dks{df cfPkl5 pgsf]

;+>o jf ;]jg ug]{ pkfox¿ tLg k|sf/sf 5g\ M $=!= cfb/;Tsf/ /
;]jfåf/f ;+>o $=@= clwd'lQm Pj+ uf}/jåf/f ;+>o, $=#= ;fwgf Pj+
k|ltkltåf/f ;+>o .
$=!= cfb/;Tsf/ / ;]jf åf/f ;+>o M cfb/ ;Tsf/åf/f ;+>o sf]

cy{ sNof0fldqnfO{ jGbgf ug'{, pgL pkl:yt x'gf;fy t'?Gt} p7\g',
pgnfO{ b08jt\ ug'{, kl/qmdf ug',{ pgL;Fu plrt ;dodf cfb/fyL{
efjn] s'/f ug'{, / ct[Kt dgn] pgsf] af/Djf/ bz{g ug'{ xf] .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu >]i7Lk'q ;'wg!) n] h:t} sNof0fldqsf] ;+>o jf ;]jg
ug'{k5{ . u08Jo"x;"q df o:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
sNof0fldqsf] bz{g ubf{ slxNo} ;Gt'i6 x'g'x'Fb}g .

lsgsL pgsf] bz{g kfpg', pgsf] nf]sdf k|fb'{efj x'g'
pgLl;t ;dfud x'g' eg]sf] cToGt} sl7g s'/f xf] .!!
42
Â
…;]jfåf/f ;+>oÚ sf] tfTko{ wd{ cg';f/ ef]hg, j:q, cf]5Øfg,

cf;g, cf}ifwL, wg OToflb pknAw u/fP/ cfˆgf] z/L/ / Hofgsf]
;d]t k/jfx gu/Lsg sNof0fldqsf] ;]jf ug'{ xf] . cfo{ ;bfk|?lbt!@
n] h:t} sNof0fldqsf] ;]jf ug'{k5{ . >L;+ejljdf]If df o:tf] elgPsf]
5M
sNof0fldqnfO{ pkf;gf u/]/ af]lw k|fKt x'G5 .
$=@= clwd'lQm / uf}/jåf/f ;+>o M clwd'lQm Pj+ uf}/jn] ;]jf ug'{sf]

cy{ sNof0fldqnfO{ a'4 7fGg', pgsf cfb]z pNn+3g gug'{, pgLk|lt
clwd'lQm, uf}/j / k|;fb efjgf hfu[t ug'{ xf] . dxfkl08t g/f]kf!#
n] h:t} sNof0fldqsf] ;]jf ug'{k5{ . PsfIf/Lgfd;j{tyfut k|1fkf/–
ldtf df elgP em}F M
sNof0fldqk|lt oTgk"j{s uf}/j, k|]d tyf k|;fbsf] efjgf

hfu[t ug'{k5{ .
cgn!$ ljdf]If eGg] u|Gydf atfOP em}F cfˆgf ;a} ldYof ljsNk–
x¿nfO{ x6fP/ xfdLn] sNof0fldqsf pkfosf}znk|lt cTolws >4f
pTkGg ug'{k5{ .
$=#= ;fwgf / k|ltklQåf/f ;+>o M ;fwgf / k|ltklQåf/f ;]jg ug'{sf]

cy{ sNof0fldqåf/f pklbi6 wd{ >j0f, lrGtg Pj+ efjgf u/]/ pgsf
zAbx?sf] k|dfl0fstf dxz'; ug'{ xf] . o;f] ubf{, sNof0fldq Psbd
v'zL x'G5g\ . dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ df elgP em}+ M
h;/L sNof0fldqn] pkb]z lbG5g\ To;/L g} lzion] a'lemlbP

sNof0fldq clws k|;Gg x'G5g\ .!%
43
Â
sNof0fldq k|;Gg / ;Gt'i6 x'Fbf, xfdLn] af]lw k|fKt u5f}{F . oxL

s'/f >L;Dejljdf]If df klg elgPsf] 5 M æsNof0fldqnfO{ cf/fwgf
u/]/ g} ;d:t a'4x¿sf] af]lw k|fKt x'G5 .Æ!^
tLg r/0fdf sNof0fldqaf6 pkb]z k|fKt ul/G5 M k|of]u -Pre–
paration_, df}n -Actual Teachings_, k[i7 -Consequence_ .!&
k|of]u cj:yfdf af]lwlrQn] o'QmeO{ sNof0fldqnfO{ wd{b]zgfsf]
nflu cg'/f]w ul/G5 . df}n cj:yfdf cfkm}nfO{ Ps /f]uLJolQm ;/x
7fgL, wd{ pkb]znfO{ cf}ifwL / sNof0fldqnfO{ j}Bsf] ;+1f lbO{ wd{sf]
>j0f ul/G5 . k[i7 jf To;sf] kmn:j¿k, 3f]K6ØfPsf], Kjfn k/]sf] /
ljifn] el/Psf] efF8f] ;dfgsf bf]ifx¿nfO{ TofluG5 .
%= sNof0fldq—;+>osf nfex¿ M sNof0fldq ;+>o ugf{sf nfex¿

af/] >L;+ejljdf]If df o:tf] atfOPsf] 5 M
x] s'nk'q, sNof0fldqsf] kl/u[x k|fKt u/]sf af]lw;™jx¿

b'u{ltdf ktg x'Ggg\ . sNof0fldqsf] ;'/Iff k|fKt u/]sf
af]lw;™jx¿ kfkL ldqx¿sf] jzdf kb}{gg\ . sNof0fldqåf/f
z'4 kfl/Psf af]lw;™jx¿ dxfofg wd{af6 ljd'v x'Ggg\ .
sNof0fldqsf] ;xf/f kfPsf af]lw;™jx¿ k[yUhgx¿sf]
e"ldnfO{ kf/ u5{g\ .!*
PsfIf/Ldftfgfd;j{tyfut k|1fkf/ldtf df elgPsf] 5 M
sNof0fldqx¿sf] kl/u[x k|fKt u/]sf] af]lw;™jn] t'?Gt}

cg'Q/ af]lw k|fKt u5{g\ .
;4d{lrGtfdl0f–d'lQm/Tgfn+sf/ cGtu{t
sNof0fldq ;]jg gfds t[tLo kl/R5]b ;dfKt .
44
Â
efu $
pkfo
%pay kLya[imÇka %pdez ÷n!,

efu $M ljifo–k|j]z
x]t'¿kL tyfutue{ xfdL ;a}df ljBdfg g} 5 . cgflbsfnb]lv of]

;+;f/df ef}tF fl/g] qmddf s}of}r
+ f]l6 xfdLn] cf>o¿kL b'ne { dg'io
hGdx¿ lnO;Sof}F . k|Too cyf{t sNof0fldqx¿sf] ;Dks{df klg cfof}F .
x'gtM xfdLn] klxNo} a'4Tj k|fKt ul/;Sg' kg]Y{ of] t/ To;f] lsg ePg <
of] x'g g;Sg'sf] bf]if t xfdLh:tf k|f0fLd} 5 . xfdL rf/ k|sf/sf lj£g
jfwfx¿sf jzdf 5f}F h;n] ubf{ xfdLx¿ a'4Tj k|fKt ug{ ;ls/x]sf
5}gf}F . tL x'g\ M o; hLjgsf ljifox¿k|ltsf] cfzlQm, ej;'vk|ltsf]
cf;lQm, zd;'v -lgjf{0fsf] ;'v_ k|ltsf] cfzlQm, tyf a'4Tj k|fKt
ug]{ pkfoaf6 cgle1tf . oL rf/ lj£gafwfx¿nfO{ s;n] x6fpg
;S5 t < h;n] sNof0fldqsf] pkb]z ;'g]/ To;nfO{ cfTd;ft u5{
To;}n] g} oL lj£gafwf klg x6fpg ;S5 . sNof0fldqsf pkb]znfO{
xfdLn] lgDg $ ljifox¿df ;+u[lxt ug{ ;S5f}F M
clgTo efjgf, sd{kmn Pj+ ;f+;fl/s b'Mv,

d}qL / s?0ffsf] efjgf / af]lwlrQf]Tkfb u/fpg] wd{ .
csf]{ zAbdf, o;f] klg eGg ;lsG5 M clgTotfsf] efjgfl;t

;Da4 pkb]z, sd{kmn / ;f+;fl/s b'Mvsf] efjgfl;t ;Da4 pkb]z,
d}qL Pj+ s?0ffsf] efjgfl;t ;Da4 pkb]z / af]lw–lrQf]Tkfb l;t
;Da4 pkb]z .
tLdWo] clgTotfsf] efjgfl;t ;Da4 pkb]z o; ;+;f/sf
ljifox¿ k|lt x'g] cf;lQmsf] k|ltkIf xf] . sd{kmn / ;f+;fl/s b'Mvsf]
efjgfl;t ;Da4 pkb]zn] ej;'vk|ltsf] cf;lQmnfO{ x6fOlbG5 .
47
Â
d}qL Pj+ s?0ffsf] efjgfl;t ;Da4 pkb]z zd;'vk|ltsf] cfzlQmsf

k|ltkIf x'g\ . af]lwlrQf]Tkfbl;t ;Dalwt pkb]zn] af]lw nfe ug{]
pkfo k|ltsf] cgle1tfnfO{ x6fOlbG5 . lqz/0fud0fb]lv lnP/ b'O{
k|sf/sf g}/fTDo efjgf, kfFr dfu{, bz e"ldx¿;Dd ;a} wd{ lrtf]–
Tkfbdf ;d]l6G5g\ .
of] afx]s, oLdWo] s'g} wd{ af]lwlrQf]Tkfbsf] cf>o, s'g} wd{
cfnDag, s'g} wd{ ljlw, s'g} wd{ lzIff, s'g} wd{ kmn x'G5 . o;
k|sf/ af]lwlrQf]Tkfbsf] If]qleq gkg]{ s'g} klg dxfofg wd{ x'Fb}g .
ltgsf ;d:t pkb]zx¿ sNof0fldqaf6} pTkGg x'G5g\ / sNof0fldqd}
cfl>t x'G5g\ . h:tf] u08Jo"x ;"q df elgPsf] 5 M
;a} s'zn wd{sf pb\ud:yn sNof0fldq x'g\ .

/ sNof0fldqsf] pkb]zdfly g} ;j{1tf lge{/ x'G5 .
48
Â
o; hLjgsf ljifox¿k|ltsf] cfzlQmsf] k|ltkIf
Antidote to Attachment to this Life
kl/R5]b $
clgTo efjgf
o; cWofodf xfdL o; hLjgsf ljifox¿k|lt x'g] cf;lQmsf] k|ltkIf
cyf{t clgTotfsf] efjgf af/] rrf{ ug]{5f}F . ;fwf/0ftof, ;a} ;+:s[t
wd{ clgTo x'g\ eGg] Jojxfl/s tYol;t of] ;DalGwt 5 . a'4 cfkm}n]
klg eGg'ePsf] 5 M
x] leIf'x¿ xf] Û ;a} ;+:s[t wd{x¿ clgTo 5g\ .!
t}klg s:tf] k|sf/sf] clgTo egL s;}n] k|Zg ;f]Wof] eg] o;sf]
hjfkm xf] M ;~rosf] cGt Ifo jf Joo, pTyfgsf] cGt ktg,
ldngsf] cGt ljof]u / hLjgsf] cGt d[To' xf] . pbfgju{ sf] Pp6f
Znf]sdf klg oxL tYo atfOPsf] 5 M
x/]s ;~rosf] cGt Joon] x'G5 .

x/]s pTyfgsf] cGt ktgn] x'G5 .
x/]s ldngsf] cGt lj5f]8n] x'G5 .
/ ;a} hLjgsf] cGt d[To'n] x'G5 .@
To;f]eP clgTotfsf] efjgf s;/L ug]{ t <
clgTotfsf] efjgfl;t
;Da4 ljifonfO{ oL tLg
lzif{sx¿df ;d]6\g ;lsG5 M
e]b, pkfo Pj+ cg'z+;f .
51
Â
!= e]b M e]b b'O{6f 5g\ — !_ afXo efhg nf]ssf] clgTotf / @_

leqL ;Tjsf] clgTotf .
k'gZrM, afXo efhg nf]ssf] clgTotf b'O{ k|sf/sf 5g\ M :y"n

clgTotf / ;"Id clgTotf . leqL ;™jsf] clgTotf klg b'O{ k|sf/sf
x'G5g\ M k/ clgTotf / :jclgTotf .
@= pkfo M clgTotfsf] efjgf ug]{ pkfo o; k|sf/ 5g\ .
@= != jf≈o efhg nf]ssf] clgTotf
s= jf≈o :y"n efhg nf]ssf] clgTotf efjgf M jfo'd08nb]lv lnP/

dfly rt'y{ Wofge"ld;Dd lgTo :jefj ePsf], 7f]; / cljsf/L s'g}
klg rLh x'Fb}g . slxn] k|yd Wofg;Ddsf] e"ld clUgaf6 gi6 x'G5,
slxn] låtLo Wofg;Ddsf] e"ld hnn] gi6 x'G5 eg] slxn] t[tLo
Wofg;Ddsf] e"ld jfo'n] gi6 x'G5 . clUgn] gi6 x'Fbfv]/L, cfuf]n] t]
n ;a} vfOlbP h:t} v/fgL;Dd afFsL /xGg . hnn] gi6 x'Fbfv]/L
kfgLdf g"g 3"n]/ lalng ePh:t} rf]s/;Dd klg /xGg . jfo'n] gi6
x'Fbfv]/L xfjfn] w'nf] p8fOnu]h:t} Ps s0f w"nf] klg afFsL /xGg .
o; ;DaGwdf clewd{sf]if df elgPsf] 5 M
clUgk|no ;ft kN6 x'G5, hnk|no Psrf]l6 x'G5 o;

qmdn] hnk|no ;ftrf]l6 eO;s]kl5 ;ftkN6 g} jfo'k|no
x'G5 .#
rt'y{ Wofg e"ldsf] gfz hn, clUg jf jfo'af6 x'Fb}g . t/ o;

e"lddf /xg] k|f0fLx¿sf] d[To' / Ro'ltn] o; e"ld gi6 x'G5 . h:tf]
elgPsf] 5 M
52
Â
%pay : AinTy Éavna
k|f0fLx¿sf] ;fydf clgTotfsf] e"ld pTkGg x'G5 / To;sf]

ljgf; klg x'G5 .$
clxn] nf]swft'sf] ljgfz clUgn] x'G5 egL j[xbQ u[xkltkl/–

k[R5f;"q df eljiojf0fL ul/Psf] 5 M
Ps sNk lalt;s]kl5, of] cfsfz :jefjsf] ;+;f/

cfsfz d} kl/0ft x'g]5 .
;'d]? kj{t klg hn]/ ;vfk x'g]5 .
v= af≈o nf]ssf] ;"Id clgTotf M ;"Id clgTotf tLg k|sf/sf] x'G5 .

rf/ Ct'x¿ abNg] sf/0fn] clgTotf, ;"o{ / rGb|sf] pbo / c:tsf]
sf/0fn] clgTotf, ;a} Ifl0fs ePsf] sf/0fn] clgTotf .
rf/ Ct'x¿ abNg] sf/0fn] clgTotfsf] tfTko{ s] xf] eg] a;Gt
Ct'sf] cfudg;+u} o; efhg nf]ssf] wtL{ sf]dn / /ftf] /Ësf] x'G5 .
3fF;, ¿v / ;fukftx¿ pd|g yfN5g\ . t/ oL ;a} clgTo 5g\ /
s]jn Ct' ablnPsf] sf/0fn] dfq ePsf x'g\ . To;kl5, jiff{ Ct'
cfpF5, wtL{ cf]l;nf] x'G5 / xl/ofnL 5fpF5 . 3fF;, ¿v / ;fusf
kftx¿ ljsl;t x'g yfN5g\ . ;dodf kl/jt{g eP/ z/b Ct'
cfpF5 . z/bsf] cfudg ;+u} wtL{ s8f / kx]Fnf] x'G5 . 3fF;, ¿v /
;fukftx¿df kmn pd|g yfN5 . cGttM x]dGt Ct'sf] cfudg;+u}
wtL{ lr;f]n] hDg yfN5, / ;]tf] /Ën] htftt} 9fS5 . 3fF;, ¿v
/ ;fukftx¿ ;'s]/ 6'lqmG5g\ . o;/L oL ;a clgTo 5g\, s]jn
Ct'x¿sf] kl/j{tgn] dfq tL ;a} x'g uPsf x'g\ .
;"o{ / rGb|sf] pbo / c:tsf] sf/0fn] clgTotfsf] tfTko{ s] xf]
eg] ;"of]{bo eP/ lbgsf] z'?jft ePkl5 of] efhgnf]s pHofnf] /
k|sfzdfg x'G5 . t/ /flt x'gf;fy of] nf]s cGwsf/df ljlng x'G5 .
To;}n] of] klg clgTo g} 5, / kl/j{tgsf] Bf]ts xf] .
53
Â
;a} Ifl0fs ePsf] sf/0fn] clgTotfsf] tfTko{ s] xf] eg] of]

efhgnf]s cl3Nnf] If0fdf h:tf] lyof] kl5Nnf] If0fdf klg To:t} /
xg ;Sb}g . klxnf] If0fdf h:tf] lyof] kl5Nnf] If0fdf klg To:t} h:tf]
b]lvg' jf s'g} klg kl/jt{g gePsf] h:tf] b]lvg' s]jn e|fds cfef;
dfq xf] . em/gfsf] k|jfx h:t} klxnf] If0f ;dfg kl5Nnf] If0fsf] pbo
ePsf] sf/0fn] To;f] x'g uPsf] xf] .%
@=@= leqL ;Œjnf]ssf] clgTotf
s= k/–clgTotf M b'O{ k|sf/sf] cfEoGt/ jf leqL ;™jnf]ssf] clgTotf

dWo] k/—clgTotfsf] cy{ s] xf] eg] q}wft'sf ;d:t ;™j k|f0fLx¿
clgTo 5g\ . h:tf] cfo{nlntlj:t/ ;"q df elgPsf] 5 M
tLg} wft'x¿ z/b Ct'sf] afbnh:t} clgTo 5g\ .^
v= :j—clgTotf M JolQm cfkm}df o; ;+;f/df /lx/xg] an x'Fb}g ctM

p;n] Ps lbg of] ;+;f/ 5f]8]/ hfg'k5{ . o;nfO{ km]l/ b'O{ lsl;dn]
hfGg ;lsG5 M -c_ :j—;Gtfgsf] k/LIff, -cf_ k/—;Gtfgaf6 lgisif{ .
-c_ :j—;Gtfgsf] k/LIff M :j—;Gtfgsf] k/LIff cGtu{t lgDg

clgTotfsf efjgfx¿ k5{g\ M d[To'sf] efjgf, d[To'sf nIf0fx¿sf]
efjgf, cfo' ;dflKtsf] efjgf / ljof]usf] efjgf .
d[To'sf] efjgf o;/L ul/G5 M d ca o; ;+;f/df w]/} ;do ;Dd
/xg ;lSbg, eljiodf h'g}a]nf klg o; h'gLnfO{ 5f]8L csf]{ h'gLdf
hfg' kg]{5 .
d[To'sf nIf0fx¿sf] efjgf o;/L ul/G5, …d]/f] hLjg cGTolt/
cfO;s]5, Zjf; ?Sb}5, z/L/ nf;df abln+b} 5 / d]/f] lrQ cGoq
k/nf]sdf ljr/0f ub}{5 .
54
Â
%pay : AinTy Éavna
cfo' ;dflKtsf] efjgf o;/L ul/G5, …Ps jif{ laTof], Ps dlxgf

laTof] . lxhf] eGbf cfh Ps lbg lalt;s]5 . If0f If0f lalt/x]5,
x/]s If0fdf d]/f] cfo' 5f]l6Fb} 5 . af]lwrof{jtf/ df elgPem}F M
/ft lbg g/f]lsP/ d]/f] cfo'sf] gfz eO/x]sf] 5

of] a9\g] ;Defjgf st}af6 klg 5}g eg]
s] d gdg]{ eGg] s'/f cfpF5 <&
ljof]usf] efjgf o;/L ul/G5, …d]/f jt{dfg ;fyL, wg;Dklt

/ z/L/ cflb ;a} lk|o s'/fx¿ ;b}j d l;t /xg] 5}gg\ . zL3| g}
ltgLx¿ daf6 ljof]u x'g]5g\ . af]lwrof{jtf/ df elgPem}F M
;a}nfO{ 5f]8]/ Ps lbg d o; ;+;f/af6 hfg'k5{

eGg] dnfO{ yfx} ePg .*
:j—;Gtfgsf] k/LIff cGtu{t d[To'sf] efjgf gf} k|sf/n] ug{

;lsG5 . tL ;a} tLgj6f zLif{sdf ;d]l6G5g\ . !_ d[To' lglZrt 5,
@_ d[To'sf] ;do clglZrt 5, #_ d[To'kl5 cfˆgf] ;fydf sf]xL klg
x'g]5}g .
!_ d[To'sf] lglZrttf M d[To' lglZrt 5 – o;sf tLgj6f sf/0fx¿

5g\ M !=!_ clxn];Dd d[To' gePsf] sf]xL klg hLljt k|f0fL 5}g, !=@_
z/L/ ;+:s[t wd{ xf], / !=#_ If0f If0flkR5] d]/f] cfo' 5f]+l6+b}5 .
!=!_ klxnf] sf/0fsf] ;DaGwdf cfrfo{ cZj3f]ifn] eGg'ePsf] 5 M
k[YjLnf]s jf b]jnf]sdf hGdg] s'g} k|f0fL gd/]sf] s;}n]

b]v]sf] 5, ;'g]sf] 5 jf To;df s;}nfO{ z+sf 5 <
55
Â
o;/L Cl4jfg tyf ckl/ldt cle1f ;DkGg Clifx¿ t d[To'

/lxt :yfg gkfP/ dg{ afWo 5g\ eg] xfdL h:tf k|f0fLsf] s] s'/f <
t;y{,
kfFr cle1f(x¿ k|fKt u/]sf dxlif{x¿

cfsfzdfu{af6 6f9f 6f9f hfg ;s]tfklg
To:tf] :yfgdf eg] k'Ug ;s]sf 5}gg\
hxfF d[To' k'Ug ;Sb}g .
olt dfq xf]Og, cfo{ k|To]sa'4 / dxf>fjs cx{tx¿n] klg

cGttf]uTjf cfˆgf] b]xTofu ug{ ljjz eP eg] xfdLh:tf k|f0fLx¿sf]
t s] s'/f < h:tf] pbfgju{ df elgPsf] 5 .
k|To]sa'4 / a'4sf >fjsx¿n] t

cfˆgf] z/L/nfO{ TofUg' k¥of]
eg] xfdL ;fdfGohgx¿sf] s] s'/f <!)
olt dfq xf]Og, nIf0f / cg'Jo~hgx¿n] o'Qm, jh|:jefjsf],

;Dos;Da'4sf] lgdf{0fsfo z/L/ t TofluG5 eg] xfdL h:tf
k|f0fLx¿sf] s] s'/f < cfo{z"/sf] egfOdf M
nIf0f Pj+ cg'Jo~hgx¿n] o'Qm, a'4x¿sf] ah|sfo t

clgTo 5 eg] afF; gs{6 h:tf] ;f/lxg cGo b]xwf/Lx¿sf
z/L/sf] s] s'/f ug]{ <
!=@_ dg'iosf] z/L/ ;+:s[t!! ePsf]n] d[To' lglZrt 5 . o;sf]

tfTko{ ;a} ;+:s[t wd{ clgTo :jefjsf x'G5g\, gfzjfg :jefjsf
x'G5g\ . pbfgju{ df atfOPadf]lhd M
56
Â
%pay : AinTy Éavna
cxf] Û ;a} ;+:s[t wd{ clgTo 5g\

pTkGg / ljgfz x'g' logsf] :jefj} /x]5 .
t;y{ of] z/L/ ;+:s[t ePsf] sf/0fn] clgTo 5 . o;} sf/0fn]

d[To'sf] ;do clglZrt 5 .
!=#_ cfo' If0f If0flkR5] 5f]+l6b}5 . xfd|f] cfo' If0f If0flkR5]
sd x'b} uPsf]n] xfdL d[To'tkm{ glhlsFb}5f}F . k|fo;M xfdLn] o; s6'
;TonfO{ b]Vb} b]Vb}gf}F . o; ;TonfO{ wg'wf/Lsf] jf0f, kxf8L vf]Fraf6
tn eml//x]sf] em/gf, kmfF;L:yntkm{ nlub} u/]sf] ck/fwL;+u t'ngf
ug{ ;lsG5 .
klxnf] pkdfnfO{ o;/L a'‰g' k5{ . Ps l;kfn' wg'wf/Ln] 5f]8]sf]
jf0f cfsfzdf l:y/ eP/ /xFb}g t/ clt b|'tultn] cfˆgf] uGtJo;Dd
k'U5 To;/L g} of] hLjg klg PsIf0f g/f]sLsg clt b'|tultn] d[To'tkm{
uO{/fv]sf] 5 . h:tf] Pp6f egfO oxfF pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
h;/L Ps s'zn wg'wf/Lsf] jf0f wg'ifsf] 8f]/Laf6 5'6\

gf;fy g/f]sL, b|'tultdf nIotkm{ a9\5 . dflg;sf] cfo'
klg To:t} xf] .
bf]>f] pkdfn] o;nfO{ cem :ki6l;t a'‰g ;lsG5 . h;/L kxf8L

vf]Fraf6 em/]sf] em/gf Ps If0f klg g?sL lg/Gt/ k|jflxt eO{/xG5,
To:t} k|sf/n] dflg;sf] cfo' klg ?Sb}g . o; ;DaGwdf dxf;lGgkft–
/Tgs]t'wf/0fL df pNn]v 5 M
;fyLx¿ xf], kxf8af6 em/]sf] em/gfsf b|'t k|jfx emF}

of] hLjgsf] cfo' clt b't| ultn] JotLt e}/fv]sf] x'G5 .
d"v{x¿n] of] tYonfO{ a'‰g ;St}gg\ . To;}n] d"v{x¿
OlGb|o ljifox¿df pGdQ /xG5g\ .
57
Â
o;} ljifodf pbfgju{ df o:tf] pNn]v 5 M
dxfgbLsf] k|jfxh:t} k5fl8 x]b}{ gx]/L

of] cufl8 alu/xG5, alu/xG5 . !÷!#
t]>f] pkdf cg';f/ xfdL kmfF;L:yntkm{ 8f]¥ofpFb} nluPsf

aGbLx¿ ;/x xf}F . xfdLn] rfNg] x/]s kfOnf ;+u;+u} xfdL qmdzM
d[To'sf] ghLs k'Ub} hfG5f}F . cfo{bd'| ;"q sf] of] Znf]s pNn]vgLo 5 M
kmfF;L:yntkm{ 8f]¥ofpFb} nluPsf aGbLx¿ h:t}

hlt hlt cfˆgf] kfOnf rfNb} hfG5
Tolt Tolt pm d[To'sf] ghLs k'Ub} hfG5 .
o;} ;DaGwdf pbfgju{ df klg elgPsf] 5 M
d[To'b08 lbOPsf] JolQmn] rfNg] x/]s kfOnfn]

p;nfO{ qmdzM kmfF;Lsf] ghLs ghLs k'¥ofO/x]sf] x'G5 .
dfG5]sf] cfo' klg To:t} xf] . !÷!$
@_ d[To' lglZrt 5 t/ d[To'sf] ;do eg] lglZrt 5}g . o;sf

klg tLg k|df0fx¿ 5g\ . @=!_ cfo'sf] clglZrttf, @=@_ ;f/xLg
z/L/ / @=#_ d[To'sf cg]s sf/0fx¿ .
@=!_ xf], cGoult jf åLkdf /xg] k|f0fLx¿sf] cfo' lglZrt xf]nf
t/ xfdL hDa"åLkdf a:g] k|f0fLx¿sf] cfo' lglZrt x'Fb}g . oxL s'/f
clewd{sf]z df klg atfOPsf] 5 M
oxfF lglZrt x'Fb}g Ù sNkrqmsf] k|f/Dedf ckl/ldt cfo'

ePsf]df cGtdf uP/ bz jif{sf] klg x'g ;S5 .!@
58
Â
%pay : AinTy Éavna
s;/L hDa"åLksf k|f0fLx¿sf cfo' clglZrt 5 t < o;sf]

hjfkm pbfgju{ sf] of] Znf]sdf kfOG5 M
sf]xL sf]vd} d5{g\ .

sf]xL hGdgf;fy d5{g\ .
sf]xL afd] ;g{ gkfpFb} d5{g\ .
sf]xL a'9f ePkl5 d5{g\ .
sf]xL afNofj:yfd} d5{g\ .
sf]xL hjfgLd} d5{g\ .
Pj+ /Ltn] ;a}n] dg'{k5{ . !÷&
@=@_ z/L/sf] ;f/xLgtfsf] cy{ s] xf] eg] xfd|f] of] z/L/df 5QL;
k|sf/sf cz'rL b|Jox¿ afx]s c¿ s'g} ;f/o'Qm 7f]; tTj 5}g .
h:tf] af]lwrof{jtf/ df elgPsf] 5 M
klxn] cfˆgf] a'l4n] lrGtg ub}{

5fnfsf] y}nf] lgsfn]/ x]/,
To;nfO{ klg k|1f¿kL z:qn] 5'§ØfP/
cl:yk~h/af6 leGg u/ .
cl:yx¿, dHhf x]b}{ hfpm / cfkm} ljrf/ u/
ltdLn] s]xL ;f/o'Qm rLh e]§fof} t <!#
@=#_ d[To'sf cg]s sf/0fx¿ x'g' eg]sf] s] xf] eg] k|s[ltdf To:tf]
s'g} j:t' 5}g hf] xfd|f] jf c¿sf] d[To'sf] sf/0f gagf];\ . ;'ÅNn]v
df elgPsf] 5 M
of] hLjgdf w]/} lj£g jfwfx¿ 5g\ .

xfjfn] kfgLdf p7fPsf kmf]sfx¿ eGbf clws clgTo 5 .
59
Â
Zjf; kmfn]kl5 km]/L lng] / lgGb|faf6 Ao'Flemg] cj;/

k|fKt ug'{ eg]sf] 7"nf] cfZro{s} s'/f xf] . ;'ÅNn]v – %%
#_ d[To'kl5 sf]xLklg xfd|f] ;fydf x'Gg M d/0f;dodf xfd|f]

;fydf oL tLgdWo] s]xL klg /xGg . #=!_ wg;DklQ, #=@_ ;fyL
cfkmGtx¿, / #=#_ xfd|f] cfˆg} z/L/
#=!_ d[To' ;dodf wg ;DklQ xfd|f] ;fydf /xGg eGg] af/]df
af]lwrof{jtf/ sf] of] Znf]s pNn]Vo 5 M
hlt;'s} nfe cfh{g u/] klg

hlt;'s} nfdf] ;'vef]u u/] klg
cflv/df s'g} n'l6Psf] JolQm em}F
gfË} vflnxft g} hfg]5' .!$
wg;DklQn] d[To';dodf xfd|f] ;fy glbg] dfq geP/ o;nf]s

/ k/nf]s b'j}sf nflu Ps dxflj£gsf] j:t' klg xf] . o; nf]sdf
of] s;/L lj£gsf/L x'G5 eg] xfdL o;sf] nflu ;w} em}emu8f u5f{,}
wg;DklQ :ofxfbf{ :ofxfb}{ o;}sf] bf; aGg'kg]{ b'Mv cfOk5{ . k/–
nf]sdf k'u]kl5 klg o;} b'Mvsf] kmn:j¿k xfdL b'u{ltdf hGdg'kg]{
x'G5f}F .
#=@= ;fyLcfkmGtx¿sf] ;fy g/xg] ljifodf af]lwrof{jtf/ df
o;/L elgPsf] 5 M
d[To'sf] 3l8 cfPkl5 xfd|f ;Gtfg, lktf, dftf s;}df klg

z/0fsf] nflu hfg ;lsGg .
o;sf] cltl/Qm ;fyL cfkmGt xfd|f o; nf]s / k/nf]s b'a}–

sf nflu jfwsl;4 klg 5g\ . o; nf]sdf s;/L jfws 5g\ eg]
60
Â
%pay : AinTy Éavna
pgLx¿sf] d[To' xf]nf ls eGg] 8/n] xfdLnfO{ ;b}j ;tfO/x]sf] x'G5,

oxL+ 8/n] u|l;t eP/ xfdLn] 7"nf] b'Mv em]N5f}F h;sf] kmn:j¿k k/–
nf]sdf uP/ klg b'u{ltd} hGd lng k'U5f}F .
#=#_ xfd|f] cfˆg} z/L/ klg cfˆgf] ;fydf g/xg' sf] cy{ s] xf]
eg] d[To'sf] a]nf g t z/L/ g} cfkm";+u x'G5 g t o;sf u'0fx¿ g}
x'G5g\ . xfd|f u'0fx¿ xfd|f] ;fydf cfpFb}gg\ eGgfsf] dtnj xfdL
hlt;'s} anjfg / zlQmzfnL eP tfklg d[To'af6 pDsg ;Sb}gf}F .
xfdL hlt;'s} b|'tultn] bf}8\g ;Sg] ePtf klg d[To'nfO{ pl5g]/ bf}8\g
;Sb}gf}F . xfdL hlt;'s} ljåfg tyf s'/f ug{ l;kfn' eP klg d[To'nfO{
s'/f u/]/ 6fg{ ;Sb}gf}F . kxf8 d'lg c:tfPsf] ;"o{nfO{ /f]Sg jf kqmg
g;Sg] dflg;;/x xf}F xfdLx¿ . o; ;DaGwdf af]lwrof{jtf/ df
o:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
w]/} sl7gfOx¿ em]n]/ k|fKt ePsf]

cGgn] kf]lift ul/Psf] / sk8fn]
9flsPsf] of] z/L/ ltdLl;t hfFb}g .
r/f / s's'/x¿n] vfG5g\ To;nfO{ .
bgbGtL an]sf] cfuf]df hn]/ ;vfk x'G5 .
kfgLleq ;8\5 jf hldgdf ufl8G5 .
d[To'sf] ;dodf dfq ;fy glbg] geP/ of] z/L/ o; nf]s / k/–
nf]s b'j}sf nflu klg clxts/ g} 5 . o; nf]sdf of] z/L/n] /f]u
vKg ;Sb}g, tftf] lr;f] ef]s / Kof; ;xg ;Sb}g, dg]{ eo, aGwgsf]
eo jf 5fnf sfl9g] eo /lx/xG5 . o; eojf6 7"nf] b'Mv pTkGg x'G5
h;sf] kmn:j¿k k/nf]sdf uP/ klg b'u{ltd} hGd lngk'U5 .
cf= k/—;Gtfgaf6 lgisif{ lgsfNg' M c¿ d/]sf] b]v]/, ;'g]/ jf ;+em]/

To;nfO{ cfˆg} ;Gtfgdf ;Da4 u/]/ efjgf ug'{ g} o; lzif{ssf]
61
Â
tfTko{ xf] . c¿sf] d[To' ePsf] b]Vbf cfˆgf] klg ToxL ult x'g]5 egL
efjgf ul/G5 . ;f] efjgf o; lsl;dn] ug{ ;lsG5 M
klxn] Psbd anjfg, t]ho'Qm d'vd08n ePsf], :j:y / d[To'
af/] ;f]FRb} g;f]Rg] cfkmGt jf ;fyLsf] Tof] z/L/ cfh k|f0f3fts /f]un]
u|l;t 5 . cfˆgf] an ;a} x/fP/ a:g} g;Sg] ePsf] 5 . p;sf] d'v
lgit]h, rfp/L k/]/ km'n]sf] 5 . of] Hj/f] / /f]usf] sf/0fn] cfˆgf] b'Mv
;xg g;sL pm c;xfo 5 . cf}ifwL pkrf/n] klg sfd ug{ 5f]8\5,
k"hfn] klg 5'Fb}g . cfkm"df sfd ug{] zlQm g/x]sf] / cfkm" d/0ff;Gg
ePsf] p;nfO{ yfxf x'G5 .
clGtd sfndf cfkm" jl/k/L 3]/]/ al;/x]sf cfkmGtx¿;fd'Gg]
p;n] cfˆgf] clGtd ef]hg u|x0f u5{ / clGtd zAbx¿ af]N5 . Tof]
;a} b]v]/ xfdLn] o:tf] larf/ ug'{k5{, …d klg j:t'tM pm h:t} x'F,
p;s} :jefj ddf klg 5, p;s} u'0f ddf klg 5, pm eGbf clnslt
klg km/s 5}g d .Ú
clg To;kl5 p;sf] Zjf;k|Zjf; /f]lsG5, klxn] hlt;'s} ;'Gb/
/ 3/d} /flv/fv"F h:tf] ePsf] JolQmnfO{ cfh s;}n] Ps lbgsf] nflu
klg 3/df /fVb}g . p;sf] nf;nfO{ 8f]/Ln] afFw/] v6df /fvL ;'tfOG5 .
nf; p7fpg] dfG5]x¿n] To;nfO{ aflx/ nU5g\ . 3/sf s]xL dflg;x¿n]
nf;nfO{ c+ufnf] df5{g\ / To;}df :g]xk"js { 6fFl:;G5g\ . c¿ dflg;x¿
?G5g / b'MvLt ePsf] clego u5{g\, sf]xL d'5f{ k5{g\ . sf]xL sf]xLn]
o;f] ;fGTjgf klg lbG5g\ …of] z/L/ s]jn df6f], kTy/ ;/x xf], o;/L
ljnfk ug'{sf] s]xL cy{ 5}g .Ú nf;nfO{ b}nf] s6fpgf;fy, slxn] klg
3/df kms]{/ cfpFb}g, xfdLn] o:t} :d/0f u/]/ xfd|f] klg o:t} cGt
x'g]5 egL ;f]FRg'k5{ .
ctM nf;nfO{ d;fglt/ NofOG5, / ToxLF kmfn]/ uOG5 . o;nfO{
s's'/ / AjfF;f] / c¿ h+unL hGt' jf k+IfLn] vfOlbG5g\ / p;sf
cl:yx¿ otfptf 5l/G5g\, of] ;a b]v]/ jf :d/0f u/]/ o:t} xfdLnfO{
klg x'g ;S5 egL lrGtg ug'{k5{ .
62
Â
%pay : AinTy Éavna
xfd|f] b]zdf, ufpFdf jf 3/df s'g} j[4 jf o'jf dflg; jf ldqsf]

d[To' ePsf] s'/f ;+lemb} o:t} xfdLnfO{ klg clt zL3| g} x'g;S5 egL
;f]FRg'k5{ . t;y{ ;"qdf elgPsf] 5 M
ef]ln jf k/nf]sdf s'grflxF

klxn] cfpF5 lglZrt gx'g] x'Fbf
ef]lnsf] nflu ;+3if{zLn geO{
k/nf]ssf] nflu tTk/ eO{ a:g" .
#= cg'z+;f M clgTo efjgfsf] nfe s] xf] eg] ;a} ;+:s[t wd{ clgTo
5g\ eGg] s'/f a'lem;s]kl5 xfdL o; hLjgk|lt cfzQm x'g]5}gf}F . olt
dfq xf]Og, xfd|f] >4fnfO{ kf]if0f ldNg] x'Fbf xfd|f] jLo{ pT;fx a9]/
cfpF5 . /fu å]ifaf6 d'Qm eO;s]kl5 ;j{ wd{;dtf jf]w ug{df cfwf/
k|fKt x'G5 .
;+:s[t wd{sf] clgTotf lgb]{z
gfds rt'y{ cWofo ;dfKt .
63
Â
ej;'v jf ;+;f/sf ;'vk|lt cfzlQmsf] k|ltkIf
Antidote to Attachment to Samsara’s Pleasures
kl/R5]b %
;+;f/sf] b'Mv
sf]xL sf]xL dflg; o;/L ;f]R5g\ M ;a} ;+:s[t wd{ clgTo ePsf]
sf/0fn] d]/f] d[To' g} ePklg s] ljU|of] / < csf]{ hGd ePkl5 t km]/L
dg'io jf b]jsf] z/L/ / wg—;DklQ Pj+ j}ej dnfO{ k|fKt x'gg] } 5 .
d]/f] nflu ToxL+ kof{Kt 5 . o;/L ;f]+Rg' ej;'vk|ltsf] cfzlQm xf] .
o;sf] k|ltkIf ;f+;fl/s b'Mvsf] efjgf ug'{ xf] . h;sf] JofVof o;
kl/R5]bdf ul/g]5 . ;+If]kdf M
lgDg tLg lzif{sx¿df ;f+;fl/s b'Mv ;d]l6G5 M

;+:sf/ b'Mvtf, ljkl/0ffd b'Mvtf / b'Mv b'Mvtf
oL tLg b'MvnfO{ pkdfåf/f o;/L a'‰g ;lsG5 . ;+:sf/ b'Mvtf

sfFrf] kmn h:t} xf], ljkl/0ffd b'Mvtf ljif ldl;Psf] hfpnf] h:t} xf]
eg] b'Mv b'Mvtf 9';L k/]sf] kmn h:t} xf] . ;+:sf/ b'Mvtfdf pk]Iffsf]
j]bgf x'G5, ljkl/0ffd b'Mvtfdf ;'vsf] j]bgf x'G5 eg] b'Mv—b'Mvtfdf
b'Mvsf] j]bgf x'G5 . ca oL tLg k|sf/sf b'Mvx¿nfO{ ltgsf nIf0fsf]
cfwf/df JofVof u/f}+ .
!= ;+:sf/ b'Mvtf M pkfbfg—:sGw! nfO{ u|x0f dfq u/]sf] v08df

klg JolQm ;+:sf/ b'Mvtfn] kLl8t x'gk'U5 . h;/L Kn]u /f]uåf/f
lkl8t JolQmn] cfˆgf] z/L/df clnslt klg tftf]lr;f]sf] cg'e"lt ug{
;Sb}g To;/L g} k[yUhgx¿n] o;nfO{ b'Mv g} 7fGb}gg\ . t/ Kn]u /f]u
lgsf] eO;s]sf] dflg;n] h;/L cfˆgf] z/L/df clnslt tftf] lr;f]
kbfy{ kbf{ klg rfn kfpF5 To;/L g} >f]tfkGg e"ld k|fKt ul/;s]sf
67
Â
d'lgx¿ ;+:sf/ b'MvnfO{ klg b'Mv g} 7fG5g\ . cyjf oxfF csf]{ pkdf
klg lbg ;lsG5 M s]zsf] Pp6f /f}+ xTs]nfdf /fVbfv]/L To;n] ;'v,
b'Mv jf pk]Iff s'g} klg j]bgf u/fpFb}g t/ ToxL /f}+ cfFvfdf kg{ uof]
eg] To;n] b'Mv j]bgf jf kL8f pTkGg u5{ . ;+:sf/ b'Mvtf klg o:t}
xf] . of] b'Mv k[yUhgdf /lx/x]tfklg o;af6 p;nfO{ b'Mvsf] cg'e"lt
eg] x'Fb}g . s]jn d'lgx¿n] dfq o;nfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} cg'ej ug{
;S5g\ . t;y{ clewd{sf]z6Lsf df elgPh:t}M
xTs]nfdf /x]sf] /f}+n]

s'g} j]bgf u/fpFb}g .
t/ ToxL /f}+ cfFvfdf k:of] eg]
b'Mv j]bgf / kL8f pTkGg u5{ .
d"v{x¿ ToxL xftsf] xTs]nf h:t} x'g\ .
ltgLx¿n] xTs]nfdf /f}+ ePsf] rfn} kfpGgg\ .
;+:sf/ b'Mvtfsf] klg rfn} kfpGgg\
t/ cfFvf;dfg d'lgx¿n] o;nfO{ b'Mv g} 7fGb5g\ .@
@= ljkl/0ffd b'Mvtf M bf]>f] k|sf/sf] b'MvnfO{ ljkl/0ffd b'Mvtf

lsg elgPsf] xf] eGbfv]/L ;+;f/df hltklg ;'v 5g\, tL ;a} cflv/
b'Mvd} kl/0ft x'G5g\ . t;y{ dxfs?0ffk'08/Ls ;"q df elgPsf] 5M
b]jtfx¿sf] /fHo b'Mv ;d'bosf] sf/0f xf] To:t} dg'iosf]

nf]s klg b'Mv ;d'bosf] sf/0f g} xf] .
To;}n] s'g} dg'io rqmjtL{ ;d|f6 g} ePklg cGttM p;sf] ;'v

b'Mvd} kl/0ft x'g]5 . h:tf] ;'ÅNn]v df pNn]v 5 M
;+;f/df rqmjtL{ ;d|f6\ klg km]l/ gf]s/ eP/ hGdG5g\ .
68
Â
%pay : s<sarkae Ê>o
oxL ;a}yf]s xf]Og . b]j/fh OGb|s} lbJo b]x / j}ej k|fKt ug]{
k|f0fL klg cflv/ dg}{k5{ / pm p;sf] Tof] pRr :yfgaf6 Ro"t eP/
tn v:5 . To:t} ;'ÅNn]v df elgPsf] 5 M
clt k"hgLo b]j/fh OGb| klg sd{sf] ann] ubf{

km]l/ k[YjL d} ktg x'G5g\ .
olt dfq xf]Og, sfd/fuaf6 d'Qm Pj+ ;dflw;dfklQ ;'v k|fKt

b]jflwklt a|Xdf jf pgL h:tf c¿ b]jtfx¿ klg cGttM cfˆgf] pRr
kbaf6 Ro"t eP/ tn v:5g\ . ;'ÅNn]v df elgPsf] 5 M
a|Xdfs} lj/fu;'v k|fKt u/]sf] JolQmn] klg cljlr g/ssf]

cfuf]df OGwg eP/ cgGt b'Mv ef]Ug'kg]{ x'G5 .
#= b'Mv b'Mvtf M t]>f] b'Mv, b'Mv b'Mvtf M pkfbfg :sGw u|x0f ug'{
cfkm}df b'Mvsf] Pp6f ¿k xf] . To; afx]s oL gfgf k|sf/sf b'Mvx¿
b]vfkl//xG5g\, b'Mv b'Mvtf eg]s} ToxL+ xf] . of] b'Mv b'O{ k|sf/sf]
x'G5 M b'u{ltsf] b'Mv / ;'ultsf] b'Mv
b'u{lt eGgfn] g/s, k|]t / lto{s nf]s u/L tLg nf]sx¿ x'g\ .
ca x/]s nf]ssf e]b, :yfg, b'Mvsf] lsl;d Pj+ cfo'sf af/]df larf/
u/f}F .
#=!= g/s nf]s M cf7 pi0f -tftf]_ / cf7 zLt -lr;f]_ u/L hDdf
;f]¥xj6f g/sx¿ 5g\ . ltgdf klg k|fb]lzs g/s / pT;b g/s oL
b'O{6f g/sx¿ yk]kl5 hDdf c7f/j6f g/sx¿ x'G5g\ .
#=!=!= pi0f g/sx¿ M pi0f g/sx¿ o; hDa'åLkd'lg kb{5g\

lsgsL o; nf]saf6 tL g/sx¿df hfg] k|f0fLx¿sf] ;+Vof lgs}
69
Â
w]/} x'G5g\ . To;}n] hDa'åLkb]lv ToxfF;Ddsf] dfu{ klg 5f]6f] g} 5 .

ltgdWo] ;a}eGbf tn /x]sf] g/s cjLlr g/s xf] . To;kl5 qmdzM
dfly tkm{ k|tfkg, tfkg, dxf/f}/j, ;+3ft, sfn;"q / ;~hLj g/s
kb{5g\ . clewd{sf]z df o;/L pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
oxfFeGbf aL; xhf/ of]hg

tn cjLlr g/s 5 .
To;dfly ;ftj6f g/sx¿ 5g\ .#
tL g/sx¿sf gfdfs/0f ToxfF k|f0fLx¿n] ef]Ug] b'Mvsf] cfwf/df

ul/Psf] 5 h;sf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0f o; k|sf/ 5 .
;+hLj g/s M klxnf] g/s ;+hLj g/s xf] . o; g/sdf k|f0fLx¿–
nfO{ Pscfk;df afFwL 5]l8G5 / sf6]/ dfl/G5 . To;kl5 lr;f] jfo'
ax]/ dfl/Psf ;a} k|f0fLx¿nfO{ km]/L hLljt kfl/G5 . o; g/sdf
ltgLx¿sf] cfo' gl;l4pGh]n of] k|s[of oyfjt rlng} /xG5 .
sfn;"q g/s M o; g/snfO{ sfn;"q lsg elgPsf] eGbfv]/L
ToxfFsf afl;Gbfx¿sf] z/L/df lrXgsf] ¿kdf sfnf] wfuf] tflgG5
/ To;} lrXg cg';f/ z/L/nfO{ k|Hjlnt s/f}ltn] lr/]/ 6'qmf 6'qmf
kfl/G5 . h:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
s;}nfO{ s/f}Fltn] sfl6G5 eg]

s;}nfO{ tLvf] wf/ ePsf] aGr/f]n] lrl/G5 .
;+3ft g/s M ;+3ft g/sdf k|f0fLx¿ Ps cfk;df h'Wg nfu]sf

b'O6f ljzfn kxf8x¿ jf kmnfd] yfnsf] aLrdf k/L lkl;O d5{g\ .
klxnf] l:yltdf, e]8fsf 6fpsf] h:tf b'O{j6f ;dfg b]lvg] kxf8x¿
aLr k|f0fLx¿ k5{g\, oL kxf8x¿ cfO{ Ps cfk;df 7f]lsG5g\ / ltg}
aLr lylrP/ ltgLx¿sf] d[To' x'G5 . kl5 km]l/ Ps lr;f] jfo' jUg
70
Â
yfN5 / dl/;s]sf ;a} k|f0fLx¿ k"ghL{ljt eO{ klxNo}s} cj:yfdf

kms{G5g\ . km]l/ To;/L g} b'O{ kxf8x¿aLr lylrG5g\ km]/L d5{g /
km]/L o;/L g} hLljt x'G5g\ . of] oftgf tj;Dd rlng}/xG5 hj;Dd
ltgLx¿sf] cfo' ;dfKt x'Fb}g . h:tf] lzion]v df n]lvPsf] 5 M
b'Oj6f eofjx, ljzfn, kxf8h:tf b]lvg] e]8fsf

l;Ëx¿ Ps cfk;df h'w]kl5 aLrdf k/]sf k|f0fLx¿
lkl;P/ w"nf] w"nf] x'G5g\ .$
sf]xL b'O6f kmnfd] yfnsf] aLrdf kl/ lylrP/ d5{g\ / rf/

gbLsf kfgL a/fj/ /ut aU5 . h:tf] atfOPsf] 5 M
s;}nfO{ ltn em} k]lnG5 .

To;} u/L s;}nfO{ ldlxg kL7f] em} lklwG5 .
/f}/j g/s M /f}/j g/sdf k|f0fLx¿nfO{ lhpFb} hnfOG5 . Tof]

c;Xo kL8f vKg g;sL ToxfFsf jfl;Gbfx¿ eofgs lsl;dn] ?g]
s/fpg] u5{g\ . To;}n] o;nfO{ /f}/j egL gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] xf] .
dxf/f}/j g/s M dxf/f}/jdf /xg] k|f0fLx¿sf] qmGbg t cem /f}/j–
jf;Lsf] eGbf eofgs x'G5 . To;}n] o;nfO{ dxf/f}/j elgG5 .
tfkg M tfkg g/sdf /xg] k|f0fLx¿nfO{ cfuf] / tfkåf/f oftgf
lbOG5 . tftf] kUn]sf] lktnsf] emf]n ltgLx¿sf] d'vdf vGofOG5 .
clg pgLx¿sf] cfGb|f hn]/ v/fgL x'G5 . ToxfFsf jfl;Gbfx¿nfO{
dnåf/b]lv 6fpsf];Dd jf/kf/ x'g]u/L lqz'nn] 5]l8G5 .
k|tfkg g/s M k|tfkg g/ssf jfl;Gbfx¿nfO{ ljz]if tj/n]
oftgf lbOG5 . tftf] kUn]sf] lktnsf] emf]n z/L/leq vGofOFbf z/L/–
sf gf}j6f l5b|x¿af6 cfuf]sf nKsf lg:sG5g\ / ToxL a]nf dnåf/
/ v'§fb]lv 6fpsf] / kfv'/f;Dd jf/kf/ lg:sg] u/L lqz'nx¿n]
71
Â
5]l8G5g\ . k"/} z/L/ hn]/ ;vfk x'G5 / Ps 6'qmf 5fnf klg afFsL
/xGg . o; g/s af/] o:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
s;}nfO{ kufn]sf] tftf] lktnsf] emf]ndf pdflnG5 .

s;}nfO{ /ftf] x'g]u/L ttfOPsf] efnfdf 5]F8]/ /flvG5 .
cjLlr g/s M o; g/sdf hGdg] k|f0fLx¿nfO{ o;/L oftgf

lbOG5 . 7"nf] 8]UrL h:tf] ljzfn s'08df kufn]sf] lktnsf] emf]n
Pp6f 7"nf] efF8f]df vGofOG5, ToxL efF8f]df k|f0fLx¿nfO{ /fvL Psbd
blGsPsf] cfuf]df ksfOG5g\ .
s;}nfO{ 7"nf] kmnfd] v8\s'nf]df /fv]/

eft h:t} u/L ksfOG5 .
o; k|sf/ lg/Gt/¿kn] k|f0fLx¿nfO{ oftgf lbOg] x'gfn] o; g/s–

nfO{ cjLlr elgPsf] xf] .
oL g/sx¿sf k|f0fLx¿sf] cfo' clewd{sf]z df o;/L atfPsf] 5 M
;+hLj nufot klxnf] ^ g/sx¿sf] Ps lbg—/ft

sfd¿k wft'sf b]jtfx¿sf] cfo' a/fa/ x'G5 .
t;y{ tL g/sx¿sf jfl;Gbfsf cfo' sfd¿k
wft'sf b]jtfx¿sf cfo'af6 kQf nufpg ;lsG5 .%
rt'dx{ f/fhx¿sf] s'n cfo' ;+hLj g/ssf] Ps lbg a/fa/ x'G5 .

To;} cg';f/ tL; lbgn] Ps dlxgf x'G5, / afx| dlxgfn] Ps jif{
x'G5 . Tof] lx;fjn], ToxfFsf k|f0fLx¿sf] cfo' To:tf] kfFr ;o jif{sf]
x'G5 . h;nfO{ dg'iosf cfo'l;t bfFh]/ x]g]{ xf] eg] !^ v/j @) c/j
-!,^@),))),))),)))_ jif{ x'g cfpF5 .
72
Â
To;}u/L qfol:q+z b]je'jgsf b]jtfx¿sf] s'n cfo' -Ps

xhf/ jif{_ sfn;"q g/ssf] Ps lbg a/fa/ x'G5 . To;}sf] ;do
cg';f/ sfn;"q g/ssf jfl;Gbfx¿sf] cfo' Ps xhf/ jif{sf] x'G5
h;nfO{ dg'iosf cfo'l;t bfFh]/ x]bf{ ! gLn @( v/a ^) c/a
-!@,(^),))),))),)))_ jif{ x'g k'U5 .
ofd b]j e'jgsf b]jtfx¿sf] s'n cfo' ;+3ft g/ssf] Ps lbg
a/fa/ x'G5 . To; ;do cg';f/ ;+3ft g/ssf jfl;Gbfx¿ b'O xhf/
jif{ cfo'sf x'G5g\ hf] dg'iosf] cfo'sf] lx;fjn] b; gLn 5QL; v/j
c:;L c/a -!)#,^*),))),))),)))_ jif{ x'G5 .
/f}/j g/ssf] Ps lbg t'lift b]je'jgsf b]jtfx¿sf] s'n cfo'
a/fa/ x'G5 . To; ;do cg';f/ /f}/j g/ssf jfl;Gbfx¿ rf/ xhf/
jif{ cfo'sf x'G5g\ hf] dg'iosf] ;do cg';f/ *@ gLn ($ v/a $)
c/a -*@(,$$),))),))),)))_ jif{ x'G5 .
dxf/f}/j g/ssf] Ps lbg lgdf{0f/lt b]je'jgsf b]jtfx¿sf] s'n
cfo' a/fa/ x'G5 . To; ;do cg';f/ ToxfFsf jfl;Gbfx¿ cf7 xhf/
jif{ cfo'sf x'G5g\ hf] dg'iosf] ;do cg';f/ ^ z+v ^# gLn %% v/a
@) c/j -^,^#%,%@),))),))),)))_ jif{ x'G5 .
tfkg g/ssf] Ps lbg k/lgld{tjzjtL{g b]jtfx¿sf] s'n cfo'
a/fa/ x'G5 . To; ;do cg';f/ ToxfFsf jfl;Gbfx¿ ;f]¥x xhf/ jif{
cfo'sf x'G5g\ . hf] dg'iosf] ;do cg';f/ %# z+v * gLn $! v/a
^) c/j -%#,)*$,!^),))),))),)))_ jif{ x'G5 .
k|tkg g/s jf;Lx¿sf] cfo' cfwL cGts{Nk a/fj/ x'G5 . cjLlr
g/sjf;Lx¿sf] cfo' Ps cGts{Nk a/fa/ x'G5 . h:tf] atfOPsf] 5 M
k|tkgdf cfwf cGts{Nk cjLlrdf Ps cGts{Nk cfo' x'G5 .^
#=!=@= pT;b g/sx¿M pT;b g/sx¿ dfly pNn]lvt cf7 g/s–

x¿sf rf/ cGtlb{zfx¿df cjl:yt x'G5g\ .
73
Â
pT;b g/sx¿dWo] klxnf] g/s s's"n g/s xf] . o; g/sdf

3'F8f;Ddsf] pFrfO{df /ftf] x'g]u/L aln/x]sf] sf]Onfsf y'|kf] /flvPsf
x'G5g\ . k|f0fLx¿ s'g} cf>o:ynsf] vf]hLdf otf ptf ef}Ftfl/b} Totflt/
cfOk'U5g\, ltgLx¿sf v'§fn] tL aNbf sf]Onfx¿df s'Nrgf;fy v'§fsf
5fnf, df;', /ut ;a} cfuf]n] kf]n]/ gi6 x'G5 . t/ v'§f prfNgf;fy
km]/L klxn]sf] h:t} aG5 . of] klxnf] pT;b oftgf xf] .
s's"n g/s;+u} csf]{ s'0fk g/s /x]sf] 5 . Tof] g/s dnd'q
tyf lxnf]n] el/Psf] x'G5 hxfF ;]tf] hLp / sfnf] 6fpsf ePsf
ls/fx¿ a:5g\ . tL ls/fx¿n] cfˆgf ;'O h:tf tLvf r'Rrfn]
ToxfFsf k|f0fLx¿nfO{ xf8x¿ dfq afFsL /xg] u/L 6f]S5g\ . of] bf]>f]
pT;b oftgf xf] .
s'0fk g/s;+u} oL tLgj6f g/sx¿ k5{g\ M If'/dfu{ -hxfF af6fe/L
5'/fx¿ lj5ØfPsf x'G5g\_, cl;kq jg hxfF kmnfd] bfx|f ePsf r08
s's'/x¿ a:5g\ / zfNdzLnjg hxfF kmnfd] r'Rrf / g+u|f ePsf
sfux¿ /xG5g\ . tL g/sdf k|f0fLx¿n] c;Xo kL8fx¿ vK5g\ . of]
t]>f] pT;b oftgf xf] .
tL g/sx¿;+u} eses plDn/x]sf] kfgL ePsf] j}t/0fL gbL
aU5 . j}t/0fLsf] pDnbf] kfgLdf kf]n]/ k|f0fLx¿ d5{g\ . Tof] gbLsf] b'j}
lsgf/df z:q lnPsf g/skfnx¿ t}gfy /xG5g\ h;n] k|f0fLx¿nfO{
gbL aflx/ cfpg lbb}gg\ . of] rf}yf] pT;b oftgf xf] .
x/]s cGtlb{zfdf rf/j6f pT;b g/sx¿sf] Ps ;d'x x'G5 o;/L
hDdf !^ pT;b g/sx¿ 5g\ . h:tf] clewd{sf]if df elgPsf] 5 M
rf/ cGtlb{zfdf qmdzM s's"n, s'0fk, If'/dfu{ / j}t/0fL

gbL /xG5g\ .&
s] dg'io h:t} b]lvg] /Ifsx¿, kmnfd] r'Rrf ePsf sfux¿,

OToflb g/skfnx¿ ;flRrs} 5g\ t< o;df ljjfb /x]sf] kfOG5 . j}
74
Â
eflifs dtfjnDjLx¿ …ltgLx¿ ;fFlRrs} 5g\Ú eG5g\ t/ ;f}qflGts

dtfjnDaLx¿ eg], …5}gg\Ú eG5g\ . hals of]ufrf/ nufot dfkf{ Pj+
ldnf/]kfsf dt cg';f/ k|f0fLx¿sf cfˆg} kfksd{sf] kmn:j¿k o:tf
k|sf/sf gf/sLo k|f0fLx¿ kfkLx¿s} lrQsf] k|ltef;:j¿k b]vfk5{g\ .*
o; ;DaGwdf af]lwrof{jtf/ n] o:tf] eG5 M
g/skfnx¿sf z:qx¿ k|oTgk"j{s s;n] agfof] <

s;n] k|Hjlnt kmnfdsf] e"ld lgdf{0f u¥of] <
tL :qLx¿ sxfFaf6 k}bf eP .
tL cfufsf nKsfx¿ sxfFaf6 cfP <
eujfg\ a'4n] …oL ;a} kfkL lrQaf6}
pTkGg ePsf x'g\Ú, egL eGg'ePsf] 5 .(
#=!=#= cf7 zLtg/s M cf7j6f zLt g/sx¿ o; k|sf/sf 5g\ M cj'b{ ,

lg/j'b{ , c66, xxj, x'xj' , pTkn, kb\d / dxfkb\d . h:tf] clewd{sf]if
df atfOPsf] 5 M
cj'{b cflb cGo cf7 zLt g/sx¿ 5g\ .!)
zLt g/sx¿ hDa'åLk tn t/ pi0f g/sx¿dfly g} kfOG5g\ .

tL g/sx¿sf] gfdfs/0fs} cfwf/df ToxfFsf jfl;Gbfn] b'Mv ef]U5g\
h;sf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0f oxfF lbOG5 . klxnf] b'O6f g/sx¿sf] gfdfs/0f
ToxfFsf jfl;Gbfx¿sf] z/L/df pTkGg x'g] ljsf/sf] cfwf/df ul/Psf
x'g\ . c;Xo lr;f]n] ubf{ ltgLx¿sf] z/L/df kmf]sfx¿ p7]/ km'65
\ g\ .
c¿ tLg g/sx¿sf] gfdfs/0f k|f0fLx¿n] c;Xo lr;f]af6 lkl8t
eP/ lgsfNg] zAb jf qmGbgx¿sf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] xf] / clGtd tLg
g/sx¿sf] gfdfs/0f k|f0fLx¿sf] z/L/df pTkGg x'g] ljsf/sf] cfwf/
df ul/Psf] x'G5 .
75
Â
pTkn g/sdf a:g] k|f0fLx¿sf 5fnfsf] /Ë gLnf] x'G5, / z/L/df

kfFr jf 5 j6f Kjfnx¿ k/]sf x'G5g\ . kb\d g/sdf a:g] k|f0fLx¿sf
5fnfsf] /Ë gLnf] af6 /ftf]df ablnG5 / z/L/df !) jf ;f]eGbf a9L
Kjfnx¿ b]vfkg{ yfN5g\ . dxfkb\d g/ssf k|f0fLx¿sf 5fnfsf] /Ë
uf9f /ftf] x'G5 / z/L/df !)) jf ;f]eGbf a9L Kjfnx¿ x'G5g\ .
oL gf/sLo k|f0fLx¿sf] cfo' slt x'G5 t < eujfg a'4n] o;sf]
hjfkm o;/L Pp6f pkdfsf] dfWodn] lbg'ePsf] 5 M
x] leIf'x¿ Û dfgf} o; duw b]zdf /x]sf] c:;L vf/L

-bushel_!! ltn c6fpg] cGgfuf/ k"/} ltn} ltnn] el/G5 . ca
s'g} JolQmn] Ps Ps zo jif{sf] cGt/fndf Pp6f Pp6f
ltnsf] bfgf ToxfFaf6 lemSb} hfG5 . Tof] k"/f cGgfuf/
l/Tofpg hlt ;do Tof] JolQmnfO{ nfUbf] xf] Tof] ;do
t cj'{b g/sjf;Lx¿sf cfo' g} x'G5 . x] leIf'x¿ Û cj'{b
af;L k|f0fLx¿sf] aL; jif{ lg/j'{b af;L k|f0fLx¿sf nflu
Ps jif{ x'G5 . x] leIf'x¿ Û o;} qmdn] dxfkb\ddf a:g]
k|f0fLx¿sf nflu Tof] Ps jif{ Ps zo jif{ a/fa/ x'G5g\ .!@
o;nfO{ cfrfo{ a;'jGw'n] o;/L ;+If]kLs/0f ug'{ePsf] 5 M
s'g} cGgfuf/af6 Ps Ps zo jif{sf] cGt/fndf Pp6f

Pp6f ltn lgsfNb} hfg] xf] eg] Tof] cGgfuf/ k"/} l/Tof–
pg hlt ;do nfU5 Tolt g} ;do cj'{b g/ssf
jfl;Gbfx¿sf] cfo' x'G5 . c¿ g/sx¿sf jfl;Gbfx¿sf]
cfo' qmdzM aL; u'0ff x'G5g\ .!#
ctM ltn} ltnn] el/Psf] cGgfuf/ k"/} l/Tofpg hlt ;do nfU5
Tolt g} ;do ca'b{ g/sdf a:g] k|f0fLx¿sf cfo' x'G5 eg] lg/a'{bjf;Lsf
76
Â
aL; cGgfuf/, c66jf;Lsf rf/;o, xxjsf cf7 xhf/, x'x'jsf Ps

nfv ;f¶L xhf/, pTknsf aQL; nfv, kb\dsf 5 s/f]8 rfnL;
nfv / dxfkb\d g/ssf jfl;Gbfx¿sf cfo' Ps c/a c7fO; s/f]8
cGgfuf/ k'/} l/Tofpg nfUg] ;do a/fa/ cfo' x'G5 .
#=!=$ k|fb]lzs g/s M b'O{ jf ;f] eGbf Hofbf k|f0fLx¿sf cfˆgf sd{–
x¿sf] kmn:j¿k k|fb]lzs g/sx¿sf] pTklQ x'G5 . k|fb]lzs g/s
ljleGg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ / ltgsf] :yfgklg lglZrt x'bF g} . s'g} k|fb]lzs
g/s gbLgfnfdf kfOG5 eg] s'g} kxf8 jf eofjx d?e"lddf klg
kfOg] u5{g\ . cfo{ dxfdf}b\uNof0f*n] b]Vg'eP adf]lhd s'g} k[YjLd"lg
x'G5g\ eg] s'g} dg'iox¿s} lgjf;:yfg klg x'G5g\ . d?e"ldsf] k|fb]lzs
g/s cfo{ ;+3/lIft**n] b]Vg'ePsf] lyof] . k|fb]lzs g/sdf cfo' klg
clglZrt g} x'G5 .
gf/sLo ;™j k|f0fLx¿sf] b'Mvsf] j0f{g oxL ;dfKt x'G5 .
#=@= k|]t nf]s M k|]tx¿sf b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . k|]t/fh od, /

pgLåf/f k|]lift k|]tx¿ . ltgLx¿ sxfF a:5g\ t < k|]t/fh odsf]
jf;:yfg of] hDa'åLkeGbf kfFrzo of]hg tn 5 . hasL pgLåf/f k|]
lift k|]tx¿sf :yfg lglZrt x'Fb}g . ltgLx¿ slxn] d?e"lddf a:5g\
t slxn] stf .
odåf/f k|]lift k|]tx¿ tLg k|sf/sf 5g\ . cfxf/ k]o;DaGwL afXo
b[li6 cfj/0f ePsf, cfxf/ k]ok|lt leqL b[li6 cfj/0f ePsf, / b'O{6}
cfj/0f ePsf k|]tx¿
oL ljleGg k|sf/sf k|t] x¿n] s:tf lsl;dsf b'Mvx¿ ef]U5g\ t <
o;sf] pQ/ o; k|sf/ 5 M s'g} k|]tx¿n] b]jtfx¿n] h:t} a}ejsf]
pkef]u u5{g\ t/ afXo b[li6 cfj/0f ePsf k|]tx¿sf] x]/fOdf vfB /
k]okbfy{ klg /ut / dnd'qsf] ¿kdf b]vfk5{ . s;}n] o;/L ;a}yf]s
/ut / dnd'qx¿sf ¿kdf dfq b]lvg] ePsfn] cfkm}nfO{ vfglkgaf6
77
Â
al~rt /fV5g\ . leqL cfj/0f ePsf k|]tx¿sf x]/fOdf s'g} Jojwfg

x'Gg t/ ltgLx¿n] s]xLklg vfg jf lkpg eg] ;Sb}gg\ . h:tf] u|Gydf
atfOPsf] 5 M
s]xLsf] d'v l;of]sf] Kjfn hqf] /

k]6 rflxF kj{t hqf] x'g] ePsfn]
vfg vf]Hbf kmf]x/sf] 8+u'/df ôfFlsPsf]
cGgsf] Ps s0f;Dd klg vfg ;Sb}gg\ .
cfxf/ k]o ;DaGwL b[li6 cfj/0f ePsf k|t] b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M—
clUglzvfdfnL / ;+sf/fzL . klxnf] cyf{t clUglzvfdfnL k|]tx¿n]
s]xL vfof] jf lkof] ls hn]/ eid x'G5 . csf]{ ;+sf/fzL k|]tx¿n]
lbzf, lkzfj / cfˆg} df;' sf6]/ vfG5g\ . >f]0fsf]6Ls0f{n] of] ;a} b[io
s'g} eofjx d?e"lddf b]v]sf lyP .
tL k|]tx¿sf] cfo' slt 5 eGbfv]/L dflg;x¿sf Ps dlxgf
pgLx¿sf nflu Ps lbg a/fa/ x'G5 . tbg';f/ pgLx¿sf] cfo' kfFr
;o jif{ x'g cfpF5 . o;af/] o:tf] pNn]v 5 M
dflg;x¿sf] Ps dlxgf k|]tx¿sf nflu Ps lbg a/fa/

x'G5 . To; cg';f/ pgLx¿sf] cfo' kfFr ;o aif{ x'G5 .!$
#=#= lto{s nf]s M lto{s -kz'_ rf/ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ — ax'kfb, rt'–
ikfb, låkfb / ckfb
tL kz'x¿ kfgLdf, ;'Vvf hdLgdf / h+undf /xG5g\ . t}klg
ltgsf d'Vo jf;:yfg eg] dxf;fu/ g} xf] .
lto{sx¿n] s:tf b'Mvx¿ ef]U5g\ t < ltgLx¿sf] b'Mv g} sfo{df
k|of]u, dfl/g] b'Mv / k/:k/ eIf0f -Psn] csf{nfO{ df/]/ vfg]_ sf]
b'Mv .
78
Â
sfo{df k|of]u ul/g] b'Mv tL kz'x¿n] ef]U5g\ hf] dflg;sf] jzdf

k/L bf; h:t} aG5g\ . o;af/] o:tf] pNn]v 5 M
ljr/f lg/Lx kz' h;nfO{ dflg;x¿n] xftn] s'6\5g\,

nfQfn] xfG5g\, sf]/f{n] lxsf{pF5g\, c+s'z nufO{ sfddf
k|of]u u5{g\ .
bf]>f] dfl/g] b'Mv ef]Ug] kz'x¿ lzsf/sf kz'x¿ OToflb x'g\ . tL

kz'x¿sf] af/] o:tf] pNn]v kfOG5 M
s]xL kz'x¿nfO{ df]tL, pmg, xf8, df;' / 5fnfsf] nflu

dfl/G5 .
t]>f] k/:k/ eIf0fsf] b'Mv ef]Ug] kz'x¿ d'VotofM dxf;fu/df

/xG5g\ . tL kz'x¿sf af/] o:tf] atfOPsf] 5 M
tL kz'x¿n] ltgLx¿sf] d'vdf h] cfxf/ jf vfg]s'/f k5{

ToxL vfG5g\ .
kz'x¿sf cfo' clglZrt x'G5, w]/} nfdf] ;do;Dd afRg] kz'sf]

cfo' Ps cGt/sNk x'G5 . o; ;DaGwdf o:tf] syg kfOG5 M
kz'x¿sf] clwsQd cfo' Ps sNk x'G5 .!%
b'u{ltsf b'Mvx¿sf] j0f{g oxLF ;dfKt x'G5 .
;'ultsf b'MvnfO{ tLg ju{df afFl8Psf] 5 M dg'iox¿sf] b'Mv, c;'/

of]lgsf] b'Mv / b]jof]gLsf] b'Mv .
79
Â
#=$= dg'io nf]s M dg'iox¿sf b'Mv cf7 k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . uef{jqmflGt–

;"qdf o:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
hGdg' b'Mv xf], h/f b'Mv xf], Joflw b'Mv xf], d/0f b'Mv xf],
lk|ohgaf6 ljof]u x'g' b'Mv xf], clk|ohgx?l;tsf] ldng
b'Mv xf], ceLi6 a:t' k|fKt gx'g' b'Mv xf], Pj+ pknAw
a:t'sf] ;+/If0f b'Mv xf] .
hGd b'Mv M hGdg' g} cGo ;d:t b'Mvx¿sf] d'xfg xf] . hGd rf/
k|sf/af6 x'g ;S5 .!^ t/ oxfF h/fo'h cyjf sf]vaf6 hGdg'nfO{ g}
k|;+u agfOPsf] 5 . cGt/fejaf6 ue{df s;/L k|j]z ul/G5 o;sf]
j0f{g lgDgfg';f/ 5 M
cGt/fejdf ;a} k|f0fLx¿ Cl4n] ;DkGg x'G5g\ . pgLx¿ cfsfz–
dfu{af6 hfg ;S5g\ / cfˆgf lbJorIf'åf/f hlt;'s} 6f9f /x]sf] cfˆgf]
efjL hGd:yn klg ;lhn} b]Vg ;S5g\ . t}klg To;a]nf cfˆgf]
sd{sf] kmn:j¿k pgLx¿n] $ k|sf/sf e|flGtdo cg'e"ltx¿ dx;";
u5{g\ M cfFwLj]x/L x'g,' 3G3f]/ j[li6 x'g,' k"/} cfsfz cFWof/f] b]lvg', y'k}|
dflg;x¿ s/fPsf] h:tf] eofgs sf]nfxnk"0f{ cfjfhx¿ ;'lgg' .
To;kl5, pgLx¿sf s'zn jf cs'zn sd{ cg';f/ bz e|flGtdo
ljrf/x¿ pTkGg x'G5g\ . pgLx¿ ;f]R5g\, …d lbJo dxndf k|j]z
ul//x]sf] 5'Ú, …3/sf] bf]>f] tNnf pSnb}5'Ú, …cf;gdf r9\b}5'Ú, …3fF;sf]
5fk|f]df k|j]z ub}{5'Ú, …kftn] ag]sf] 3/df k:b}5'Ú, …3fF;sf] laraf6
hfFb5} Ú' , …h+un leq k:b}5Ú' , …kvf{nsf] Kjfndf k|jz
] ub}5Ú' , …k/fnleqaf6
hfFb5
} Ú' . o;/L ;f]RF b}, pgLx¿n] 6f9}af6 cfˆgf efjL dftflktfn] ;Def]u
ul//x]sf] b]V5g\, / ToxLF hfG5g\ . hLljt 5Fbf ljk'n k'0ox¿ ;l~rt
u/]sf /x]5g\ h;sf] kmn:j¿k pRr s'ndf hGd x'g'kg]{ x'G5 eg]
ltgLx¿n] lbJo dxn, b'OtNn] ejg / c¿ s'g} dxn b]V5g\ / Tot}
tkm{ bu'5{g\ . h;n] dWod s'ndf hGdfpg] dWod k'0ox¿ ;~ro
80
Â
u/]sf x'G5g\ ltgLx¿n] 3fF;sf] 5fk|f] jf c¿ 5fk|f] s'6Lx¿ b]V5g\ /

Tot}tkm{ nfU5g\ . hLljt 5Fbf s'g} k|f0fLn] s'g} k'0o sd{ g} u/]sf] /x]g5
eg] To:tf k|f0fLsf] hGd lgDgs'ndf x'g] x'bF f, kvf{nsf] Kjfndfq b]vk] lg
Tot} tkm{ bu'5{g\ . Tof] cGt/fejLo ;™j tL 7fpFx¿df uP/ ue{leq
k:5g\ . k'?if eP/ hGdg] k|f0fLsf] dgdf cfdfk|lt /fu / afa'k|lt
3[0ff pTkGg x'G5 . To;sf] 7Ls pN6f] :qL eP/ hGdg] k|f0fLsf] dgdf
cfdfk|lt å]if / afa'k|lt /fu pTkGg x'G5 . /fu jf å]if efjgfn] cf]t
k|f]t ePkl5 Tof] lj1fgo'Qm cGt/fejL k|f0fL cfdfafa'n] :vng u/]sf]
jLo{ / /hdf uP/ ldl;G5 . o;j]nf b]lv Tof] k|f0fL c8\tL; xKtf;Dd
cfdfs} ue{df /lx/xG5 eGg] egfO 5 . sf]xL sf]xL eG5g\ aRrfx¿
cf7, gf} jf b; dlxgf;Dd ue{df /xG5g\ . sf]xL eG5g\ olQ g} dlxgf
x'G5 eGg ;lsGg . sf]xL sf]xL t ;f7L jif{;Dd klg aRrfx¿ cfdfsf]
ue{df /xG5g\ eg]/ eG5g\ .
klxnf] xKtfdf cfdfsf] ue{leq /x]sf]] Tof] k|f0fLn] sfo]lGb|o /
lj1fgåf/f Pp6f tftf] s/fO{df cfkm" tfl/Psf] ;/x c;Xo kL8fsf]
cg'ej u5{ . o; cj:yfdf ue{sf] e"|0fnfO{ snn elgG5 h'g hfpnf]
jf dxL h:t} b]lvG5 .
To;kl5 bf]>f] xKtfdf cfdfsf] ue{af6 Pp6f ;+:kz{ gfds jfo'
pTkGg x'G5, Tof] jfo'n] ue{nfO{ 5f]Pkl5, rf/wft'x¿!& :jt pTkGg
x'G5g\ . o; ;dodf e"|0f nfDrf] cfsf/sf] x'G5 h;nfO{ cj{'b eg]/
elgG5 / afSnf] t/ jf hd]sf] £o" em} b]lvg yfN5 .
t]>f] xKtfdf sf]if gfds jfo' pTkGg x'G5, Tof] jfo'n] ue{nfO{
5f]Pkl5, rf/wft'x¿ k"0f{¿kn] cleJoQm x'G5g\ . o; cj:yfdf e"|0f–
nfO{ k]zL elgG5 / kmnfd] rDrf jf sldnf em} b]lvG5 .
qmdzM ;ftf} xKtfdf cfjQ{s gfds jfo' pTkGg x'G5 . Tof] jfo'n]
ue{nfO{ 5f]Pkl5 e"|0faf6 xft v'§fx¿ lgSng yfN5g\ . o; r/0fdf
s'g} alnof] xfjfn] cfˆgf c+ux¿ ha/h:tL tfg]/ s;}n] ltgnfO{
n¶Ln] a]:;/L lk6]sf] h:tf] kL8f x'G5 .
81
Â
P3f/f}F xKtfdf cfdfsf] ue{af6 l5b|bzL{ gfds jfo'sf] pTklQ

x'G5 . Tof] jfo'n] ue{nfO{ 5f]Pkl5 ue{df /x]sf] z/L/df gf} j6f
Kjfnx¿ b]vfk5{g\ . To; a]nf 3fpdf cf}Fnfn] 3f]+r] ;/x kL8f x'G5 .
cfdfn] plrt dfqfdf vfgf gvfO{ s]jn lr;f] vfgf dfq vfO/Xof]
eg] ue{sf] aRrfnfO olt kL8f x'G5 ls dfgf} s'g} gfËf] JolQmnfO{
a/kmdf kmflnPsf] xf];\ . tftf] jf tLtf] vfgf vfof] eg] klg o:t}
kL8f x'g]u5{ . w]/} vfgf vfof] eg] r§fgx¿aLr lylrPsf] h:tf]
cg'ej x'G5 . sd dfq vfof] eg] cfkm" aLr xfjfdf em'lG8Psf] h:tf]
cg'ej x'G5 . cfdfn] bu'bf{, pk|mFbf jf lrKn]/ n8\bfv]/L ue{leqsf]
aRrfnfO{ eL/af6 aN8\ofË vfO{ v;] em} si6 x'G5 . ue{jtL cj:yfdf
cfdfn] cTolws ;+ef]u u/]df, ue{leqsf] aRrfnfO{ sfF9fo'Qm sf]/f{n]
lxsfPsf]{ h:tf] kL8f x'G5 .
;}FQL;f}F xKtfdf, cem} ue{d} /x]sf] aRrfn] cfkm" ue{sf] kmf]x/,
b'u{Gw, c+Wof/f] / s}bdf Psbd ps';d's'; ePsf] cg'ej u5{ /
ToxfFaf6 aflx/ lgSng] OR5f u5{ .
c8\tL;f} xKtfdf, cfdfsf] ue{df k'ik;+u|fxs gfds jfo' pTkGg
x'G5 . Tof] jfo'n] ue{sf] aRrfnfO{ kN6fO{lbG5 / ue{sf] d'vg]/ 3r]l6–
lbG5 . o;a]nf, aRrfnfO{ s'g} kmnfd] oGqdf /fvL Ift ljIft kf/]sf]
h:t} kL8f x'G5 .
o;/L w]/} ;do;Dd tftf] s/fO{df tfl/P / ksfOPem} ue{leqsf]
tfkdf tfl/P / kflsPkl5 ue{sf] lzz'nfO{ c¶fO;j6f ljleGg jfo'n]
5f]P/ xNnfOlbG5 . cfdfn] u|x0f u/]sf] ef]hgsf] ;f/dfq vfO{ Tof]
c08fsf/sf] e"|0f ljsl;t x'Fb} ;fwf/0f z/L/df kl/0ft x'G5 . o;nfO{
ue{jqmflGt;"q df o;/L bzf{Psf] 5 M
;j{k|yd snnaf6 ca'{b gfds

df;'sf] 8Nnf] pTkGg x'G5,
ca'{baf6 k]zL pTkGg x'G5,
82
Â
k]zLdf 3gTj cfpg yfN5

Tolt eO;s]kl5
6fpsf] / rf/ cËx¿ pTkGg x'G5g\
/ xf8x¿ Ps 7fpFdf ldn]/ z/L/ aG5
oL ;a} sd{s} sf/0f x'G5g\ .
To;kl5 clGtddf k|fËd'vL gfds jfo' pTkGg x'G5 . o;n]

lzz'nfO{ cwd'G6f] kfl/lbG5 / lzz' xft km}nfP/ ue{af6 aflx/
lg:sG5 . o;a]nf kmnfd] tf/x¿n] ag]sf] hfnLsf] Kjfnaf6 a]:;/L
tfg] ;/x kL8f x'G5 .
s'g} lzz' ue{d} d5{ / s'g} hGd k|s[ofdf cfdf;+u} d5{ . hGdgf;fy
lzz'nfO{ e"OFdf /flvG5, To;a]nf p;nfO{ Ps v;|f] ;txdf /flvP em}+
si6 x'G5 . ha klxnf]rf]l6 p;sf] z/L/nfO{ ?dfn jf cGo rLhn]
k'l5G5, Tof] a]nf kvf{ndf l3l;|P/ 5fnf v's]{sf] h:tf] kL8f x'G5 .
nfdf];do;Dd gjhft lzz' kL8f, tfk, cGwsf/ / b'Mv j]bgf em]n]/
a:5 . ltdL b'O{ lbg;Dd kmf]x/n] el/Psf] Pp6f sfnsf]7/Ldf a:g',
d To;sf] abnfdf tLgj6f c;kmL{ lbG5' egL s;}n] ltdLnfO{ eG5
eg] ltdL hlt;'s} nf]eL ePklg ToxfFleq a:g dfGb}gf} . ue{leqsf]
kL8f t Tof] eGbf klg clws x'G5 . h:tf] lzion]v df klg elgPsf]
5M
c;Xo b'u{Gwsf] cfj/0fdf 9flsP/

clt ;Ggf6fk"0f{ cGwsf/df s'l07t eP/
g/sh:tf] ue{df a:bf p;sf] z/L/ v'lDrP/
clt kL8fbfoL cj:yfdf k'U5 .!*
olt lj£g b'Mv x'G5 eGg] yfxf kfPkl5 sf]xLklg k|f0fLn] Ps–
rf]l6sf] nflu klg ue{df k|j]z ug]{ cfF6 ub}{g .
83
Â
j[4fj:yfsf] b'Mv M j[4fj:yfsf b'Mv klg c;Lldt g} 5g\ . ;+If]kdf

oL b'Mvx¿ bz k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M ¿kdf kl/jt{g, s]zdf kl/jt{g,
5fnfdf kl/jt{g, j0f{df kl/jt{g, andf kl/jt{g, t]hdf kl/jt{g,
efUodf kl/jt{g, :jf:Yodf kl/jt{g, lrQdf kl/jt{g / hLjgsf]
cGTo glhlsPkl5 d[To' x'g' .
¿kdf kl/jt{g M h'g z/L/ PskN6 alnof], s8f lyof] Tof] ca
abn]/ s'kf| ] 6]9f] x'G5, st} lx8\gsf] nflu nf}/f]sf] ;xf/f lng'kg]{ x'G5 .
s]zdf kl/jt{g M h'g s]z jf skfn klxn] sfnf] df}/Lh:t} Ps–
bd sfnf] / rlDsnf] lyof] Tof] ca abn]/ ;]tf] km'n]sf] x'G5 . s;}sf]
t tfn' g} v'OlnG5 .
5fnfdf kl/jt{g M klxn] Psbd agf/;L sk8fem} 5'g dgnfUg]
ldlxg, g/d / ;'ulGwt 5fnf a[4fj:yfdf afSnf] v;|f], ?vf], 6'qm]sf
r'/fx¿;/L rfp/L k/]sf] x'ghfG5 .
j0f{df kl/jt{gM ev{/ kmqm]sf] sdnsf] km"n em}F rxlsnf] / t]lhnf]
j0f{ kl/jlt{t eP/ cf]OnfP/ em/]sf] km"n em} lg:t]h x'gk'U5 .
andf kl/jt{g M klxnf h'g pT;fx / zlQm lyof] ca Tof] /xGg .
;a} IfL0f eP/ ;'S5g\ . zfl//Ls zlQm g} gePkl5, p;nfO{ sfd ug}{
uf¥xf] x'G5 . OlGb|ox¿ ;a} IfL0f x'Fbf sfd ug]{ hfFu/ klg /xGg, s'g}
klg rLh b¥xf] lsl;dn] ;dfTg ;Sb}g, ;a} cfkm"n] rfx]eGbf ljkl/t
eOlbG5g\ .
t]hdf kl/jt{gM h'g JolQmnfO{ klxn] c¿n] cfb/ ;Tsf/ / k|z; + f
ug]{ uy]{, cfh cfP/ ToxL JolQmnfO{ cfkm"eGbf ;fgfn] klg x]Kg
yfN5g\ . pm s;}sf] Kof/f] x'g]5}g . t'R5 JolQmn] klg x]Kg yfN5 .
5f]/fx¿sf] ckdfg wDsL ;xg'kg]{5, gfltx¿n] ;d]t luHofpFg]5g\ .
efUodf kl/jt{g M xfdLn] klxn] klxn] vfg] u/]sf, pkef]u ug{]
u/]sf vfgfx¿, zfl//Ls ;'vdf klg xfd|f] ?rL 36\b} hfg yfN5 . Gofgf]
sk8f klxl/Pklg z/L/df Gofgf]sf] cg'ej k6Ss} x'Gg, / :jflbnf]
vfgf vfPklg lha|f]df s'g} :jfb x'Gg . laz]ifu/L gePsf rLhx¿
84
Â
dfq vfg dg nfU5 . To:tf] a]nfdf :ofxf/ ;';f/ ug]{ / cfkm"n]

rfx]sf] j:t' pknAw ul/lbg]x¿ klg x'Fb}gg\ .
:jf:Yodf kl/jt{g M j[4fj:yf ;a} /f]ux¿sf] h8 xf] . k|f0fL a'9f]
x'Fb} uPkl5 ;a} k|sf/sf /f]ux¿ klg nfU5g\ . To;}n] ;a}n] p;nfO{
ufnL u5{g\, pmaf6 6f9f /xg vf]H5g\ .
lrQdf kl/jt{g M cfkm}n] s]xL a]/ cl3 eg]sf] s'/fnfO{ klg p;n]
t'?Gt lj;{G5 . e|ldt eO{ hyfefjL af]N5 .
hLjgsf] cGTo glhlsPkl5 d[To' x'g' M Zjf; km]g{ sl7gfO{ x'G5 /
cfjfh klg n/al/g yfN5 . lrQsf ;a} zlQm IfL0f x'Fb} uP/ cGTodf
d[To' cfOk'U5 . h:tf] nlntlj:t/ df elgPsf] 5 M
h/fn] ;'Gb/ ¿knfO{ s'¿k agfOlbG5,

h/fn] :jf:Yo / ansf] x/0f u5{ .
h/fn] ;'v x/]/ b'Mv NofpF5 .
h/fn] d[To' NofpF5 / t]h klg x/]/ nfG5 .!(
Joflwsf] b'Mv M Aoflwsf b'Mv klg c;Lldt g} 5g\ . ;+If]kdf Joflwsf

b'Mv & k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M tLj| kL8fhlgt b'Mv, si6bfoL pkrf/ em]
Ng'kg]{ b'Mv, rsf]{ cf}ifwL vfg'kg]{ b'Mv, cfkm"n] rfx]sf] vfg]s'/f vfgaf6
lgif]l4t x'g'kg]{ b'Mv, lrlsT;sx¿sf] ;Nnfx dfGg'kg{] afWotfsf] b'Mv,
;DklQ l;l4g] b'Mv / d[To'sf] 8/ . nlntlj:t/ df elgPsf] 5 M
of] ;+;f/ ;of}F k|sf/sf /f]ux¿af6 pTkGg b'Mvn] u|:t

5 . lzsf/Låf/f ;tfOPsf d[ux¿ em}F ;a} ;™j -k|f0fL_x¿
oL /f]u–x¿åf/f lkl8t 5g\ .@)
d/0fsf] b'Mv M d/0fsf b'Mvx¿ klg c;Lldt g} 5g\ . h:tf]

/fhfjjfbs;"q df elgPsf] 5 M
85
Â
x] dxf/fh Û o;/L od/fhsf lqz'nn] ;™j -k|f0fL_sf hLpdf

5]F8]kl5 ;a} cx+sf/x¿ p8]/ hfG5g\ . p;n] vfgsf] nflu
s]xL ef]hg x'Gg, p;sf s'g} z/0f, /Ifs jf ldq cfkmGt
x'Gg . /f]un] u|:t eO{ p;sf] d'v Kof;n] ;'Sg yfN5 . p;sf]
cg'xf/sf] /Ë ablng yfN5 . xftv'6f n/a/fpg yfN5 .
s]xL sfd ug{ g;Sg] x'G5 . ¥ofn, l;Ëfg, lbzf, lkzfj,
jfGtf, vsf/ OToflbn] k"/} z/L/ n6kl6G5 . lrlsT;sn]
cf;} 5f]8]/ pkrf/ ToflulbG5 . pm d[To'z}ofdf ;'lt–
/xG5 / o; nf]ssf] ej;Gtlt cGt/fejdf 8'Ag vf]H5 .
odb'tx¿b]lv pm 8/fpF5 . Zjf; k|Zjf; /f]lsG5 . d'v /
gfs v'Nnf /xG5 . pm of] ;+;f/ Tofu]/ c¿ nf]sdf hfG5 .
pm ;bfsf] nflu Tof] 7fFp TofuL Ps eLif0f ;Ggf6f ePsf]
cGt/fejdf k'U5 . pm eo+s/ ulx/f] vf8ndf v:5 /
dxf;fu/n] p;nfO{ aufP/ nfG5 . sd{sf] jfo'n] p;nfO{
tfGb} To:tf] 7fpFdf k'¥ofOlbG5 hxfF s'g} bl/nf] hdLg}
x'Gg . p;n] cfˆgf] wg;Dklt bfdf;flxdf k/]sf] b]V5,
…x] d]/L cfdf Û x] d]/f a'af Û x] d]/f ;Gtfgx¿ ÛÚ eg]/ pm
hlt;'s} cQflnP/ s/fPklg x] dxf/fh, p;sf] wd{ l;jfo
s]xL z/0f x'Gg .
lk|ohgaf6 ljof]usf] b'Mv M xfd|f Kof/f a'jf, cfdf, 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿

/ gfltgfltgLx¿ ;a} Pslbg d5{g\ . ltgLx¿sf] d[To'df xfdLn] tLj|
zf]s u5f{}F, kL8fsf] cg'ej u5f}{F, ?G5f}F, s/fp5f}F . o;/L c;Lldt b'Mv
ef]U5f}F . of] g} lk|ohgaf6 ljof]usf] b'Mv xf] .
clk|ohgl;t ;+of]u x'Fbfsf] b'Mv M xfd|f zq'x¿ x'G5g\ . tL

zq'x¿l;t å]ifsf] jzdf kl/ jfb—ljjfb, df/kL6 OToflb u/]/ b'Mvx¿
em]N5f}F .
86
Â
clGtd b'O{ j6f b'Mvx¿ -clei6 ck|flKt b'Mv / pknAw a:t'sf]

;+/If0fdf sl7gfO{_ a'‰g Tolt uf¥xf] gePsfn] oxfF ltgsf] JofVof
ul//xg cfjZos gxf]nf .
#=%= c;'/ nf]s M c;'/x¿sf] b'Mv klg b]jtfx¿n] ef]Ug] b'Mv g}

x'g\ . t/ tL afx]s klg c;'/x¿nfO{ cx+sf/, O{iof{ / o'4sf] b'Mv klg
x'g] u5{ . o; af/] o:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
c;'/x¿df b]jtfx¿sf] P]Zjo{k|lt :jefj}n]

Oiof{ x'g] ePsfn] dfgl;s b'Mv w]/} g} x'G5 .
#=^= b]j nf]s M sfdwft'sf b]jtfx¿n] klg c;'/x¿l;t n8\g'kg{]

b'Mv ef]Ug'k5{ . of] afx]s pgLx¿n] sfdef]uaf6 c;Gt'i6 x'g'kg{] b'Mv,
ckdflgt x'g'kg]{ b'Mv, dfl/g] b'Mv, lgisf;g, Ro'lt tyf ktgsf
b'Mvx¿ ef]Ug'k5{ . o; af/] o:tf] egfO 5 M
b]jtfsf] d[To' ;dodf kfFr k|sf/sf nIf0fx¿ b]vfk5{g\ .

p;sf] j:q d}nf] x'G5 Ù p;n] nufPsf dfnfsf km"nx¿
cf]OnfP/ em5{g\ Ù p;sf] sfvLaf6 kl;gf lg:sG5 Ù p;sf]
z/L/af6 b'u{Gw cfpg yfN5 Ù p;nfO{ cfˆg} cf;g clk|o
nfUg yfN5 .
¿k / c¿k wft'df o:tf b'Mv kfOFb}g . t/ tL 7fpFx¿klg Ro"lt

Pj+ :yfgaf6 :jtGq rflxF 5}g . ToxfFsf k|f0fLx¿n] bf}i7"No b'Mv
-ToxfFaf6 ktg eP/ c¿ b'u{ltdf ef]Ug'kg]{ b'Mv_ ef]U5g\ . cfkm"n]
k"j{hGddf ;+u[lxt u/]sf] sd{n] k|f0fLn] o:tf] ;'ult Pj+ :ju{sf] ;'v
ef]U5 . t/ cfˆgf ;f/f sd{sf] Ifo eO;s]kl5 pm ToxfFaf6 k'gM
b'u{ltd} ktg eP/ b'Mv ef]U5 .
87
Â
t;y{ of] ;+;f/ :jefj}n] b'MvdoL / Ps aln/x]sf] 3/ ;/x xf] .

ue{jqmflGt;"q df elgPem}F M
cxf] Û of] ej;fu/ Hjlnt, k|Hjlnt Pj+ ;+k|Hjlnt 5 .

o;af6 k|efljt gx'g] sf]xL 5}g . of] ;+;f/ /fu, å]if, df]xsf]
cfuf], hGd, h/f, Joflwsf] cfuf], zf]s, kl/b]j, bf}d{g:o
/ Iff]esf] cfuf]n] ;bf aln/x]sf] 5 . To;af6 sf]xLklg
aRg ;Sb}g .
ctM o:tf] tLj| b'MvnfO{ b]v]/ k|f0fLn] ej;'vaf6 cfˆgf] lrQnfO{

ljd'v kfg'{ k5{ . of] ;DaGwdf lktfk'q;dfud;"q df elgPsf] 5 M
;+;f/sf] b'Mv b]v]kl5

tkfO{Fleq ;+j]usf] lrQ pTkGg x'G5 .
of] q}wft's sf/fuf/b]lv eoeLt eP/
k|oTgk"j{s o;nfO{ Toflulbg'k5{ .
o;nfO{ cfrfo{ gfufh'{gn] klg k'li6 ug'{ePsf] 5 M
;+;f/sf] l:ylt o:tf] 5 ls b]j, dg'io, c;'/,

lto{s, k|]t / g/s hxfF hlGdPklg ;'v t sxLF
e]l6Fb} e]l6Gg . To;}n] hGdlng' eg]s} cg]s b'Mvx¿sf
kfqe"t x'g\ egL hfGg' .
;4d{lrGtfdl0f–d'lQm/Tgfn+sf/ cGtu{t
ejb'Mv lgb]{z gfds k~rd kl/R5]b ;dfKt
88
Â
kl/R5]b ^
sd{ / To;sf] kmn
cufl8sf k[i7x?df j0f{g ul/Psf b'Mvx¿sf] d'n x]t' s'g xf] eg]/
;f]+Rg] xf] eg] ;f;|j sd{ g} tL b'Mvx¿sf] x]t' xf] eGg] s'/f :ki6
x'G5 . ;f;|j sd{åf/f g} b'Mv pTkGg x'G5 . h:tf] sd{zts;"q df
elgPsf] 5 M
sd{ gfgf y/Lsf x'G5g\ /

ToxL sd{n] ubf{ g} ljleGg ult -nf]s_ x?sf] ;[hgf x'G5 .
o;} ;DaGwdf s?0ffk'08/Ls ;"q df klg atfOPsf] 5 M
of] ;+;f/ sd{s} lgdf{0f jf l;h{gf xf] . ;™jx¿ sd{s}

pkh x'g\ jf sd{s} sf/0fn] ;Tjx¿ k|s6 x'G5g\ . sd{s}
sf/0f ltgLx¿ juL{s[t x'G5g\ .
clewd{sf]z df o:tf] atfOPsf] 5 M
sd{sf] sf/0fn] ljleGg nf]sx¿ pTkGg x'G5g\ .!
sd{ eg]sf] s] xf] < sd{ r]tgf / r]tgfo'Qm sfo{ -r]tloTjf_ x'g\ .
cyf{t\ r]tgf sd{ / r]tloTjf sd{ . clewd{sf]z df klg oxL s'/f
atfOPsf] 5 M
sd{ s] xf] < sd{ r]tgf / r]tgfo'Qm sfo{ xf] .@
89
Â
d"ndWodssfl/sf df klg o:t} pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 M
sd{ r]tgf / r]tloTjf xf] eg]/

dxfd'lgn] eGg'ePsf] 5 .#
r]tgf sd{ / r]tloTjf sd{ eg]sf s] x'g\ < r]tgfsd{ dfgl;s

sd{ xf] eg] r]tloTjf sd{ eg]sf] r]tgfåf/f k|]l/t sd{ xf] h'g sfo /
jfsåf/f ul/G5 . oxL s'/fnfO{ clewd{sf]z df o;/L atfOPsf] 5 M
r]tgf dfgl;s sfo{ xf]

o;sf] kmn:j¿k sflos / jfssd{ pTkGg x'G5g\ .$
oL b'O{ k|sf/sf sd{x¿sf] JofVof ug'{kbf{ b]xfoadf]lhdsf] ;f/e"t

zLif{sx?sf] ;xfotf lng'kg]{ x'G5 .
e]b, nIf0f, :ju|fXotf, s6' jf csf6\o kmn,

cNk x]t' ljk'n ljkfs, cljk|0ffz .
!= sd{ kmnsf] e]b M sd{kmnsf] e]b tLg k|sf/sf] 5 . ck'0o sd{—

kmn, k'0o sd{—kmn tyf cflg~ho sd{—kmn .
@= x/]s e]bsf nIf0f
s= ck'0o -cs'zn_ sd{—kmn M x/]s e]bsf nIf0f AofVof ug{] qmddf

;j{ky| d oxfF ck'0o -cs'zn_ sd{–kmnsf] e]bsf af/] g} rrf{ ul/G5 .
;fdfGotM ck'0o sd{—kmn cg]s lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . t}klg tL ;a}
bz cs'zn sd{ cGtu{t g} ;dfj]z x'G5g\ . bz cs'zn sd{ dWo]
k|f0ffltkft cflb tLg sfol;t ;Da4, d[iffjfb cflb rf/ jfs\l;t
90
Â
%pay : kmR r Tyskae )l
;Da4 / cleBf cflb tLg lrQl;t ;Da4 x'G5g\ . x/]s ju{nfO{

e]b, kmn / ljz]if oL tLg zLif{sx? cGtu{t JofVof ul/g]5 .
-!_ k|f0ffltkft
!=!_ k|f0ffltkftsf e]b M k|f0ffltkft cyf{t xTof ug's { f tLg e]b 5g\ M
/fujz ul/g] xTof, å]ifjz ul/g] xTof / df]xjz ul/g] xTof . logdWo]
klxnf] k|sf/sf] xTof hgfj/x¿sf] df;', 5fnf / c¿ cËsf] nflu
ul/G5, lzsf/sf] nflu jf k};fsf] nflu ul/G5, jf cfkm}nfO{ / cfˆgf
;fyLx¿nfO{ arfpgsf] nflu ul/G5 . bf]>f] k|sf/sf] xTof cyf{t\
å]ifjz ul/g] xTof eg]sf] å]ifn] k|]l/t eO{ s'g} zq' jf k|ltåGbLx¿sf]
xTof ug'{ xf] . t]>f] k|sf/sf] xTof cyf{t df]xjz ul/g] xTof eg]sf] c1fg–
tfjz o1, pT;j cflbx¿df lgl/x k|f0fLx¿sf] aln r9fpg' xf] .
!=@_ k|f0ffltkftsf kmn M o:tf sd{x?sf] kmn klg tLg k|sf/–
sf x'G5g\ M ljkfs kmn, lgioGb kmn / clwklt kmn . ljkfs kmn:j¿k
k|f0fLx¿ g/sdf hlGdG5g\ . lgioGb kmn:j¿k k|f0fLx¿ dg'io ultdf
hlGdPtfklg cfo' Psbd 5f]F6f] eO{ ;w}h;f] /f]ux¿sf] jzdf /xg]
x'G5 . clwklt kmn:j¿k k|f0fLx¿ ;+s6u|:t, clgsfnu|:t / ljkGg
b]zdf hlGdG5g\ .
!=#_ k|f0ffltkftsf] ;DaGwdf ljz]if M k|f0ffltkftsf] ;DaGwdf
ljz]if s] xf] eg] xTofsf ;a} kfkx¿ dWo] lkt[xTof jf cx{t xTof
;jflw{s 7"nf] dxfkfk xf] .
-@_ cbQfbfg
@=!_ cbQfbfgsf e]b M cbQfbfg jf rf]/L OToflb klg tLg lsl;dn]
ul/G5g\ M ank"j{s, u'Kt t/Lsfn], / 5nk"j{s . klxnf] cbQfbfg s'g}
sf/0f} ljgf lx+;f /l~ht x'g]u/L csf{sf] ;fdfg OToflb anhˆtLk"j{s
n'6g\ ' jf l5g]/ lng' xf] . s;}sf] 3/df ;'6S' s k;]/ jf c¿ t/Lsf–
af6 s;}n] yfx} gkfpg]u/L p;sf ;fdfgx¿ rf]g'{ bf]>f] k|sf/sf]
91
Â
cbQfbfg xf] . gfk, tf}ndf tndfly jf u8abL u/]/ jf s'g} t/Lsfaf6

Jofj;flos Jojxf/x¿df u|fxs jf c¿ s;}nfO{ 5Ng' g} t]>f] k|sf/sf]
cbQfbfg xf] .
@=@_ cbQfbfgsf kmn M of] sd{sf] kmn klg tLg} lsl;dsf
x'G5g\ M logdWo] ljkfs kmn:j¿k k|f0fL k|]t ultdf hGd lng
k'U5g\ . lgioGb kmn:j¿k dg'io ultdf hlGdPklg pm b'MvL / b/Lb|
x'g]5 . clwklt kmn:j¿k p;n] Psbd hf8f] / lxdkft x'g] 7fpFdf
hGd lng]5g\ .
@=#_ cbQfbfgsf] ;DaGwdf ljz]if M cbQfbfgdf ;a}eGbf eofgs
kfk u'? / lq/Tgsf ;DklQx? rf]g'{ jf n'6\g' xf] .
-#_ sfdldYofrf/
#=!_ sfdldYofrf/sf e]b M sfdldYofrf/sf tLg e]bx¿ 5g\ M
hflt /lIftf, :jfdL /lIftf / wd{ /lIftfx¿l;t sfdldYofrf/ ug'{ .
logdWo] klxnf] hflt /lIftfl;tsf] sfdldYofrf/ -kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw
ePsfx¿l;t ;+ef]u ug'{_ eg]sf] cfˆgL cfdf, lbbLalxgL jf cGo
s'g} :qL cfkmGtx¿l;t sfdldYofrf/ ug'{ xf] . bf]>f], /fhf jf kltåf/f
;+/lIft JolQml;t sfdldYofrf/ ug'{ xf] . t]>f] sfdldYofrf/
cGtu{t cfˆg} kTgLl;t klg b]xfoadf]lhd kfFr lsl;dn] ul/Psf]
sfdldYofrf/ kfk dflgG5 M cgË, cb]z, csfn, c;Lldt / cg'lrt
9+uaf6 ;+ef]u ug'{ . logdWo] cgËsf] tfTko{ d'v jf dnåf/af6
ck|fs[lts 9+un] of}gfrf/ ug'{ xf] . cb]zsf] tfTko{ u'? / lziox¿sf]
;fdLKodf, ljxf/ / :t"k ghLs} ;+ef]u ug'{ xf] . csfnsf] cy{ pkjf;
lnPsL, uef{j:yfsL, aRrfnfO{ b'w v'jfO/x]sL :qLl;t ;+ef]u ug'{
xf] . c;Lldttf eGgfn] kfFr jf Tof] eGbf a9L k6s ;+ef]u ug'{ /
cg'lrt 9+uaf6 sfdldYofrf/ ug'{sf] cy{ cfˆgL kTgLnfO{ s'6]/ jf
s/sfkdf kf/]/ pgLl;t of}g ;Dks{ ug'{ jf anfTsf/ ug'{ . k'?if jf
gk'+;ssf] d'v jf dnåf/af6 of}g ;Dks{ ug'{ klg o;} leq kb{5 .
92
Â
#=@_ sfdldYofrf/sf kmn M sfdldYofrf/ sd{sf ltg kmnx¿

ljkfs, lgioGb / clwklt dWo] ljkfskmnsf] sf/0fn] kfkL k|]t ultdf
hlGdG5 . lgioGbkmnsf] sf/0fn] dg'io} ePtfklg p;n] b'i6 kTgLl;t
hLjg lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ x'G5 eg] clwkltkmn :j¿k pm w"n} w"nf]n]
el/Psf] 7fFpdf hGd lng k'U5 .
#=#_ sfdldYofrf/sf] ;DaGwdf ljz]if M sfdldYofrf/df ;a}eGbf
eofgs kfk cfˆgL cfdf jf cx{Tj k'lu;s]sL :qLl;t sfdldYofrf/
ug'{ xf] .
-$_ d[iffjfb
$=!_ d[iffjfbsf e]b M d[iffjfb -em'7f] af]Ng'_ sf klg tLg e]bx¿ 5g\
h:tf] M kf/flhs d[iff, dxfd[iff / cNkd[iff M logdWo] klxnf] em'7 jf
d[iff, >]i7 dfgj wd{%sf] ;DaGwdf em"7f] af]Ng' cyf{t pbfx/0fsf] nflu
cfkm"l;t Cl4 l;l4 s]xL geOsg} cfkm"nfO{ Cl4jfg jf l;l4jfg
eGg' jf eGg nufpg' . bf]>f], cfkm"nfO{ / c¿nfO{ xflg x'g] em"7f] s'/f
af]Ng' . t]>f] s;}nfO{ xflg gx'g] em'7f] s'/f af]Ng' .
$=@_ d[iffjfbsf kmn M o; sd{sf tLg kmnx¿ ljkfs, lgioGb
/ clwklt dWo] ljkfskmnsf] sf/0fn] k|f0fL kz' eP/ hlGdG5 Ù
lgioGbkmn:j¿k dg'io} ePtfklg pm csf{sf] lgGbf dfq ul//fVg]
JolQm aGg]5 . t]>f] clwkltkmn:j¿k p;sf] ;f; uGxfpg] x'G5 .
$=#_ d[iffjfbsf] ;DaGwdf ljz]if M tyfutsf] ljifodf em"7f]
af]Ng' / u'?nfO{ em'7f] af]Ng' ;a}eGbf 7"nf] kfk xf] .
-%_ k}z'Go k|nfk

%=!_ k}zG' osf e]b M k}z'Go k|nfk -kmf6f] Nofpg] s'/f_ sf klg tLg
e]bx¿ 5g\ h:tf] M x7ft\ k}z'Go, ;+;"rg k}z'Go / k/f]If k}z'Go .
klxnf] k}z'Go xf] b'O{ k/dldqx¿nfO{ k|ToIf¿kn] -cyf{t rfKn';L
OToflb u/]/ Ps csf{aLr cfP/_ 5'§ofOlbg' . bf]>f] k}z'Go xf] Psn]
93
Â
eg]sf] s'/f csf]{nfO{ ;'gfP/ b'O{ ldqdf km"6 nufOlbg' . t]>f] uf]Ko
tj/n] Ps cfk;df dte]b ;[hgf u/L b'O{ ldqx¿nfO{ 5'§ØfOlbg' .
%=@_ k}zG' osf kmn M o;sf tLg kmnx? ljkfs, lgioGb / clwklt
dWo] ljkfskmnsf] sf/0fn] k|f0fL g/sdf hlGdG5 . lgioGbkmn:j¿k
dg'io} ePtf klg p;sf ;fyLx¿ sf]xL klg x'Gg . clwklt kmn:j¿k
;dtn gePsf] 7fpFdf p;sf] hGd x'g]5 .
%=#_ k}z'Go k|nfksf] ;DaGwdf ljz]if M cgy{sf s'/fx¿ nufP/
;+3 e]b ul/lbg' ;a}eGbf 7"nf] kfk xf] .
-^_ kf?io jrg

^=!_ kf?io jrgsf e]b M kf?io jrg -b'j{rg_ sf tLg e]bx¿
5g\ . ;Dd'v kf?io, 3'dfp/f] kf?io -5]8 xfGg'_, k/f]If kf?io . klxnf]
kf?io, k|ToIf¿kn] s;}sf gfgf y/Lsf bf]ifx¿ p;}sf ;fd' lrQ b'Vg]
u/L eGg' Ù bf]>f], lrQ b'Vg] u/L s;}nfO{ 5]b xfGg' jf stfIf JoË
k|xf/ ug'{ Ù t]>f], ;fyLx¿sf] ;fd' jf lk|ohgx?;fd' a]OHht x'g] u/L
s;}sf] bf]if sf]6\ofOlbg' .
^=@_ kf?io jrgsf kmn M o;sf tLg kmnx¿ ljkfs, lgioGb /
clwklt dWo] ljkfskmnsf] sf/0fn] k|f0fL g/sdf hlGdG5 . lgioGb–
kmn:j¿k pm dg'io g} eP/ hlGdP klg p;n] y'k|} clk|o zJbx¿,
s'/fx¿ ;'Gg'kg]{5 . clwklt kmn:j¿k s'g} ;'Vvf / udL{ Pj+ b'i6
JolQmx¿n] el/Psf] 7fpFdf p;sf] hGd x'g]5 .
^=#_ kf?io argsf] ;DaGwdf ljz]if M cfdfafa', jf c¿ cfo{–
hgx¿nfO{ b'j{rgx¿ af]Ng' ;a}eGbf 7"nf] kfk xf] .
-&_ ;lDeGg k|nfk

&=!_ ;lDeGg k|nfksf e]b M ;+leGg k|nfksf klg tLg} j6f e]bx¿
x'G5g\ . ldYof ;+leGgk|nfk, nf}lss ;+leGg k|nfk / ;To ;+leGg–
k|nfk . klxnf] ;+leGg k|nfk tLly{sx¿sf unt hk jf s'/fx¿ x'g\ .
94
Â
bf]>f] cgy{sf jf grflxFbf ukmx¿ x'g\ eg] t]>f] ;+leGg k|nfk wd{ g}
g?rfpg] JolQm jf unt JolQmnfO{ wd{sf] k|jrg lbg' .
&=@_ ;lDeGg k|nfksf kmn M o;sf ltg kmnx¿ ljkfs, lgioGb
/ clwklt dWo] ljkfskmnsf] sf/0fn] k|f0fL kz' eP/ hlGdG5 .
lgioGb kmn:j¿k dg'io eP/} hlGdP klg p;sf] jrg s;}n] gkTofpg]
x'G5 . clwklt kmn:j¿k pm slxn] clt udL{ t slxn] clt g} hf8f]
x'g] 7fpF ljifd Ct' ePsf] 7fpFdf hGd lng k'U5 .
&=#_ ;lDeGg k|nfk ;DaGwdf ljz]if M ;lDeGg k|nfkx¿dWo]
pT;'stfk"j{s wd{ l;Sg OR5's JolQmnfO{ grflxFbf s'/fx¿df cNd–
NofO{ p;sf] dgnfO{ larlnt kfg'{ ;a}eGbf 7"nf] kfk xf] .
-*_ cleWof
*=!_ cleWofsf e]b M cleWof jf nf]esf tLg e]bx¿ 5g\ . cfTdLo
cleWof, k/sLo cleWof / peo—Joltl/Qm cleWof . klxnf] cleWof
jf nf]e cfˆgf] hLjg, s'n, ¿k, u'0f tyf wg;DklQx¿k|lt cfzQm
eP/ d h:tf] sf]xL 5}g egL ;f]Rg' xf] . bf]>f] csf{sf] wg;DklQ jf
u'0fx?sf] nf]e u/]/ tL ;a} d]/f] eOlbP slt x'GYof] < egL ;f]Rg' xf] .
cfˆgf] / c¿ s;}sf] clwsf/ gePsf] e"ldut wg;DklQx¿sf] nf]e
u/]/ tL ;a} e"ldut ;DklQx¿df d]/f] cflwkTo /x] slt hflt x'GYof] <
egL ;f]Rg' t]>f] cleWof xf] .
*=@_ cleWofsf kmnx¿ M o;sf tLg kmnx¿ ljkfs, lgioGb
/ clwklt dWo] ljkfskmnsf] sf/0fn] k|f0fL k|]t eP/ hlGdG5 Ù
lgioGbkmnsf] sf/0fn] pm dg'io ultd} hlGdP klg cToGt} nf]eL
JolQm aGg]5 Ù clwklt kmn:j¿k cGgsf] pAhgL g} gx'g] 7fpFdf
p;sf] hGd x'g]5 .
*=#_ cleWofsf] ;DaGwdf ljz]if M ;Dos k|xf0f ;DkGg leIf'–
x¿sf j:t'x¿ xft kfg]{ OR5f ug'{ ;a}eGbf 7"nf] kfk jf ;aeGbf
7"nf] cleWof xf] .
95
Â
-(_ Jofkfb
(=!_ Jofkfbsf e]bx¿ M Jofkfb -s'dlt /fVg' jf s'enf] lrtfpg'_ sf
tLg e]bx¿ 5g\ M å]ifhGo Jofkfb, O{iof{hGo Jofkfb, / k|lt3hGo
Jofkfb . klxnf] Jofkfb å]ifn] el/Psf] lrQn] s;}nfO{ zq'nfO{ em}F dfg{]
OR5f ug'{ xf] . bf]>f], cfˆgf] k|ltåGbLnfO{ st} p;n] d}n] eGbf w]/}
k|ult t ug]{ xf]Og eGg] ;f]r]/ eoeLt eP/ dfg]{] OR5f ug'{ . t]>f]
p;n] dnfO{ klxn] w]/} b'Mvx¿ lbof] To;}n] ca d p;nfO{ df5'{ eGg]
vfnsf] k|lt3n] el/Psf] OR5f /fVg' xf] .
(=@_ Jofkfbsf kmnx¿ M o;sf tLg kmnx¿dWo] ljkfskmn–
:j¿k Tof] kfk ug]{ k|f0fL g/sdf hGd lng k'U5 . lgioGb kmn:j¿k
pm dg'io eP/} hGd]tfklg pu| å]if ePsf] JolQm aGg]5 . clwklt
kmn:j?k pm To:tf] 7fFpdf hGd lng k'U5 hxfF vfOg] cGg cToGt}
tLtf] / ?vf] x'G5 .
(=#_ cleWofsf] ;DaGwdf ljz]if M cfgGto{ sd{ -k~r cfgGto{
sd{ jf k~r dxfkfk ug]{ OR5f ug'{_ ;a} Jofkfbx¿ dWo] clws 7"nf]
kfk xf] .
-!)_ ldYof b[li6

!)=!_ ldYofb[li6sf e]bx¿ M ldYof b[li6 tLg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . sd{
/ kmnsf] ;DaGwdf ldYofb[li6, ;Tosf] ;DaGwdf ldYofb[li6 / lq/Tgsf]
;DaGwdf ldYofb[li6 . klxnf] sd{ / kmnsf] ;DaGwdf ldYofb[li6 eg]
sf] s'zn sd{ / cs'zn sd{ g} qmdzM ;'v / b'Mvsf sf/0f x'g\
eGg] tYonfO{ g} ljZjf; gug'{ xf] . dfu{ ;To cg'i7fg u/]/ klg b'Mv
lg/f]w ;To k|fKt x'Gg eg]/ dfGg' bf]>f] ldYof b[li6 xf] . lq/TgnfO{
c;To dfg]/ To;sf] lgGbf ug'{ t]>f] ldYofb[li6 xf] .
!)=@_ ldYofb[li6sf kmnx¿ M ldYofb[li6sf kmn tLg k|sf/sf
5g\ . logdWo] ljkfskmn:j¿k k|f0fL lto{s\ ultdf hGd lng k'U5 .
lgioGb kmn:j¿k k|f0fL dg'io eP/} hGd]tf klg pm tLj| df]xn] 9fs]sf]
96
Â
JolQmsf] ¿kdf hlGdg]5 . clwklt kmn:j¿k pm To:tf] 7fpFdf hGd

lng k'U5 hxfF cGg g} x'Fb}g .
!)=#_ ldYof b[li6sf] ;DaGwdf ljz]if M ldYof b[li6x¿dWo] ;a}
eGbf 7"nf] kfk bz{gx?Dff clNem/xg' xf] .
clxn] ;Dd sd{sf] ljkfskmnnfO{ ;fdfGo tj/n] j0f{g ul/of] . t/

ljz]if¿kn] eGg] xf] eg] ljkfskmn cs}{ tLg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . Sn]zsf]
cfwf/df lgwf{l/t ljkfskmn, cfj[ltsf] cfwf/df lgwf{l/t ljkfskmn
/ ljifosf] cfwf/df lgwf{l/t ljkfskmn .
;j{k|yd, Sn]zsf] cfwf/df lgwf{l/t ljkfskmn M å]ifsf] sf/0fn]
xfdLn] s'g} s'sd{x¿ u¥of}F eg] xfd|f] hGd g/sdf x'g]5 . /fujz\
s'sd{ u/]df xfdL k|]t x'G5f}F / df]xjz\ u/]df lto{s -hgfj/_ aG5f}F .
oxL tYo /TgfjnL df atfOPsf] 5 M
:jefljs¿kn], /fun] k|f0fL k|]t ultdf hfG5 Ù

å]ifn] g/sdf hfG5 /
df]xn] k|f0fL lto{s ultdf hfG5 .^
cfj[ltsf] cfwf/df lgwf{l/t ljkfskmn M xfdLn] lg/Gt/¿kn]

kfkx¿ ul//Xof}F eg] xfdLx¿ g/sdf hGdg k'U5f},F y'k}| cs'zn sd{ jf
kfkx¿ u/]df k|]t ultdf hlGdG5f}F / cln clndfq kfk u/]sf] v08df
lto{s ultdf hGdG5f}F .
ljifo&sf] cfwf/df lgwf{l/t ljkfskmn M pQd k'?if lj?4 cs'zn
sd{ u/]df k|f0fL g/sdf hlGdG5, dWod k'?if lj?4 u/]df k|]t ultdf
hlGdG5 eg] cwd k'?if lj?4 cs'zn sd{ u/]df k|f0fL lto{s ultdf
hGd lng k'U5 .
o; k|sf/ cs'zn sd{x¿sf] x]tk' mnaLrsf] ;DaGw JofVof ul/of] .
o;sf] ;f+/f;nfO{ /TgfjnL df o;/L bzf{Psf] 5 M
97
Â
/fu, å]if, df]xåf/f ul/Psf sd{x?

;a} cs'zn x'g\ Ù
cs'zn sd{x?n] ;a} b'Mv l;h{gf u5{g\
o;}n] g} ;a} b'u{ltx? k}bf ul/lbG5 .*
v= k'0o -s'zn_ sd{—kmn M s'zn jf k'0o sd{x¿sf sd{ / kmnaLrsf]

;DaGwnfO{ bz s'zn sd{ cGtu{t ;+u[lxt ul/Psf] 5 .
!_ sd{ M bz cs'zn sd{x¿nfO{ TofUg' g} bz s'zn sd{ x'g\ .

o;sf] tfTko{ bz s'zn sd{x? eg]sf] != csf{sf] k|f0fsf] /Iff ug'{
@= cTolws bfg lbg' #= aXdro{ wd{ kfng ug'{ $= ;To af]Ng' %=
zq'x?nfO{ ldnfOlbg' ^= zflGtdo / lk|o lgisk6 arg af]Ng' &=
;fy{s cy{k"0f{ arg af]Ng' *= cNk/fuL Pj+ ;Gt'i6 x'g' (= d}qL /
s?0ffsf] efjgf ug'{, !)= e"tfy{ -tYo_df k|j]z ug'{ .
@_ kmn M o:tf k'0o sd{x?sf kmn tLg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . != ljkfs

kmn @= lgioGb kmn #= clwklt kmn . ljkfskmnsf] sf/0fn] ;™j
b]jnf]s, dg'ionf]s / sfdwft'df hGd lnG5 . lgioGbkmn M c¿sf]
xTof ug]{ sd{ Tofu]/ c¿ k|f0fLx?sf] k|f0fnfO{ /Iff u/]afkt p;sf]
cfo' nlDag]5 . clwklt kmnM clwklt kmn:j¿k ;™j o:tf] 7fpFdf
hlGdg]5 hxfFsf j:t'x¿ eb|, c;n / k|an :jefjsf x'G5g\ . c¿
s'zn sd{ u/]jfkt klg o:t} k|sf/sf kmnx¿ k|fKt eO/xg] x'G5g\ .
o; k|sf/n] xfdLn] k'0o sd{sf x]t' / kmnaLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{

JofVof u¥of}F . o;sf] ;f/f+z /TgfjnL df kfOG5 M
/fu, å]if / df]x /xLt sd{ g} s'zn sd{ x'g\ Ù s'zn sd{n]
;a} ultx?df ;a} hGdx¿df ;'v} ;'v pTkGg u5{g\ .(
98
Â
u= cflg~ho sd{–kmn M cflg~ho sd{sf x]t' / kmnaLrsf] ;DaGw

Psbd ;/n 5 h'g o; k|sf/ 5 .
!_ sd{ M x]t' ;dfklt Wofg u/]sf] kmn:j¿k pkklQ -kmn_ Wofgdf

k'luG5 . x]t' ;dfklQ Wofgdf cf7 ;fdGts -k"jf{ut_ Wofg, cf7
df}n Wofg / WofgfGt/ ;dfj]z x'G5g\ .
@_ pkklQ -kmn_ Wofg M pkklQ–Wofgdf ¿kwft'l:yt !& b]jlgsfox¿

/ c¿Kowft'sf rt'isf]l6s b]jx¿ ;dfj]z 5g\ . ltgsf] ;DaGwdf x]t'
kmnsf] j0f{g tnb]lv dflyNnf] qmdsf] cfwf/df ul/G5 . ;fdfGotofM
tL e"ldx¿sf ;a} ;™jx¿n] bz s'zn sd{x¿sf] cEof; u5{g\ .
;fdGts cfgGto{ dfu{ -hf] k|yd cfIf]ks Wofgsf] klxnf] e"ld
cyf{t cgfuDo e"ld xf]_ sf] efjgf u/]kl5 rf/ df}nx¿ ljts{,
ljrf/, k|Llt Pj+ ;'vn] o'Qm ePsf] ;dflw xfFl;n x'G5 h;af6 ;™j
k|yd k"/s Wofgdf k'U5 . To; e"lddf k'lu;s]kl5 ;™jn] a|Xdsflos
b]jnf]sdf hGd lnG5 . WofgfGt/ -ljts{d'Qm k|yd Wofgsf] kl/jlt{t
¿k_ sf] efjgf u/]/ k|f0fL dxfa|Xdfsf] ¿kdf hGd lnG5g\ .
låtLo cfIf]ks Wofgdf lglxt ;fdGts cfgGto{ dfu{sf] efjgf
u/]kl5 ljts{ / ljrf/ /lxt ;'v / lk|ltn] o'Qm ePsf] ;dflw k|fKt
x'G5 . h;sf] kmn:j¿k xfdL k/LQfe jf låtLo Wofgsf b]jnf]sdf
hlGdG5f}F .
o:t} k|sf/n] t[tLo Wofgsf] ;fdGts cfgGto{ dfu{sf] efjgf
u/]kl5 t[tLo k"/s Wofgsf] df}n ;'vo'Qm ;dflw k|fKt x'G5 o;
e"lddf k|Lltsf] k|xf0f ul/G5 . o;sf] kmn:j¿k k/LQz'e cyf{t\
t[tLo Wofgsf b]jnf]sdf xfdL hlGdG5f}F .
o:t} g} rt'y{ Wofgdf k|fKt x'g] ;dflwdf rf/}j6f df}n -ljts{,
ljrf/, k|Llt / ;'v_ Wofgx¿sf] k|xf0f ul/G5 / kmntM cgfe|s
OToflb b]jnf]sdf hGd x'G5 .
99
Â
rf/ df}n Wofgx¿sf] k|xf0faf6 -ltgsf cfzlQmx¿ Toflulbgfn]_

cfsfzfgGTofotg af]w x'G5 . o;sf] efjgfn] xfdL cfsfzfgGTofotg
b]jlgsfodf hGd lnG5f}F . cfsfzfgGTofogsf] k|xf0faf6 lj1fgfg–
GTofotg af]w x'G5 . o;sf] efjgfn] xfdL lj1fgfgGTofotg b]jlgsfodf
hGd lnG5f}F . o;kl5 qmdzM Ps kl5 csf]{ efjgf ub}{ hfFbf
cfls~rGofotg, g}j;1fgf;+1fotg cf¿Ko b]jlgsfox¿df hGd
lnG5f}F .
…h'g lj/lQm jf k|xf0fsf] kmn jf pkklQaf/] dfly rrf{ ul/of] Tof]
s'grfFlx dfu{ xf] < of] dfu{ lgDg jf tNnf] e"ldk|ltsf] dgsf] ;+ju]
jf -j}/fu jf Tofu efjgf_ xf] lsgsL To; ;do /fu/lxt cj:yfdf
k'luG5 .
st} cfsfzfgGTofotg eGg] gfd cfsfznfO{ cfnDagsf] ¿kdf
lnPsf]n] kg{ uPsf] xf]Og < o;sf] hjfkm xf], …xf]OgÚ . k|yd tLg
;dfklQ -;dflw_ cj:yf jf ;dodf …cfsfz cgGt 5Ú eGg] ljts{
u/]sf] x'Fbf logsf gfdfs/0f klg To;} cg';f/ ul/Psf x'g\ . t/ kl5
ha ;dfklQn] k"0f{tf k|fKt u5{, To:tf ljt{sx¿ dgdf cfpGgg\ jf
To:tf] lsl;dsf] dg:sf/ x'Fb}g . clGtd e"ld g}j;+1fgf;+1fotg
eg]/ To;sf] lxg ;+1fsf] sf/0fn] gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] xf] . lsgeg]
To;sf] ;+1f :ki6 x'Fb}g, t/ ;+1f g} gePsf] rflxF xf]Og .
o; lgisif{df s] eGg ;lsG5 eg] cf7}j6f df}lns Wofgx¿
Psfu| s'zn lrQ x'g\ .
o;/L xfdLn] cflg~ho sd{sf x]t' / kmn aLrsf] ;DaGw af/]df
JofVof u¥of}+ . /TgfjnL df xfdL k9\5f}F M
c¿k, ckl/ldt Wofgx¿åf/f a|Xdf cflbsf ;'v ef]luG5 .!)
t;y{ oxL lqljw ;f;|j sd{ g} ;d:t ;f+;fl/s j:t' jf wd{sf

>i6f x'g\ .
100
Â
#= sd{sf] :ju|f≈otf M sd{sf] :ju|fXotf eg]sf] s] xf] eg] xfdL

cfkm"n] u/]sf] sd{ cfkm}n] ef]Ug'k5{ . stf{n] u|fx u/]sf] k~r pkfbfg
:sGwdf g} o;sf] kmn kl/kSj x'G5 cGo st} x'g] xf]Og . h:tf]
clewd{;d'Rro df elgPsf] 5 M
sd{sf] :ju|fXotf s] xf] < sd{sf] :ju|fXotf eg]s} cfkm"n]

u/]sf] sd{sf] kmn cfkm}n] g} ef]Ug' xf] . c¿ eGbf leGg
ePsf]n] o;nfO{ :j jf cfˆg} elgPsf] xf] .!!
olb o:tf] gx'bf] xf] t cfkm"n] u/]sf] sd{ Ifo jf gi6 eP/ hfg]
lyof] t/ cfkm"n] gu/]sf] sd{sf] kmn ef]Ug' kYof]{ . h:tf] ;"qdf
atfOPsf] 5 M
b]jbQn] u/]sf sd{x¿sf ljkfs kmn :jo+ p;s} k~r

pkfbfg :sGwdf jfx]s hldg, kfgL / cGoq st} x'Ggg\ .
cGoq stf kl/kSj jf kl/kfs x'g;S5 t <
$= s6' jf csf6\o kmn M rf}yf] zLif{s sd{sf] csf6\otf -;+:s[tM bfofb\

tf_ xf] . o;sf] cy{ s] xf] eg] s'zn sd{sf] kmn cjZo+efjL s'zn}
x'G5 / cs'zn sd{sf] kmn cjZo+efjL cs'zn g} x'G5 . of] lglj{jfb
;To xf] . s'zn sd{ ;+l~rt u/]df s'zn kmn g} ef]luG5 / cs'zn
sd{ ;+lrt u/]df cs'zn kmn g} ef]luG5 . h:tf] clewd{;d'Rro df
atfOPsf] 5 M
sd{sf] csf6\otf jf bfofbtf eg]sf] s] xf] < To;sf] cy{

cfkm"n] h:tf] sd{ u¥of] To:t} kmn ef]Ug' xf] lsgeg] s'zn
sd{n] s'zn tTj -bfo\_ g} 5f]8]sf] x'G5 eg] cs'zn sd{n]
cs'zn tTj g} .!@
101
Â
n3':d[To'k:yfg df klg oxL s'/f atfOPsf] 5 M
s'znaf6 ;'v k|fKt x'G5 Ù

cs'znaf6 b'Mv pTkGg x'G5 Ù
o; k|sf/ s'zn / cs'zn sd{sf
kmn lgb]{z ul/Psf] 5 .
;'/tkl/k[R5f;"q df klg elgPsf] 5 M
tLtf aLpaf6 tLtf kmn g} pd|G5g\ Ù

dL7f aLpaf6 ld7f kmn g} pd|G5g\ Ù
o; pbfx/0faf6 a'l4dfg\ k|f0fLn]
cs'zn sd{af6 s6' kmn /
s'zn sd{Af6 ld7f] kmn k|fKt x'G5 eGg] tYo hfGg'k5{ .
%= cNk x]t' ljk'n kmn M ;fgf] sd{af6 klg 7"nf] kmn k|fKt x'g]
kfFrf} a'Fbfsf ljifo xf] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu cs'znsd{nfO{ g} lncf}+ .
dgdf PsIf0fsf] nflu klg cs'zn sd{sf] ljrf/ NofPsf] v08df
To;sf] kmn:j¿k sNkf};Dd g/sdf b'Mv ef]Ug'k5{ eGg] s'/f dfly g}
elg;lsPsf] 5 . h:tf] af]lwrof{jtf/ df elgPsf] 5 M
o;k|sf/sf bfgklt af]lw;™jx¿k|lt h;n]

dgdf kfk lrtfpF5, pm Tof] kfk k}bf
ePsf] If0fa/fa/sf] sNk;Dd g/sdf
jf; ug'{k5{ egL a'4n] eGg'ePsf] 5 .!#
cfˆgf] Pp6f b'j{rgsf] sf/0fn] s'g} k|f0fLn] % ;o hGd;Dd b'Mv

ef]Ug' k/]sf] klg atfOPsf] 5 . pbfgju{ sf cg';f/ M
102
Â
k]6leq ljif k;] em}F

clnslt kfk ugf{n] klg
k|f0fLn] k/nf]sdf Psbd eofgs
/ qmGbgk"0f{ b'Mvx¿ ef]Ug'kg]{5 .
o:t} clnslt s'zn sd{n] klg dxfg kmn k|bfg u5{ . o;nfO{
pbfgju{ d} o;/L k'li6 ul/Psf] 5 M
clnslt k'0o u/]klg

k/nf]sdf dxf;'v k|fKt x'G5 .
pGgt aLpaf6 /fd|f] pAhgL x'G5 eg]em}F
p;sf] k'?iffy{ l;4 x'g]5 .
^= cljk|0ffz sd{ M o; 5}7f}+ zLif{s cljk|0ffztfsf] cy{ s] xf] eg]

cs'zn sd{sf] k|ltkIfsf] ¿kdf s]xL ul/Pg eg] cgGt sNk;Dd
klg Tof] sd{ cfˆgf] kmn glbOsg To;} gfz eP/ hfFb}g . w]/}
sfn;Dd ;'/Iffsf] 3]/fleq /x]sf k|f0fLn] ;d]t k|Toox¿ ldNgf;fy
cfkm"n] u/]sf sd{sf] kmn ef]u]/} 5f]8\5g\ . ctM ha xfdL ;+;f/sf]
b'Mvb]lv eoeLt eP/ sd{ / kmnsf] ;[+vnfnfO{ a'‰g yfN5f}F, To;a]nf
xfdL dWod k'?if sxlnG5f}F . s'g} Znf]sdf o:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
;f+;fl/s ;'vaf6 ljd'v eP/

kfk sd{ Tofu]/ h;n] s]jn cfˆgf] dfq
lgjf{0fsf] sfdgf u5{
Tof] dflg; dWod k'?if sxlnG5 .!$
pbfx/0fsf] nflu /fhf s[lssf ;ft k'qLx¿!%sf] syfnfO{ oxfF

lng ;lsG5 . sd{zts;"q df xfdL k9\5f}F M
103
Â
;™jsf sd{ zof}F sNk;Dd klg

gfz eP/ hfGgg\
sd{ ;l~rt eO;s]kl5
To;n] plrt ;do cfpgf;fy
cfˆgf kmnx? lbP/} 5f8\5g\ .
n3':d[To'k:yfg df klg oxL elgPsf] 5 M
cfuf] a/km g} lsg gagf];\

xfjfnfO{ hfnf]df kq]m/ /fVg lsg g;lsof];\
;"o{ / rGb| k[YjL d} lsg gv;'g\
t/ sd{sf] kmnaf6 aRg c;+ej 5 .
sd{—kmn lgb]{z
gfds ifi7d kl/R5]b ;dfKt .
104
Â
;d;'vk|lt cfzlQmsf] k|ltkIf
Antidote to Attachment to the Pleasure of Peace
kl/R5]b &
d}qL Pj+ s?0ff
zd;'v -cfˆgf] dfq ;'v_ k|lt x'g] cfzlQmsf] k|ltkIfsf] ¿kdf oxfF
d}qL / s?0ffsf] efjgf af/] JofVof ul/g]5 . zd;'v jf cfTd;'v
eGgfn] o; cy{df a'‰g'k5{ ls xfdL s]jn cfˆgf] nflu dfq lgjf{0fsf]
sfdgf u5f}{, c¿nfO{ lxt x'g] sfo{df tNnLg x'Ggf}F lsgsL c¿ ;™j
k|f0fLx¿k|lt xfdLdf s'g} :g]x ddtf g} x'Gg . o:tf] >]0fLsf ;a} k|f0fL
>fjsofgsf cg'ofoL x'g\ . t;y{ elgG5 M
cfˆgf] :jfy{ kl/k"lt{ ug{

c¿sf] :jfy{ cfˆgf] eGbf w]/} lsg gxf];\
ltgnfO{ TofluG5 .
o;/L :jfy{k/fo0ftfsf] af]w ePkl5
s]jn cfˆgf] :jfy{ g} p;sf] nflu k/d nIo aGg k'U5 .
t/ ha xfdLdf d}qL / s?0ff pTkGg x'G5, To;a]nf ;™j -k|f0fL_

x¿k|lt xfd|f] dgdf :g]x hfu[t x'G5, To;f] eO;s]kl5 xfdLn] cfˆgf]
nflu dfq df]If k|fKt ug]{ s'/f ;f]Rg} ;Sb}gf}F . To;}n] d}qL / s?0ffsf]
efjgf ug'{k5{ . o;nfO{ cfrfo{ d~h'>LsLlt{ n] klg ;dy{g ug'{ePsf]
5M
dxfofgsf cg'ofoLx¿ Ps If0fsf] nflu klg

d}qL / s?0ffaf6 ljd'v x'g' x'Gg
tyfM
d}qL / s?0ffn] c¿nfO{ x]g'{k5{, å]ifn] xf]Og .
107
Â
s= d}qL M ;j{ky| d xfdL d}qLsf] cy{ v'n:t kfg{ lt/ nfuf}+ . ;+If]k–
df M
e]b, cfnDAo ljifo, cfsf/,

efjgfsf] pkfo, k"0f{tfsf] dfkb08 / u'0f
oL 5 zLif{sx¿df ck|d]o -c;Ld_ d}qL ;+u[lxt 5 .
!= d}qLsf] e]bM d}qL tLg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M ;™jcfnlDagL d}qL, wd{—

cfnlDagL d}qL / cgfnlDagL d}qL . o; af/] cIfodltkl/k[R5f;"q
df o:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
ev{/ af]lwlrQf]Tkfb u/]sf af]lw;™jx¿df ;™jcfnlDagL

d}qL x'G5 Ù rof{df nfu]sf af]lw;™jx¿df wd{—cfnlDagL
d}qL x'G5 Ù cg'TklQswd{IfflGt af]w ul/;s]sf af]lw;™j–
x¿df cgfnlDagL d}qL x'G5 .
t/ o; u|Gydf, d -uDkf]kf_ s]jn ;™j cfnlDagL d}qL af/] dfq

aofg ug]{5' lsgsL o;sf] Jojxfl/s dx™j 5 .
@= cfnDAo ljifoM d}qLsf] cfnDag ljifo g} ;d:t ;™j x'g\ .
#= cfsf/M d}qLsf] cfsf/ ;f/f ;™jx¿ ;'vL xf]pg\ eGg] sfdgf ug'{
xf] .
$= efjgfsf] pkfoM d}qL efjgfsf] pkfo g} ;™jx¿sf pksf/nfO{

:d/0f ug'{ xf] . lsgsL d}qLsf] h/f g} To;}df /x]sf] 5 . o; h'gLdf
xfdLnfO{ ;a}eGbf w]/} pksf/ jf cg'ux| ug]{ xfd|} cfdf x'g\ . lsgeg]
pgn] xfdLnfO{ z/L/ lblG5g\, xfd|f] nflu cfkm"n] b'Mv em]lN5g\, xfdLnfO{
108
Â
%pay : mEÇI @v< ké[a
hLjg k|bfg ul5{g\, xfdLnfO{ of] ;+;f/ b]vfpFl5g\ . ci6;fxl;|sf

k|1fkf/ldtf df o:tf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
To:tf] lsg < xfd|f] cfdfn] xfdLnfO{ hGd lbP/ x'sf{pg'eof],

xfd|f] nflu b'Mvsi6 em]Ng'eof], / xfdLnfO{ of] ;+;f/ b]vf–
pg'eof] .!
xfdLnfO{ z/L/ lbP/ u/]sf] pksf/ M of] z/L/ klxn]b]lv g}

k"0f{¿kn] x'ls{Psf], df+;k]zLn] el/Psf] / lk|o j0f{sf] lyPg . xfd|f]
cfdfsf] ue{df snn Pj+ cj'{b cj:yf b]lv g} pgs} /ut / df;'af6
kf]lift / ;+jlw{t ePsf] / cfdfn] ;]jg u/]sf kf}li6s ef]hgn]
ljsl;t ePsf] z/L/ xf] of] . cfdfn] nfh, c;lhnf] s]xL gdfgL ;a}
lsl;dsf kL8fsi6x¿ ;x]/ of] z/L/nfO{ k}bf u/]sf] xf]] . hGdkl5
klg ;fgf] slnnf] aRrfnfO{ cg]s lsl;dn] kfng kf]if0f u/]/ jo:s
Åi6k'i6 JolQmsf] ¿kdf x'{sfpFl5g\ .
xfd|f] nflu cfkm}n] b'Mvsi6 em]n]/ u/]sf] pksf/ M cfdfn] xfdLnfO{
s]jn /fd|f /fd|f n'uf nufOlbP/ xfd|f] z/L/nfO{ cn+s[t ug]{ dfq
xf]Og, cfkm"nfO{ s]xL g/fvL cfˆgf] ePe/sf] ;Dklt xfd|} gfddf
ul/lblG5g\, xfdL -st} ckl/lrt 7fpFdf hfFbfv]/L_ ef]s / Kof;n]
56k6fpg gk?g\ eGg] p2]Zon] cfdfn] xfdLnfO{ cfˆgf vfg] lkpg]
;a}yf]s lblG5g\ . hf8f]af6 aFrfpg n'ufsk8fx¿ lblG5g\ . / u/LaL–
df lklN;g' gk?g\ eg]/ xfdLnfO{ wg;Dkltx¿ lblG5g\ . cfkm"nfO{
dg gk/]/ s'g} j:t'x¿ cfˆgf ;GtfgnfO{ lbg] xf]Og, cfˆgf] ;Gtfgsf]
;Gt'li6sf] nflu a? cfkm}n] sd dfq vfg], lkpg] / nufpFg] ul5{g\ .
o; h'gLdf ;'vl;t /xg ;lsof];\ eGg] OR5fn] jf k/nf]sdf ;'v
xf];\ eGg] OR5fn] cfdfn] oL ;a}yf]s ug]{ xf]Og . s]jn lgM:jfy{ k|]dn]
cfdfn] cfˆgf ;GtfgnfO{ kfng kf]if0f u/L x'sf{pFl5g\ . pbfx/0fsf]
nflu slxn] cfdfn] dfemL jf s;fO{sf] cs'zn sd{ u/]/ klg To;af6
109
Â
k};f cfh{g u/L cfˆgf] ;GtfgnfO{ x'sf{pFl5g\ . cfdfn] si6 em]Ng]

s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] lbg/ft Jofkf/ u/]/, v]tdf dl/d]6\g] u/L sfd u/]/
xfdLnfO{ x'sf{pFl5g\ . v]tsf] v;|f] df6f]nfO{ h'Qfsf] ¿kdf nufP/,
/flt cfsfzdf rlDsg] tf/fnfO{ 6f]kLsf] ¿kdf klxl/P/, cfˆgf] gfËf]
v'§fnfO{ 3f]8fsf] ¿kdf k|of]u u/]/, cfˆgf] RofltPsf] sk8f sf]/fsf]
¿kdf k|of]u u/]/ sfd ul5{g\ . s's'/nfO{ 6f]sfpg cfˆgf] v'§f p;nfO{
lblG5g\, dfG5]x¿n] x]g{sf] nflu cfˆgf] cg'xf/sf] df;' pgLx¿nfO{
lblG5g\ . cfkm"n] o;/L s7f]/ ldx]gt u/]/ k|fKt u/]sf] hlt ;a}
cfdfn] cfˆgf] ;GtfgnfO{ lblG5g\ .
cfˆgf u'?hg, dftflktf, s[kflglw cfkmGtx¿nfO{ eGbf w]/}
dfof:g]x cfdfn] s'g} ckl/lrt c;xfo afnsnfO{ lblG5g\ . cfˆgf]
;GtfgnfO{ dfofn] el/Psf] cfFvfn] x]g]{, cfˆgf] Gofgf] 5fltdf nufpg],
/ cfˆgf] xftdf lj:tf/} em'nfP/ bofdfofn] el/Psf] zAbn] lzz'nfO{
o:tf] elG5g\, …d]/f] v'zL, d]/f] Kof/f] aRrf, d]/f]] d'6'sf] 6'qmfÚ .
hLjg k|bfg u/]/ u/]sf] pksf/ M hLjg k|bfg u/]/ u/]sf] pksf/
sf] cy{ s] xf] eg] xfdL o; ;+;f/df Ps}rf]l6 xftd'v rnfpg hfGg]
/ cfˆgf] ePe/sf] zlQm nufP/ uf¥xf] sfd ug{ ;Sg] jf hfGg] eP/
cfPsf xf]Ogf}F . ha xfdLx¿ s'g} ls/f;/L Psbd slnnf], sdhf]/,
t'R5 / d'v{ lyof}F, To; a]nf cfdfn] xfdLnfO{ To;} g5fl8 xfd|f] kfng
kf]if0f u/Lg\, cfˆgf] sfvdf /flvg\ / xfdLnfO{ cfuf] kfgLaf6 arfOg\,
v:gaf6 arfOg\, ;a} lj£g afwfx¿ k~5fOlbOg\, xfd|f] ;'vsf] nflu
k"hfj|tx¿ ul/g\ . xfdL d/f}Fnf jf lj/fdL k/f}Fnf eGg] 8/n] pxfFn]
Hof]ltifLnfO{ hrfFpg], x:t/]vf b]vfpg] OToflb s;}n] ;f]FRg} g;Sg] jf
ug}{ g;Sg] sfo{x¿ ;d]t ul/g\ . o:tf sfo{x¿ u/L cfdfn] cfˆgf]
;GtfgnfO{ hLjg k|bfg ul5{g\ .
xfdLnfO{ ;+;f/ b]vfP/ u/]sf] pksf/ M o; ;+;f/df xfdL tLvf
OlGb|ox¿ lnP/ s]jn b]Vg] ljlQs} ;a}yf]s hfGg] a'‰g] eP/ cfPsf
xf]Ogf}F . ha xfdL ;xf/fsf] nflu ?g] s/fpg] uYof}{F, ha xfdLn] xft
110
Â
v'§f rnfpg} hfg]sf lyPgf}F, s]xLklg hfg]sf lyPgf}F, To;a]nf cfdfn]

xfdLnfO{ vfg, nfpg, lx8\g, af]Ng l;sfOg\ . aRrfs} tf]t] af]nLdf
…of] eg t, Tof] eg tÚ eg]/ xfdLnfO{ af]Ng l;sfOg\ . xfdLnfO{ ;a}
snfx¿ l;sfP/ x'g} g;Sg] s'/f klg ;Dej u/L b]vfOlbO{ c¿sf]
a/fa/Ldf k'¥ofOg\ . cfdfn] xfdLnfO{ o:tf] pksf/ xfd|f] o; h'gLdf
dfq u/]sL xf]Og, cgGt sfnb]lv cgGt h'gLx¿df ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ .
h:tf] cgflb;+;f/;"q df atfOPsf] 5 M
olb s'g} Ps JolQmn] k[YjLsf ;a} df6f], kTy/, ?v /

h+unx¿nfO{ w"kLsf] u]8fhqf] bfgfdf kl/jt{g u/]/ c¿
JolQmnfO{ uGg nufpg] xf] eg] p;n] zfob Tof] ugL
;Sg]5 . t/ cfdfx¿ slt eP, cfdfx¿n] p;nfO{ slt
pksf/ ug'{eof] Tof] ;a uGg p;n] ;St}g .
;[xNn]v df o:tf] pNn]v 5 M
w"kLsf] aLp hq} ;fgf] df6f]sf] lk08 agfP/

s;}n] clxn];Dd ePsf cfdfx¿sf] ;+Vof uG5 eg]
o; k[YjLsf] k"/} df6f]n] klg k'Ub}g . ;[xNn]v – ^$
o;/L x/]s hGddf cfdfn] u/]sf] pksf/ ;+emg'k5{ . ctM cfdfsf]

xfdLk|lt c;Lldt pksf/ ePsf] x'Fbf s;/L cfdfsf] Åbo ;'v /
v'zLn] eg]{ eGg] af/]df xfdL ;b}j lrGtgzLn /xg'k5{ . olt dfq
xf]Og, ;a} k|f0fL s'g} g s'g} hGddf xfd|} cfdf eO;s]sf x'Fbf, ;a}
k|f0fLn] xfdLnfO{ cfdf ag]/ cTolws pksf/ u/]sf 5g\ eg]/ efjgf
ug'{k5{ . o; ljifodf s;}n] ;f]Wg ;S5, …;™jx¿sf] ;Ldf s] xf] <Ú
o;sf] hjfkm xf] ;™j cfsfz ko{Gt JofKt 5g\ . eb|rof{k|l0fwfg;"q
df o:tf] pNn]v 5 M
111
Â
h'g ;Ldf cfsfzsf] 5

ToxL ;Ldf ;™jx¿sf] xf] .@
t;y{ ;a} ;™j -k|f0fL_x¿sf] lxt / ;'vsf] sfdgf ug]{ af]lwlrQsf]

efjgf ug'{k5{ . af]lwlrQ pTkGg ePkl5 d"n d}qLlrQ pTkGg x'G5 .
dxfofg;"qfn+sf/ df klg bzf{Psf] 5 M
s'g} PSnf] ;GtfgnfO{ em}F

af]lw;™jn] ;™jx¿nfO{ dfof u5{g\
cfˆgf] leqL Åbob]lv pTkGg dxfd}qLn]
af]lw;™jn] ltgLx¿sf] ;'vsf] sfdgf u5{g\ .#
ha d}qLsf] ann] xfd|f cfFvfaf6 cf;' emg{ yfN5, xfd|f] z/L/sf /f}F
7f8f 7f8f x'G5g\, tj dxfd}qL pTkGg x'G5 . dxfd}qLn] el/Psf] lrQ
;a} k|f0fLx¿n] pTkGg ug{ ;s]df dfq Tof] ck|df0f -immeasurable_
x'G5 .
%= k"0f{tfsf] dfkb08 M k"0f{tfsf] dfkb08 eGgfn] xfdLn] cfˆgf] dfq}

geP/ ;f/f k|f0fLx¿sf] ;'v rfXof}F -rfxgf u¥of}F_ eg] d}qLsf] k"0f{tf
x'G5 eGg] a'lemG5 .
^= d}qLsf u'0f M d}qL cEof; u/]/ k|fKt x'g] k'0o gfk]/ gfKg ;lsGg .
rGb|k|bLk;"q df o;/L elgPsf] 5 M
ljljw Pj+ ckl/ldt k"hf ;fdu|Ln]

sf]l6 sf]l6 If]qx¿nfO{ JofKt kf/]/
ltgn] a'4sf] k"hf u/]klg Toltsf]
k'0o k|fKt x'Gg hlt d}qL wf/0f u/]df x'G5 .$
112
Â
d}qLsf] cEof; clnsltdfq u/]klg To;n] lbg] k'0o ckl/df0f

x'G5 . /TgfjnL df n]lvPem} M
s;}n] lbgx' # rf]l6 #)) j6f efF8f]df ksfPsf] eft bfg

lbFbf klg Tolt k'0o kfOGg hlt PsIf0fsf] d}qLn] x'G5 .
d}qL cEof; u/]df af]lw;Dd k'Ug' cufj} xfdLnfO{ cf7j6f nfex¿

k|fKt x'G5 h;sf] JofVof /TgfjnL df ul/Psf] 5 M
b]j / dg'iox¿sf] lk|o x'g',

b]j / dg'iox¿åf/f ;+/lIft x'g',
zfGt lrQ / c¿ o:t} cg]s ;'v k|fKt x'g',
ljif jf xltof/n] xfdLnfO{ 5'Gg .%
kl/>d g} gu/Lsg xfd|f cfˆgf nIo xfl;n x'g]5g\,
/ a|Xdnf]sdf xfd|f] hGd x'g]5 .
k/d df]If k|fKt gePklg
d}qLwd{sf oL cf7 nfex¿ eg] xfdLn] k|fKt ug]{5f}F .^
cfˆg} /Iff ug{sf] nflu klg d}qL cEof; pQd 5 . of] a|XdbQsf]
syfaf6 :ki6 x'G5 . / c¿sf] /Iff ug{ klg d}qL cEof; pQd 5 .
/fhf d}qLan& sf] syfaf6 o;sf] k'li6 x'G5 .
v= s?0ff M d}qL efjgfdf kf/+ut eO;s]kl5 s?0ffsf] cEof; ug{

uf¥xf] x'Fb}g . ;+If]kdf M
e]b, cfnDAo ljifo, cfsf/,

efjgfsf] pkfo, k"0f{tfsf] dfkb08 / k'0o -u'0f_
oL 5 zLif{sx¿df ck|d]o -c;Ld_ s?0ff ;+u[lxt 5 .
113
Â
!= s?0ffsf] e]b M s?0ff tLg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M ;™jcfnlDagL

s?0ff, wd{—cfnlDagL s?0ff / cgfnlDagL s?0ff . logdWo] klxnf]
;™j—cfnlDagL s?0ffsf] cy{ b'u{ltdf kml;/x]sf ;™jx¿sf] b'Mv
b]v]/ s?0ff pTkGg x'g' xf] . bf]>f] wd{—cfnlDagL s?0ffsf] cy{ o:tf]
5 M ha xfdLn] rf/ cfo{ ;Tosf] cEof; u/]/ x]t' / kmnaLrsf]
;DaGwnfO{ a'‰5f}F, To;a]nf xfd|f] dg lgTo Pj+ lk08u|fxaf6 ljd'v
x'G5 . oxfFg]/ o;/L ;f]Fr]df s?0ffsf] pTklQ x'G5 M …lar/f ;™jk|f0fL–
x¿ Û x]t' / kmnaLrsf] ;DaGwk|lt cgle1 eO{ lgTo / lk08df
6fFl:;Osg e|ddf b'Mv ef]uL aflr/x]sf 5g\ .Ú t]>f] cyf{t cgfnlDagL
s?0ffsf] cy{ o:tf] 5 M ha ljsNk/lxt ;dflwaf6 ;a} wd{sf]
z"Gotf af]w x'G5, To;a]nf ;+j[lt ;To jf …efjÚ nfO{ u|x0f jf u|fx
ug]{ ;™jk|f0fLx¿k|lt ljz]if lsl;dn] s?0ff hfu[t x'G5 . h:tf]
elgPsf] 5 M
ha ;dflwdf nLg af]lw;™jsf] ;dflwan

k"0f{tfdf k'U5, ta pgdf efju|fxn] u|l;t
;™jk|f0fLx¿k|lt ljz]if¿kn] s?0ff hfu[t x'G5 .
o; kl/R5]bdf pNn]lvt tLg k|sf/sf s?0ffx¿dWo] klxnf]

s?0ffsf] dfq j0f{g oxfF ul/g]5 .
@= cfnDAo ljifo M s?0ffsf] cfnDAo ljifo ;a} ;™j k|f0fLx¿ x'g\ .
#= s?0ffsf] cfsf/ M s?0ffsf] cfsf/ ;d:t k|f0fLx¿nfO{ b'Mv /

b'Mvsf] x]t'af6 d'Qm ug]{ OR5f xf] .
$= efjgfsf] pkfo M s?0ffEof;sf] pkfo o; k|sf/ 5 . s?0ffsf]

efjgf xfd|L o; h'gLsL cfdfnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ ug'{k5{ . h:t} xfd|L
114
Â
cfdfnfO{ s;}n] s'6]/ lhpFb} hnfpF5, jf cToGt} lr;f] ofdsf] sf/0fn]

pgsf] z/L/df 3fpsf kmf]sfx¿ b]vfk/L To;af6 /ut r'lxg yfN5,
Tof] a]nf xfd|f] dgdf cfˆgL cfdfk|lt lgZrog} cufw s?0ff pTkGg
x'G5 . To;/L g} g/ssf ;a} k|f0fLx¿ jf:tjdf xfd|} cfdf eO;s]sf
x'bF f, s] xfdLn] tL dftf¿kL k|f0fLx¿n] oltsf dd{:kzL{ b'Mv ef]lu/x]sf]
b]Vbf s?0ff hfu[t ug'{ kb}g t < tL k|f0fLx¿nfO{ o:tf] b'Mvaf6 d'Qm
ug]{ OR5fn] s?0ffsf] cEof; ug'{k5{ .
xfd|L cfdf Psbd ulx/f] / sxfnLnfUbf] vf8ndf v:g nfUbf
hxfFaf6 dfly pSng} ;lsGg, Tof] a]nf pxfFn] sltsf] kL8f / b'Mvsf]
cg'ej ug'{x'G5 xf]nf . Tof] b]v]/ xfd|f] dgdf cfˆgL cfdfk|lt cufw
s?0ff pTkGg x'g]5 . To;/L g} k|]tnf]ssf xfd|} cfdf¿kL k|f0fLx¿
k|]t, b]j / dg'ionf]ssf] dxf vf8ndf vl;/x]sf 5g\ . Tof] vf8ndf
Psrf]l6 vl;;s]kl5 ToxfFaf6 sbflk pDsg ;lsGg / cfˆgf] ;fydf
sNof0fldqx¿ gePsf sf/0fn] kfk TofUg g;sL tL k|f0fLx¿n] b'Mv
ef]lu/x]sf x'G5g\ . s] xfdLn] To:tf vf8ndf v;]sf cfˆg} cfdf¿kL
k|f0fLx¿k|lt klg To:t} s?0ff hfu[t ug'{ kb}{g t < tL k|f0fLx¿nfO{
o:tf] b'Mvaf6 d'Qm ug]{ OR5fn] s?0ffsf] cEof; ul/g'k5{ .
%= k"0f{tfsf] dfkb08 M s?0ffEof;sf] k"0f{tf o;k|sf/ x'G5 M ha

xfdLn] cfˆgf] :jfy{k/fo0ftfsf] kfzf]nfO{ r'F8fN5f}, / ha xfd|f] dgdf
k|f0fLdfq nfO{ b'Mvaf6 d'Qm ug]{ jfs\z"Go clenfiff pTkGg x'G5,
To;a]nf s?0ff cEof;sf] k"0f{tf x'G5 egL yfxf kfpg' k5{ .
^= s?0ffEof;sf] u'0f M s?0ffEof;sf] u'0f ckl/ldt x'G5 . h:tf]

cjnf]lst]Zj/fjbfg df atfOPsf] 5 M
Pp6f To:tf] u'0f eof] eg] a'4sf ;a} u'0fx¿ xfd|f] xTs]nfdf
cfP ;/x x'G5g\ . Tof] s] u'0f xf] < Tof] u'0f xf] dxfs?0ff .
115
Â
wd{;+uLlt;"q sf cg';f/ M
x] eujfg\, o:t} xf] . hxfF rqmjtL{ /fhfsf] wd{rqm /xG5

ToxLF pgsf ;f/f ;]gfu0f klg /xG5g\ . x] eujfg, o:t}
k|sf/n] hxfF s'g} af]lw;™jsf dxf s?0ff /xG5, ToxLF ;a}
cGo a'4x¿sf u'0fx¿ klg /xG5g\ .
tyfutflrGTou'Xolgb]{z sf] cg';f/ M
x] u'Xoflwklt*, s?0ffsf] d"naf6} ;j{1 1fgsf] pbo x'G5 .
o; k|sf/ d}}qLåf/f ;d:t k|f0fLx¿n] ;'v k|fKt u?g\ / s?0ffåf/f

;a} k|f0fLx¿ b'Mvaf6 d'Qm xf]pg\ eGg] OR5f u/]/ xfdL cfˆg} nflu
dfq ;'v k|fKt ug]{ OR5faf6 ljd'v x'G5f}F . ctM xfdLn] ;a} k|f0fLx¿sf]
lxt ;'vsf] nflu a'4Tj k|fKt ug]{ OR5f u5f}{F h'g :jk/fo0ftfsf]
k|ltkIf xf] . h;n] d}qL / s?0ff lrQ pTkfb u/]/ c¿nfO{ cfkm"eGbf
pRr 7fgL k|z+;f u5{ Tof] g} pQd k'?if sxlnG5 . dxfbQ( sf]
syfaf6 of] tYo :ki6 x'G5 . af]lwkyk|bLk sf] lgDg Znf]sdf klg
oxLF s'/f JoQm ePsf] 5 M
h;n] uDeL/¿kn] c¿x¿sf ;a} b'Mv d]6fpg rfxG5

ToxL pQd k'?if xf] . lsgeg] pgsf] lrQ ;Gtltdf b'Mvsf]
:jefj 1ft x'G5 .!)
d}qL—s?0ff lgb]{z
gfds ;Ktd kl/R5]b ;dfKt .
116
Â
a'4Tjk|flKtsf pkfo–cgle1tfsf] k|ltkIf
Antidote to Not Knowing the Method of
Practice for Achieving Buddhahood
a'4Tjk|flKtsf pkfo–cgle1tfsf] k|ltkIfM
ljifo–k|j]z
a'4Tj k|flKtsf pkfosf af/]df yfxf gx'g' jf c1fgtfsf] k|ltkIf g}

af]lwlrQf]Tkfb xf] . o; ljifodf cfpFbf kl/R5]bx¿df lj:t[t¿kn]
JofVof ul/g]5 . ;+If]kdf M
cf>o, :j¿k, e]b,

cfnDag, x]t', :yfg,
ljlw, cg'z+;f, cfbLgj,
kl/xfl0f, k|TofklQ Pj+ lzIff
oL af¥x zLif{sx¿df af]lwlrQf]Tkfbsf] ljifonfO{ ;+u[lxt ug{
;lsG5 .
119
Â
kl/R5]b *
z/0fudg
I. cf>o M dxfofg uf]qs, lq/Tgsf] z/0fdf uPsf], ;Ktljw k|fltdf]If–
zLn jf ;+j/dWo] s'g} Ps ;+j/ kfng u/]sf] Pj+ k|l0flwlrQ pTkGg
u/]sf] k|f0fL g} af]lwlrQf]Tkfbsf] cf>o jf k'b\un xf] .
dflysf ;a} u'0fx¿ k|:yfg af]lwlrQf]Tkfbsf cf>o x'g\ . lqz/0f–
udg;Ddsf u'0fx¿ ePsf] k'b\un k|l0flw af]lwlrQf]Tkfbsf cf>o
aGg k'U5 . To:tf] lsg t < o;sf] pQ/sf] nflu h'g ljj/0f k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 Tof] o; k|sf/ 5 M af]lw;™je"ld sf cg';f/ af]lw–k|:yfg
lrQsf] nflu ;j{k|yd af]lwk|l0flw lrQ x'g' h?/L 5 . af]lwkyk|bLk
sf cg';f/ af]lwk|l0flw lrQ pTkfb ug{sf] nflu ;j{k|yd z/0fdf hfg'
clt cfjZos 5 eg] af]lwk|:yfg lrQ pTkfbsf] nflu cf>o¿kL
k|fltdf]If ;+j/ x'g' clt h?/L 5 . clewd{sf]z df klg k|fltdf]If
;+j/ u|x0f ug'{ k"j{ z/0fdf g} hfg'k5{ egL 7f]s]/ elgPsf] 5 . To:t}
af]lw;™je"ld sf cg';f/ dxfofguf]q lagf af]lwlrQf]Tkfb ;Dej g}
x'Gg . t;y{ oL ;a} k"jf{wf/x¿ Ps cfk;df ldNg'k5{ .
s= dxfofg uf]q M klxnf] k"jf{wf/ dxfofg uf]q xf] . af]lwlrQf]Tkfb

ug{sf] nflu ;fdfGotof dxfofg uf]qsf] x'g' / ljz]if¿kn] k|a'4
uf]qsf] x'g' h?/L 5 . o; ljifodf dflyg} lj:t[t¿kdf JofVof
ul/;lsPsf] 5 .!
v= lqz/0fudg M bf]>f] k"jf{wf/ jf z/0fudgsf] JofVof o; k|sf/

5 . a|Xdf, lji0f' dx]Zj/ OToflb h:tf zlQmzfnL b]jtfx¿ jf kxf8,
r§fg, ;/f]j/, j[If tyf xfd|f] b]zsf cGo e"efudf jf;:yfg ePsf
121
Â
zlQmzfnL gfux¿sf] z/0fdf xfdL hfg'x'G5 ls x'Gg egL s;}n]

;f]Wof] eg] o;sf] hjfkm s] x'g]5 eg] tL ;a}n] xfdLnfO{ ;+/If0f lbg
;St}gg\ . To;}n] ltgLx¿n] xfdLnfO{ z/0f klg k|bfg ug{ ;St}gg\ .
h:tf] ;"qdf atfOPsf] 5 M
nf]sn] kj{t, h+un, dlGb/ r§fg, j[If cflbdf z/0f lng

hfG5g\ t/ tL ;a} pQd z/0f xf]Ogg\ .
To;f] eP s] xfdLn] cfdf jf afa'sf], ldqx¿sf] / xfdLn] dfof

ug]{ JolQmx¿sf] jf xfd|f z'elrGtsx¿sxfF z/0f lng hfg] t <
o;sf] klg hjfkm pxL x'g]5 M tL ;a}n] klg xfdLnfO{ /Iff ug{
;Sb}gg\ . d~h'>LljqmLl8t;"q df atfP h:t} M
afa' jf cfdf ltd|f z/0f xf]Ogg\ . ldq jf cfkmGtx¿

klg ltd|f z/0f xf]Ogg\ Ù ltgLx¿ ;a}n] cfˆgf] OR5fg';f/
ltdLnfO{ To;} 5f8]/ hfG5g\ .
ltgLx¿ ;a} lsg xfd|f] /Iff ug{ c;dy{ 5g\ t < o;sf] hjfkm
o; k|sf/ 5 M z/0f lbg]x¿ ;j{k|yd cfkm} eoaf6 d'Qm x'g'kb{5, s'g}
b'MvL x'g'x'Gg . dfly pNn]lvt ;a} k|f0fLx¿ eoeLt 5g\ / b'Mvsf]
jz\df 5g\ . t;y{ s]jn a'4 dfq b'Mvaf6 k"0f{¿kn] d'Qm 5g\, wd{n]
dfq xfdLnfO{ a'4Tj lbnfpg ;S5 / ;+3n] dfq wd{ ug{df xfdLnfO{
d2t ug{ ;S5, To;}n] xfdLn] a'4, wd{ / ;+3sf] z/0fdf hfg'k5{ .
To;}n] o:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
ca ltdL a'4, wd{ / u0ff]Qd ;+3sf] z/0fdf hfg"

h;n] eoeLtx¿sf] eonfO{ lgd"{n kfl/lbG5g\
/ h;n] z/0f gePsfx¿nfO{ z/0f lbG5g\ .
122
Â
%pay : zr[gmn
a'4, wd{ / ;+3df xfd|f] /Iff ug]{ ;fdYo{ 5 To;}n] ltgn] xfdLnfO{
z/0f lbG5g\ o;df s'g} z+sf 5}g . dxfkl/lgjf{0f;"q df elgPem} M
lq/Tgsf] z/0fdf hfg] JolQmn]

lge{o xfl;n ug]{5 .
lqz/0fudgsf] JofVof ubf{, lgDglnlvt a'Fbfx¿ ;xfosl;4

x'g;S5g\ .
e]b, cf>o, ljifo, ;do,

cfzo, ljlw, s/0fLo sd{,
lzIff Pj+ cg'z+;f —
oL gf} j6f zLif{sx¿df z/0fudg ;+u[lxt x'G5 .
!= e]b M lqz/0fudgsf e]b b'O{6f 5g\ M ;fdfGo z/0fudg / ljlzi6

z/0fudg .
@= cf>o M cf>o jf k'b\un b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M -s_ ;+;f/sf]

b'Mvaf6 eoeLt x'g] / lq/TgnfO{ b]jtfsf] ¿kdf dfGg] k|f0fL xf], /
-v_ ljlzi6 dxfofg uf]qs k|f0fL h;n] b]jtf jf dg'iosf] ljz'4 sfo
k|fKt ul/;s]sf] x'G5 .
#= ljifo M ljifo klg b'O6} k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M

-s_ ;fdfGo ljifo M ;fdfGo ljifo eg]sf] a'4/Tg, wd{/Tg / ;+3/Tg
xf] . a'4/Tg eGgfn] k|xf0f Pj+ 1fg dxQfn] o'Qm a'4, eujfg\ tyfut
xf] . wd{/Tg eGgfn] åfb;fË pkb]zdf JoQm wd{ / clwud wd{ / csf{]
zAbdf eGg] xf] eg] dfu{;To Pj+ lg/f]w ;To xf] . ;+3/Tg klg b'O{
lsl;dsf x'G5g\ logdWo] k[yUhgx¿sf] ;+3 To;nfO{ elgG5 h;df
123
Â
rf/ jf rf/eGbf a9L leIf'x¿ ;lDdlnt x'G5g\ . cfo{ ;+3 eGgfn]

cf7 cfo{ k'b\unx¿, >f]tfkGg OToflb leIf'x¿ x'g\ .@
-v_ ljlzi6 ljifo M ljlzi6 ljifonfO{ -!_ k'/f]jtL{, -@_ cle;do
/ -#_ tflTjs u/L tLg efudf ljeQm ug{ ;lsG5 . -!_ ltgdWo]
k'/f]jtL{ ljifo eGgfn] tyfutsf] k|ltdf cyf{t a'4 xf] . wd{ eGgfn]
dxfofgsf u|Gyx¿ x'g\ eg] ;+3 eGgfn] af]lw;™jx¿sf] u0f xf] . -@_
cle;dosf] cy{ lqsfowf/L a'4, wd{ cyf{t\ zflGt / lgjf{0fsf] af]w
/ ;+3 cyf{t pRr e"ldsf af]lw;™jx¿ x'g\ . -#_ tflTjs b[li6sf]0fn]
k/d z/0f t a'4 g} x'g\ . dxfofgf]Q/tGqzf:q df o;/L atfOPsf]
5M
k/dfy{ b[li6n] nf]ssf] z/0f g} a'4-Tj_ dfq} xf] .#
a'4 dfq lsg k/d jf ;t\ z/0f x'g\ t < pxL u|Gyn] km]l/ eG5 M
lsgeg] a'4 wd{sfo;DkGg x'G5g\ / u0f jf ;fwssf

r/d nIo klg a'4 g} xf] .$
a'4 cflb cGt /lxt 5g\, / kl/z'4 / jLt/fu -/fu/xLt_ 5g\ .

pgL g} k/d z/0f x'g\ lsgeg] pgL wd{sfo;DkGg 5g\ / lqofgsf
;fwsx¿sf] clGtd nIo g} a'4s} k/d ljz'4 wd{sfo xfl;n ug'{
xf] .
t/ oxfF Pp6f k|Zg s] p7\g ;S5 eg] s] wd{ / ;+3 k/d z/0f
xf]Ogg\ / < o;sf] hjfkm dxfofgf]Q/tGqzf:q df o;/L lbOPsf]
kfOG5 M
låljw wd{ / cfo{ ;+3

k/d z/0f xf]Ogg\ .%
124
Â
%pay : zr[gmn
wd{ / ;+3 k/d z/0f lsg xf]Ogg\ t < klxnf], cfud wd{ s]jn
zAb / cIf/x¿sf] ;+ufnf] dfq xf] To;}n] o;nfO{ xfdLn] csf{] lsgf/f
-lgjf{0f_ ;Dd k'u]kl5 gfp ;/L ToxLF 5f]8]/ hfg'kg]{ x'G5 . bf]>f],
clwud wd{sf b'O{ kIf x'G5g\ M dfu{ ;To / lg/f]w ;To . logdWo]
dfu{;To ;+:s[t ePsf]n] clgTo g} x'G5 . clgTo wd{ 5nL -wf]vf
lbg] vfnsf]_ x'G5 To;}n] Tof] z/0f x'g ;St}g . csf]{ lg/f]w ;TonfO{
>fjsofgsf ;fwsx¿n] lgj[Q k|bLk -lge]sf] lbof]_ ;dfg eg]/ t'ngf
g} u/]sf 5g\ To;}n] To;sf] klg cfˆg} cl:tTj 5}g . To;}n] lg/f]w
;To klg k/d z/0f xf]Og . ;+3 klg k/d z/0f xf]Og lsgeg] ;+3
cfkm}n] klg ;+;f/af6 eoeLt eP/ a'4df z/0f lnPsf] x'G5 . To;}n]
dxfofgf]Q/tGqzf:q df of] klg elgPsf] 5 M
TofHo -Toflug]_, lj;+jfbs -5nL_, cefj Pj+ eofs'n

ePsf] sf/0fn] låljw wd{ -cfud / clwud_ / cfo{ ;+3
k/d z/0f xf]Ogg\ .^
To;}n] cfrfo{ c;Ën] o:tf] eGg'ePsf] 5 M
cIfo z/0f, lgTo z/0f, zfZjt z/0f Pj+ ;t\

z/0f Ps} dfq tyfut, cx{t\, ;Dos\ ;+a'4 x'g\ .
olb of] s'/f dfly pNn]lvt lqz/0fl;t aflemG5 egL l6Kk0fL

ug]{ xf] eg] of] ;DaGwdf xfdLn] s] ;Demg'k5{ eg] lqz/0f t s]jn
ljgohgx¿nfO{ cfs[i6 ug{sf] nflu dfq k|ltkflbt ePsf x'g\ .
h:tf] dxfdf]If ;"q df elgPsf] 5 M
;+If]kdf z/0f Ps} dfq x'G5

t/ pkfo tLg x'G5g\ .
125
Â
pkfosf] cfwf/df PsnfO{ lsg tLgdf ljeQm ul/Psf] < o;sf]

hjfkm dxfofgf]Q/tGqzf:q df o;/L lbOPsf] kfOG5 M
zf:tf, zf;g Pj+ lzIff, tLg ofg

tLg sfl/q Pj+ clwd'lQmx¿ OToflbnfO{
Wofgdf /fv]/ g} tLg k|sf/sf ;+3sf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] .&
csf]{ zAbdf, -zf:tf, zf;g / lzIffsf_ lqljw u'0f, tLg ofg,

tLg sfl/q -kfq_ / tLg clwd'lQmsf] cfwf/df g} tLg z/0fsf] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] xf] .
zf:tfsf u'0fx¿ k|sfz ug{sf] nflu, h'g af]lw;™j ofgsf
k|f0fLx¿ a'4Tjsf] nflu sfo{ ug{df clwd'Qm x'G5g\ pgLx¿sf] z/0fg}
a'4 x'g\ . pgLx¿ eG5g\, æd dg'iox¿df ;j{>]i7, a'4sf] z/0fdf
hfG5' .Æ
zf;gsf u'0fx¿ k|sfz ug{sf] nflu, h;n] k|To]s a'4 x'g] OR5f
/fV5g\ / k|To]s a'4sf] sfo{ ug{df clwd'Qm x'G5g\ pgLx¿sf] nflu
z/0f g} wd{ xf] . pgLx¿ eG5g\, æd j}/fuLx¿sf nflu ;jf{lws pQd
wd{sf] z/0fdf hfG5' .Æ
lzIffsf u'0fx¿ k|sfz jf k|s6 ug{sf] nflu, h;n] >fjs uf]
qsf] cg'z/0f u5{g\ / ;+3sf sfo{ ug{df clwd'lQm /fV5g\, pgLx¿sf]
nflu z/0f g} lzIff xf] . pgLx¿ eG5g\, æd u0ff]Qd ;+3sf] z/0fdf
hfG5' .Æ
o;/L lqljw k|of]hgsf] cfwf/df tyfutn] 5 k|sf/sf k'b\un
-k|f0fLx¿_ sf nflu tLg k|sf/sf z/0fx¿sf] Joj:yf ug'{eof] .
eujfg\ a'4n] ;™j k|f0fLx¿nfO{ Ps kl5 csf]{ ub}{ oL kfFr} af]lw–
uf]qx¿df qmdzM k|lti7flkt ub}{ n}hfgsf] nflu ;+fj[lQs tj/n]
To;f] ug'{ePsf] xf] .
126
Â
%pay : zr[gmn
$= ;do M z/0fudgsf] ;do klg b'O{ k|sf/sf] x'G5 M -s_ ;fdfGo /

-v_ ljlzi6 . -s_ ;fdfGo ;don] cfhb]lv d afr'~h]n;Dd z/0fdf
hfG5' eGg] cy{ lbG5 . -v_ ljlzi6 ;don] cfhb]lv af]lw k|fKt
gu?~h]n ;Dd z/0fdf hfG5' eGg] cy{ lbG5 .
%= cfzo M z/0fudgsf] cfzo klg b'O{ k|sf/sf] x'G5 M -s_ ;fdfGo

/ -v_ ljlzi6 . -s_ ;fdfGo cfzon] d]/f] cfˆgf] b'Mv ;xg g;s]sf]n]
d z/0fdf hfG5' eGg] cy{ lbG5 . -v_ ljlzi6 cfzon] csf{sf] b'Mv
;xg g;s]sfn] d z/0fdf hfG5' eGg] cy{ lbG5 .
^= ljlw M z/0fudgsf] ljlw klg b'O{ k|sf/sf] x'G5 M

-c_ ;fdfGo ljlw o; lsl;dsf] 5 M ;j{k|yd lzion] lq/Tgsf] k|ltdf
:yfkgf u/]/ To;sf] k"hf u5'{ eg]/ u'?l;t lgj]bg u5{ . olb of]
;Dej gePdf p;n] cfsfzdf lq/Tg pkl:yt 5g\ eg]/ efjgf u5{
/ dgdg} ltgsf] k"hf u5{ . clg u'?sf] cg's/0f ub}{ oL jfSox¿
af]N5g\ M …;a} a'4 tyf af]lw;™jx¿n] d k|lt s[kf /fv'g\ . u'?n]
dk|lt s[kf /fv'g\ . cfhb]lv d kmnfgf gfd u/]sf] JolQmn] af]lw k|fKt
gu?~h]n dg'iox¿df >]i7 a'4sf] z/0fdf hfG5', j}/fuLx¿sf] nflu
pQd wd{sf] z/0fdf hfG5' / u0ff]Qd ;+3sf] z/0fdf hfG5' . o;/L
tLgrf]l6 eGg'k5{ .
-cf_ ljlzi6 ljlw -!_ k|of]u, -@_ df}n / -#_ k[i7 u/L tLg
r/0fsf] x'G5 .
-!_ k|of]u r/0fdf lzion] km"nx¿n] lgld{t d08n sNof0fldqsf]
¿kdf cf>o lng of]Uo JolQmnfO{ e]6:j¿k r9fpF5 / pgnfO{
d lq/Tgsf] z/0fdf hfg rfxG5' egL lgj]bg u5{ . tTkZrft\,
sNof0fldqnfO{ lzio dxfofg uf]qsf] / ;'kfq xf] eGg] s'/fdf ljZjf;
x'G5 / lziosf] k|fy{gfnfO{ :jLsf5{g\ . To;kl5 klxnf] /flt d} lq/Tgsf
127
Â
k|ltdfx¿nfO{ clelifQm u/L tof/ kf5{g\ / k"hf u/L lzionfO{ z/0f

hfFbfsf nfex¿ / ghfFbfsf xflgx¿ atfpF5g\ .
-@_ bf]>f] /flt df}n ljlwsf] cg'i7fg ul/G5 . cfkm";fd' /flvPsf
lq/Tgsf k|ltdfx¿nfO{ ;fRr}sf lq/Tg ;Dem]/ ltgsf] k"hf Pj+ jGbgf
ul/G5 . To;kl5 u'?sf] cg's/0f u/L oL jfSo af]lnG5g\ M ;a} a'4
tyf af]lw;™jx¿n] ddfly s[kf /fv'g\ . d]/f] u'?n] ddfly s[kf /fv'g\ .
d kmnfgf gfd u/]sf] JolQm dg'iox¿df >]i7 eujfg\ a'4sf] z/0fdf
hfG5', j}/fuLx¿sf ;jf{lws pQd :yfg lgjf{0f Pj+ ;'v¿kL wd{sf]
z/0fdf hfG5' / u0ff]Qd cj}jlt{s af]lw;™jx¿sf] ;+3sf] z/0fdf
hfG5' . o;/L tLgrf]l6 eGg'k5{ .
To;kl5 cle;do ljifox¿nfO{ cfXjfg u/]/ ltgnfO{ ;fFlRr}ss } f]
lq/Tg dfgL ltgsf] k"hf Pj+ jGbgf ug'k{ 5{ . xfdLn] ug]{ x/]s sfo{k|lt
a'4 tyf af]lw;™jx¿ ;r]t 5g\ egL efjgf ug'{k5{ . To;kl5 km]l/
lqz/0fudgsf dGq tLgrf]l6 hKg'k5{ .
To;kl5 tflTjs ljifonfO{ ;fFlRrs}sf] lq/Tg dfgL ltgsf] z'4
cfzon] k"hf tyf jGbgf ug'{k5{ . ;d:t wd{ z'?b]lv g} cfTdlxg,
clnslt klg cfˆg} :jefj gePsf] x'Fbf xfdLn] a'4, wd{ / ;+3nfO{
klg oxL b[li6n] x]/L ltgsf] z/0fdf hfg'k5{ . oxL cIfo, lgTo Pj+
zfZjt z/0f xf] . h:tf] cgjtKtkl/k[R5f;"q df elgPsf] 5 M
lg/fldif -;+f;fl/s ultljlwaf6 d'Qm_ lrQn] z/0f lng]

k|f0fL sf] xf] < ;d:t wd{x¿sf] cfˆg} cl:tTj 5}g eGg]
s'/f hfg]/ h;n] a'4nfO{ ¿k, lgldQ tyf wd{sf] ¿kdf
gb]vL oyfe"t lsl;dn] b]V5 Tof] k|f0fL g} a'4sf] z/0fdf
uPsf] x'G5 . ;d:t wd{n] wd{wft'sf] dfu{ cg'udg u5{
eg]/ hfGg] k|f0fL wd{sf] z/0fdf uPsf] x'G5 / ;+:s[t tyf
c;+:s[t wd{nfO{ cåo 7fGg] k|f0fL ;+3sf] z/0fdf uPsf]
x'G5 .
128
Â
%pay : zr[gmn
-#_ t]>f] /flt k[i7 cyf{t clGtd ljlw ;DkGg x'G5 . o;df
lq/TgnfO{ -lq/Tgz/0f ljlw ;DkGg ePsf]n]_ wGojfb1fkg ul/G5 .
&= s/0fLo sd{ M lqz/0fudg kZrft\ ul/g] sd{sf] ;DaGwdf dxf–

ofg;"qfn+sf/ df o:tf] pNn]v kfOG5 M
;a} pkb|j, ckfo, cg'kfo, ;Tsfob[li6 / xLgofgdf ktg

x'gaf6 lqz/0fudgn] arfpF5 oxL pQd z/0f xf] .*
o;sf] cy{ M ;fdfGo z/0fudgn] xfdLnfO{ pkb|j, ckfo -tLg

b'u{ltx¿_, cg'kfo -bf}d{gZo_ / ;Tsfob[li6 -;a} rLhsf] cl:tTj
5g\ eGg] wf/0ff_ df ktg x'g'af6 arfpF5 . ljlzi6 lqz/0f udgn]
xfdLnfO{ xLgofg / Tof] eGbf tNnf] ofgx¿df ktg x'ga' f6 arfpF5 .
*= lzIff M z/0fudgsf] lzIffnfO{ lqljw ljz]if lzIff, lqljw ;fdfGo

lzIff / lqljw ;efu lzIff h:tf pkju{x¿ ;d]t u/L gf} ju{df
afF8\g ;lsG5 .
-!_ klxnf] lqljw ljz]if lzIffdf oL a'+bfx¿ k5{g\ M -c_ ;b}j
lq/Tgsf] k"hf ug{df cfkm"nfO{ ;dlk{t ug'{k5{ oxfF;Dd ls vfg'cl3
klg lq/Tgs} k"hf u/]kl5 dfq vfg'k5{ . -cf_ cfˆgf] k|f0f jf wg;Dklt
g} uPklg lq/TgnfO{ Tofu ug'{x'Gg / -O_ lq/Tgsf u'0fx¿ ;DemL
af/Daf/ lqz/0fudg ul//xg'k5{ .
-@_ bf]>f] lqljw ;fdfGo lzIff cGtu{t oL a'Fbfx? kb{5g\ M
-c_ a'4sf] z/0f lnPkl5 xfdL cGo b]jtfx¿sf] z/0fdf hfg'x'Gg .
dxfkl/lgjf{0f;"q df o;/L atfOPsf] 5 M
a'4sf] z/0fdf hfg] k|f0fL jf:tljs s'zn z/0fdf cfl>t

x'g] x'Fbf p;n] c¿sf] z/0fdf hfg}kb}{g .
129
Â
-cf_ wd{sf] z/0f lnPkl5 xfdLn] c¿ k|f0fLx¿nfO{ xflg rf]6

k'Ug] sfdx¿ ug'{x'Gg . h;/L Pp6f ;"qdf atfOPsf] 5 M
cfo{ wd{df h;n] z/0f lnPsf] x'G5

To;n] c¿nfO{ xflg ug]{, Iflt ug]{ s'/f
;f]FRb} ;f]FRb}g .
-O_ ;+3sf] z/0f lnPkl5 tLly{sx¿sf] z/0fdf xfdL hfg'x'Gg .

h;/L Pp6f ;"qdf elgPsf] 5 M
;+3sf] z/0fdf hf] k|f0fL uPsf] x'G5

Tof] tLly{sx¿k|lt cfl>t x'Fb}g .
-#_ lqljw ;efu lzIff cGtu{t oL a'Fbfx¿ kb{5g\ M -c_ a'4sf]

z/0fdf uPkl5 xfdLn] tyfutsf] k|ltdfb]lv lnP/ 6'6]sf km'6]sf
tyfutsf] df6fsf k|ltdf(nfO{ klg a'4/Tg s} efj /fvL cfb/ ug'{k5{,
-cf_ wd{sf] z/0fdf uPkl5 xfdLn] ;4d{ u|Gysf Ps kfgf b]lv
lnP/ To;sf] Pp6f Pp6f cIf/nfO{ ;d]t wd{/Tgsf] efj /fvL cfb/
ug'k{ 5{, -O_ ;+3sf] z/0fdf uPkl5 xfdLn] sNof0fldqsf rLj/ b]lv
lnP/ To;sf Ps 6'qmf 6fnf]nfO{ klg ;+3/Tgs} efj /fvL cfb/
ug'{k5{ .
(= cg'z+;f M z/0fudgsf cf7j6f cg'z+;fx¿ -nfex¿_ 5g\ M -!_

xfdL af}4 ePsf] gftfn] af]lw;™j sxlnG5f}F, -@_ ;a} ;+j/x¿sf
cf>o aG5f}F, -#_ xfdLn] klxn] u/]sf ;a} s'sd{x¿ Ifo eP/ hfg]5g\,
-$_ dg'io jf cdg'iox¿åf/f ;[lht lj£gafwfx¿sf] c;/ xfdLdf
kg]{5}gf}F, -%_ cfkm"n] lrtfPsf ;a} rLhx¿sf] k"lt{ x'G5, -^_ xfdLn]
dxfk'0ox¿ nfe ug]{5f}F hf] kl5sf wd{ cEof;df x]t' aGg]5g\,
130
Â
%pay : zr[gmn
-&_ xfdL b'u{ltdf kg]{5}gf}F, -*_ zL3| g} xfdLn] ;Dos\ ;Daf]lw nfe
ug]{5f}F .
u= k|fltdf]If ;+j/ M t]>f] cfjZostf k|fltdf]If ;+j/ xf] . b|Josf]

b[li6n] k|fltdf]If ;+j/ rf/ k|sf/sf] x'G5 t/ cf>osf] b[li6n] x]g]{ xf]
k|fltdf]If ;+j/ cf7 k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . o; u|Gy Jojxfl/s dfu{af6
af]lw1fg k|fKt ug]l{ ;t ;DalGwt ePsf]n] oL cf7 dWo] pkf];y Pp6f 5f]8/]
c¿ ;ft}j6f cf>ox¿sf] cg'udg ug'k{ 5{ . ;Ktljw k|ltdf]If ;+j/ o;
k|sf/ 5g\ M leIf', leIf'0fL, lzIffdfg, >fd0f]/, >fd0f]l/sf, pkf;s /
pkfl;sf . af]lw;™je"ld df klg oxL pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 M
;dli6df k|fltdf]If ;+j/ eGgfn] leIf', leIf'0fL, lzIffdfg,

>fd0f]/, >fd0f]l/sf, / u[x:yx¿df pkf;s / pkfl;sf
x'g\ . lognfO{ u[x:y / k|j|lhtsf] ¿kdf lnOg'k5{ .!)
k|:yfg lrQf]Tkfb kl5 klg k|fltdf]If ;+j/ cfjZos x'G5 / <

o;sf] hjfkm xf] …x'G5Ú . o;nfO{ oL tLg pbfx/0fåf/f /fd|/L hfGg
;lsG5 M != pkdf, @= u|Gy k|df0f -cfud_, #= o'lQm .
!= pkdf M pkdf o; k|sf/ 5 M h;/L Pp6f rqmjtL{ ;d|f6 a:g]

cf;g jl/kl/ dn, kmf]x/ j:t', b'u{lGwt a:t'x¿ /flvFb}gg\ a? Tof]
sf]7f /fd|f]l;t a9f/]/ ;kmf u/L clt ;'Gb/ /Tgx¿ / cd"No rLhx¿n]
l;Fufl/G5 . 7Ls To;}u/L af]lwlrQnfO{ wf/0f ug]{ dg cs'zn sfo,
jfs / lrQåf/f c;+oldt, s';+:sf/sf dnx¿n] lnKt geO{ oL ;a}
cs'zn t™jx¿af6 d'Qm zLn ;+j/n] ;lhPsf] x'G5 .
@= u|Gy k|df0f M dxfofg;"qfn+sf/ sf] …af]lwlrQf]TkfbÚ ljifos cWofo

xf] h;df elgPsf] 5 M
131
Â
ljifb -ljk'n_ ;+j/ g} o;sf] k|lti7f xf] .!!
o;sf] clQl/Qm, pkjf; j|t klg Pp6f ;fgf] ;+j/ g} xf] . Tof]
;+j/ s]jn Ps lbgsf] nflu dfq x'G5 . t/ Tof] ljifb ;+j/ xf]Og .
t/ dflysf ;ft ;+j/x¿ To:tf xf]Ogg\ . tL ;+j/x¿ ljifb x'g\ . To;}n]
g} tL ;+j/x¿nfO{ af]lwlrQf]Tkfbsf k|lti7f -cfwf/_ egL elgPsf x'g\ .
oxL s'/f af]lwkyk|bLk df klg elgPsf] 5 M
h;n] ;bf oL ;ft k|fltdf]If ;+j/

dWo] s'g} Ps ;+j/sf]
kfngf u5{ Tof] af]lw;™j ;+j/n] o'Qm x'G5
cGon] To;f] x'Fb}g .!@
o;/L ;Ktljw k|fltdf]If ;+j/dWo] s'g} Ps jf c¿nfO{ af]lw–

lrQf]Tkfbsf k|lti7f -cf>o_ elgG5 eGg] s'/f] :ki6 eof] .
#= o'lQm M o'lQmsf] ¿kdf eGg'kbf{ k|fltdf]If ;+j/ c¿nfO{ xflg ug]{

larf/nfO{ h/}b]lv kl/Tofu ug'{ xf] . af]lw;™j ;+j/ c¿nfO{ lxt ug'{
xf] / c¿nfO{ xflg ug]{ larf/nfO{ kl/Tofu g} gul/sg c¿nfO{ lxt
ug{ ;lsGg .
o;} ;DaGwdf sf]xL eG5g\, …k|fltdf]If ;+j/ af]lw;™j ;+j/sf]
k|lti7f -cf>o_ g} x'g'k5{ eGg] h?/L 5}g . lsgeg] if08 -impotent_,
k08 -hermaphrodites_ / b]jflbx¿df k|fltdf]If ;+j/sf] pTkfb x'Gg .
t/ af]lw;™j ;+j/ rflxF logLx¿df x'G5 . lsgeg] k|fltdf]If ;+j/
d[To' kZrft g} TofluG5 t/ af]lw;™j ;+j/ d[To'kZrft klg TofluGg
a? /lx/xG5 . of] wf/0ffsf] v08g o; k|sf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . k|flt–
df]If ;+j/nfO{ ljleGg cfzox¿ lnP/ kfngf ul/G5 . To;} adf]lhd
o;nfO{ tLg ju{df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M
132
Â
%pay : zr[gmn
-c_ ha oL ;+j/x¿nfO{ lqwft's ;'vsf] sfdgfn] u|x0f ul/G5,

o;nfO{ ;'k|l0fwfg zLn -lghL :jfy{ ePsf]_ elgG5 Ù
-cf_ ha oL ;+j/x¿nfO{ cfˆgf] dfq b'Mv lgjf/0f xf];\ eGg] x]
t'n] u|x0f ul/G5, To;nfO{ >fjsx¿sf g}iqmDo -knfogf]Gd'v_ zLn
elgG5 Ù
-O_ ha cg'Q/ ;Dos ;Daf]lw k|flKtsf] p2]Zon] oL ;+j/x¿nfO{
u|x0f ul/G5, To;nfO{ af]lw;™j ;+j/ elgG5 .
logdWo] klxnf] b'O{ -;'k|l0fwfg / g}iqmDo_ af]lw;™j ;+j/sf k|lti7f
-cf>o_ xf]Ogg\ . lsgeg] oL b'O{6f if08, k08 / b]jx¿df pTkGg
x'Ggg\, / d[To'kZrft TofluG5g\ / PskN6 Ro"t eO;s]kl5 ltgnfO{
k'ghLlj{t ug{ ;lsGg Ù t/ af]lw;™j;+j/ zLn if08, k08 / b]jx¿sf
;Gtltdf klg x'G5 Ù of] d[To'kl5 klg TofluGg / PskN6 Ro"t eO–
;s]kl5 klg o;nfO{ k'ghLlj{t ug{ ;lsG5 Ù To;}n] of] ;+j/ g}
pTkfb / l:ylt b'j}sf k|lti7f -cf>o_ xf] . To;}n] dxfofg;"qfn+sf/
of] lrQsf] k|lti7f s] xf] < af]lw;™j ;+j/ g} o;sf] k|lti7f

xf] .!#
o;f] klg eGg ;lsG5 ls af]lwlrQf]Tkfbsf cf>osf] ¿kdf k|flt–

df]If ;+j/ cfjZos x'G5 t/ l:ylt -maintainence_ sf] nflu k|fltdf]
If ;+j/ P]lR5s x'G5 . pbfx/0ffy{ cgf>j ;+j/sf] nflu Wofg ;+j/
sf] cfjZostf k5{ t/ To;sf] l:yltsf] nflu Wofg ;+j/sf] pkl:ylt
h?/L 5}g .
af]lw;™j k|fltdf]If ;+j/ u|x0f ug{] ;DaGwdf eg] To;f] x'Fb}g .
xfdLn] ;j{k|yd >fjs lzIff u|x0f ug'{k5{ . o;nfO{ ljlzi6 cfzo
-af]lwlrQ_ n] u|x0f ul/;s]kl5 / ha Tof] xfdLdf :yfoL eP/ /xG5,
Tof] af]lw;™j;+j/df kl/jlt{t x'G5 . egfOsf] cy{ …tNnf] e"ldaf6 dfly
133
Â
pFef] nfUg] t/ tNnf] e"ld 5f]l8xfNg] rfFlx xf]OgÚ Ù cyf{t\ >fjssf

cfzo 5f]l8Ptfklg lzIff eg] 5f]l8Fb}g .
o;k|sf/ dxfofg uf]qs, lq/Tgsf] z/0fdf uPsf], ;Ktljw k|flt–
df]If ;+j/x¿dWo] s'g} Pssf] kfngf u/]sf] k|f0fL g} af]lwlrQf]Tkfbsf
cf>o aG5 .
lqz/0fudg ;+j/
gfds ci6d kl/R5]b ;dfKt .
134
Â
kl/R5]b (
af]lwlrQ kl/u|x
II. :j¿k M c¿sf] sNof0f x'g] rof{ -sfd_ ug{sf] nflu ;Dos\
;Daf]lw k|fKt ug]{ sfdgf ug'{ g} af]lwlrQf]Tkfbsf] :j¿k jf ;f/tTj
xf] . o;nfO{ cle;dofn+sf/ df o;/L JoQm ul/Psf] 5 M
c¿sf] lxtsf lgldQ ;Dos\ ;Daf]lwsf] sfdgf ug'{

af]lwlrQf]Tkfb xf] .!
III.e]b M af]lwlrQf]TkfbnfO{ tLg lsl;daf6 juL{s[t ul/Psf] 5 M

!= pkdfsf] cfwf/df, @= ;Ldfsf] cfwf/df / #= nIf0fsf] cfwf/df
!= pkdf M klxnf], cyf{t -pkdfsf] cfwf/df af]lwlrQsf] e]b_ ;fdfGo

k[yUhg -;fwf/0f k|f0fL_ b]lv lnP/ a'4™j nfe u/]sf a'4x¿;Ddsf
af]lwlrQdf x'g] e]bnfO{ pkdfåf/f cfo{ d}q]on] cle;dofn+sf/ df
o;/L b]vfpg'ePsf] 5 M
k[YjL, :j0f{, rGb|, clUg,

lglw, /Tgfs/, ;fu/,
jh|, kj{t, cf}ifwL, sNof0fldq,
lrGtfdl0f, ;"o{, ;+uLt,
/fhf, sf]if, dxfdfu{ -/fhdfu{_,
ofg, k|;j0ff]bs -Ogf/_,
k|ltWjlg :j/, gbL tyf d]3 —
afO{;j6f pkdfx¿ oL g} x'g\ .@
135
Â
tL pkdfx¿ 5Gb -oyfe"t 1fgsf] clenfiff_ b]lv lnP/ wd{sfo

af]w;Dd x'G5g\ / kfFr dfu{x¿l;t ufFl;Pdf logsf] b]xfoadf]lhd
cy{ lgSnG5 .
-!_ 5Gb ;lxtsf] af]lwlrQf]Tkfb k[YjL ;dfg x'G5 / Tof] g}
;a} s'zn wd{x¿sf] cfwf/ aG5 . -@_ cfzo ;lxtsf] af]lwlrQf]Tkfb
;'g ;dfg x'G5 / Tof] af]lw k|fKt gx'~h]n ablnGg . -#_ cWofzo
;lxtsf] af]lwlrQf]Tkfb z'Sn kIfsf] rGb|df ;dfg x'G5 / To;n] ;a}
s'zn wd{x¿nfO{ a[l4 ub}{ nfG5 . tL e]bx¿ d'VotofM d[b', dWo Pj+
clwdfq ;+ef/dfu{sf cflbsld{s e"lddf x'g] ub{5g\ .
-$_ k|of]u ;lxt ul/Psf] af]lwlrQf]Tkfb clUg ;dfg x'G5 / To;n]
lq;j{1tfnfO{ 9fSg] cfj/0fx¿sf] OGwgnfO{ hnfP/ gi6 kfl/lbG5 .
oxL k|of]u dfu{ xf] .
-%_ bfg kf/ldtf ;lxtsf] af]lwlrQf]Tkfb dxflglw ;dfg x'G5 /
To;n] ;d:t ;™j -k|f0fL_ x¿nfO{ ;Gt'i6 kfl/lbG5 . -^_ zLn ;lxtsf]
af]lw lrQf]Tkfb /Tgfs/ ;dfg x'G5 / Tof] g} u'0f /Tgx¿sf] d"n cfwf/
xf] . -&_ IfflGt kf/ldtf ;lxtsf] af]lwlrQf]Tkfb dxf;fu/ ;dfg
x'G5 / ;a} clgi6 j:t'x¿åf/f 3]l/Ptf klg To;df s'g} xnrn cfpFb}
g . -*_ jLo{ kf/ldtf;lxtsf] af]lwlrQf]Tkfb jh| ;dfg x'G5 / o:tf]
s8f x'G5 ls kmf]g}{ ;lsGg . -(_ Wofg kf/ldtf ;lxtsf] af]lwlrQf]
Tkfb kj{t/fh ;dfg x'G5 / 5 OlGb|ox¿sf] cfqmd0fdf klg Tof]
8UdufpFb}g . -!)_ k|1fkf/ldtf ;lxtsf] af]lwlrQf]Tkfb 1]ofj/0f tyf
Sn]zfj/0fsf /f]ux¿ lgsf] kfg]{ cf}ifwL ;dfg xf] . -!!_ pkfo ;lxtsf]
af]lwlrQf]Tkfb ;™j k|f0fLx¿nfO{ slxNo} gTofUg] sNof0fldq ;dfg
xf] . -!@_ k|l0flw kf/ldtf ;lxtsf] af]lwlrQf]Tkfb OR5fg';f/ kmn lbg]
lrGtfdl0f ;dfg xf] . -!#_ an kf/ldtf ;lxtsf] af]lwlrQf]Tkfb ;"o{
;dfg xf] / o;n] hf] hf] k|f0fLx¿nfO{ bLlIft ul/g' kg]{ xf] tL ;a}nfO{
kl/kSj¿kn] bLlIft ul/lbG5 . -!$_ 1fg kf/ldtf ;lxtsf] af]lwlrQf]Tkfb
wd{sf] ;'dw'/ ;+uLt ;dfg xf] lsgsL o;n] ljgohgx¿sf] cfFsfIff
136
Â
%pay : baeixicÄ pir¢h
cg'¿k wd{sf] pkb]z lbG5 . oL bz ljljwtfx¿ k|d'lbtf e"ldb]lv

lnP/ qmda4¿kn] bzf}F e"ld;Dddf ;dflxt x'G5g\ . bz{gdfu{ tyf
efjgfdfu{df logLx¿sf] ljr/0f If]q x'G5 .
-!%_ cle1f;lxtsf] af]lwlrQf]Tkfb dxf/fh ;dfg x'G5 . o;n]
cfˆgf] lgjf{w zlQmn] k|f0fLx¿sf] lxt;'vnfO{ d"t{ ¿k lbG5 . -!^_
k'0o Pj+ 1fg ;lxtsf] af]lwlrQf]Tkfb Ps sf]i7fuf/ ;dfg xf] lsgeg]
o;n] k'0o tyf 1fg ;Def/n] Tof] sf]i7fuf/nfO{ vrfvr el/lbG5 .
-!&_ af]lwkflIfs wd{ ;lxtsf] af]lwlrQf]Tkfb dxfdfu{ ;dfg xf] lsgsL
o; dxfdfu{df Psn] csf]{nfO{ k5ØfpFb} ;a} cfo{hgx¿ lx8\5g\ .
-!*_ ;dy / ljkZogf ;lxtsf] af]lwlrQf]Tkfb Pp6f o:tf] ofg ;dfg
xf] hf] ;+;f/ jf lgjf{0fdf gkml;sg Psgf;n] u'l8/xG5g\ . -!(_
wf/0fL Pj+ k|ltefg\;lxtsf] af]lwlrQf]Tkfb Ps hns'08 h:t} xf] hf]
cfkm"n] ;'g]sf jf g;'g]sf rLhx¿ hlt;'s} nfdf] ;do;Dd wf/0f
ul//fv] klg k6Ss} yfSb}g . oL ;a k|sf/x¿ af]lw;™jsf ljz]if dfu{
cGtu{t ;lDdlnt x'G5g\ .
-@)_ wdf]T{ ;j ;lxtsf] af]lwlrQf]Tkfb dw'/ :j/ ;dfg xf] h;nfO{
;'Gg df]Iffsf+IfL ljgohgx¿ cf}+wL ¿rfpF5g\ . -@!_ Psofg ;lxtsf]
af]lwlrQf]Tkfb gbLsf] k|jfx ;/x xf] hf] ;b}j k|f0fLx¿sf] nflu
;xfosl;4 x'G5 . -@@_ wd{sfo ;lxtsf] af]lwlrQf]Tkfb Pp6f o:tf]
afbn ;dfg xf] h;df ;™j k|f0fLx¿ lge{/ x'G5g\ lsgeg] o;n]
t'liftdf a'4sf] jf; b]lv lnP/ kl5sf 36gfx¿ ;d]l6Psf a'4sf
hLjgsf z[Fvnfx¿nfO{ lrq0f u5{ . oL tLg k|sf/sf pkdfx¿ a'4
e"lddf ;d]l6G5g\ .
o;/L oL afO;j6f pkdfx¿ cflbsld{s e"ld b]lv lnP/ a'4e"ld
;Ddsf 5g\ .
@= ;Ldf M ;Ldfsf] cfwf/df rf/ lsl;dn] af]lwlrQ pTkfb ug{

;lsG5 M -!_ cflwdf]lIfs af]lwlrQf]Tkfb, -@_ cWofzlos af]lwlrQf]–
137
Â
Tkfb, -#_ j}kflss af]lwlrQf]Tkfb / -$_ cfj/0f jlh{t af]lwlrQf]–

Tkfb . logdWo] klxnf] clwd'lQm rof{ e"lddf, bf]>f] k|yd b]lv lnP/
;Ktd e"ld;Dddf, t]>f] ci6d e"ld b]lv lnP/ bzd\ e"ld ;Dd Pj+
rf}yf] a'4 e"ld cGtu{t ;d]l6G5g\ . h;/L dxfofg;"qfn+sf/ df
atfOPsf] 5 M
clwdf]lIfs, z'4 cWofzok"0f{, j}kflss

cfj/0f jlh{t e"ldx¿df
af]lwlrQf]Tkfb ul/G5 .#
#= nIf0f M nIf0fsf] cfwf/df af]lwlrQ b'O{ k|sf/sf 5g\ M k/dfy{

af]lwlrQ / ;+j[lt af]lwlrQ . ;lGwlgdf]{rg;"q df atfOPsf] 5 M
af]lwlrQ b'O{ k|sf/sf] x'G5 M k/dfy{ af]lwlrQ / ;+j[lt

af]lwlrQ
k/dfy{ af]lwlrQ s] xf] t < k/dfy{ af]lwlrQ s¿0ff ldl>t

z"Gotf xf] hf] k|ef:j/, csDKo Pj+ k|k~r/lxt x'G5 . cl3 ev{/
pNn]v ul/Psf] ;"qdf atfOPcg';f/ M
of] k/dfy{ af]lwlrQ o; ;+;f/eGbf k/, k|k~r/lxt,

k|ef:j/, k/dfy{sf] 5lj, lgd{n, csDKo ;'g;fg /ftdf
Psgfzn] aln/x]sf] aQLsf] Hof]lt ;/x t]lhnf] x'G5 .
;+j[lt af]lwlrQ s] xf] < ToxL ;"qn] eG5 M
s¿0ffn] clek|]l/t eP/ ;a} ;™j k|f0fLx¿nfO{ ;+;f/af6

d'lQm lbnfpg] k|lt1f ;+j[lQ af]lwlrQ xf] .
138
Â
k/dfy{ af]lwlrQsf] pTklQ wd{tfaf6 x'G5 eg] dxfofg;"qfn+sf/

sf cg';f/ ;+j[lQ af]lwlrQsf] pTklQ ;+s]t tyf u|x0f af6 x'G5
-;dfbfg;f+s]lts_ . olb k/dfy{ af]lwlrQ s'g e"lddf pTkGg x'G5
eg]/ ;f]Wg] xf] eg] o;sf] pQ/ xf] klxnf] cyf{t k|d'lbtf e"ldaf6 .
o;nfO{ dxfofg;"qfn+sf/ l6sf df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
k/dfy{ af]lwlrQf]Tkfb k|d'lbtf gfd k|yd e"lddf x'g] u5{ .$
;+j[lt af]lwlrQ b'O{ k|sf/sf] x'G5 M -!_ k|l0flw lrQ / -@_ k|:yfg
lrQ . h:tf] af]lwrof{jtf/ df elgPsf] 5 M
;+If]kdf of] af]lwlrQnfO{ b'O{ lsl;daf6 lrGg'k5{,

af]lwk|l0flw lrQ tyf af]lwk|:yfg lrQ .%
oL b'O{ af]lwk|l0flw lrQ tyf af]lwk|:yfg lrQsf ljz]iftfx¿

;DaGwdf ljleGg dtx¿ kfOG5g\ .
gfufh'{gsf] k/Dk/f h;sf] ;"qkft cfo{d~h'>Laf6 ePsf] lyof]
To;} k/Dk/fsf Ps lzio cfrfo{ zflGtb]jsf] syg cg';f/ k|l0flwlrQ
st} hfg] OR5f ;dfg x'G5 / ;Dos\ ;Daf]lw k|flKtsf] sfdgf xf] eg]
k|:yfg lrQ ;fFlRrs} hfg' ;/x xf] / a'4Tj k|fKt ug]{ k|oTg xf] . h:tf]
af]lwrof{jtf/ df atfOPsf] 5 M
h;/L dfG5]n] hfg] OR5f / ;fFlRrs} hfg] oL

b'O{ aLrsf] e]bnfO{ lrGb5 To;/L g}
a'l4dfg dflg;n] qmdzM logLx¿df x'g] e]bnfO{ lrGb5g\ .^
cfrfo{ c;Ësf] k/Dk/f h;sf] ;"qwf/ cfo{ d}q]onfO{ dflgG5 .

To; k/Dk/sf Ps lzio cfrfo{ wd{sLlt{sf] syg cg';f/ k|l0flwlrQ
139
Â
;a} ;Tj k|f0fLx¿sf] sNof0ffy{ ;Dos ;Da'4 k|fKt u5'{ eg]/ ;f]Rb}
Tof] clGtd nIo ;Dd k'Ug] k|lt1f ug'{ xf] eg] k|:yfg lrQ a'4Tjsf] x]
t'sf ¿kdf /x]sf if6\kf/ldtfsf] cEof; u5'{ eg]/ ;f]Rb} Tof] x]t' k|fKt
ug]{ k|lt1f ug'{ xf] . o;sf] k'li6 clewd{;d'Rro df ul/Psf] kfOG5 M
af]lwlrQf]Tkfb b'O{ k|sf/n] ug{ ;lsG5 M ;fdfGo tyf

ljz]if . ;fdfGo af]lwlrQf]Tkfb d cle;+a'4 aGg ;s"F eGg]
sfdgf xf] eg] ljz]if af]lwlrQf]Tkfb zLnaf6 z'¿ x'g] /
k|1fdf uP/ 6'lËg] kf/ldtfx¿df d cfkm"nfO{ kf]Vt kfg{
;s"F eGg] sfdgf xf] .
ca pkdf, ;Ldf tyf nIf0fsf] cfwf/df ul/g] af]lwlrQf]Tkfb

ljifos d]/f] 5nkmn oxL 6'lËG5 .
IV= cfnDjg M af]lwlrQf]Tkfbsf nflu cfnDjgx¿ x'g\ M af]lw /

;™jk|f0fLx¿sf] sNof0f . t;y{ af]lw;™je"ld df o:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
t;y{ af]lwlrQf]Tkfbsf cfnDjgsf ¿kdf af]lw tyf ;™j

k|f0fLx¿sf] sNof0f 5g\ .&
af]lwnfO{ cfnDjgsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug'{sf] dtna dxfofgL 1fgsf]

vf]hL ug'{ xf] . o;nfO{ klg dxfofg;"qfn+sf/ sf] …af]lwlrQf]TkfbÚ
cWofodf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
o;sf] cfnDjg 1fgsf] vf]hL xf] .*
;™j k|f0fLx¿nfO{ cfnDagsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ul/g'sf] cy{ s] xf]

eg] ;™j k|f0fLx¿ Ps jf b'O{ dfq x'Fb}gg\, pgLx¿ t k'/} cfsfz} 9fSg]
140
Â
u/L cgGt Pj+ ckl/df0f ;+Vofdf x'G5g\ . af]lwlrQf]Tkfb ugf{n] sd{

/ Sn]zsf] jzdf k/]/ x'g uPsf] b'Mvaf6 pgLx¿nfO{ 5'6sf/f ldNb5 .
h:tf] eb|rof{ k|l0fwfg df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
cfsfzsf] cGt ePkl5 dfq, ;™j -k|f0fL_ x¿sf] cGt

ePkl5 dfq jf sd{ jf Sn]zsf] cGt ePkl5 dfq d]/f]
k|l0fwfgsf] klg k"lt{ tyf cGt x'g]5 .(
V= x]t' M af]lwlrQ u|x0f ugf{sf] x]t' bzwd{s;"q df lbOPsf] 5 M
o:tf] lrQ rf/ x]tx' ¿af6 aGg] u5{ M -s_ o; lrQsf cg'–
z+;fx¿ yfxf kfP/, -v_ tyfutk|lt >4f hfu[t eP/, -u_
;™jx¿sf] b'Mv b]v/] , -3_ sNof0fldqx¿åf/f k|l] /t eP/ .
af]lw;™je"ld sf cg';f/ M
-s_ uf]q;+kt\ af]lwlrQf]Tkfbsf nflu k|yd x]t' xf] eg] -v_

a'4, af]lw;Tj tyf sNof0fldqx¿sf] kl/u|x bf]>f] x]t' xf],
-u_ ;™jk|lt s¿0ff t]>f] x]t' xf] / -3_ ;+;f/sf] b'Mv tyf
b'is/ rof{sf] b'Mv hlt;'s} bL3{sfnLg ePklg, hlt;'s}
km/s km/s ePklg, hlt;'s} s7f]/ ePklg / hlt;'s}
cgGt ePklg To;af6 eoeLt gx'g' rf}yf] x]t' xf] .!)
dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ sf cg';f/ M
ldqan, x]t'an, d"nan, >'tan Pj+ s'znd"nsf] cEof;–

åf/f pTkfb ul/Psf] af]lwlrQf]Tkfb c¿n] ;+s]t u/] cg';f/
b[9 jf sdhf]/ x'g]u5{ .!!
141
Â
o;sf] cy{ s] xf] eg] M c¿n] ;+s]t u/] cg';f/ af]lwlrQf]Tkfb

tyf ;+s]taf6 u|x0f ul/Psf] af]lwlrQ cyf{t xfdLnfO{ c¿x¿n]
b]vfPsfn] xfdLn] Tof] af]lwlrQ u|x0f u/]sf 5f}F . of] ;+j[lt af]lwlrQ
xf] / sNof0fldqsf pkb]zaf6 o;sf] pTklQ x'G5 . …x]ta' nåf/fÚ sf]
tfTko{ s] xf] eg] af]lwlrQ uf]qsf] ann] klg pTkGg x'G5 -x]ts' f] k|antf
cg';f/ Tof] an w]/} jf IfL0f x'g] u5{ ._ …s'znd"nsf] anåf/fÚ sf] cy{
s] xf] eg] af]lwlrQ Tof] uf]qåf/f k|;fl/t ;4d{sf] k|efjn] klg pTkGg
x'G5 . …>'tanåf/fÚ sf] cy{ s] xf] eg] wd{b]zgfnfO{ lg/Gt/¿kn]
;'lg/xFbfv]/L klg af]lwlrQf]Tkfb x'G5 . …s'znd"nsf] cEof;åf/fÚ sf]
cy{ s] xf] eg] af]lwlrQ o; hLjgdf wd{nfO{ ;'Ggfn], wf/0f ugf{n] /
cEof; ugf{n] klg pTkGg x'G5 . / o; afx]s, af]lwlrQ ldqsf] ann]
pTkGg eP sdhf]/ cyjf cb[9 x'G5 eg] x]t' an jf c¿ anx¿åf/f
pTkGg eP b[9 x'G5 .
k/dfy{ af]lwlrQf]Tkfbsf x]t' lgDg zAbx¿df kfOG5 M
ha ;+a'4nfO{ ;xL k|sf/n] pkf;gf ul/G5

ha k'0o;+ef/ tyf 1fg;+ef/ k|fKt e};s]sf x'G5g\
ha lglj{sNk wd{ 1fgsf] pbo x'G5
ta af]lwlrQf]Tkfb k/dfy{ af]lwlrQf]Tkfb dflgG5 .!@
csf]{ zAbdf, k/dfy{ af]lwlrQsf] pTkfb cfud, k|ltklQ -cEof;_

Pj+ clwud -Realization_ ljz]ifaf6 x'G5 .
VI=:yfg M af]lwlrQf]Tkfb ug{ sxfF s'g :yfgdf k|lt1f ug]{ eGg] s'/f]
To; 7fpFdf -s_ sNof0f ldq 5 jf -v_ 5}g eGg] s'/fdf lge{/ x'G5 .
cfrfo{nfO{ e]6\g hfFbf xfd|f] hLjg jf j|Xdrof{df s'g} jfwf
jf vt/f pTkGg x'Fb}g eg] hlt;'s} 6f9f hfg'k/]klg xfdLn] uP/
cfrfo{nfO{ e]6\g}k5{ / ToxfF af]lwlrQf]Tkfb ug]{ k|lt1f ug}{k5{ . o;
142
Â
cfrfo{sf nIf0fx¿ s] x'g\ eg] pgL ;+j/ k|bfg ug]{ ljlwdf bIf
x'g'k5{, ljgosf] lzIff k|fKt tyf ljgod} cIf'00f¿kn] l:yt ePsf]
x'g'k5{, o;sf] clQl/Qm pgn] z/L/ / jf0fLl;t ;Da4 lj1lKtx¿sf]
cy{ a'‰g ;Sg] x'g'k5{ / ;fF;fl/s k|k~rx¿nfO{ dxTj glbP/ cfˆgf
lziox¿nfO{ s¿0ffefjn] kfng ug]{ x'gk' 5{ . af]lwkyk|bLk df elgPem} M
h;df ;Dos nIf0fx¿ el/Psf] x'G5

h;n] Ps ;bu'¿af6 ;+j/ lnPsf x'G5g\
hf] ;+j/ lbg] ljlwdf bIf x'G5g\
h;n] ;+j/ wf/0f ul//fV5g\
h;n] w}o{k"j{s tyf s¿0ffk"j{s ;+j/ lbG5g\
pg}nfO{ ;bu'? eg]/ lrlgg'k5{ .!#
o; ljifodf af]lw;™je"ld df o:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
af]lwlrQf]Tkfb ug]{ ;ÍNk lng] af]lw;™j ;dfg wd{sf]

x'g'k5{, ljåfg x'g'k5{ / jfs\lj1lKt -dGqx¿_ sf] cy{
a'‰g jf hfGg ;Sg] x'g'k5{ .!$
olb u'?sxfF hfFbf xfd|f] j|Xdro{ jf hLjgdf lj£gjfwf x'g] cfz+sf

5 eg] ghLs} ePklg Tof] u'? pkl:yt g/x]sf] g} elgG5 . o;sf] ;§f
a'4sf] k|ltdfsf] ;fd'Gg] a;]/ k|l0flw jf k|:yfg af]lwlrQsf] hk tLg
k6s u/]sf] v08df xfdLnfO{ k|l0flw jf k|:yfg af]lwlrQ k|fKt x'G5 .
To;}n] af]lw;™je"ld df elgPsf] 5 M
olb oL ;a u'0fx¿ ePsf s'g} klg JolQm ge]l§Pdf af]lw–

;™jn] a'4sf] k|ltdfsf] ;fd'Gg] a;]/ af]lw;™jzLn ;+j/
pko'Qm9Ën] d cfkm} lnG5' egL k|l0fwfg ug'{k5{ .
143
Â
u'? / a'4sf] d"lt{ b'j} ge]l§Pdf, xfdLn] a'4 / af]lw;™jx¿ dfly

cfsfzdf 5g\ egL sNkgf u/]/ tLg k6s of] dGq eGg'k5{ . o;af/]
lzIff;d'Rro df o;f] elgPsf] 5 M
olb s'g} klg To:tf] u'? 5}g eg] bz} lbzfsf a'4 / af]
lw;™jx¿ dfly cfsfzdf 5g\ egL sNkgf u/]/ cfkm"n] g}
af]lw;™j zLn ;+j/ lng'k5{ .
VII= ljlw M l;4, dxfkl08tx¿n] atfP/ uPsf pkb]zx¿df af]lwlrQ

u|x0f ug]{ cg]s t/Lsfx¿ kfOG5g\ . t/ of] u|Gydf s]jn d~h'>Laf6
;'? ePsf] gfufh'{gsf] uDeL/ k/Dk/fsf k|j{Qs zflGtb]j / d}}q]oaf6
;'? ePsf] c;Ësf] j}k'No k/Dk/fsf] k|j{Qs wd{sLlt{sf ljlwx¿sf]
dfq rrf{ ul/g]5 .
s= cfrfo{ zflGtb]j M cfrfo{ zflGtb]jsf cg';f/ af]lwlrQf]Tkfb ug]{

tLg j6f r/0fx¿ 5g\ . -!_ k|of]u, -@_ df}n, -#_ k[i7 .
-!_ k|of]u M k|of]u ljlwsf klg ^ j6f pkzLif{sx¿ 5g\ M k"hf ck{0f,
kfk b]zgf, k'0ofg'df]bg, wd{rqm k|j{Qg ug{sf] nflu cWo]if0ff ug'{,
lgjf{0fdf k|j]z gug{ ofrgf ug'{, / s'znd"nx¿ ;a}sf] kl/0ffdgf
ug'{ .
-!=!_ k"hf ck{0f M k"hf ck{0fdf b'O{j6f j:t'x¿ ;dfj]z x'G5g\ .
-!=!=!_ cf>o, / -!=!=@_ k"hf
-!=!=!_ cf>o M cf>o cfˆg} cufl8 x'g klg ;S5 / gx'g klg
;S5 lsgsL a'4sf] k"hf h'g;'s} cj:yfdf u/]klg TolQs} k'0osf/L
x'g]5 rfx] a'4sf] k|ltdf cufl8 ul/Psf] xf];\ of gxf];\ To;n] s]xL
km/s kg{] 5}g . o; ;DaGwdf dxfofg;"qfn+sf/ df o:tf] elgPsf]
5.
144
Â
b'O{ ;+ef/x¿ -k'0o ;+ef/ / 1fg ;+ef/_ kl/k"0f{ ug{sf

nflu k|;Gg dgn] a'4x¿ ltd|f] ;fd' geP klg pxfFx¿nfO{
rLj/ bfg lbg" .!%
-!=!=@_ k"hf M k"hf b'O{ k|sf/sf 5g\ M pQ/ k"hf / cg'Q/ k"hf .
oL dWo] pQ/ k"hf klg b'O{ k|sf/sf 5g\ M cfldif k"hf / k|ltklQ k"hf .
klxnf], pQ/ k"hf eGgfn] xft hf]8L ljGtL u/]/ k"hf ug'{, :t"lt
ufg ufO{ k"hf ug'{ k"hf ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ plrt 9Ën] ;hfP/ k"hf ug'{,
s;}sf] :jfldTjdf g/x]sf] j:t' bfg u/]/ k"hf ug'{, z/L/ ck{0f u/]/
k"hf ug'{ xf] . k|ltklQ k"hf eGgfn] dxfd'b|fsf] lbJo sfosf] ljifodf
efjgf ug'{ / / af]lw;™j ;dflwåf/f k|fKt x'g] -b]jtf, d08n cflb_
sf k"hf ck{0f ug'{ xf] .
cg'Q/ k"hf b'O{ lsl;dsf x'g;S5g\ . ;fnDag k"hf / lg/fnDag
k"hf . ;fnDag k"hf eGgfn] af]lwlrQsf] efjgf ug'{ xf] . h:tf]
elgPsf] 5 M
lj1hgx¿n] af]lwlrQsf] efjgf u/]/ To;sf] cEof;

ub{5g\ . jf:tjdf ToxL a'4 / af]lw;™jx¿sf] k"hf u/]sf]
;/x xf] . ToxL g} ;jf]{Qd k"hf xf] .
lg/fnDag k"hf eGgfn] cgfTdsf] efjgf ug'{ xf] h'g ;jf]{Qd k"hf
xf] . h:tf] ;'l:ytdltb]jk'qkl/k[R5fkl/jt{ df elgPsf] 5 M
af]lwsf] sfdgf ug]{ af]lw;™j uËf gbLsf

jfn'jf hlQs} c;+Vo sNkx¿;Dd
a'4x¿ g/f]Qdx¿nfO{ k'ik, w"k, ef]hg / k]o r9fP/
k"hf u/]sf] u/]s} ul//xg' eGbf klg
olb p;n] cfTdf, k|f0f / k'b\un eGg] rLh st} klg e]l§b}g
145
Â
eGg] lzIff k|fKt u/]/

To;df k|ef:j/ IfflGt 1fg k|fKt u5{g\ eg]
p;n] a'4x¿sf] ;a}eGbf pQd k"hf u/]sf] dflgg]5 .
o; ;DaGwdf dxfl;+xgfb;"q df o:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
h;n] ;+1f / lgldQsf ljrf/x¿ pTkGg ub}{g p;n] Tofu

jf u|x0f oL b'j} cåo efjgfaf6 /lxt eP/ tyfutsf]
k"hf u5{ . ldqx¿ xf] Û tyfutsf] z/L/sf] nIf0f g}
lgM:jefj ePsf] x'Fbf pgsf] z/L/nfO{ ;:jefj sf] ¿kdf
x]g]{n] pgsf] k"hf ug{ ;Sb}g .
k"hfljlw ;DaGwL j0f{g oxLF ;dfKt x'G5 .

-!=@_ kfkb]zgf M kfkb]zgf eGgfn] xfdL s] a'‰5f}F eg]F ;fdfGotofM
kfk jf k'0o ;a} ;d'Tyfks lrQ -dgsf] cfzo_ df lge{/ ug]{ s'/
fx¿ x'g\ . To;}n] dg g} ;a}yf]s cyf{t dflns xf] . sfo / jfs t
lrQsf gf]s/x¿ ;/x x'g\ . h:tf] /TgfjnL df elgPsf] 5 .
;a} wd{x¿ eGbf dg klxn] cfpg] x'Fbf o;nfO{ dflns

elgG5 .!^
To;}n], ha dgdf /fu, å]if, df]x OToflb dnx¿ x'G5g\, ta kfFr

cfgGto{, kfFr pkfgGto{, bz cs'zn sd{x¿ ul/g] x'G5g\, zLn ;+j/
tf]l8g] x'G5g\ . cyjf xfdLn] c¿x¿nfO{ o:tf] sd{ ug{ pS;fpF5f}F clg
ltgLx¿sf] sd{df v'zL x'G5f}F . oL ;a}nfO{ cs'zn sd{ elgG5 . olt
dfq xf]Og . o:tf] lrQn] ;4d{sf] >j0f, lrGtg / efjgf ug'{ klg
cs'zn g} xf] h;sf] kmn:j¿k b'Mv pTkGg x'G5 . o; af/] /TgfjnL
146
Â
/fu, å]if / df]xn] ul/Psf sd{x¿ ;a} cs'zn x'g\ .

cs'zn sd{n] ubf{ ;a} b'Mv / b'u{ltx¿sf] pTklQ x'G5 .!&
o:t} af]lwrof{jtf/ df klg elgPsf] 5 M
kfksd{ -cs'zn sd{_ n] b'Mv g} x'G5

To;af6 s;/L pDsg] <
d h:tf] kfkLn] t lbg /ft
o:t} lrGtg ul//fVg' g} pko'Qm 5 .!*
t;y{ xfdLn] u/]sf kfk jf cs'zn sd{x¿sf] k|folZrt ug'{ clt

h?/L 5 . t/ s] kZrftfk -kfk b]zgf_ ugf{n] xfd|f] kl/z'l4 lglZrt
x'G5 t < x'G5 . dxfkl/lgjf{0f;"q df elgP em}+ M
s'g} k|f0fLn] kfk u/]/ kl5 kZrftfk u5{ eg] hnzf]ws

dl0f 5'gf;fy lxn] kfgL ;ª\nf] eP h:t} jf afbnaf6
lj:tf/} lg:s]sf] rGb|df h:t} p;sf] klg kl/z'l4 x'g]5 .
tyf M
hlt hlt kfksf] kZrftfk ul/G5, Tolt Tolt g} p;sf]

kl/z'l4 x'Fb} hfG5 / cGttM p;sf] kfk k"/} zf]wg x'g]5 .
kfk b]zgf ug]{ s;/L t < o;sf] hjfkm xf] rf/ wd{ jf an åf/f kfk
b]zgf ug'{ . rt'wd{lgb]{z;"q df atfOPsf] 5 M
x] d}q]o, af]lw;™jn] rf/ an k|fKt u/]sf] v08df pgsf

s[t tyf ;+u[lxt kfkx¿ gfz eP/ hfg]5g\ . tL rf/
147
Â
anx¿ s] s] x'g\ < tL x'g\ 1. ljb'if0f an, 2. k|ltkIf an,

3. cf>o an, 4. ;d'bfrf/ an .!(
1. ljb'if0f an M ljb'if0f an eGgfn] cfkm"n] u/]sf kfkx¿sf]

ulx/f] kZrftfk k|s6 ug'{ xf] / a'4 / cfo{ ;+3sf ;fd' a;L k|folZrt
ug'{ xf] . o:tf] kZrftfk s;/L k|s6 ug{ ;lsG5 t < kZrftfk tLg
k|sf/n] ug{ ;lsG5 M c_ j]sf/df kfk ug{ k'u]5'F eGg] dxz'; u/]/,
cf_ cfkm"n] u/]sf] kfksf] eo+s/ kl/0ffdaf/] a'em]/ / O_ hlt ;Sof]
rfF8f] o;sf] kmnaf6 cfkm" d'Qm x'g'kg]{ cfjZostfnfO{ hfg]/ .
c_ logdWo] klxnf]sf] cy{ s] xf] eg] d}n] slxn] zq'x¿nfO{
jzdf kfg{ kfk u/]F, slxn] ldqnfO{ /Iff ug{, slxn] cfˆgf] z/L/sf]
/Iff ug{ / slxn] wg sdfpg kfk u/]F . t/ d d/]/ k/nf]s hfg] a]
nfdf oL ldq, zq', d]/f] cfˆgf] ;fdfg, d]/f] cfˆg} z/L/ / wg;DklQ
s]xL klg dl;t cfpg]5}gg\ . dl;t cfpg] t d]/f kfksf] 5fofF
dfq xf] / d hxfF hGd]klg s;fxL h:t} ;w} d]/f] kl5 nflu/xg]5 .
jL/bQu[xkltkl/k[R5f;"q df elgP em}F M
afa', cfdf, bfh'efO{, lbbLalxgL,

5f]/f5f]/L, kTgL, gf]s/, wg;DklQ,
gftfuf]tfx¿ sf]xL klg d[tssf] kl5 nfUb}gg\ .
kl5 nfUg] t cfˆgf /fd|f g/fd|f sd{x¿ dfq x'g\ .
tyf M
o:tf] dxfb'Mvsf] 3l8 cfPkl5, d]/f ;Gtfgx¿

d]/f z/0f x'Ggg\ . d]/L kTgL d]/f] z/0f x'Flbgg\ .
d}n] PSn} Tof] dxfb'Mv ef]Ug' kg]{5' . pgLx¿ s;}n] To;nfO{
afF8]/ lnGgg\ .
148
Â
af]lwrof{jtf/ df klg elgPsf] 5 M
d}n] lk|o -;fyL_ / clk|o -zq'_ x¿sf lgldQ w]/} kfkx¿ u/]F
To;a]nf ;a}yf]s 5f8]/ Ps lbg d}n] dg'{k5{ eGg] ofb} ePg .
ldq, zq', d cfkm} / ;a}yf]s Pslbg gfz eP/ hfg]5f}F .@)
t;y{, d}n] ldqsf] nflu kfk u/]F, zq'sf] nflu kfk u/]F, d]/f]
hLpnfO{ ;'/Iff lbgsf] nflu kfk u/]F / cfˆgf] v'zLsf] nflu kfk
u/F] tyflk oL rf/} rLh t ;Fw} dl;t /xg] jfnf 5}gg\ . kfk eg]sf]
c;fWo} eoÍ/ x'Fbf]/x]5 / To;n] /lQe/ klg ;'v lbFb}g eGg] efjgf
dgdf hufP/ xfdLn] ulx/f] kZrftfk k|s6 ug'{k5{ .
cf_ olb s;}n] d kfk;fk s]xL hflGbg / o;n] dnfO{ s]xL xflg
x'Fb}g egL ;f]Rof] eg] p;n] t'?Gt} cfˆgf] ljrf/ abNg'k5{ / kfksf]
eoÍ/ kl/0ffdaf/] dxz'; u/]/ jf a'em]/ ulx/f] kZrftfksf] efjgf
hfu[t ug'{k5{ . of] b'M:jKg ;dfgsf] eoÍ/ kl/0ffd tLg rf]l6 xfdLn]
b]V5f}F . i. ha d[To' cfOk'U5, ii. ha d/0ff;Gg cj:yfdf k'U5f}F, / iii.
d[To'kZrft\ .
i. klxnf], dg]{ a]nfdf kfkLx¿n] o:tf] c;Xo kL8fsf] cg'ej
u5{g\ dfgf}F pgLx¿sf z/L/sf] k|d'v cË g} 5]l8Psf] xf];\ . h:tf]
elgPsf] 5 M
oxfF d d[To' z}μofdf kl//x]sf] 5' .

d]/f cfkmGtx¿ w]/} d]/f] jl/kl/ al;/fv]sf 5g\ .
t}klg d PSn}n] of] ;a} k|f0f3fts kL8f em]Ng'k5{ .@!
ii. dg]{a]nf cfkm"n] u/]sf kfkx¿sf] kmn slt 3fts x'Fbf]/x]5

eg]/ rfn kfpF5f} . egfOsf] cy{ sfnf] / ljeT; odn] xfd||f] 3fF6Ldf
kfzf] xfnL xfdLnfO{ g/s;Dd tfgL l3;fb}{ nfG5 . ToxfF b08, tnjf/
149
Â
/ c¿ wfl/nf] xltof/x¿ af]s]sf 8/nfUbf oIfx¿sf] clt tLj|

oftgfaf6 xfdLn] cTolws b'Mv / si6 ef]Ug' k5{ . h:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
odb"tåf/f ;dfltPkl5 oL ldq / cfkmGtx¿sf] s] k|of]hg\ <

k'0o dfq To;a]nf z/0f x'g ;S5 .
t/ k'0o eg] xfdLn] sdfPs} 5}gf}+ .@@
lzion]v df elgPsf] 5 M
xfd|f] 3fF6Ldf sfnsf] kfzf] nufP/ eoÍ/ odb"tx¿n]

xfdLnfO{ l3;fb}{ tfg]/ nfG5g\ / s'6\g;Dd s'6\5g\ .
olb odb"tb]lv 8/fpFlbg egL ltdL ;f]FR5f}F eg] af]lwrof{jtf/ sf

oL zAbx¿ ofb /fVg" M
cËk|ToË ;a} sf6s'6 ug{ nlug cfF6]sf] dflg; y/ y/

sfFKg yfN5, p;sf] d'v ;'Vvf x'g yfN5, p;sf cfFvf
8/n] 6f]nfpg yfN5g\, sfg rf}sGgf x'G5 p;sf] ¿k} cs{}
x'G5 eg] ;fFRr} eo+s/ /f]u nfu]/ xfd|f] 5fnf g} v'lDrg]
u/L t;f{pg] clt eoÍ/ ¿k ePsf odb"tn] xfdLnfO{
;dfTbfv]/L xfd|f] s] bzf x'g] xf] <@#
iii. kfksf] eoÍ/ kl/0ffd eGgfn] ha xfdL g/sdf v:5f}F jf

ktg x'G5f}F, xfdLnfO{ etetL pdfn]/ ttfOG5, To:tf] c;Xo kL8f
ef]Ug'k5{ xfdLn] . o; sxfnLnfUbf] eosf ljifodf o:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
g/ssf] af/] ;'Gbf, b]Vbf, ;+lembfv]/L, k9\bfv]/L jf lrq sf]bf{–

v]/L t xfdLnfO{ 7"nf] 8/ nfu]/ Psbd c;Xo x'gyfN5
150
Â
eg], Tof] dxfeo cfpFbf xfdLn] ;fFlRrs} c;Xo b'Mv

ef]Ug'kbf{, xfd|f] bzf s] x'g] xf] < ;'ÅNn]v – *$
t;y{, kfksf kmn oltsf sxfnLnfUbf ePsf sf/0fn] xfdLn]

kZrftfksf] efjgf hfu[t ug'{k5{ .
O_ kfkb]zgf t kl5 u/]klg x'G5 lg eg]/ ;f]R+ g' dxfd"vt{ f x'g5

] .
xfdLn] hlt ;Sof] plQ rfF8f] kfksf] b]zgf ul/xfNg'k5{ . lsgeg]
xfd|f] kfk zf]wg x'g gkfpFb} d[To' cfOk'Ug ;S5 . h:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
d}n] kfk b]zgf ug{ gkfpb}+ d dg{ ;S5' Ù

dnfO{ t'?Gt kfkaf6 d'Qm x'g d2t ug'{xf];\ .@$
kfksf] k|folZrt ug{ gkfpFb} dlb{g eg]/ s;}n] eGof] eg] d[To'
clglZrt 5 eGg] tYo p;n] yfxf kfcf];\, p;n] kfksf] k|folZrt
u/f];\ of gu/f];\ Tof] od/fhn] x]l//fVb}g, To;n] t klxnf] e]6d} k|f0f
6kSs l6kL n}hfG5 . h:tf] atfOPsf] 5 M
of] ljZjf;3ftL d[To'n] xfdLn] ;'sd{

u/]sf] of gu/]sf] eGg] hfFr ub}{g,
:j:y of c:j:y 5' eg]/
o;nfO{ ljZjf; ug}{ ;ls|b}g .
of] t cs:dft cfO{nfU5 .@%
t;y{, hLjg, ljz]if u/L cfo'df s'g} e/f];f g/fvL xfd|f] kfksf]
Ifo x'g gkfpFb} xfdL dg{ ;Sg] x'Fbf hlt ;Sof] rfF8f] kfksf] k|folZrt
ul/xfNg'k5{ . clxn] kfkb]zgf ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt x'Fbf To;sf] k"0f{
;'b'kof]u ul/xfNg'k5{ . dfly pNn]lvt tLg sf/0fx¿n] xfdLn] dgdf
151
Â
3f]/ kZrftfk k|s6 ul/;s]kl5 ca xfdLn] s'g} ljz]if jf ;fdfGo

cf>osf] ;fd' cfˆgf] kfksf] k|folZrt -b]zgf_ ug'{k5{ . o;/L
kZrftfkåf/f kfk z'l4 ug'{ eg]sf] To:tf] s6' efifL ;fx"sxfF uP/
km]/L C0f ldgfxfsf] nflu cg'/f]w ug'{ xf] h;sf] C0f xfdLn] lt/]sf
5}gfF} . ( ;o pGgfG;o dflg;x¿ df/]sf cË'lndfnn] t ljb'if0f ansf]
k|of]un] cfˆgf] kfkaf6 d'Qm eP/ kl5 cx{t kmn k|fKt ug{ ;s] .
h:tf] ;'ÅNn]v df n]lvPsf] 5 M
klxn] k|dfbL eP/ klg kl5 ck|dfbL aGg ;Sof] eg]

afbnsf] k5fl8af6 lgSn]sf] rGb| em}+ b]lbKodfg x'g]5 .
h;/L gGb, cË'nLdfn, chftzq' / pbog eP . ;'ÅNn]v – !$
2. k|ltkIf an M k|ltkIf an eGgfn] s'znd"n jf k'0osf] sfo{

ug'{ xf] . o;n] ubf{ cf>jx¿ /f]lsg]5g\ . o; af/]df clewd{;d'Rro
df klg elgPsf] 5 M
k|ltkIf sd{nfO{ s'sd{nfO{ eGbf w]/} g} alnof] c:qsf]

¿kdf x]l/g'k5{ . lsgeg] k|ltkIfn] kmnnfO{ abNg] sfd
ub{5 eg] s'sd{n] kmnnfO{ hGdfp5 .
;j{tyfutu'Xodxfu'Xosf]zfIfolgwbLkdxfk|tk;fwgtGq1fgf–
Zrof{B'ltrqm df o:tf] atfOPsf] 5 M
z"Gotfsf] efjgfn] kfksf] z'l4 x'G5 .
jh|R5]lbsf df elgPsf] 5 M
uDeL/ ;"qx¿sf] kf7 ugf{n] kfksf] z'l4 x'G5 .
152
Â
lq;doJo"x/fh / ;'afx'kl/k[R5ftGq sf cg';f/ M
dGqx¿ kf7 ugf{n] kfksf] z'l4 x'G5 .
k'iks"6gfdwf/0fL sf] cg';f/ M
tyfutsf] :t"ksf] k"hf u/]df kfksf] z'l4 x'G5,
tyfutk|ltdfkl/R5]b sf cg';f/ M
a'4sf] k|ltdf :yflkt u/]/, wd{kof{o ;'g]/, k9]/, To;sf]

k|ltlnkL ptf/]/ / cGo k'0o sfo{x¿ u/]/ kfksf] z'l4
ug{ ;lsG5 .
ljgofudf]Q/ljz]iffudk|zgj[lQ sf cg';f/ M
s'zn d"n jf k'0o sd{n] kfksf]

Ifo ug]{ JolQm o; ;+;f/df afbnaf6
lg:s]sf] ;"o{ jf rGb| em}F rlDsG5 .
t/klg, ltdLn] k|Zg u/f}nf k|ltkIf¿kdf k'0o jf s'zn sd{x¿

u/]/ kfkx¿sf] zf]wg ug]{ JolQmn] t hlt kfk u/]sf] lyof] Tolt g}
k'0o ug'{knf{ lg t < xf]Og, To;f] xf]Og . lsgsL dxfkl/lgjf{0f;"q df
elgP em} M
Pp6f s'zn sd{ ugf{n] w]/} cs'zn sd{x¿sf] Ifo x'G5 .
tyf,
153
Â
Pp6f ;fgf] jh|n] clt g} ljzfn kj{tnfO{ 6'qmf 6'qmf

kfl/lbg ;S5, Pp6f ;fgf] cfuf]n] 3fF;, sf7x¿ hnfP/
v/fgL kfl/lbg ;S5, clnslt ljifn] y'k|} k|f0fLx¿sf] Hofg
lng ;S5, To;/L g} Pp6f ;fgf] s'zn sd{n] dxfkfknfO{
d]6fOlbg ;S5 To;}n] Tof] ;fFlRrs} alnof] k|ltkIf xf] .
;'j0f{k|ef;f]Qd;"q sf cg';f/ M
xhf/f}F sNk;Dd clt bf?0f kfk u/]sf] k|f0fLn] Ps k6s

dfq ePklg kfkb]zgf u/]kl5 p;sf ;a} kfk gi6 eP/
hfg]5g\ .@^
k|ltkIf ansf] k|of]un] kfk z'l4 ug'{ eg]sf] dnd"qsf] bnbndf

km;]sf] JolQmn] ;f] bnbnaf6 lg:s]/ /fd|f] ;Fu g'xfO{ w'jfO{ u/]/
clt ;'ulGwt t]n cfˆgf] hLpe/L 3:g' ;/x xf] . w]/} ;do klxn]
afns pbogn] cfˆg} cfdfsf] xTof u/]sf lyP . t}klg k|ltkIf ansf]
;xf/fn] pgL kfkaf6 d'Qm eO{ >f]QfkGg e"ld;Dd k'uL b]jt'No k|f0fL
aGg ;kmn eP . u|Gyx¿df n]lvP em} M
klxn] k|dfbL eP/ klg kl5 ck|dfbL aGg ;Sof] eg]

h;/L gGb*, cË'nLdfn**, chftzq'*** / pbog**** eP .
;'=n]v – !$
k|TofklQ an M k|TofklQ an eGgfn] kfksf] eoÍ/ kl/0ffd
3.
b]lv eoeLt eP/ cab]lv kfk ug{ /f]Sg' xf] . h:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
x] gfosu0f, d cfkm"n] u/]sf kfksf] Ifdf dfU5' . kfk ug'{

eg]sf] ;f¥x} eoÍ/ /x]5 . cab]lv d sbflk kfk ulb{g .@&
154
Â
o; k|sf/ k|TofklQ an eg]sf] eoÍ/ gbLsf] k|jfxnfO{ cs{}

lbzftkm{ df]8\g' ;/x xf] . klxn] gGb :qL;Fu cToGt} df]lxt lyP, t}
klg k|TofklQ ansf] ;xf/fn] pgL cfˆgf] kfkaf6 d'Qm eP/ kl5
cx{t g} eP/ 5f8] . h:tf] u|Gyx¿df n]lvPsf] 5 M
klxn] k|dfbL eP/ klg

kl5 ck|dfbL aGg ;Sof] eg]
4. cf>o an M cf>o an eGgfn] lq/Tgdf z/0f lng' / af]

lwlrQf]Tkfb ug'{ xf] . lq/Tgdf z/0f lnP/ kfk zf]wg ug]{ s'/f ;"s–
l/sfjbfg df atfOPsf] 5 M
a'4df z/0f lng] k|f0fL b'u{ltdf ktg x'Fb}g .

p;n] b]xTofu ul/;s]kl5 b]jb]x k|fKt ub{5 .@*
dxfkl/lgjf{0f;"q sf cg';f/ M
lq/Tgdf z/0f lngfn]

lge{{otf k|fKt x'G5 .
af]lwlrQf]Tkfb u/]/ kfk zf]wg ug]{ s'/f cfo{u08Jo"x;"q df

atfOPsf] 5 M
;a} cs'zn wd{x¿nfO{ gfz ug{df of] cwf]e"ld ;dfg

5 / ;a} cs'zn sd{x¿nfO{ hnfpgdf of] k|no sfnsf]
clUg ;dfg 5 .
155
Â
af]lwrof{jtf/ sf cg';f/ M
h;/L k/fqmdL z"/jL/ k'?ifdf cf>o lnFbf

;a} vfnsf 8/x¿af6 d'Qm eOG5,
To:t} af]lwlrQdf cf>o lnFbf h:t}
7"nf kfk u/]sf] ePklgtg{ ;lsG5,
t}klg afn c~hfgx¿n] af]lwlrQsf] cf>o lsg lnFb}gg\ <@(
t;y{ af]lwlrQf]Tkfb u/]/ kfk zf]wg ug'{ eg]sf] bl/b| gf]s/

cfˆgf] dflnssf] z/0fdf k'Ug' ;/x xf] cyjf dGqsf] d2tn] ljif
d'Qm kfg'{ ;/x xf] . klxn] chftzq'n] cfˆg} lktfsf] xTof u/] . kl5
cf>oansf] ;xf/fn] pgL cfˆgf] kfkaf6 d'Qm eP/ af]lw;™j ag] .
h:tf] u|Gyx¿df n]lvPsf] 5 M
klxn] k|dfbL eP/ klg

kl5 ck|dfbL aGg ;Sof] eg]
oL x/]s ann] cnu cnu lsl;dn] kfksf] zf]wg u5{, oL rf/}

an ldn]/ sfd u¥of] eg] s] x'G5 t < To;/L kfk b]zgf ul/of] eg]
To;sf] -kl/z'l4sf]_ nIf0f p;sf] ;kgf d} b]vf kg]{5 . r'Gbwf/0fL df
elgP em}+ M
ha s'g} JolQm cfkm"n] u/]sf kfkaf6 d'Qm x'G5, ta

To;sf] nIf0f p;sf] ;kgf d} b]vf k5{ h:t} — ;kgfdf
jfGtf u/]sf] b]Vg', b'w jf bxL lkPsf] b]Vg', ;"o{ / rGb|
b]Vg', cfkm" xfjfdf lxF8]sf] b]Vg', bgbGtL cfuf] aln/fv]sf]
156
Â
b]Vg', e}F;L jf sfnf] j:q klxl/Psf anjfg dflg;dfly

ljho k|fKt u/]sf] b]Vg', leIf' / leIf'0fLx¿sf ;+3 b]Vg',
b'w lgl:sg] kxf8 r9]sf] b]Vg', xfQL, ;fF9], kxf8, l;Fxf;g
/ k|f;fbdf r9]sf] b]Vg', wd{ ;'lg/fv]sf] b]Vg' .
kfkb]zgfaf/] j0f{g oxL ;dfKt x'G5 .

-!=#_ k'0ofg'df]bg M k'0ofg'df]bg ug'{ eGgfn] ;a} k|f0fLx¿n]
e"t, jt{dfg / eljio sfndf u/]sf jf ug]{ k'0o jf s'zn sd{sf]
cfkm"n] cg'df]bg ug]{ eb| r]i6f ug'{ xf] . hltklg s'znd"nx¿ :yflkt
ul/P tLg sfndf tL ;a}k|lt cg'df]bgsf] efjgf ul/g'k5{ . c;+Vo
cgluGtL / clrGTo a'4x¿ ljleGg nf]swft'x¿df pTkGg ePb]lv
pxfFx¿n] klxn] af]lwlrQf]Tkfb u/]/ b'O{ ;+ef/x¿ k|fKt u/]b]lv, b'O{
cfj/0fx¿nfO{ gi6 u/]b]lv af]lw k|fKt gu/];Dd hlt klg s'znd"nx¿
;~ro ug'{eof], wd{rqmk|j{tg u/]/ ;a} k|f0fLx¿nfO{ ljgLt ul/;s]/
kl/lgjf{0f glnP;Dd pxfFx¿ hlt klg s'znd"nx¿sf] ;~ro ug'{eof],
lgjf{0fkl5 klg ha ;Dd wd{zf;g l6ls/Xof] ta;Dd ;~ro ePsf
;a} s'znd"nx¿, o; nf]sdf k|fb'{efj ePsf k|To]s a'4 / >fjsx¿n]
u/]/ uPsf s'znd"nx¿ / k[yUhgx¿n] u/]sf s'znd"nx¿ ;a}sf]
cg'df]bg ul/g'k5{ .
o; k|sf/n] xfdLn] e"tdf ul/Psf tyf eljiodf ul/g]
s'znd"nx¿sf] cg'df]bg ug'{k5{ . h:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
d tf/0fL -a'4_ x¿sf] af]lwsf] cg'df]bg u5'{ /

a'4k'qx¿sf e"ldx¿sf] cg'df]bg u5'{ .#)
k'0ofg'df]bg af/] j0f{g oxLF ;dfKt x'G5 .

-!=$_ cWo]if0ff M wd{rqm k||jQ{g ugf{sf nflu cWo]if0ff ug'{
eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 eg] bz lbzfx¿df cem klg w]/} a'4x¿ 5g\ h;n]
157
Â
wd{ /Tgk|lt cfb/ efj hufpg / cWo]ifsnfO{ k'0o ;+ef/ u/fpgsf]

nflu wdf]{kb]z ul//x]sf 5}gg\ . pg} a'4x¿tkm{ nlIft u/L xfdLn]
pxfFx¿nfO{ wd{rqm k|jQ{gsf nflu cWo]if0ff ug'{k5{ . h:tf] elgPsf]
5M
x] bz lbzfsf a'4x¿ Û
d xft hf]8L k|fy{gf ub{5',
s[kof wd{sf] Hof]lt aflnlbg'xf];\
h;n] ubf{ ;™jx¿sf b'Mv¿kL
cGwsf/nfO{ gfz kfg{ ;lsof];\ .#!
-!=%_ ofrgf M kl/lgjf{0f glngsf nflu ofrgf ug'{ eGgfn] s]

a'lemG5 eg] cem klg bz lbzfx¿df w]/} a'4x¿ 5g\ hf] lgTotf
-zfZjttf_ dfly ljZjf; ug]{x¿sf] b[li6 ldYof ;fljt ug{ jf
cN5Lx¿df jLo{sf] efjgf hufpgsf] nflu lgjf{0f lng tof/ eO
al;/fv]sf 5g\ . pg} a'4x¿tkm{ nlIft u/L xfdLn] pxfFx¿nfO{
lgjf{0f glngsf nflu ofrgf ug'{k5{ . h:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
x] lgjf{0ff]Gd'v a'4x¿ Û
d xft hf]8L k|fy{gf ub{5',
s[kof cgluGtL sNkx¿;Dd
hLljt /xg'xf];\, tfsL of] hut\
cGwsf/df 8'Ag gk/f];\ .#@
-!=^_ s'znd"nx¿sf] kl/0ffdgf M clxn];Dd d}n] ;+u|x u/]sf

;a} s'znd"nx¿ ;™jx¿df ck{0f u5'{ / tL s'znd"nx¿n] ;a}
;™jx¿sf b'Mv x6]/ hfpg\, / pgLx¿n] ;'v / ;'v} ;'v k|fKt u?g\ .
oxfF o:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
158
Â
d}n] hlt klg s'znd"nx¿ ;+u|x u/]F

tL ;a}n] ;a} ;™jx¿sf] b'Mv x6fpg\ .##
o;}nfO{ k'0osf] kl/0ffdgf elgG5 . s'znd"nsf] kl/0ffdgf af/]

ljj/0f oxLF ;dfKt x'G5 .
-@_ df}n M df}n ljlw lzIff;d'Rro df atfOP adf]lhd ;ÍNk

jrgnfO{ af/+af/ bf]x¥ofpg' xf] . lzIff ;d'Rro sf cg';f/ af]lw;™j
cfo{ d~h'>L cDa gfd u/]sf /fhf ePsf a]nf d]3gfb3f]if a'4sxfF
uP/ pxfFaf6 af]lwlrQf]Tkfbsf ;fy;fy} af]lw;™j ;+j/sf lzIffx¿
k|fKt ug'{ePsf] lyof] . To;/L g} xfdLn] klg tL b'a} pkb]zx¿ k|fKt
ug'{k5{ . h:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
ha;Dd cflb / cGt gePsf]

o; ;+;f/ /xG5
ta;Dd d ;a} ;™jx¿sf]
lxtd} ;dlk{t eO{ afFlr/xg]5' .
d zf:tfsf ;fd' af]lwlrQf]Tkfb u5'{ .#$
pko'Q{ m jf o:t} jrgx¿ xfdLn] tLgkN6 eGg'k5{ . cyjf af]lw–

rof{jtf/ sf lgDglnlvt Znf]s kf7 u/]/ klg xfdLn] af]lwlrQsf]
lzIff lng ;S5f}F .
h;/L ljutsf ;'utx¿n] af]lwlrQ pTkfb u/]/

af]lw;™j lzIffdf qmdzM l:yt x'Fb} uPsf lyP
To;/L g} d}n] klg ;™jx¿sf] lxtsf nflu
af]lwlrQ pTkfb u/]/ af]lw;™j
lzIffdf qmdzM /xFb}hfg]5' .#%
159
Â
of] klg tLg rf]l6 eGg'k5{ .

olb ltdL af]lwlrQf]Tkfb a]Un}lsl;dn] ug{ rfxG5f} / af]lw;™j;+j/
klg a]Un} lsl;dn] lng rfxG5f} eg] af]lwlrtf]Tkfb jf af]lw;™j;+j/
h'g rfxG5f} ToxL /f]h]/ kf7 ug'{k5{ .
df}n ljlw ;DaGwL of] ljj/0f oxLF ;dfKt x'G5 .
-#_ k[i7 ljlw M k[i7 ljlw cGtu{t xfdL;fd' ePsf dxfg nIonfO{
Wofgdf /fvL xfdLn] 7"nf] s[t1tf 1fkg ub}{ lq/Tgsf] k"hf ug'{k5{ /
cToGt} 7"nf] k|Llt Pj+ pT;fx hufpg'k5{ . h:tf] af]lwrof{jtf/ df
elgPsf] 5 M
af]lwlrQ pTkfb eO;s]kl5

a'l4dfg JolQmn] To;sf] pQ/f]Q/ k|ultsf nflu
To;nfO{ o; k|sf/ pT;flxt ug'{k5{ .#^
zflGtb]jsf k/Dk/f cg';f/ JofVof ul/Psf] k|of]u, df}n / k[i7

ljlw oxLF ;dfKt x'G5g\ .
v= wd{sLlt{ M d}}q]oaf6 ;'? ePsf] c;Ësf] j}k'No k/Dk/fsf] k|j{Qs

wd{sLlt{sf ljlwx¿ cGtu{t b'Oj6f zLif{sx¿ 5g\ . -!_ af]lw k|l0flw
lrQsf] pTkfb, -@_ af]lw k|:yfg lrQsf] u|x0f .
-!_ af]lw k|l0flw lrQsf] pTkfb M o;sf tLg zLif{sx¿ 5g\ M -!=!_
k|of]u, -!=@_ df}n, -!=#_ k[i7 .
-!=!_ k|of]u M o;sf klg tLg ju{x¿ 5g\ M c_ cg'/f]w, cf_
;+ef/ ;~ro, O_ ljz]if z/0fudg .
c_ cg'/f]w M cg'/f]w o; k|sf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . af]lwlrQf]Tkfb ug{
OR5's JolQm ck]lIft u'0fx¿n] o'Qm ePsf sNof0fldqsxfF k'Ug'k5{ /
160
Â
xft hf]8L pgnfO{ k|0ffd ug'{k5{ . sNof0f ldqn] klg cfˆgf] lzionfO{
o;/L pkb]z lbG5g\ ls lziodf ;+;f/k|lt j}/fu efj pTkGg eP/
;a} ;™jx¿k|lt s¿0ff hfu[t x'G5 / a'4Tj k|fKt ug]{ OR5f lnP/
lq/Tgdf 7"nf] >4f /fvL cfˆgf] u'?k|lt k|jn elQm /fV5 . To;kl5
u'?n] eg]sf oL zAbx¿ p;n] klg bf]x¥ofpF5 M …x] u'? Û ddfly
s[kf /fVg'xf];\ . h;/L ctLtsf tyfut, cx{t, ;Dos\;Da'4 tyf
dxfe"lddf l:yt af]lw;™jx¿n] ;j{k|yd cg'Q/ ;Dos\ ;Daf]lwsf]
lrQ pTkGg ug'{eof], To;/L g} d}n] -of] of] gfd u/]sf]_ klg Tof] lrQ
pTkGg ug{ kfpFm . s[kof To;sf] nflu dnfO{ d2t ug'{xf];\ .Ú o;/L
p;n] tLgrf]l6 eGg'k5{ .
cf_ ;+ef/ ;~ro M To;kl5 xfd|f] uR5] cg';f/ xfdL cfrfo{nfO{
cfkm" ;fd' ePsf ;fwgx¿n] klg k"hf ug{ ;S5f}F geP dg dg} klg
k"hf ug{ ;S5f}F . xfdLn] >fd0f]/sf ;+j/x¿ pkfWofo jf cfrfo{af6
k|fKt ug{ ;S5f}F hasL leIf' ;+j/ xfdLnfO{ ;+3af6 k|fKt x'G5 . b'O6}
k|sf/sf] af]lwlrQ k'0o;+ef/sf] ;~roaf6 k|fKt x'G5 . xfdL ;DkGg
5f}F jf xfdL;Fu w]/} wg ;DklQ 5 eg] clnslt dfq k"hfe]6L r9fP/
k'Ub}g, cfˆgf] ;fdYo{ cg';f/ oyf;Dej w]/} r9fpg'k5{ . klxn]sf
af]lw;™jx¿ hf] lgs} wgL lyP Ps s/f]8 ljxf/x¿ bfg lbP/ af]lw–
lrQf]Tkfb u/]/ uP . of] s'/f eb|slNks ;"q df atfOPsf] 5 M
ha ;'ut ozf]b hDa'åLksf /fhf lyP

pgn] rGb|s]t' tyfutnfO{ Ps s/f]8 ljxf/x¿
bfg u/]/ k|yd k6s af]lwlrQ pTkfb u/] .
xfdL Tolt wgL 5}gf}F -jf dWod juL{o 5f}_F eg] cfˆgf] uR5] cg';f/
k"hfe]6L r9fpg'k5{ . Tolt ;DkGg geP klg klxn]sf af]lw;™jx¿n]
s]xL g s]xL bfg lbP/ uP . lbof] afNgnfO{ Pp6f 3fF; r9fP/ klg
pgLx¿n] af]lwlrQf]Tkfb u/]/ uP . of] s'/f u|Gydf klg atfOPsf] 5 M
161
Â
gu/df /xFbfv]/L ;'ut clr{idfgn] tyfut cgGtk|enfO{

3fF;sf] bLk r9fP/ klxnf] k6s af]lrlwQ pTkfb u/] .#&
ljkGg} ePklg xfdLn] k"hfe]6L r9fpg} g;Sg] rfFxL xf]Og . >4fk"js

{
tLg kN6 xft hf]8/] af]lwlrQ u/]klg k'U5 . klxn]sf af]lw;™jx¿l;t
Ps k};f lyPg . t}klg pgLx¿n] tLgk6s ;>4f xft hf]8/] af]lw–
lrQf]Tkfb u/] . h:tf] u|Gydf klg elgPsf] 5 M
;'ut u'0fdfnn] tyfut nlntkltnfO{ tLg k6s xft

hf]8]/ k|0ffd u/L klxnf] kN6 af]lwlrQ pTkfb u/] .
-O_ ljz]if z/0fudg M ljz]if z/0fudg klg cufl8sf] kl/R5]b

* df j0f{g u/]adf]lhd g} xf] .
-!=@_ df}n M – df}nljlw cGtu{t u'?n] lzionfO{ o;/L lzIff
lbG5g\ M hj;Dd cfsfz /xG5, ;™jx¿ /xG5g\, hj;Dd ;™jx¿
/xG5g\, tj;Dd Sn]zx¿ x'G5g\, ha;Dd Sn]zx¿ /xG5g\, b'isd{x¿
ul/g} /xg] x'G5g\, ha;Dd b'isd{x¿ eO/xG5g\ tj;Dd b'Mv} b'Mv
dfq x'g]5 Ù ;a} b'Mv ef]lu/x]sf ;™jx¿ xfd|f cfdfafa' x'g\, cfdfafa'
ePsf sf/0fn] ltgLx¿sf] xfdLk|lt w]/} g} s[kf /lxcfPsf] 5, / ca
pgLx¿ g} ;+;f/sf] dxf;fu/df 8'aL c;Ld b'Mv ef]lu/fv]sf 5g\,
pgLx¿nfO{ arfOlbg] s'g} /Ifs 5}g, cToGt} b'MvL 5g\ / cfˆgf
Sn]zx¿sf sf/0f cem 8/nfUbf kmnx¿ ef]Ug'kg]5 { g\ . To;}n] pgLx¿nfO{
a]n}df tL b'Mvx¿af6 p4f/ ul/g'k5{ / ;'vL t'Nofpg' k5{ . o:tf]
;f]r]/ ulx/f] s¿0ff pTkGg ug{ / Tof] s¿0ffnfO{ xfd|f] Åbodf b¥xf]
lsl;dn] c+lÍt ug{ u'?n] xfdLnfO{ pkb]z lbG5g\ . To;}n] xfdLn]
o:tf] ;f]Rg'k5{ M pgLx¿sf] lxtsf] nflu sfo{ ug{] Ifdtf ddf 5}g,
To;}n] cfkm}nfO{ Ifdtfjfg\ agfpg d s'g} klg bf]if gePsf] u'0f} u'0f
ePsf] / ;a} ;™jx¿sf] nflu sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd kfg]{ af]lw k|fKt u5'{ .
162
Â
To;kl5 lzion] u'?sf] kl5 kl5 tLgkN6 of] s'/f bf]x¥ofpg'

k5{ M …ddfly bz lbzfsf a'4x¿n] s[kf /fv'g\ . d kmnfgf gfd
u/]sf JolQmn] of] tyf cGo hGdx¿df u/]sf bfgåf/f, zLnåf/f /
efjgfåf/f hlt klg s'zn sd{ u/],F jf ug{ nufPF, jf ltgsf] cg'df]–
bg u/]F, To;sf] k'0on] h;/L tyfut cx{t ;Dos\;Da'4 eujfg\,
/ dxfe"ld:y af]lw;™jx¿n] klxnf] k6s cg'Q/ ;Dos\ ;Daf]lwsf]
lrQ pTkfb u/] d}n] klg ;Dos\ ;Daf]lwsf] lrQ pTkfb u5'{ h;n]
ubf{ ctL0f{ -clxn];Dd tg{ g;s]sf_ ;™jx¿n] tg{ ;s"g\, cd'Qm
-clxn];Dd d'lQm kfOg;s]sf_ ;™jx¿ d'Qm xf]pg\ / cgfZj:t
;™jx¿ cfZj:t xf]pg\ / lgjf{0f kfOg;s]sf ;™jx¿n] lgjf{0f k|fKt
u?g\ .Ú tLg rf]l6 pRrf/0f u/]/ To;} adf]lhd sfo{ ug'{k5{ .
o; ;+sNkdf k|of]u ePsf ctL0f{ ;™j -tg{ g;s]sf ;™jx¿_
eg]sf g/s, k|]t / lto{s of]lgsf ;™jx¿ x'g\ . ltgLx¿n] dxf;d'b|¿kL
b'u{ltsf b'MvnfO{ cem;Dd klg tg{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ .
…tg{ ;s"g\Ú eGgfn] pgLx¿n] b'u{lt t/]/ b]j tyf dg'iox¿sf
;'ult kfpg\ eGg] xf] .
…cd'Qm ;™jÚ eg]sf b]j / dg'iox¿ x'g\ hf] cem} Sn]zsf] aGwgn]
hsl8Psf 5g\ .
…d'Qm xf]pg\Ú eGgfn] tL ;™jx¿n] lg>]oz dfu{ k|fKt u?g\ jf Sn]
zsf] aGwgaf6 d'Qm eP/ lgjf{0f k|fKt u?g eGg] xf] .
…cgfZj:t ;™jx¿Ú eg]/ >fjs / k|To]sa'4x¿nfO{ elgPsf x'g\
lsgeg] pgLx¿n] dxfofgdf cf>o lnO/x]sf 5}gg\ .
…cfZj:t xf]pg\Ú eGgfn] pgLx¿n] af]lwlrQf]Tkfb u/]/ dxfofgsf]
bz{g / rof{sf] Zjf; km]/]/ bz e"ld k|fKt u?g\ eGg] xf] .
…lgjf{0f kfOg;s]sfÚ eg]/ tL af]lw;™jx¿nfO{ eg]sf x'g\ h;n]
cem ;Dd klg ck|ltli7t lgjf{0f k|fKt u/]sf 5}gg\ .
…lgjf{0f kfpg\Ú eGgfn] e"ldx¿df qmdzM pef] a9\b} cGttf]uTjf
ck|ltli7t lgjf{0f cyf{t a'4Tj k|fKt u?g\ eGg] xf] .
163
Â
…h;n] ubf{Ú eGg] afSof+zn] a'4 eP/ cfˆgf] sfo{ k"0f{ ug]{ nIonfO{
hgfPsf] 5 .
-!=#_ k[i7M k[i7df xfdL;fd' /x]sf] dxfg nIonfO{ Wofgdf /fvL
7"nf] xif{ / pT;fxsf] efjgf hfu[t u/fOG5 . o;nfO{ af]lw;™j
lzIff elgG5 . o:tf] lrQ pTkfb ug]{nfO{ g} af]lw;™j elgG5 Ù ;a}
;™jx¿sf] lxtsf] nflu af]lw1fg k|fKt ug]{ lrQ ToxLF xf] . af]lwk|fKt
ePklg ;a} ;™jx¿sf] p4f/ ug'{ xf] . o;df af]lw / ;™jx¿nfO{
cfnDjgsf] ¿kdf k|of]u u/]/ ;a} ;™jx¿sf lxtsf nflu s¿0ffk"j{s
dxf pT;fx hfu[t ul/G5 .
af]lwk|l0flw–lrQ ;DaGwL ljj/0f oxLF ;dfKt x'G5 .
-@_ af]lw k|:yfg lrQsf] u|x0f M o;sf klg tLg zLif{sx¿ 5g\ . -@=!_
k|of]u, -@=@_ df}n, -@=#_ k[i7 .
-@=!_ k|of]u M – o;sf bz e]bx¿ -ju{x¿_ 5g\ M 1. cg'/f]w,
2. sl7gfOx¿af/] k|Zg, 3. n3' Pj+ u'¿ cfklQx¿sf] j0f{g, 4. ;+j/
tf]l8Fbfsf] bf]if, 5. ;+j/ u|x0f ug'{sf] pkof]lutf -cg'z+;f_, 6. ;+ef/
;~ro, 7. ;+j/ lnFbfv]/L cfpg;Sg] sl7gfO{ jf jfwfx¿af/] k|Zg, 8.
k|f]T;fxg, 9. cWofzo lrQ, 10. ;+If]kdf af]lw;™j lzIffsf] j0f{g .
-@=@_ df}n -rof{_ M df}n ljlw o; k|sf/ 5 M lzion] ;+j/ u|x0f
ug]{ OR5f k|s6 ul/;s]kl5 u'?n] p;nfO{ tLg k6s k|Zg u5{g\ M …x]
kmnfgf gfd u/]sf s'nk'q Û s] ltdL d kmnfgf gfd u/]sf] af]lw;™j,
bz lbzfsf nf]swft'x¿df /x]sf ctLt / jt{dfg sfnsf ;d:t
af]lw;™jx¿sf lzIff / zLn u|x0f ug{ rfxG5f} < h'g lzIff / zLn
s'znd"n :yflkt ug{sf nflu Pj+ ;d:t ;™jx¿sf] lxtsf nflu
ctLtsf ;a} af]lw;™jx¿n] u|x0f u/], eljiosf af]lw;™jx¿n] u|x0f
ug]{5g\ / jt{dfg af]lw;Tjx¿n] klg u5{g\ . tLg k6s lzion] of]
afSo af]n]/ cfˆgf] :jLs[lt hgfpg'k5{ .
164
Â
-@=#_ k[i7 M k[i7sf 5 e]bx¿ 5g\ M 1. 1fg kfpgsf nflu

lgj]bg ug]{, 2. tflTjs 1fg k|fKt ugf{sf cg'z+;fx¿, 3. ;+j/x¿nfO{
hyfefjL k|sfz gug]{ -c¿x¿nfO{ geGg]_, 4. ;+If]kdf af]lw;™jsf
lzIffx¿sf] af/]df cjut u/fpg', 5. s[t1tf 1fkg ug]{ k"hf / 6.
k'0osf] kl/0ffdgf .
k|:yfg af]lwlrQ u|x0f ;DaGwL ljj/0f oxLF ;dfKt x'G5 .
of] wd{lstL{sf] k/Dk/f cg';f/ JofVof ul/Psf] af]lwlrQ k|:yfg
lrQ u|x0f ug]{ ljlw xf] .
VIII. cg'z;+ f -kmfObfx¿_ M af]lwlrQf]Tkfbsf b'O{ cg'z;

+ fx¿ 5g\ .
!= uGg ;lsg] -u0fgLo_ cg'z+;f, / @= uGg g;lsg] -cu0fgLo_
cg'z+;f
!= u0fgLo cg'z;+ f M o;sf klg b'O{ e]bx¿ 5g\ M !=!_ k|l0flw af]lw–
lrQf]Tkfbsf] cg'z+;f / !=@_ k|:yfg af]lwlrQf]Tkfbsf] cg'z+;f
!=!_ k|l0flw af]lwlrQf]Tkfbsf] cg'z+;f M o;sf cf7 cg'z+;fx¿ 5g\ M

1. dxfofgdf k|j]z x'g kfpg', 2. af]lw;™jsf ;a} lzIffx¿sf] cf>o
aGg', 3. ;a} kfkx¿sf] ljgfz, 4. ;Dos\ ;Daf]lwsf] d"n :yflkt x'g',
5. c;Ld k'0o k|fKt x'g', 6. ;a} a'4x¿ xfdLx¿;Fu cToGt} k|;Gg
x'g], 7. xfdL ;a} ;™jx¿sf nflu pkof]uL x'g], / 8. xfdLnfO{ zL3| g}
;Dos\ ;Daf]lw nfe x'g] . ca d oL cg'z+;fx¿nfO{ cem lj:t[t¿kn]
JofVof ug]{5' M
1. dxfofgdf k|j]z x'g kfpg' M af]lwlrQ pTkfb gu/];Dd s'g}
dflg; hlt;'s} pTs[i6¿kn] rof{ ;DkGg ePklg dxfofgdf k|jz ]
u/]sf] x'bF g} . dxfofgdf k|jz
] } gu/L af]lw k|fKt x'g] t s'/} cfpFbg} . t/
af]lwlrQf]Tkfb ugf{;fy p;n] dxfofgdf k|j]z u/]sf] x'G5 . o;nfO{
af]lw;™je"ld df klg elgPsf] 5 M
165
Â
af]lwlrQ pTkfb u/]sf] nuQ} af]lw;™j cg'Q/af]lw–

dxfofgdf k|j]z kfpF5g\ .#*
af]lw;™jsf ;a} lzIffx¿sf] cf>o aGg' M k|l0flw af]lwlrQaf6

2.
cf/De x'g] a'4Tj k|fKt ug]{ OR5f g} gePsf] dflg;n] af]lw;™j
lzIffsf tLg zLnx¿ sbflk cEof; ug{ ;Sb}g . a'4Tj k|fKt ug{]
sfdgf ePdfq tLg zLnx¿ pTkGg x'G5g\ . ToxL g} af]lw;™j lzIff–
sf cf>o aG5g\ . oxL s'/fnfO{ af]lw;™je"ld df klg n]lvPsf] 5 M
af]lwlrtf]Tkfb af]lw;™jsf lzIffx¿sf] cf>o xf] .#(
3.;a} kfkx¿sf] ljgfz M kfksf] k|ltkIf k'0o jf s'znd"n xf] .

k'0odf klg ;j{>]i7 k'0o af]lwlrQ xf] . Tof] g} ;'lglZrt k|ltkIf xf]
h;n] ;a} ljkIf -kfk_ x¿nfO{ gfz ul/lbG5 . h:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
k|nosf] clUg em}+ of] k|ltkIfn] clt eoÍ/ kfk klg If0fe/
d} hnfOlbG5 .$)
4. ;Dos\ ;Daf]lwsf] d"n :yflkt x'g' M hdLg¿kL ;™jx¿sf]

lrQ;Gtfgdf d}qL / s¿0ffsf] hnn] l;Fr]/ o; aLpm¿kL af]lwlrQnfO{
/f]lkG5, ;}FtL; af]lwkflIfs wd{sf xfFufx¿ knfP/ cfp5g\ ltgaf6
;Dos\ ;Daf]lw¿kL kmn kfs]kl5 To;n] ;™jx¿sf] lxt / ;'v x'G5 .
af]lw;™je"ld df elgP h:t} M
ctM lrQf]Tkfb cg'Q/ ;Dos\ ;Daf]lwsf] d"n -cfwf/_ xf] .$!
5.c;Ld k'0o k|fKt x'g' M o; ;DaGwdf jL/bQkl/k[R5f;"q df

o:tf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
166
Â
af]lwlrQaf6 h'g k'0o k|fKt x'G5

olb To;sf] s'g} ¿k eP To;n]
;Dk"0f{ cfsfznfO{ g} el/lbg] lyof] xf]nf,
cem Tof] eGbf klg clws x'g] lyof] xf]nf .$@
6.;a} a'4x¿ xfdLx¿;Fu cToGt} k|;Gg x'g' M o; ;DaGwdf jL/–

bQkl/k[R5f;"q d} o:tf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
uËf gbLdf afn'jfsf hlt s0fx¿ 5g\,

TolQ g} ;+Vofsf a'4If]qx¿nfO{ olb s;}n]
/Tg} /Tgn] e/]/ ToxfFsf ;a} a'4x¿nfO{ e]6:j¿k r9fpFbf
p;nfO{ hlt k'0o k|fKt x'Fbfx'g\
tL eGbf klg s}of}F u'0ff clws k'0o
p;n] b'j} xft hf]8L k|0ffd u/]/ af]lwlrQf]Tkfb ubf{ kfpF5 .
of] ;a}eGbf ljz]if lsl;dsf] k"hf xf],
h;sf] s'g} klg cGt x'Fb}g .$#
7. xfdL ;a} ;™jx¿sf nflu pkof]uL x'g' M o; ;DaGwdf

u08Jo"x;"q df o; k|sf/ atfOPsf] 5 M
af]lwlrQf]Tkfb cf>o -cfwf/_ ;dfg xf] lsgeg] of] ;a}

k|f0fLx¿sf nflu lxts/ 5 .
8. xfdLnfO{ zL3| g} ;Dos\ ;Daf]lw nfe x'g' M o; ;DaGwdf

af]lw;™je"ld df o;/L elgPsf] 5 M
ha of] lrQsf] pTkGg x'G5, To; ;™jn] b'O{dWo] s'g} klg cGtdf 6fFl;b}
g, a? p;n] ;Dos\ ;Daf]lw g} xfl;n u5{ .
167
Â
!=@_ k|:yfg af]lwlrQf]Tkfbsf cg'z+;f M k|:yfg af]lwlrQ pTkGg ugf{sf

bz kmfObf -cg'z+;f_ x¿ 5g\ . logdWo] cf7 t k|l0flw af]lwlrQ
pTkGg ugf{sf kmfObfx¿ g} x'g\ h;sf] j0f{g dfly g} ul/;lsPsf]
5, afFsL b'O{ kmfObfx¿ x'g\ M 9. cljlR5Gg¿kn] xfd|f] cfˆgf] lxt
eO/xg], 10. gfgf k|sf/n] c?nfO{ lxt x'g] .
9. cljlR5Gg¿kn] xfd|f] cfˆgf] lxt eO/xg]M xfdLnfO{ o;/L
lg/Gt/¿kn] lxt eO/xG5 M s'g} JolQmdf k|:yfg lrQ pTkGg eO;s]–
kl5 kl/jt{gx¿ cfpg yfN5g\ . pm klxn]sf] h:tf] /xGg . pm rfx]
lgbfO/x]sf] xf];\, a]xf]z eO/x]sf] xf];\, jf hlt;'s} ck|dfbL xf];\, jf
h:tf];'s} cj:yfdf klg p;sf] k'0owf/f ;bf clj/n cljlR5Gg¿kn]
k|jflxt eO g} /xG5 . h:tf] af]lwrof{jtf/ df atfOPsf] 5 M
hab]lv af]lwk|:yfg lrQnfO{ u|x0f ul/G5

tab]lv ;'Tg], vfg], a:g] h:tf vfnsf ;fdfGo
b}lgs lqmofsnfkx¿ ul//xFbf klg,
Wofgdf g/x]s} cj:yfdf klg
cfsfz em}F cyfx k'0owf/f
cljlR5Gg¿kn] k|jflxt eO /x]s} x'G5 .$$
10. gfgf
k|sf/n] c?nfO{ lxt x'g] M o;sf] cy{ s] xf] eg] ;d:t
;™jx¿sf] b'Mv x6]/ hfg]5 . pgLx¿ ;'vL x'G5g\ / pgLx¿sf Sn]z–
x¿ gi6 x'G5g\ . af]lwrof{jtf/ df elgPsf] 5 M
cg]s y/Lsf b'Mvx¿n] kLl8t eO/fv]sf ;'v rfxg]

k|f0fLx¿sf ;a} k|sf/sf b'Mv / kL8fx¿ h;n] zfGt u/fFpb5,
clg ;a} lsl;dsf ;'vx¿n] klg ;Gt'i6 kf5{,
/ ltgLx¿sf] df]x klg x6fOlbG5,
To:tf] af]lw;™j ;dfg ;Hhg sxfF kfOG5 <
168
Â
pgL ;dfg pQd ldq cGt sxfF kfOG5 <

To;af6 ldNg] k'0o;dfgsf]
k'0o c¿ s]af6 ldN5 <$%
@= af]lwlrQf]Tkfbsf cu0fgLo cg'z+;f M bf]>f] æcu0fgLo cg'z+;fÆ

eGgfn] xfdL s] a'‰5f}F eGbf o; af]lwlrQf]Tkfbsf] ;dob]lv lnP/
af]lw k|flKt geP;Dd hlt k'0o xfdLnfO{ k|fKt x'G5, ltgnfO{ ug]/
;fWo x'Fb}g, cyf{t\ cu0fgLo 5g\ .
IX. kl/xfl0f M af]lwlrQnfO{ Tofu u/]df x'g] bf]if -j]kmfObf_ x¿ M

af]lwlrQnfO{ Tofu]df x'g] bf]if -j]kmfObf_ x¿ tLgj6f 5g\ M b'u{ltdf
ktg x'g], k/fy{ lqmofsf] kl/xfl0f / e"ld k|fKt x'gdf ;do nfUg]
b'u{ltdf ktg M klxnf] bf]if, b'u{ltdf ktgnfO{ xfdLn] o;/L a'‰g
;S5f}F M k|lt1f u/]/ To;sf] kfngf gug]{ jf To;nfO{ tf]8\g] JolQmn]
af]lwlrQnfO{ cfkm}af6 cnUofO/x]sf] x'G5 / k|f0fLx¿nfO{ wf]vf lbO–
/fv]sf] x'G5 . h;sf] kmn:j¿k p;sf] hGd b'u{ltdf x'G5 . h:tf]
af]lwrof{jtf/ df elgPsf] 5 M
d}n] k|lt1f ul/;s]sf] 5'

ca To;nfO{ sd{åf/f k"/f u/]/ b]vfOg eg]
d}n] ;a} k|f0fLx¿nfO{ 7lu/x]sf] x'g]5'
clg Tof] a]nf d]/f] ult s] xf]nf <$^
bf]>f], cyf{t k/fy{ lqmofsf] Tofu M o:tf bf]ifx¿ ePdf xfdLn]

c¿sf] lxt ug{ ;Sb}gf}F . t;y{, elgPsf] 5 M
lsgsL ha To:tf cfklQ jf bf]if x'G5g\

k|f0fLx¿nfO{ lxt ug]{ sfo{ x'g ;Sb}g .$&
169
Â
t]>f], jf e"ld k|flKtdf ;do nfUg] M o;sf] af/] o:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
af]lwlrQsf] an / cfklQ bf]if an b'j} x'Fbf

k|f0fLx¿ oxLF ;+;f/df ?dlNn/xG5g\
/ af]lw;™j e"ld k|fKt ug{df
ltgLx¿n] w]/} ;do nufpFb5g\ .$*
af]lwlrQsf] Tofusf sf/0f M b'O{ sf/0fn] af]lwlrQsf] Tofu ePsf]

dflgG5 M
!= k|l0flw af]lwlrQsf] Tofu

@= k|:yfg af]lwlrQsf] Tofu
tLdWo] klxnf] cyf{t k|l0flw af]lwlrQsf] Tofu eg]sf] k|f0fLx¿nfO{

TofUg', rf/ cs'zn -sfnf_ wd{x¿df ;+nUg x'g' / ljkl/t lrQ
pTkGg ug'{ xf] h;af6 k|l0flw af]lwlrQ TofluG5 .
k|:yfg af]lwlrQsf] Tofu M o; ;DaGwdf af]lw;™je"ld df o;/L
JofVof ul/Psf] 5 M
w]/} Sn]zx¿sf] jzdf k/L rf/ kf/fhlos b'isd{ -rf/

kf/fhlos :yfgLo ko{j:yfg_ x¿ u/]sf v08df af]lw–
lrQsf] kl/xfl0f jf Tofu ePsf] elgG5 . hals dWod /
d[b' -w]/} ;fgf_ b'isd{n] s]jn sn+lst dfq ePsf] 7xl/G5 .
To:t}, ;+j/lj+zs df o;/L atfOPsf] 5 M
dfly elgPsf b'isd{ afx]s, k|l0flw af]lwlrQaf6 ljd'v

ePkl5 k|:yfg af]lwlrQsf] kl/xflg -Tofu_ x'G5 .
170
Â
ljlgZro;+u|x df elgPem},
af]lwlrQsf] Tofu jf kl/xfl0f x'gnfO{ rf/j6f sf/0fx¿

x'g h?/L 5 . klxnf] b'O6fn] …lzIffnfO{ TofUg]Ú s'/fnfO{
hgfpF5 eg] afFsL b'O6fn] ldYof b[li6 pTkGg ug'{nfO{
hgfpF5 .
zflGtb]jn] eGg'ePsf] 5 M
af]lwlj/f]wL lrQ jf ljk/Lt lrQ pTkGg ugf{n] klg ;+j/

sf] kl/xfl0f jf Tofu x'G5 .
X. k|TofklQ M k|l0flw af]lwlrQ u'Dg uPklg To;nfO{ km]/L u|x0f u/]/

k'g{axfnL ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ olb k|l0flw af]lwlrQ u'd]sf] sf/0fn]
k|:yfg af]lwlrQ TofluG5 eg] k|l0flw af]lwlrQnfO{ k'g{axfnL jf
k'g{u|x0f ugf{;fy k|:yfg af]lwlrQsf] klg :jtM k'g{axfnL x'G5 .
To;f] geP/ cs}{ sf/0fn] TofluG5 eg] To:tf] lrQnfO{ km]/L u|x0f
ug'{k5{ . olb rf/ d[b' / dWod :yfgLo ko{j;fg -rf/ kf/fhlos
b'isd{x¿_ x'g uPsf 5g\ eg] tL b'isd{x¿sf] b]zgf ug'{ g} kof{Kt
x'G5 . h:tf] ;+j/lj+zs df elgPsf] 5 M
;+j/ TofluPdf To;nfO{ k'gM u|x0f ug'{k5{ . dWod bf]if

ePdf, # hgf af]lw;™jx¿sf cufl8 kfkb]zgf ug'k{ 5{ . d[b'
bf]if ePdf, ! hgf af]lw;™jsf] cufl8 kfkb]zgf u/]k'U5 .
d}n] h:t} lrQnfO{ sn'lift x'g glbO ;w} z'4 /fVg" .
af]lwlrQ kl/u|x gfds gjd\ kl/R5]b ;dfKt .
171
Â
kl/R5]b !)
af]lwlrQsf] cEof;
XI. lzIff
jf cEof; M af]lwlrQf]Tkfb ul/;s]kl5 b'O{ k|sf/sf] lzIff
jf cEof; ;'? x'G5 h'g o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
s= k|l0flw af]lwlrQsf] cEof;

v= k|:yfg af]lwlrQ sf] cEof;
s= k|l0flw af]lwlrQsf] cEof; M af]lw k|l0flw lrQnfO{ a'‰g lgDg

;f/fFz ;xfosl;4 x'g]5 .
lgDg kfFr sfo{x¿n] af]lwk|l0flw lrQsf]

cEof;nfO{ k"0f{tf lbG5g\ M
s'g}klg ;™jnfO{ kl/Tofu gug'{,
o; af]lwlrQsf cg'z+;fnfO{ :d/0f ul//fVg',
b'O{ ;Def/x¿sf] ;~ro ug'{,
af/Djf/ o; lrQsf] cEof; ug'{,
rf/ s[i0f wd{x¿nfO{ kl/Tofu ug'{ /
rf/ z'Sn wd{x¿nfO{ u|x0f ug'{ .
logdWo] klxnf] k|l0flw af]lwlrQnfO{ gTofUg] -ckl/xflg_ pkfo

xf] . bf];|f] Tof] pkfo xf] h;n] ubf{ Tof] af]lwlrQ IfL0f x'Fb}g Ù t];|f]
To;nfO{ dha't kfg]{ pkfo xf] eg] rf}yf] To; af]lwlrQnfO{ cem
ulx/f] kfg]{ / cem j[l4 ug]{ pkfo xf] / kfFrf} sfo{ Tof] pkfo xf] h;n]
ubf{ To;nfO{ -af]lwlrQnfO{_ la;{g ;lsFb}g .
173
Â
!= s'g}klg ;ŒjnfO{ kl/Tofu gug'{ M af]lwlrQnfO{ xflg gug{]

-ckl/xflg_ pkfo jf ;™jx¿nfO{ kl/Tofu gug]{ pkfosf] pNn]v
cgjtKtgfu/fhkl/k[R5f ;"q df o;/L ul/Psf] 5 M
olb s'g} af]lw;™jn] Pp6f wd{ kfPsf] v08df pgL ;jf{sf/

wd{n] o'Qm a'4sf ;d:t wd{x¿nfO{ u|x0f ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g\ .
Tof] s] xf] < Tof] xf] ;™jx¿nfO{ kl/Tofu gug]{ efjgf .
;™jnfO{ kl/Tofu ug'{ eGgfn] cfkm"nfO{ xflg ug]{ AolQmsf] af/]df

;f]+Rb} g;f]+Rg' / df}sf ldn]df cfˆgf] l/; dl/;s]kl5 klg p;nfO{
lxt jf cksf/ s]xL gug]{ ;+sNk ug'{ xf] . ;d:t ;™jx¿nfO{ kl/–
Tofu cyjf Ps ;™jnfO{ dfq kl/Tofu ug]{nfO{ xfdL pQm kl/Tofu
eGg ;S5f}F < o;sf] hjfkm xf] >fjs / k|To]s a'4x¿nfO{ 5f]8]/ rLn
/ lu4x¿n] ;d]t To;f] ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . t;y{ Pp6f dfq ;™jnfO{
kl/Tofu ugf{n] klg olb Ps k|x/d} k|ltkIfsf] k|of]un] To;nfO{
kl/z'4 gul/Pdf af]lwlrQsf] kl/xflg x'g ;S5 . ;™jx¿nfO{ Tofu]/
c¿ g} lzIff ckgfpg] klg / cfkm}nfO{ af]lw;™j eGb} klg lx8\g] of]
;j{yf ts{ c;Ddt s'/f] xf] . of] t cfˆgf] PSnf] ;GtfgnfO{ df/]/
p;sf ;fdfgx¿sf] /Iff ug'{ ;/x xf] . t;y{ ;™jx¿ xfdLnfO{ pk–
of]uL ePsf x'Fbf pgLx¿nfO{ kl/Tofu u/]/ xfdLn] s;/L af]lwlrQsf]
kl/xflg x'g lbg ;S5f}F < o:tf] lrQsf] kl/xflg c¿nfO{ cksf/ jf
b'Mv lbP/ x'g] x'Fbf, xfdL ;a}n] cem w]/} s?0ff hfu[t u/]/ ;™jx¿sf]
lxt ;'v x'g] sfo{ ug'{k5{ . oxL g} jf:tjdf cfo{hgx¿sf] wd{rof{
xf] . h:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
pksf/sf] abnfdf xflg -cksf/_ ul/Ptf klg

h;n] To; cksf/sf] abnf dxfs?0ffn]
k|]l/t eO{ pksf/n] r'sfpF5
174
Â
%pay : baeixicÄkae A_yas
pm g} o; hDa'åLksf]
pQd k'?if sxlng] 5 .
@= af]lwlrQsf cg'z+;fnfO{ :d/0f ul//fVg' M af]lwlrQnfO{ IfL0f

x'gaf6 s;/L aFrfpg] eGg] s'/f jf af]lwlrQsf] cg'z; + fnfO{ af]lw–
kyk|lbk df o;/L atfOPsf] 5 M
af]lw k|l0flw lrQsf] pTkfbdf

h] h] u'0fx¿ 5g\ ltgnfO{
d}q]oåf/f u08Jo"x ;"qdf k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 .!
To; ;"qdf af]lwlrQf]Tkfbsf b'O{ ;o tL; cg'z+;fx¿ atfOPsf

5g\ M t/ oxfF rf/j6f k|d'v cg'z+;fdf tL ;a}nfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 .
zAbx¿ -jfSox¿_ h:tf], …x] s'nk'q Û af]lwlrQ ;a} a'4wd{x¿sf]
aLh ;dfg xf]Ú / o;n] ;a} b/Lb|tf lgjf/0f ul/lbg] x'gfn] of] j}>j0f
-s'j]/_ ;dfg 5Ú OToflb OToflb, c¿ o:t} cg'z+;fx¿ cfˆgf] nflu
k|o'Qm 5g\ .
o;n] ;d:t hutnfO{ /Iff ug]{ x'gfn] of] Ps lgno -:yfg_
;dfg xf] / …;a} ;™jx¿sf] cf>o ePaf6 of] Ps cf>o ;dfg xf]Ú
OToflb OToflb . o:t} c? cg'z+;fx¿ c?x¿sf nflu k|o'Qm 5g\ .
o;n] Sn]z¿kL zq'dfly ljho k|fKt ug]{ x'gfn] of] efnf ;dfg
xf] / …o;n] b'Mvsf] j[IfnfO{ 9fNg] x'gfn] of] a~r/f] ;dfg xf] . / c¿
o:t} cg'z+;fx¿ ;a} af]lwlj/f]wL t™jx¿nfO{ gfz ug{sf nflu k|o'Qm
5g\ .
;a} cfzfx¿ k"/f ul/lbg] x'gfn] of] Ps eb|snz ;/x xf] /
;a} OR5fx¿nfO{ ;fsf/ kfl/lbg] x'gfn] of] Ps lrGtfdl0f ;dfg xf]
OToflb OToflb / o:t} c? cg'z+;fx¿ ;a} af]lw cg's"n t™jx¿nfO{
pknAw u/fpgsf nflu k|o'Qm 5g\ .
175
Â
dfly pNn]lvt ;d:t cg'z+;f jf u'0fx¿nfO{ :d/0f ugf{n] o;

af]lwlrQsf] dx™jnfO{ a'lemG5 / o;nfO{ cTo'Qd ;DklQsf] ¿kdf
k'lhg]5 . o;/L cEof; ubf{ Tof] af]lwlrQ Ifo x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n]
x/]s lbg sDtLdf Ps Ps k6s o;nfO{ :d/0f ul//fVg' k5{ .
#= b'O{ ;Def/x¿sf] ;~ro ug'{ M j/af]lwlrQ pTkGg ug]{ pkfo

jf b'O{ ;+ef/x¿sf] k|flKtsf ljifodf af]lwkyk|bLk df atfOPsf] 5 M
o;sf] d"n sf/0f g} k'0o / 1fg ;+ef/ xf] .@
…k'0o ;+ef/Ú bz wd{rof{ / rf/ ;+ux| j:t' xf] . hasL 1fg ;+ef/–
sf] cy{ lqd08n ljz'4L cflb k|1f+z xf] . o; k|sf/ b'O{ ;+ef/x¿
k|fKt ugf{n] af]lwlrQnfO{ an k|fKt x'G5 . b'O{ ;+ef/x¿ k|fKt u/]/
x/]s k|x/df Ps rf]l6 dGq hk]/ ltgnfO{ dha't kfg'{k5{ . ;Def/
kl/syf df o;/L n]lvPsf] 5 M
af]lw;™jn] ;b}j of] ;f]lF r/fVg' k5{ ls cfh d k'0o / 1fg

;+ef/sf] ;~ro u5'{ / ;a} ;™jx¿sf] lxt x'g] sfd u5'{ .
$= af]lwlrQfEof; M af]lwlrQnfO{ j[l4 / lj:tf/ ug]{ jf af]lw–

lrQfEof;sf] ljifodf af]lwkyk|bLk df o:tf] atfOPsf] 5 .
af]lwk|l0flw lrQ pTkGg ul/;s]kl5

cg]s kl/>d u/]/ o;nfO{ a9fpg'k5{ .#
o;sf] cEof; tLg k|sf/sf z'l4x¿ u/]/ ug{ ;lsG5 M af]lw–

lrQsf] x]t' z'l4, df}n af]lwlrQsf] z'l4 / rof{ af]lwlrQsf] z'l4 . oL
tLg kl/z'l4åf/f af]lwlrQnfO{ ;Da4{g ul/G5 .
176
Â
klxnf] z'l4sf] cy{ x/]s k|x/ d}qL / s?0ffn] o'Qm eO{ ;™jx¿sf]
lrGtgdf 8'la/fVg' xf] .
o;f] ubf{ df}n af]lwlrQsf] kl/z'l4 x'G5 . x/]s lbg / /ft tLg
tLg kN6 ;a} ;™jx¿sf lgldQ a'4Tj k|fKt ug]{ OR5fn] k|]l/t eO{
x/]s k|x/df Ps Ps kN6 af]lwlrQf]Tkfb u/]/ xfdLn] b]xfoadf]lhdsf
zAbx¿ af/Djf/ elg/fVg'k5{ M
d}n] af]lw k|fKt gu/];Dd d

a'4, wd{ / cfo{ ;+3sf] z/0fdf hfG5'
bfg / c? k'0ox¿ u/]sf] kmn:j¿k
d nf]s sNof0f x]t' a'4 aGg ;s"F .$
rof{ af]lwlrQsf] kl/z'l4 b'O{ lsl;dn] x'g ;S5 M k/lxtsf]

b[li6n] lrQ z'l4 / :jlxtsf] b[li6n] lrQz'l4 . klxnf] lsl;dsf]
lrQz'l4 xfdLn] tLg} sfn -e"t, jt{dfg / eljio_ df u/]sf / ug{]
s'znd"nx¿, xfd|f] cfˆg} z/L/, / ;'v wg—;Dkltx¿ c¿x¿sf]
;'v / lxtsf] nflu kl/0ffldt ug'{ xf] . bf];|f] lsl;dsf] lrQz'l4 ;w}
zLnx¿sf] kfngf u/]/ kfk / Sn]zaf6 6f9f /xg' xf] .
%= rf/ cs'zn -sfnf_ wd{x¿sf] kl/Tofu / rf/ s'zn -z'Sn_

wd{x¿sf] u|x0f M af]lwlrQnfO{ gla;{g] pkfo jf rf/ sfnf wd{x¿nfO{
kl/Tofu u/]/ rf/ z'Sn wd{nfO{ u|x0f ug]{ ljifodf af]lwkyk|bLk df
n]lvPsf] 5 M
hGdhGdfGt/ ;Dd To;nfO{

:d/0f ul//fVgsf] lgldQ
Tof] lzIff -cEof;_ sf]
kl/kfngf ul/g'k5{ .%
177
Â
Tof] lzIffnfO{ sfZokkl/jt{;"q df JofVof ul/Psf] kfOG5 M
rf/ cs'zn wd{x¿ s] s] x'g\ < x] sfZok, oL rf/

cs'zn wd{n] o'Qm ePdf af]lw;™jn] af]lwlrQnfO{ g}
la;{G5g\ . ;+If]kdf tL rf/ cs'zn wd{x¿ x'g\, u'? / s'g}
k"Ho JolQmnfO{ wf]vf lbg' Ù kZrftfk x'g'kg]{ sf/0f} geP
klg s'g} JolQmsf] dgdf kZrftfk pTkGg u/fpg' Ù å]ifsf]
jzdf k/]/ af]lwlrQn] o'Qm s'g} af]lw;™jnfO{ ckzAbx¿
eGg' / ;™jx¿l;t w"t{tfk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug'{ .
rf/ z'Sn wd{x¿ s] s] x'g\ < x] sfZok, af]lw;™j oL

rf/ z'Sn wd{n] o'Qm ePdf h'g;'s} h'gLdf hlGdP klg
pgdf af]lwlrQ cleJoQm eO/fv]sf] x'G5 / af]lwd08kdf
cjl:yt geP;Dd pgn] To;nfO{ sbflk la;{g] 5}gg\ .
tL rf/ z'Snwd{x¿ x'g\, cfˆg} Hofg arfpg' kg{] eP
klg hflg hflgsg Pp6f klg em'7f] s'/f gaf]Ng] Ù ;d:t
;™jx¿nfO{ s'znd"nsf dfu{ ljz]if u/]/ dxfofg cledt
s'znwd{df k|lt:yflkt ug'{ . af]lwlrQn] o'Qm af]lw;™jnfO{
a'4 ;dfg 7fg]/ pgsf u'0fx¿nfO{ bz lbzfx¿df k|rf/
k|;f/ ug'{ Ù ;a} ;™jx¿nfO{ 5nsk6/lxt efjgfn] :g]x
ug'{ .
k|yd cs'zn -sfnf]_ wd{sf] cy{ o; k|sf/ 5 M olb s'g} JolQmn]

wf]vf lbg] p2]Zon] u'?, pkfWofo, cfrfo{, bftf cflb k"Hohgx¿nfO{
em'7f] af]n]/ e|ldt u5{, Tof] ;'g]/ pgLx¿ k|;Gg xf]pg\ of gxf]pg\,
uf}/jflGjt xf]pg\ of ckdflgt xf]pg\ / To;sf] kl/0ffd 7"nf] xf];\ of
;fgf], To; kfknfO{ 3G6fe/df k|ltkIfsf] k|of]un] k|ltsf/ ul/Pg eg]
af]lwlrQsf] kl/xfl0f x'G5 . o;sf] k|ltkIf k|yd z'Sn wd{ xf] cyf{t
178
Â
cfˆg} Hofg aFrfpg'kg]{ l:yltdf klg hflghflg sbflk em'7f] gaf]Ng'

xf] / ;w}F ;TotfnfO{ sfod ul//fVg' xf] .
bf];f| ] cs'zn wd{sf] cy{ o; k|sf/ 5 M c¿n] s'zn sd{ u/]sf]df
p;nfO{ k5'tf] dx;'; u/fpg] k|oTg dfq u/]df klg To; kfknfO{
3G6fe/df k|ltkIfsf] k|of]un] k|ltsf/ gul/Pdf af]lwlrQsf] kl/–
xfl0f x'G5 . o;sf] k|ltkIf bf];|f] k|sf/sf] z'Sn wd{ xf] cyf{t ;a}
;™jx¿nfO{ s'znd"n ljz]if u/]/ dxfofg cledt s'zn wd{x¿df
k|lt:yflkt ug'{ xf] .
t];|f] cs'zn wd{ o; k|sf/ 5 M å]ifsf] jzdf k/]/ af]lwlrQn]
o'Qm s'g} JolQmnfO{ ckzAb -b'jr { g_ af]Ng' cs'zn wd{ xf] . Tof] b'jr
{ g
p;sf] ¿k jf cfr/0fsf bf]ifsf] af/]df af]lnPsf] xf];\, uf]Ko t/Lsfn]
p;sf s'g} bf]ifsf af/]df af]lnPsf] xf];\, gd|tfk"j{s jf v'Nnf¿kn]
jf dgdg} af]lnPsf] xf];\, s7f]/tfk"j{s af]lnPsf] xf];\, ;a}n] ;'Gg]u/L
af]lnPsf] xf];\ jf g;'Gg] u/L af]lnPsf] xf];\, Tof] af]n]kl5 p;nfO{
k|zGgtf xf];\ of gxf];,\ olb 3G6fe/d} Tof] kfknfO{ k|ltkIfsf] k|of]u–
n] k|ltsf/ ul/Pg eg] af]lwlrQsf] kl/xfl0f x'G5 . o;sf] k|ltkIf t];|f]
k|sf/sf] z'Sn wd{ cyf{t af]lwlrQn] o'Qm af]lw;™jnfO{ ;fIfft\ a'4
7fg]/ pgsf u'0fx¿nfO{ bz lbzfx¿df k|rf/ k|;f/ ug'{ xf] .
rf}+yf] cs'zn wd{ o; k|sf/ 5 M rf}+yf] cs'zn wd{ s'g} ;™jnfO{
5Ng], wf]vf lbg] p2]Zon] 7Ug' xf] . 7luPsf] JolQmn] cfkm" 7luPsf]
s'/f yfxf kfcf];\ of gkfcf];\, To;af6 p;nfO{ Iflt k'u]sf] xf];\ jf
gxf];\, olb Tof] kfknfO{ 3G6fe/df k|ltkIfsf] k|of]un] k|ltsf/ ul/Pg
eg] af]lwlrQsf] kl/xfl0f x'G5 . o;sf] k|ltkIf rf}yf] k|sf/sf] z'Sn
wd{ xf] cyf{t ;™jx¿nfO{ :g]x ug'{ . csf]{ zAbdf cfˆgf] lxt g;f]FrL
c?x¿nfO{ lxt;'v k|bfg ug]{ OR5f / clenfiff .
;4d{lrGtfdl0f—d'lQm/Tgfn+sf/ cGtu{t
af]lwk|l0flw lrQf]Tkfb gfds bzd\ kl/R5]b ;dfKt .
179
Â
kl/R5]b !!
k|:yfg af]lwlrQsf] cEof; Mif8\kf/ldtf
v= k|:yfg af]lwlrQsf] cEof; M af]lwk|:yfg lrQsf] pTkfbsf tLg
lzIffx¿ 5g\ M clwzLn lzIff, clw;dflw lzIff / clwk|1f lzIff .
af]lwkyk|lbk df atfOPsf] 5 M
af]lw k|:yfg lrQsf ;fy ;+j/df l:yt eO{

ha s'g} JolQm zLn cflb lzIffdf ;'lzlIft x'G5
ta zLn cflb tLg lzIffx¿k|lt p;sf] cfb/ a9]/ cfpF5 .!
clwzLn lzIffx¿ bfg, zLn Pj+ IfflGt -kf/ldtfx¿_ x'g\,

clw;dflw Wofg -kf/ldtf_ xf] / clwk|1f k|1f -kf/ldtf_ xf] . jLo{
-kf/ldtf_ tLg} lzIffx¿sf ;xof]uL xf] . h:tf] dxfofg;"qfn+sf/ df
atfOPsf] 5 M
tLg lzIffx¿sf] cfwf/df a'4n]

5 j6f kf/ldtfx¿sf] b]zgf ug'{ePsf] 5 .
klxnf] tLg kf/ldtf k|yd lzIff xf] /
clGtd b'O{ kf/ldtfx¿ afFsL b'O{ lzIffx¿ x'g\ .
Pp6f kf/ldtf tL tLgcf]6} lzIffl;t ;Da4 x'G5 .@
t;y{ ;+If]kdf,
5 zLif{sx¿n] k|:yfg lrQf]Tkfbsf lzIffnfO{ lgwf{l/t u5{g\ . tL

x'g\ M
181
Â
bfg, zLn, IfflGt,

jLo{, Wofg / k|1f
o;sf] af/]df ;'afx'kl/k[R5f ;"q df o:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
x] ;'afx' Û zL3| cle;+af]lw k|fKt ug{ rfxg] af]lw;Tj

dxf;™jn] oL 5 kf/ldtfsf] ;bf cEof; ul//fVg' k5{ . tL
5j6f kf/ldtf s] s] x'g\ < bfg kf/ldtf, zLn kf/ldtf,
IfflGt kf/ldtf, jLo{—kf/ldtf, Wofgkf/ldtf / k|1fkf/–
ldtf .
oL 5 kf/ldtfx¿nfO{ b'O{ lsl;dn] hfGg'k5{ M ;+lIfKt JofVof

åf/f Pj+ lj:t[t JofVofåf/f
5 kf/ldtfx¿nfO{ ;+lIfKt¿kn] JofVof ubf{ lgDglnlvt zLif{sx¿
;xfosl;4 x'g]5g\ .
5 j6f zLif{sx¿df 5 kf/ldtfx¿ ;+u[lxt 5g\ M

;+Vof lgwf{/0f, qmd lgwf{/0f, nIf0f, lg¿lQm,
k|e]b Pj+ ;+u|x
!= ;+Vof lgwf{/0f M kf/ldtfx¿sf ;+Vof lgwf{/0f cEo'bo -;'ult_ /

lg>]o; -df]If_ sf] cfwf/df x'G5 Ù cEo'bo / lg>]o;sf tLg tLg
j6f k|of]hg -kf/ldtfx¿_ x'G5g\ . cEo'bosf tLgj6f kf/ldtfx¿
o; k|sf/ 5g\ Ù ;'vef]u u/fpg] bfg kf/ldtf, ;'Gb/ z/L/ k|fKt u/
fpg] zLn kf/ldtf / ;t\ s'6'Dasf nflu IfflGt kf/ldtf . lg>]o;sf
tLg kf/ldtfx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ Ù u'0fdf j[l4 Nofpg] jLo{ kf/ldtf,
zdysf] nflu Wofg kf/ldtf / ljkZogfsf] nflu k|1fkf/ldtf .
dxfofg;"qfn+sf/ df o:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
182
Â
%pay : àSwan baeixicÄkae A_yas
cEo'bosf ;Dkbx¿ oL x'g\ M

ef]u, z/L/ / s'6'Da#
@= qmd lgwf{/0f M ;™jsf] ;Gtltdf kf/ldtfx¿ pTkGg x'g] qmd

o; k|sf/ 5 . bfgkf/ldtfåf/f ;'v, wg;DklQx¿ lg;+sf]rk"j{s
jf k/jfx gu/Lsg c¿x¿nfO{ lbPsf] lbo} ul/;s]kl5 xfdL zLn
kf/ldtftkm{ cu|;/ x'G5f}F . zLnkf/ldtfaf6 xfdL IfflGt kf/ldtftkm{
nfU5f} . IfflGtn] o'Qm eO;s]kl5 xfdL jLo{sf] cg'i7fgdf ;Ifd x'G5fF} .
jLo{sf] cg'i7fgdf ;Ifd eO;s]kl5 xfdLn] ;dflw -Wofg_ an k|fKt
u5f}{F / Wofg ub}{ hfFbf xfdLnfO{ k|1f k|fKt eP/ t™jsf] oyfjt 1fg
x'G5 .
kf/ldtfsf] qmd eGgfn] lxgaf6 pTs[i6df qmlds¿kn] pFef] nfUb}
hfg' klg xf] . o;sf] cy{ :y"naf6 ;"Id;Dd psf:b} n}hfg' klg xf] .
cEof; ug{ ;lhnf] :y"n g} klxn] cfpF5 / cEof; ug{ cToGt} uf¥xf]
;"Id kl5 dfq cfpF5 . h:tf] dxfofg;"qfn+sf/ df elgPsf] 5 M
k"j{sf] cfwf/df k/sf] pTklQ,

xLg Pj+ pTs[i6 l:ylt / :y"n / ;"Idtfsf] cfwf/df
logsf] qmdnfO{ lgwf{l/t ul/Psf] 5 .$
#= kf/ldtfsf nIf0f M bfgflb kf/ldtfx¿sf] nIf0f rf/ k|sf/sf

5g\ M af]lwk|lts"n t™jx¿nfO{ gfz ug],{ lgljs{Nk 1fg hfu[t u/fpg],
;a} OR5fx¿nfO{ kl/k"lt{ ul/lbg] / tLg k|sf/n] ;™jx¿nfO{ kl/kfs
ug]{ cyf{t kl/kSj t'Nofpg] . dxfofg;"qfn+sf/ df o:tf] atfOPsf]
5M
bfgkf/ldtfn] ljkIf t™jx¿nfO{ gi6 ul/lbP/

lglj{sNk 1fg pTkfb u5{,
183
Â
;a} OR5fx¿nfO{ kl/k"lt{ ul/lbP/

o;n] tLg k|sf/n] ;™jx¿nfO{ kl/kSj t'NofOlbG5 .%
$= lg¿lQm M kf/ldtfsf] lg¿lQm o; k|sf/ 5 M bl/b|tfnfO{ lgd"{n

ug]{ x'gfn] bfg, zLtntf k|bfg ug]{ x'gfn] zLn, qmf]wnfO{ zdg ug{]
x'gfn] IfflGt, s'znwd{ l;t ;Dks{ u/fpg] x'gfn] jLo{, dgnfO{
cWofTdtf wf/0f u/fpg] x'gfn] Wofg, / k/dfy{ ;Tosf] af]w x'g] x'gfn]
k|1f elgPsf x'g\ . ;+;f/nfO{ kf/ u/]/ lgjf{0f;Dd k'¥ofOlbg] ePsfn]
lognfO{ kf/ldtf elgG5 . h:tf] dxfofg;"qfn+sf/ df elgPsf] 5 M
bl/b|tfnfO{ x6fpg], zLtntf k|fKt u/fpg] / qmf]wnfO{ zdg

ug],{ dgnfO{ cWofTdtfdf l:y/ /fVg], k/dfy{sf] af]w u/fpg]
x'gfn] bfgflb egL lrlgG5 .^
%= kf/ldtfx¿sf] k|e]b M x/]s kf/ldtfx¿ ^÷^ pkju{x¿df ljeflht

ul/Psf x'G5g\ h:t} bfgsf] bfg, bfgsf] zLn OToflb To;}n] hDdf #^
e]bx¿ 5g\ . o; ;DaGwdf cle;dofn+sf/ df atfOPsf] 5 M
bfg cflbsf 5–5 e]bx¿ x'G5g\ .

x/]ssf ;+u|xnfO{ ;Ggfxk|ltklt elgG5
hf] oyfqmd cg';f/
5 pkju{x¿df ljeflht x'G5 .&
^= ;+u|x M kf/ldtfx¿sf] ;+u|x eGgfn] kf/ldtfx¿ b'O{ ;+ef/x¿df

;dfj]z x'g' xf] . bfg / zLnsf] ;+u|x k'0o ;+ef/ cGtu{t x'G5 /
k|1fsf] ;+u|x 1fg—;+ef/ cGtu{t x'G5 . IfflGt, jLo{ / Wofg b'O6}
;+ef/x¿df ;+u[lxt x'G5g\ . h:tf] dxfofg;"qfn+sf/ df atfOPsf]
5M
184
Â
%pay : àSwan baeixicÄkae A_yas
bfg / zLn k'0o;+ef/df k|1f 1fg;+ef/df ;+u[lxt x'G5g\,

ha ls cGo tLg b'O6}df ;+u[lxt x'G5g\ .*
if6\kf/ldtfx¿sf] Joj:yf ;DaGwL lgb]{z
gfds Psfbz kl/R5]b ;dfKt .
185
Â
kl/R5]b !@
bfg kf/ldtf
bfg kf/ldtfnfO{ ;+If]kdf ^ j6f zLif{sx¿df cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 M
bfg kf/ldtf ;DaGwL u'0f tyf bf]ifx¿sf] ;dLIff,

bfgkf/ldtfsf] :j¿k,
e]b, x/]s e]bsf] nIf0f, pkro, ljz'l4 / kmn .
!= u'0f tyf bf]ifx¿sf] ;dLIff M xfdLn] s] yfxf kfpg'k5{ eg] bfg

glbg] k|f0fLx¿ o; h'gLdf ;w} b/Lb| eP/ afFRg'kg]{ x'G5 / sy+
sbflrt dg'io eP/} hlGdPtf klg ltgLx¿ ;w} b'MvL x'G5g\ . t/
k|]tx¿ dfem a:g'kg]{ ;+efjgf w]/} x'G5 . k|1fkf/ldtf;~roufyf df
elgPem}+ M
s~h'; JolQm k|]t nf]sdf hlGdG5

/ sy++ sbflrt pm dg'io eP/} hlGdPtf klg
Tof] h'gLdf pm ;w} b'MvL / bl/b| x'g] x'G5 .!
o;} ;DaGwdf ljgofudf]Q/ ljz]iffudk|Zgj[lQ df o:tf] elgPsf]

5M
k|]tn] >f]0fsf]6Ls0f{@nfO{ lbPsf] pQ/ o:tf] lyof]] M –

æcToGt} nf]eL / s~h'; eP/
xfdL Pp6f t'R5 bfg klg c¿nfO{ lbGgf}F
h;sf] kmn:j¿k xfdL k|]tnf]sdf hlGdg k'U5f}F .Æ
187
Â
csf]{ s'/f, xfdL bfgL ePgf}F eg] xfdLn] k/sNof0fsf] nflu klg
sfo{ ug{ ;Sb}gf}F, h;n] ubf{ xfdLnfO{ af]lw k|fKt x'Fb}g . h:tf] elgPsf]
5M
bfgsf] cEof; lagf, s'g}klg k|f0fLn] ;DklQ k|fKt ug{

;St}g, t;y{ pmaf6 ;™j ;+u|x -k|f0fLnfO{ cfslif{t ug{'_
klg x'g ;Sb}g eg] p;n] af]lw k|fKt ug]{ t k/} 5 .
o;sf] 7Ls pN6f] olb sf]xL JolQm bfgL 5 eg] p;n] ;a} h'gL–
x¿df wgL eP/ ;'v k|fKt u5{ . k|1fkf/ldtf;~ro ufyf df o;
tYonfO{ o;/L lbOPsf] 5 M
bfgn] ubf{ s'g} klg af]lw;™j k|]t of]lgdf ktg x'Fb}g,

o;n] g} bl/b|tf / ;a} Sn]zx¿nfO{ gfz ul/lbG5 .
af]lw;™j rof{ ul//xFbf p;n] ckf/ ;DklQ k|fKt ug]{5 .#
o;} s'/fnfO{ lnP/ ;[ÅNn]v df o:tf] atfOPsf] 5 M
bfgsf] cEof; ljlwjt\ tj/n] ul//xg'k5{ .

k/nf]sdf bfgeGbf 7"nf] ldq c¿ x'g]5}g . ;'ÅNn]v – ^
dWodsfjtf/ df klg o:t} pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
;a} k|f0fL ;'v rfxG5g\,

wglagf sf]xL klg k|f0fL ;'vL /xGgg\
wg klg bfgaf6} k|fKt x'g] tYonfO{ hfg]/
zfSod'lg a'4n] ;j{k|yd
bfgsf] ljifodf g} j0f{g ug'{eof] . !÷!)
188
Â
%pay : dan parimta
csf]{ s'/f, ha xfdL bfgL x'G5f}F, xfdLn] k/ sNof0fsf] nflu sfo{

ug{ ;S5f}F . bfgåf/f ;™j ;+u|x u/]/ -cfslif{t u/]/_ pgLx¿nfO{
;4d{df k|ltli7t ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 . h:tf] atfOPsf] 5 M
b'Mv ef]lu/x]sf ;™jx¿nfO{ bfgåf/f k"0f{¿kn] kl/kSj

-kl/kfs_ ug{ ;lsG5 .$
km]l/, bfgsf] cEof; ul//x]sf -bfgL JolQm_ nfO{ af]lw k|fKt ug'{
sl7g s'/f] xf]Og . h:tf] af]lw;™jlk6s df klg atfOPsf] 5 M
bfgsf] cEof; ug]{x¿nfO{ af]lw k|flKt Tolt sl7g sfo{

xf]Og .
/Tgd]3;"q df elgP em}F M
bfg eg]s} af]lw;™jsf] af]lw1fg xf] .
cGttM, u[xklt–pu|kl/k[R5f;"q df bfg lbFbfsf] u'0f / bfg

glbFbfsf] bf]if b'j}nfO{ t'ngfTds¿kdf o;/L k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
h'g wgnfO{ d}n] bfg lbPF, Tof] d]/f] xf], t/ h'g d}n] cfˆgf]
3/df /flv/fv]sf] 5'F, Tof] d]/f] xf]Og . bfg:j¿k lbO–
;s]sf] j:t' -wg OToflb_ nfO{ arfO/fVg' jf ;'/Iff ul/–
/fVg' kb{g} . t/ 3/df /flv/fv]sf] j:t'nfO{ ;'/Iff ug{k' 5{ .
bfg lbP/ k7fO;s]sf] j:t'sf] ljifodf s'g} eo lng' kb}g{ .
t/ 3/df /flv/fv]sf] j:t' ;+w} eosf] sf/0f alg/xG5 .
bfg:j¿k lbO;s]sf] j:t'n] xfdLnfO{ af]lwlgs6 k'¥ofpFb5
eg] cfˆgf] 3/df y'kfl//fv]sf] j:t' df/sf] lbzftkm{ n}hfg]
189
Â
dfu{ xf] . bfgsf] cEof;n] ljzfn ;DklQ k|fKt x'G5 Ù 3/

df /flvOPsf] j:t' -;DklQ_ n] ljzfn ;DklQdf kl/jlt{t
x'Gg . bfg lbPsf] j:t' cIfo x'G5 eg] 3/df /flv/fv]sf]
j:t'sf] Ifo lglZrt 5 . OToflb====
@= bfgkf/ldtfsf] :j¿k M cgfzQm efjn] jf cfzlQm /lxt eP/ bfg

lbg' g} bfgkf/ldtfsf] :j¿k xf] . h:tf] af]lw;™je"ld df atfOPsf]
5M
bfgsf] :j¿k s] xf] < cfzlQm jf nf]eaf6

d'Qm :j:km"t{ lrQ / ;f] lrQl:ylt
jf dgl:yltn] o'Qm eO{
bfg lbg' g} bfgsf] :j¿k xf] .%
#= e]b -juL{s/0f_ M bfg # k|sf/n] lbg ;lsG5 M s= cfldif bfg

-ef}ltsj:t'sf] bfg_, v= ceobfg, / u= wd{ bfg .
cfldif bfgn] c¿sf] z/L/nfO{ ;'b[9 ul/lbG5, ceobfgn] c¿sf]
hLjgnfO{ ;'b[9 agfOlbG5 eg] wd{bfgn] c¿sf] lrQ -dg_ nfO{ g}
;'b[9 kfl/lbG5 . klxnf] b'O{k|sf/sf bfgn] c¿nfO{ o; h'gLdf dfq
;'v k|bfg ub{5g\ eg] clGtd bfg jf wd{ bfgn] csf]{ h'gLdf klg
cem} ;'vL g} x'G5 .
$= x/]s e]bsf nIf0f M
s= cfldif bfg M cfldif bfg b'O{ lsl;dn] lbg ;lsG5 . c= cg'lrt

bfg / cf= plrt bfg .
ltgdWo] klxnf] bfg cyf{t cg'lrt bfgnfO{ TofUg'k5{ / bf]>f]
bfg cyf{t plrt bfgsf] cEof; ug'{k5{ .
190
Â
%pay : dan parimta
cM cg'lrt bfg M cg'lrt bfg cGtu{t rf/ pkju{x¿ 5g\ M
1. cg'lrt cfzo
2. cg'lrt j:t',
3. cz'4 u|fxs jf If]q, /
4. cg'lrt bfg lbg] tl/sf .
1.cg'lrt cfzo M cg'lrt cfzo eGgfn] unt -ljk/Lt_ / xLg

cfzo xf] . klxnf], c¿nfO{ xflg k'¥ofpg, cfˆgf] o; h'gLdf k|z+;f
OHht kfpg, csf{l;t k|lt:kwf{ ug{ jf c¿sf] b]vfl;sL ug{sf] nflu
bfg lbg' cz'4 cfzon] bfg lbg' xf] . af]lw;™jn] oL tLg}j6f cz'4
cfzox¿nfO{ Toflulbg'k5{ . o;}nfO{ af]lw;™je"ld df o;/L k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 M
c¿nfO{ dfg{, aGwgdf kfg{, ;hfFo lbg,

s}b ug{ jf b]zlgsfnf ug{
af]lw;™jn] bfg lbg' x'Fb}g .
oz / k|z+;fsf] nflu klg
af]lw;™jn] bfg lbg' x'Gg .^
c¿;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ug{ klg
af]lw;™jn] bfg lbg' x'Gg .
bf]>f], csf]{ h'gLdf cfkm" bl/b| eP/ afFRg gk/f];\ eGg] p2]Zo
lnP/ jf bl/b|tfsf] eon] bfg lbg', csf]{ h'gLdf dg'io, b]j jf To:t}
s'g} ;'ultdf hlGdg] OR5fn] bfg lbg' xLg cfzon] bfg lbg' xf] . oL
b'O6} cfzo af]lw;™jn] TofUg'k5{ . h:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
af]lw;™jn] kl5 bl/b|tfsf] eon] k|]l/t eO{ bfg lbGgg\ .&
191
Â
tyf M
OGb| x'gsf] nflu, rqmjtL{ ;d|f6 x'gsf] nflu

jf O{Zj/ x'gsf] nflu bfg lbFb}gg\ .*
2. cg'lrt j:t' M bfg lbFbf TofUg'kg]{ csf]{ cz'4tfnfO{ af]lw–

;™je"ld df j0f{g ul/Psf] kfOG5 . t/ ;+If]kdf eGg'kbf{ cz'4 jf
cg'lrt j:t' bfg lbg'sf] cy{ ljif, cfuf], xltof/ OToflb bfg lbg'
xf] . s'g} k|f0fLn] To:tf j:t' dfu]s} v08df klg af]lw;™jn] To:tf
cz'4 j:t'x¿ bfg lbg' x'Gg . /TgfjnL df o:tf] atfOPsf] 5 M
s;}nfO{ ljif} sfd nfUg] jf lxts/ x'G5 eg]

p;nfO{ ljif klg lbg'kg]{ x'G5 .
s;}nfO{ :jflbi6 jf pQd ef]hgn] lxt ub}{g eg]
p;nfO{ Tof] ef]hg lbg' x'Fb}g .
h;/L ;k{n] cf}+nfdf 6f]Sbf cf}+nfnfO{
sf6]/ kmfNg' g} >]o:s/ x'G5
cfkm"nfO{ cK7Øf/f] nfu]tf klg
olb To;n] c¿nfO{ lxt g} u5{ eg]
xfdLn] To:tf sfo{ klg ug'{k5{
eg]/ eujfg\ a'4n] eGg'ePsf] 5 .(
s'g} h+unL hGt'sf] lzsf/sf] nflu hfn cyjf wg'jf0f dfu]sf]

v08df af]lw;™jn] To:tf rLh lbGgg\ . ;+If]kdf c¿nfO{ xflg x'g]
jf b'Mv x'g] s'g} klg j:t' af]lw;™jn] lbg x'Gg . pgn] cfˆg}
cfdfafa'nfO{ bfg lbFb}gg\ jf aGwsdf /fVb}gg\ . cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/L,
kTgL jf c¿ cfkmGtx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] xflb{s ;xdlt a]u/ s;}nfO{
bfg lbP/ k7fpFb}gg\ . pgL cfkm" lgs} wgL 5g\ eg] pgn] cfkm"n]
192
Â
%pay : dan parimta
;~ro u/]sf vfln ;fgfltgf j:t'x¿ dfq bfg lbFb}gg\ / s'g} ljz]if
k|of]hgsf] nflu pgn] ;DklQ y'kf/]/ bfg lbg] klg xf]Og .
3. cz'4 u|fxs jf If]q M cz'4 u|fxs jf If]qsf] tfTko{ s] xf]
eg] df/sflos b]jtfnfO{ Iflt k'¥ofpg jf ljjz kfg{ s;}n] cfˆgf]
tGqdGq ljBfsf] nflu af]lw;™jsf] z/L/ jf cËk|ToË dfu]sf] v08df
af]lw;™jn] cfˆgf] z/L/ jf cË sf6]/ lbFb}gg\ . df/n] ;dft]sf] jf
xf]z u'd]sf] JolQmnfO{ klg af]lw;™jn] cfˆgf] z/L/ jf cË sf6]/
bfg lbFb}gg\ lsgsL pgLx¿sf] nflu z/L/sf] cfjZostf g} x'Fb}g
/ pgLx¿sf] lrQ klg cfˆgf] jzdf x'Fb}g . af]lw;™jn] k]6" -hlt
vfPklg gc3fpg]_ jf h8\ofxfnfO{ klg vfB jf k]o j:t'x¿ bfg lbg'
x'Fb}g .
4. cg'lrt bfg lbg] tl/sf M cg'lrt bfg lbg] tl/sf eGgfn]
xfdL s] a'‰5f}F eGbf xfdLn] dg gnfuL gnfuL bfg lbg' x'Fb}g cyjf
h'g j:t' bfg lbFbfv]/L xfd|f] dgdf v'zL cyjf k|;Ggtf /xFb}g, cyf{t
xfdL lvGg jf qmf]wL eP/ bfg lbg'x'Gg cyjf s'g} v/fa JolQmnfO{
lt/:sf/k"0f{ / cldqjt\ efjn] bfg lbg'x'Gg Ù jf s'g} dfUg] dfG5]nfO{
ufnL u/]/, wDsfP/ jf dgd} rf]6 k'Ug]u/L ckzAb af]n/] bfg lbg'xG' g .
cf= plrt -z'4_ bfg M z'4 bfgsf] cEof; ubf{v/] L tLgj6f s'/fdf Wofg
lbg'k5{ M 1. j:t' -bfg lbg] j:t'_, 2. u|fxs jf If]q / 3. pkfo
1. j:t' -bfg lbg] j:t'_ M bfg lbg] j:t' b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M
1.1. cfWoflTds j:t', / 1.2. jfXo j:t'
1.1. cfWoflTds j:t' cfˆg} z/L/;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . gf/fo0f–
kl/k[R5f;"q df atfOP cg';f/,
olb cfjZos k/]sf] v08df jf s;}n] dfUg cfPdf d

p;nfO{ cfˆg} xft, v'§f, df;', /ut / d]/f] z/L/sf] c¿
cËx¿ lbg tof/ 5' .
193
Â
clkt', af]lw;™j cem} cflbsld{s -;'?;'?sf] cj:yfdf_ g} 5 jf

:j–k/;dtfnfO{ /fd|/L af]w u/]sf] 5}g eg] p;n] cfˆgf] z/L/ dgdg}
;dk{0f ug{ ;S5 t/ z/L/sf cËx¿ g} sf6]/ lbg' x'Gg . h:tf]
s?0ffsf] z'4 cfzo geOsg}

of] z/L/nfO{ Tofu ug'{x'Fb}g .
olb To;n] ;™jx¿sf] lxt x'G5 eg]
jf of] / cGo hGddf k/d p2]Zo
cyf{t\ a'4™j k|flKtsf] cEof;sf nflu
cfwf/ v8f u5{ eg] dfq z/L/sf] Tofu ug'{k5{ .!)
1.2.jfXo j:t' M jfXo j:t' eGgfn] wd{ cg';f/ k|fKt ePsf

vfB, k]o, j:q, jfxg, ;Gtfg, kTgL OToflb ;a} x'g\ . h:tf] gf/fo0f
kl/k[R5f;"q df elgPsf] 5 M
jfXo j:t' wg, cGg, rfFbL, ;'g, /Tg, cn+sf/, 3f]8f,

xfQL, 5f]/f–5f]/L x'g\ .
eujfg\ a'4n] u[x:y af]lw;™jx¿nfO{ cfWoflTds Pj+ jfXo b'j}

j:t'x¿ bfg lbg ;Sg] cg'dlt lbg'ePsf] 5 . dxfofg;"qfn+sf/ df
o:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
af]lw;™jn] c¿nfO{ lbg g;Sg] s'g} rLh 5}g —

rfx] Tof] z/L/ xf];\, wg;DklQ xf];\ of h];'s} xf];\ .!!
lqrLj/ afx]s k|j|lht af]lw;™j -u[x Tofu u/]/ leIf' jf leIf'0fL

eO;s]sf af]lw;™j_ n] cGo ;a}yf]s bfg:j¿k lbg ;S5g\ . pgnfO{
194
Â
%pay : dan parimta
lqrLj/ bfg ug]{ cg'dlt x'Fb}g . oxL s'/f af]lwrof{jtf/ df klg

elgPsf] 5 M
tLg rLj/ afx]s af]lw;™jn]

h];'s} bfg:j¿k lbg ;S5g\ .!@
olb rLj/ g} lbOof] eg] xfd|f] k/fy{ lqmofdf xflg x'g ;S5 .
2. u|fxs jf If]q M u|fxs rf/ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M 2.1. ljz]if u'0f ePsf
u|fxs h:t} sNof0fldq, lq/Tg OToflb, 2.2. xfdLnfO{ ljz]if lsl;dn]
pksf/ ug]{ u|fxs h:t} cfdf afa' OToflb, 2.3. b'Mvsf] sf/0fn]
ljz]if ePsf u|fxs h:t} /f]uL, cgfy OToflb / 2.4. cksf/ jf xflg
ug]{ -k|j[ltsf_ sf/0fn] ljz]if ePsf u|fxs h:t} zq', cflb . h:tf]
u'0f Pj+ pksf/L If]qdf===!#
3.pkfo M bfgsf] pkfo b'O6f 5g\ M z'4 cfzo ;DkGg eP/

bfg lbg' / k|of]u ;DkGg eP/ bfg lbg' . klxnf], cyf{t\ z'4 cfzo
;DkGg eP/ bfg lbg'sf] cy{ af]lw k|flKtsf] nflu ;™jx¿sf] sNof0ffy{
s?0ffn] clek|]l/t eP/ bfg lbg' xf] . bf]>f], cyf{t\ k|of]u ;DkGg eP/
bfg lbg'sf] cy{ af]lw;™j e"ld n] o;/L :ki6 u/]sf] 5 M
af]lw;™jn] >4fk"j{s, ;Tsf/k"j{s

plrt ;dodf c¿nfO{ clxt
gx'g]u/L cfˆg} xftn] bfg lbO/xG5g\ .
dflysf] plQmdf klxnf] u'0f cyf{t >4fn] oxfF s] hgfpF5 eg]

bfg lbg' eGbf klxn] bftf af]lw;™jsf] dg k|;Gg x'G5, bfg lbO–
195
Â
/x]sf] a]nf klg k|;Gg x'G5, / bfg lbO;s]kl5 klg k|;Gg g} /xG5 .
bfg lbO;s]kl5 pgdf s'g} k5'tf] x'Fb}g . …;Tsf/Ú zAbsf] tfTko{ s]
xf] eg] af]lw;™jn] cfb/k"j{s g} bfg lbG5g\ . …cfˆg} xftn]Ú cyf{t\
af]lw;™jn] c¿nfO{ bfg lbg c¥xfpFb}gg\, c¿sf] ;xfotflagf cfkm}
lbG5g\ . …plrt ;dodfÚ cyf{t\ ha af]lw;™j;Fu bfg lbg] j:t'
x'G5, ta pgn] bfg lbG5g\ . …c¿nfO{ clxt gx'g]u/LÚ cyf{t\ Tof]
bfgn] ubf{ pgsf] kl/jf/ jf ltgsf] ;DklQdf s'g} Iflt gxf];\ .
cfˆg} ;DklQ ePklg olb ltgnfO{ bfg lbO;s]kl5 kl/jf/sf cGo
;b:ox¿n] æltdLn] lsg lbof}Æ egL ?Fb} s/fpFb} cfklQ hgfpF5g\ jf
ltgLx¿sf] lrQ b'V5 eg] To;f] ug'{x'Gg . csf{sf] n'6]sf, 7luPsf, /
l5g]/ NofPsf j:t'x¿ klg bfg ug'{x'Fb}g . h:tf] clewd{;d'Rro df
atfOPsf] 5 M
lgikIf eP/ af/+af/ bfg lbgfn] / ;a} OR5fnfO{ kl/k"0f{

u/]/ bfg lbgfn]==========
oxfF, …af/+af/ bfg lbg'Ú eg]sf] bftfsf] Pp6f ljz]if u'0f jf

ljz]iftf xf] h; cg';f/ p;n] af/+af/ bfg sd{ ul//xG5 . …lgikIf¿kn]
bfg lbg'Ú, o; jfSof+zn] ofrs;Fu ;DalGwt p;sf] ljz]iftfnfO{ O{+lut
ub{5 . bftfn] s;}nfO{ sfvf, s;}nfO{ kfvf u/]/ cyf{t kIfkftLk"0f{
efjgfn] bfg lbFb}g . …s'g} ljz]if j:t'k|ltsf] OR5fnfO{ kl/k"0f{ ug'{Ú
eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 eg] bftfn] ofrssf OR5fx¿ / rfxgfadf]lhd g}
bfg u5{ .
cfldif bfgsf] JofVof oxL+ ;dfKt x'G5 .
v= ceobfg M ceobfg eGgfn] 8fFs", h+unL hgfj/, /f]u, hn

OToflb sf] sf/0fn] eoeLt ePsf ;™jx¿ -k|f0fLx¿_ nfO{ z/0f lbg'
xf] . h:tf] af]lw;™je"ld df elgPsf] 5 M
196
Â
%pay : dan parimta
ceobfg eGgfn] l;+x, af3, uf]xL, /fhf, 8fFs", cfFwLj]x/L

jf cGo k|sf]kaf6 eoeLt ePsfx¿nfO{ z/0f lbg' eGg]
a'lemG5 .!$
ceobfgsf] JofVof oxL+ ;dfKt x'G5 .
u= wd{ bfg M wd{bfgnfO{ xfdL rf/ ljifox¿df af8\g ;S5f}F M c=

bfgsf] ljifo -kfq_, cf= cfzo, O= df}n cyf{t t/Lsf, / O{= wd{ bfg
ug]{ ljlw .
c= bfgsf] ljifo -kfq_ M wd{bfg To:tf AolQmx¿nfO{ ul/g'k5{ h;nfO{

wd{sf] cfjZostf k/]sf] xf];\, h;df wd{k|lt cfb/ 5 / h;n] wd{sf]
JofVof u5{ .
cf= cfzo M cs'zn ;a}nfO{ Tofu ug]{ / s'zn ;a}nfO{ u|x0f ug{]
xfd|f] cfzo x'g'k5{ . cs'zn cfzo TofUg] eGgfn] xfdLn] ef}lts
sfdgfx¿ h:t} wg;DklQ, oz, k|z+;f / cGo ;f+;fl/s nfex¿ ;a}
k|ltsf] sfdgf OR5fx¿af6 cfˆgf] dgnfO{ d'Qm u/]/ wd{bfg lbg'–
k5{ . oxL s'/fnfO{ k|1fkf/ldtf;+roufyf df o;/L bzf{OPsf] 5 M
s'g}klg ef}lts sfdgfx¿ dgdf glnO{ pgn] -af]lw;™jn]_

nf]s -;+;f/_ nfO{ wd{bfg u5{g\ .!%
o:t}, sfZokkl/k[R5f;"q df klg elgPsf] 5 M
ljz'4 Pj+ lg/fldif lrQ -ef}lts sfdgfx¿af6 d'Qm

ePsf] z'4 lrQ_ n] wd{bfg ug]{ s'/fnfO{ g} eujfg\ a'4n]
atfpg'ePsf] 5 .
197
Â
ljz'4 cfzo /fVg'sf] dtnj s?0ffn] clek|]l/t eP/ wd{sf]

JofVof ug'{ xf] . h:tf] k|1fkf/ldtf;~roufyf df elgPsf] 5 M
pgn] -af]lw;™jn]_ b'MvnfO{ x6fpgsf] lgldQ g} wd{bfg

u5{g\ .!^
O= df}n jf d"ne"t s'/f M wd{ b]zgf jf wd{ bfg o;/L ug'{k5{ ls ;"q
/ cGo u|Gyx¿sf] cy{ oyfjt g} /xf];\ jf gaflËof];\ . af]lw;™je"ld
df elgPem}F,
cy{nfO{ gaËØfOsg ts{o'Qm jf Gofo;Ët 9Ën] wd{sf]

JofVof ug"{ h;n] ubf{ lziox¿n] To;sf] lzIffnfO{
b[9tfk"j{s wf/0f ug{ ;lso'g\, Tof] g} wd{bfg xf] .!&
O{= wd{ bfg ug]{ ljlw M s;}n] xfdLnfO{ wd{bfgsf] nflu cfu|x u¥of]
eGb}df t'?Gt} p;nfO{ wd{sf] JofVof ul/xfNg' x'Fb}g . h:tf] rGb|k|bLk;"q
df elgPsf] 5 M
ha s;}n] ltdLnfO{ wd{bfg ug{sf]

nflu cfu|x u5{
To;a]nf, ltdLn] ;j{k|yd
…d}n] /fd|/L cWoog u/]s} 5}gÚ eGg;Sg'k5{,!*
tyf k'gZr M
t'?Gt} s]xL elgxfNg] xf]Og,

Tof] ofrs jf cg'/f]w ug]{ JolQmnfO{
/fd|/L hfFlr;s]kl5 dfq, jf
198
Â
%pay : dan parimta
p;nfO{ /fd|f]l;t lrg]kl5 dfq wd{sf] JofVof ug'{k5{,

To;a]nf, p;n] cg'/f]w gu/Lsg} klg
p;nfO{ wd{sf] JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 .!(
wd{sf] b]zgf s'g} :jR5 tyf dgf]/d 7fpFdf ul/g'k5{ . ;4d{–

k'08/Ls ;"q sf cg';f/,
s'g} :jR5 tyf dgf]/d :yfgdf km/flsnf] tyf cf/fdbfoL

cf;gdf a;]/ wd{-sf]_ b]zgf ug'{k5{ .@)
To:tf] 7fpFdf wdf{;gdf cf;Lg eP/ xfdLn] wd{sf] JofVof ug'k{ 5{ .

h:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
ljleGg k|sf/sf lj5\of}gfx¿ la5\ofPsf]

kfbo'Qm cf;gdf a;]/=====@!
xfdL cfkm} klg :gfg u/L /fd|f] ;'lsnf] j:q nufP/ k"0f{¿kn]
:jR5 x'g' h?/L 5 . clg z'4 lrQn] a8f] ;fjwfgLk"j{s wd{sf]
JofVof ug'{k5{ . o;nfO{ ;fu/dltkl/k[R5f;"q df o;/L k|i6ØfOPsf]
kfOG5 M
wd{sf] JofVof ug]{ cyf{t wd{bfg ug]{ JolQm z'4, cToGt}

;fjwfgL -zf]eg_, /fd|/L g'xfPsf] / /fd|f] j:q klxl/Psf]
x'g'k5{ .
o:t} jl/kl/sf] kof{j/0f klg To:t} :jR5 / z'4 x'g' h?/L

5 . >f]tfx¿ ;a}sf] pkl:ylt eO;s]kl5 cf;g u|x0f ubf{ jf ug{]
;dodf ;j{ky| d s'g} k|sf/sf lj£gafwf gcfpg\ eGgfsf] nflu df/–
199
Â
zlQm ljgfzs dGq kf7 ug'{k5{ h'g ;fu/dltkl/k[R5f;"q df o;/L

lbOPsf] 5 M
tByf . zd] zdjlt . zldtzq'+ . c+s/' ] . d+s/' ] . df/–

lht] . s/f]6] . s]o"/] . thf]jlt . cf]nf]olg . ljz'4–
lgd{n] . dnfkgo] . v'v/' ] . v v u|;] . u|;g] . cf]–
d'lv . k/d'lv . cd'lv . zldTjlg . ;j{u|xaGwgflg .
lgu[lxTj . ;j{kf/k|jflbg . ljd'Qmdf/kfz . :yflkTj .
a'4d'b| . cg'ulttf . ;j{df/] . ;j{kf/k|jflbg . ljd'Qmdf/
kfz . :yflkTj . a'4d'b| . cg'ulttf . ;j{df/] . a'-k'_rl/t
kl/z'4] . ljuR5Gt' . ;j{df/sd{l0f . ;fu/dlt .
cy{ M zflGt, zflGt, zq'zd0fstf{, df/ljh]tf, vKk/

sf] dfnf wf/0f u/]sf, t]hjfg\, rf/}tk{m b[li6 k'¥ofO–
/x]sf, ljz'4, lgd{n, ;a} bfu dnx¿nfO{ x6fOlbg], ;j{q
x]l//x]sf, ;a} u|x b'i6tfnfO{ aGwgdf kf/]sf, df/sf]
kfzaf6 d'Qm ePsf, k"0f{¿kn] ljz'4 b]j tkfO{+ Û df/åf/f
;[lht ;a} lj£gjfwfx¿ xl6P/ hfpg\ . x] ;fu/dlt, bf]x¥ofO{
t]x¥ofO{sg of] dGq hlk;s]kl5 dfq wd{sf] JofVof
u/]df df/sflos b]jtfx¿ lj£gjfwf 8fNg ;of}+ of]hgsf]
kl/lwleq ;Dd cfpg g;Sg] x'G5g\ . sf]xL cfOxfn]klg
ltgLx¿ lj£gjfwf 8fNg ;Ifd x'g]5}gg\ . of] dGq hlk;s]
kl5 ;a}n] ;'Gg]u/L ;+oldt :j/n] wd{sf] JofVof ug'k{ 5{ .
wd{bfgsf] JofVof oxLF ;dfKt x'G5 .
%= pkro -j[l4_ M pko'{Qm tLg k|sf/sf bfg cln cNk -yf]/}_ ePsf]
h:tf] nfUof] eg] ltgnfO{ j[l4 ug{ ;lsG5, j[l4 ug]{ pkfo klg 5 .
200
Â
%pay : dan parimta
af]lw;™jlk6s df elgPsf] 5 M
x] zfl/k'q, Ps a'l4dfg\ -lgk'0f_ af]lw;™jn]

;fgf] bfgnfO{ klg ljk'ntf -ljzfntf_ df
kl/0ft ug{ ;S5g\ . pgn] 1fgsf] ann] To;nfO{ a9fpF5g\,
k|1fsf] ann] ljk'n -ljzfn_ kf5{g\ /
kl/0ffdgfn] ckl/ldt -c;Ld_ kf5{g\ .
oxfF …1fgsf] ann] bfgnfO{ j[l4 ug'{Ú eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 eg]

af]lw;™jn] lqd08nnfO{ Psbd kl/z'4¿kn] hfg]sf x'G5g\ a'em]sf
x'G5g\ cyf{t\ pgn] bftf, j:t' / bfg lng] JolQm tLg} dfof ;dfg
5g\ egL /fd|/L hfg]sf x'G5g\ .
…k|1fsf] ann] bfgsf] k'0onfO{ ljzfn agfpg'Ú jfSof+znfO{ o;/L
a'‰g ;lsG5 M af]lw;™jn] h];'s} bfg u/]klg To;sf] p2]Zo ;a}
;™j -k|f0fL_ x¿nfO{ a'4Tj kbdf k|ltli7t ug'{ xf] . g pgdf bfg
lbPsf] j:t'k|lt cfzlQm x'G5 g t bfg lbP/ s'g} kmn jf nfesf] g}
sfdgf u5{g\ . o;n] ubf{ pgsf] k'0o ljzfn x'ghfG5 . h:tf] k|1f–
kf/ldtf;~roufyf df elgPsf] 5 M
cfkm"n] bfg u/]sf] j:t'df cfzlQm efj g/fVg] af]lw;™jn]

sbflk bfg u/]afkt s'g} kmnsf] cfzf klg /fVb}gg\ .
o; cy{df, Tofudf lgk'0f ePsf af]lw;™jn] ;a}yf]s lbg
;S5g\ jf ;j{TofuL x'G5g\ . To;f] x'Fbf cToGt} If'b| jf
;fgf] j:t' g} bfg u/]sf] lsg gxf];\, To;sf] k'0o cTolws
ljzfn g} x'G5 .@@
…kl/0ffdgfsf] ann] k'0onfO{ c;Ld agfpg'Ú eGgfn] s] a'lemG5

eg] ha k'0onfO{ xfdLn] ;a} ;™jx¿sf] lxtsf] nflu cg'Q/ af]lwdf
201
Â
kl/0ffdgf u5f}{F, Tof] ckl/ldt x'ghfG5 . t;y{ af]lw;™je"ld df

elgPem}F,
af]lw;™jn] kmnsf] sfdgfn] bfg lbGgg\, a? To;nfO{

cg'Q/ ;Dos\ ;Daf]lwdf kl/0ffdgf u5{g\ .
kl/0ffdgfn] bfgsf] kmnnfO{ dfq clej[l4 ug]{ geP/ Tof] cIfo

-cljgfzL_ klg x'gk'U5 . h:tf] cIfodltkl/k[R5f;"q df xfdL k9\5f}F M
x] zfl/k'q, h;/L dxf;fu/df v;]sf] Ps yf]kf kfgL

sNksf] cGt;Dd klg ToxLF /lx/xG5 cyf{t ;'s]/ hfFb}g,
To;/L g}, af]lwdf kl/0ffdgf ul/Psf s'znd"nx¿ klg
a'4Tjsf] k|flKt geP;Dd sbflk gi6 eP/ hfFb}gg\ .
^= bfgkf/ldtfsf] ljz'l4 M lzIff;d'Rro u|Gydf bfgkf/ldtfsf]

laz'l4sf af/] o:tf] syg 5 M
z"Gotf / s?0ffsf] ;f/nfO{ cleJoQm ug]{ r]i6fn] k'0osf]

zf]wg x'G5 .@#
pko'{Qm tLg k|sf/sf bfgnfO{ z"Gotfn] yfd]kl5 ;+;f/sf] cEo"bo

x'Fb}g / s?0ffn] yfd]kl5 xLgofgsf] x]t' aGb}g . o;y{ To;}df bfgsf]
ljz'l4 lglxt x'G5 / ck|ltli7t lgjf{0fsf] sf/st™j klg ToxL xf] .
…bfgnfO{ z"Gotfsf] 6]jfÚ ;DaGwdf /Tgr"8kl/k[R5f;"q df o:tf]
elgPsf] 5 M
bfgnfO{ rf/ d'b|f -5fk_ n] d'lb|t ug'{k5{ . tL rf/ d'b|fx¿

s] s] x'g\ < cfWoflTds -lelq_ sfosf] z"Gotf, afXo j:t'
202
Â
%pay : dan parimta
-wg OToflb_ sf] z"Gotf, ljifonfO{ pkef]u ug]{ lrQsf]

z"Gotf / af]lw¿kL wd{sf] z"Gotf . oL rf/ d'b|fx¿n] d'b|0f
u/]/ bfgsf] cEof; ug'{k5{ .
…s?0ffsf] 6]jfÚ eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 eg] xfdL bfg lbG5f}F lsgeg]

xfdLn] ;fdfGo jf ljlzi6 k|f0fLx¿sf b'Mv ;xg ;Sb}gf}F .
&= bfgkf/ldtfsf] kmn M bfgkf/ldtfsf] k/dfy{ / ;+j[lt b'j} kmn x'g

;S5g\ . bfgsf] k/dfy{ kmn:j¿k k|f0fLn] cg'Q/ ;Dos\ ;Daf]lw k|fKt
u5{ . h:tf] af]lw;™je"ld df elgPsf] 5 M
ctM, af]lw;™jn] bfg kf/ldtfsf]

cEof;nfO{ k"0f{ u/]/
cg'Q/ ;Dos\ ;Daf]lw k|fKt u5{g\ .@$
;+j[lt kmn eGgfn] of] a'‰g'k5{ ls cfldif -ef}lts_ bfgsf]

kmn:j¿k k|f0fLn] OR5f g} gu/] klg hLjgdf ;+d[l4 ;DkGgtf kfpFg
;S5g\ . of] afx]s, p;n] bfgåf/f dflg;x¿ -lziox¿_ nfO{ cfslif{t
u5{ / pgLx¿nfO{ ;Tdfu{ -af]lwrof{_ df nfUg k|]/0ff lbG5 . h:tf]
k|1fkf/ldtf;+roufyf df elgPsf] 5 M
bfgn] ubf{ af]lw;™j k|]t of]lgdf ktg x'Fb}gg\,

bfgn] ubf{ g} pgn] bl/b|tf /
;a} Sn]zx¿nfO{ gfz u5{g\ .
o; h'gL -af]lw;™j rof{sf] ;do_df
pgn] ckf/ ;DklQ k|fKt t u5{g\ g}
bfgn] ubf{ g} pgn] b'MvLt
k|f0fLx¿nfO{ p4f/ u5{g\ .@%
203
Â
af]lw;™je"ld df klg o:t} pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
cGg -ef]hg cflb_ sf] bfgn] JolQm alnof] x'G5,

j:qsf] bfgn] pm ;'Gb/ j0f{sf] x'G5,
jfxgsf] bfgn] pm ;bf ;'vL /xg] x'G5,
aQLsf] bfgn] p;sf] cfFvf t]lhnf] x'G5 .
ceobfg u/]sf] kmn:j¿k dflg;nfO{ df/ tyf lj£gafwfx¿n]

5'g ;Sb}gg\ . /TgfjnL df elgPem}F,
8/fPsfx¿nfO{ ceo bfg ugf{n]

;a} df/x¿sf k|efjaf6 d'Qm eOG5 .@^
wd{bfg u/]/ xfdL a'4x¿l;t zL3| g} e]6\g ;S5f}F, pxfFx¿sf]

;fydf nfuL xfdLn] lrtfPsf ;a}yf]s clt zL3| g} k|fKt ug{ ;S5f}F .
h:tf] /TgfjnL df elgPsf] 5 M
wd{ ;'Gg OR5's JolQmnfO{ wd{bfg u/]/

p;sf cfj/0fx¿ x6fOlbgfn]
xfdL a'4u0fdf ;lDdlnt eO{
lrtfPsf ;a}yf]s zL3| g} k|fKt u5f}{F .@&
bfgkf/ldtf
gfds åfbz cWofo ;dfKt .
204
Â
kl/R5]b !#
zLn kf/ldtf
zLn kf/ldtfsf] ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;ft zLif{s cGtu{t ;+u[lxt ug{
;lsG5 M
u'0f Pj+ bf]ifsf] lgb]{z, :j¿k, e]b,

x/]s e]bsf] nIf0f, pkro, ljz'l4 / kmn .
!= u'0f tyf bf]ifsf] lgb]{z M s'g} JolQm bfgL eP/ klg olb p;df
zLn 5}g eg] p;n] b]j tyf dg'iosf] ljz'4 Pj+ k"0f{ z/L/ k|fKt ug{
;Sb}g . oxL tYonfO{ dWodsfjtf/ df o;/L elgPsf] 5 M
bfgsf] cEof; u/]sf]n] sf]xL JolQm ;DkGg ePtf klg

olb p;sf] zLn¿kL v'§f g} efFr]sf] 5 -zLnsf] cEof;
ub{}g_ eg] pm b'u{ltdf ktg x'g]5 . @÷$
csf]{ s'/f, zLn g} ePg eg] Tof] dfG5] ;4d{sf] ;Dks{df klg
cfpg ;Sb}g . h:tf] zLn;+o'Qm;"q df elgPsf] 5 M
h;/L cGwf] dfG5]n] s]xL ¿k b]Vg ;Sb}g

To;/L g} zLnsf] cefjdf dflg;n]
wd{nfO{ b]Vg ;Sb}g .
km]l/, zLnsf] cefjdf xfdL lqwft' ;+;f/af6 d'Qm x'g kfpFb}gf}F .

of] s'/fnfO{ ToxL ;"qdf o;/L bzf{OPsf] 5 M
205
Â
h;/L v'§f gePsf] dfG5] lxF8\8'n ug{ ;Sb}g

To;/L g} zLn gePsf] dfG5] d'Qm x'g ;Sb}g .
cGttM xfdLn] ;Dos\ ;Daf]lw klg k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gf}F lsgeg]

a'4Tjsf] dfu{ cw"/f] /xg] eof] .
To;sf] 7Ls ljk/Lt olb xfdL zLnjfg\ 5f}F eg] xfdLn] z/L/
;Dkb\ -pko'Qm k"0f{ z/L/_ k|fKt ug{ ;S5f}F . k|1fkf/ldtf;+roufyf
df elgPem}F,
zLnn] ubf{ k|f0fL lto{s of]gLdf hlGdb}g

/ cf7 cIf0f bf]ifnfO{ klg lgjf/0f ug{ ;S5
p;n] ;bf If0f ;Dkb k|fKt u5{ .!
zLnjfg\ eof}F eg] xfdLn] ;d:t s'zn / ;'vsf] aLpm /f]Kg

;S5f}F . o;nfO{ ;[ÅNn]v df o;/L lbOPsf] 5 M
;d:t r/fr/ j:t'sf] cf>o k[YjL ePh:t}

;a} u'0fx¿sf] cf>o zLn xf] . ;[ÅNn]v – &
xfdL Ps pAhfp wtL{ ;/x xf}F hxfF ;d:t u'0fx¿ k|r'/ dfqfdf
kmN5g\ . of] s'/fnfO{ dWodsfjtf/ df o;/L JoQm ul/Psf] 5 M
zLn¿kL e"lddf s'zn u'0fx¿ kmNbfv]/L

xfdLn] ltgsf pAhgL jf kmnx¿nfO{
lg/Gt/ pkef]u ug{ ;S5f}F . @÷^
zLnjfg\ x'Fbf xfdLnfO{ cg]s ;dflwd'vx¿ k|fKt x'G5g\ .

rGb|k|bLk;"q df atfOP em}F,
206
Â
%pay : zIl parimta
zL3| g} dflg;n] c;+lSni6 ;dflw k|fKt u5{ Ù

of] laz'4 zLns} cg'z+;f xf] . kl/jt{ @*
Tolt dfq xf]Og, zLnjfg\ JolQmn] h] h:tf];'s} k|l0fwfg u/]klg

tL ;a} k"/f x'G5g\ . o; ljifodf lktfk'q;dfud ;"q o:tf] eG5 M
h;n] ljz'4 zLnsf] kfngf u5{

p;sf ;a} k|l0fwfgx¿ k"/f x'G5g\ .
cGttM zLnjfg\ JolQmsf] nflu af]lwsf] k|flKt klg ;'ne x'g

hfG5 . ToxL ;"qdf xfdL k9\5f}F M
ljz'4 zLnn] w]/} lxts/ kmnx¿ lbG5 .

To;n] ubf{ af]lwsf] k|flKt Tolt uf¥xf] x'Fb}g .
dfly pNn]lvt eGbf klg w]/} cGo u'0fx¿ klg 5g\ . h:tf]
zLn;+o'Qm;"q df elgPsf] 5 M
zLnjfg\ JolQm a'4sf] k|fb'ef{j ePsf] a]nf pxfFsf] ;Dks{df

cfpg ;S5 . zLnjfg\ JolQm ;a}eGbf /fd|f] cn+sf/ xf] .
zLnjfg\ JolQm ;a} ;'vsf] d'xfg\ xf] . zLnjfg\ JolQm
;Dk"0f{ huts} k|z+;gLo aGgk'U5 . OToflb
@= zLnsf] :j¿k M zLnsf] :j¿k cGtu{t rf/j6f u'0fx¿ kb{5g\

h;nfO{ af]lw;™je"ld df o;/L a'bfFut tj/n] k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ .
zLnsf] :j¿k rf/ u'0fx¿n] o'Qm 5 eg]/ hfGg'k5{ . tL

rf/ u'0fx¿ s] s] x'g\ < c?af6 ;xL -;Dos\_ 9Ëaf6 zLn
207
Â
u|x0f ug'{, ljz'4 cfzo, s]xL sf/0fjz\ zLn tf]l8of] eg]

To;nfO{ k'glg{df{0f jf dd{t -k|TofklQ_ ug]{, a8f] ;r]t
Pj+ >4fjfg\ eP/ s'g}klg zLnnfO{ tf]8\g glbg] .@
oL rf/ u'0fx¿nfO{ u|x0f / /Iff u/L b'O{ zLif{sdf /fVg ;lsG5 .

dflyNnf] plQmdf klxnf] u'0f cyf{t c¿af6 ;xL -;Dos\_ 9Ëaf6
zLn u|x0f ug'{ …u|x0fÚ zLif{s df /fVg ;lsG5 eg] afFsL tLgj6f
u'0fx¿nfO{ …/IffÚ zLif{sdf ;+u[lxt ug{ ;lsG5 .
#= zLnsf e]b M zLnsf tLg e]bx¿ 5g\ . tL x'g\ M s= ;+j/ zLn,

v= s'znwd{;+u|fxs zLn / u= ;™jfy{lqmof zLn . ltgdWo] klxnf]
zLn cyf{t ;+j/ zLnn] lrQ -dg_ nfO{ jzdf /fvL b[9 / l:y/ kf5{,
bf]>f] zLn cyf{t s'znwd{;+u|fxs zLnn] xfd|f] lrQdf lglxt ePsf
wd{sf u'0fx¿nfO{ kl/kSj agfOlbG5 / t]>f] zLn cyf{t ;™jfy{lqmof
zLnn] eg] ;d:t ;™jx¿nfO{ kl/kfs -kl/kSj_ u5{ .
$= x/]s e]bsf nIf0f
s= ;+j/ zLn M ;+j/ zLnnfO{ xfdLn] c= ;fwf/0f / cf= c;fwf/0f

u/L b'O{ ju{df afF8\g ;S5f}F .
c= ;fwf/0f zLn M ;fwf/0f zLn eGgfn] ;ft k|sf/sf k|fltdf]If

zLnnfO{ hgfpFb5 . h:tf] af]lw;™je"ld df o:tf] pNn]v 5 M
k|fltdf]If zLn cGtu{t ;Dos\ 9Ën] ;ft lsl;dn] zLn

u|x0f ug{ ;lsG5 . tL ;ft x'g\ M leIf', leIf'0fL, lzIffdfg,
>fd0f]/, >fd0f]l/sf, pkf;s / pkfl;sf . ltgnfO{ klg
u[x:y / k|j|lht u/L b'O ju{df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .#
208
Â
%pay : zIl parimta
tL ;a}af6 c?nfO{ xflg ug{] sfo{ x'Fb} x'b}g . k|fltdf]If ;+j/

cfkm"nfO{ dfq lxt x'g] ;+j/ xf] hasL af]lw;™jx¿n] t c¿nfO{ lxt
ug{ zLnsf] kfngf u5{g\ . gf/fo0fkl/k[R5f ;"q df elgPsf] 5 M
af]lw;™jn] /fHosf] nflu zLnsf] kfng ug]{ xf]Og, g

:ju{sf] nflu, g t OGb|sf] kbsf] nflu, g t a|Xdfsf]
kbsf] nflu, g t wg;DklQsf] nflu, g t O{Zj/sf] kbsf
nflu, g t P]Zjo{sf] nflu jf g t ;'Gb/ ¿ks} nflu
zLnsf] kfngf u5{g\ . o;/L g} g/sdf hlGdg] 8/n] pgn]
zLnsf] kfngf ub}{gg\ g t kz'nf]sdf hlGdg] eon] . g
t odnf]sdf hlGdg] eon] pgn] zLnsf] kfngf u5{g\ .
ltgsf] 7Ls ljk/Lt pgn] t ;a} ;™jx¿nfO{ a'4Tj;Dd
k'¥ofpg zLnsf] kfngf u5{g\ . ;a} ;™jx¿sf] lxt /
;'vsf] lgldQ g} pgn] zLnsf] kfngf u5{g\ .
cf= c;fwf/0f ;+j/ zLn M c;fwf/0f ;+j/ zLnsf] ;DaGwdf cfrfo{

zflGtb]jn] cfsfzue{;"q nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ o:tf] eGg'ePsf] 5 M
æ/fhfsf kfFr d"n cfklQ, dGqLsf kfFr d"n cfklQ / cflbsld{s
-ev{/sf] ;fws_ sf cf7 d"n cfklQ u/L hDdf c7fx| d"n cfklQx¿
5g\ . oL c7f/} d"nfklQx¿ / rf}w k|xf0fsf lzIffx¿sf] cEof; ug'{
g} c;fwf/0f ;+j/ zLn xf] . h:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
1. lq/Tgsf ;DklQ rf]gn {' fO{ kf/fhlos cfklQ$ elgPsf] 5 Ù

2. ;4d{nfO{ kl/Tofu ug'{nfO{ a'4n] bf]>f] d"n cfklQ
eGg'ePsf] 5 Ù
3. s'g} leIf' b'MzLn -zLne|i6_ g} ePklg, p;sf] sfiffo
j:q -rLj/_ l5g]/ lnO{ p;nfO{ lk6]/ aGwgfuf/ -h]n_
df xfNg] sfo{ klg d"n cfklQ d} ulgG5 Ù
209
Â
4. p;nfO{ leIf'Tjaf6 ljd'v kfg]{

5. kfFr cfgGt/Lo -kfFr dxfkfk_ dWo] s'g} dxfkfk ug'{ Ù
6. ldYofb[li6 /fVg' Ù
7. ufpF / zx/nfO{ Wj:t kfg'%{ OToflbnfO{ a'4n] d"n
cfklQ eGg'ePsf] 5 Ù
8. ckl/kSj -cJo'TkGg_ x¿nfO{ z"Gotfsf] uDeL/ pk–
b]z lbg' Ù
9. ;+a'4Tjsf] clwsf/L ;™jnfO{ ;+af]lwaf6 ljd'v ug'{ Ù
10. dxfofgdf Nofpg s;}nfO{ k|fltdf]If ;+j/nfO{ Tofu
u/fpg' Ù
11. …>fjs ofgdf /fu cflbsf] k|xf0f x'Fb}gÚ egL 7fGg' /
c¿nfO{ klg To;/L g} 7fGg k|]l/t ug'{ Ù
12. cfˆgf u'0fx¿sf] avfg ug'{ Ù
13. nfe, ;Ddfg / k|z+;f kfpg c?nfO{ lgGbf a]OHht ug'{
14. cfkm";Fu geOsg} s;}nfO{ …d;Fu uDeL/ 1fg / IfflGt
5Ú eg]/ em'7f] s'/f af]Ng' Ù
15. >fd0f]/nfO{ b08 lbg nufpg' Ù
16. lq/Tg jf lq/Tgsf ;DklQ s;}nfO{ -unt 9Ën] / u}/
sfg'gL tj/n]_ lbg' jf lng' Ù
17. zdysf] cEof; ul//x]sf] AolQmnfO{ zdysf] cEof;
TofUg nufpg' Ù
18. ;a}yf]s Tofu]/ PsfGtdf cEof; u/L a:g]sf] nflu
pko'Qm j:t' cWoogdf ;dlk{t JolQmnfO{ lbg' jf
k|:t't ug'{ .
oL ;a} d"n cfklQx¿ x'g\ hf] dxfg/ssf sf/0f x'g\ .^
c;fwf/0f ;+j/ zLnsf] ;DaGwdf cfo{ ;'j0f{åLkLo -wd{sLlt{_

n] af]lw;™je"ld nfO{ cg'z/0f u/]/ o:tf] eGg'ePsf] 5, ærf/ d"n
210
Â
%pay : zIl parimta
kf/fhlos b'isd{ / 5ofln; c¿ b'isd{x¿nfO{ TofUg] cEof; ug'{ g}

c;fwf/0f ;+j/ zLn xf] . rf/ kf/fhlos b'isd{sf] af/] af]lw;™je"ld
sf] ;f/f+zsf ¿kdf ;+j/lj+zltsf df o;/L elgPsf] 5 M
wg;DklQ / ozsf] nf]en] jf cfzlQmn] cfkm"nfO{ k|z+;f

ug'{ / c¿nfO{ lgGbf ug'{ Ù
c;fWo} s[k0fL eP/ lgM;xfo b'MvL cgfyx¿nfO{ plrt
wd{ / wg bfg:j¿k glbg' Ù
s;}n] dfkmL dfu]klg p;sf] dfkmL g;'gL qmf]wsf] jzdf
k/L p;nfO{ ufnL ug'{, si6 k'¥ofpg' Ù
dxfofgnfO{ Tofu]/ ldYof pkb]zx¿ lbg' .&
To;} u|Gydf 5ofln; b'isd{x¿ nfO{ o;/L lbOPsf] 5 M
1. x/]s lbg tLg rf]l6 lq/Tgsf] k"hf gug'{ Ù

2. cfˆgf t[i0ffx¿sf] jzdf kg'{ Ù
3. >4]ohgx¿nfO{ cfb/ gug'{ Ù
4. s;}n] k|Zg ;f]w]df To;sf] pQ/ glbg' Ù
5. c¿sf] lgdGq0ffnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug'{ Ù
6. v/fa lgotn] ;'g cflb u|x0f gug'{ Ù
7. wd{ ;'Gg OR5's JolQmnfO{ wd{sf] pkb]z glbg' Ù
8. s'g} zLn tf]8]sf] JolQmnfO{ pk]Iff ug'{ Ù
9. c¿sf] dgdf cfkm"k|lt >4f g8Udluof];\ eGgfsf] vflt/ ltgL–
x¿nfO{ lzIff g} glbg] Ù
10. ;™j -k|f0fL_ x¿sf] lxt ug]{ sfo{df lzlyntf Nofpg] Ù
11. s'g} a]nf c¿ ;™jx¿sf] lxt x'G5 eg] af]lw;™jn] cs'zn sd{
klg u5{g\, To:tf] pgn] s?0ffk"j{s g} u5{g\, To:tf] gug'{ klg
b'isd{ g} xf] Ù
211
Â
12. ldYofhLjnfO{ cËLsf/ ug'{ -unt af6f]af6 hLljsf]kfh{g ug'{_ Ù

13. g[To cflb df d:t /xg' Ù
14. ;+;f/d} /xL/x'F eg]/ ;f]FRg' Ù
15. c¿sf] b'Mv x6fpg] sf]lz; gug'{ Ù
16. Sn]zn] el/Psf ;™jx¿sf] Sn]z x6fpg] sf]lz; gug'{ Ù
17. rf/ lzIffx¿sf] cEof; gug'{ M
s= å]ifsf] hjfkm å]ifn] glbg' Ù
v= cfkm"nfO{ pS;fP klg gl/;fpg' Ù
u= c¿n] ltd|f bf]ifx¿ b]vfpFb} lxF8] eGb}df ltdLn] klg
pgLx¿sf] bf]if gb]vfpg] Ù
3= c¿n] ltdLnfO{ lk6\of] eGb}df ltdLn] klg pgLx¿nfO{
glk6\g] Ù
18. ltdL;Fu l/;fPsfx¿;Fu af]Nb} gaf]nL jf:t} gu/L pgLx¿nfO{
k/]sf] a]nf d2t klg gug]{ Ù
19. wd{ cg';f/ s;}n] Ifdf dfu] klg p;sf] IfdfnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug'{ Ù
20. qmf]wL lrQsf] kl5 kl5 nfUg' Ù
21. wg;DklQ / ;Ddfgsf] nflu dfG5]x¿nfO{ e]nf kfg'{ Ù
22. lgGb|f / dgf]/~hg cflb h:tf cN5LkgfnfO{ gTofUg' Ù
23. grfFlxbf AoËfTds ukmx¿df ;do v]/ kmfNg' Ù
24. cfˆgf] lrQnfO{ l:y/ kfg]{ sf]lz; gug'{ Ù
25. ;dflwsf kfFr gLj/0fnfO{ gTofUg' M
s= sfdR5Gb
v= Jofkfb
u= :Tofgld4
3= cf}4To sf}s[To
ª= ljlrlsT;f
26. ;dflwsf k|;|lAw ;'v, k|ef:j/ tyf cGo ;'vb cg'e"ltx¿df
6fFl:;g' Ù
212
Â
%pay : zIl parimta
27. >fjsofgLx¿nfO{ cfb/ ug{ 5f]8\g' Ù

28. af]lw;™j lzIffnfO{ 5f]8]/ >fjssf zf:qx¿sf nflu kl/>d
ug'{ Ù
29. a'4wd{sf] cWooglt/ Wofg glbO{ cGo tLly{s zf:qx¿sf]
cWoogdf ;do vr{g' -kl/>d ug'{_ Ù
30. a'4wddf eGbf tLly{s zf:qx¿df a9L ldx]gt ug'{ Ù
31. dxfofgnfO{ pkxf; ug'{ jf TofUg' Ù
32. cfkm"nfO{ k|z+;f u/]/ c?nfO{ lgGbf ug'{ Ù
33. cx+sf/, cfn:o h:tf dfgl;s ljsf/x¿sf] jzdf k/L b''n{e wd{
pkb]z l;Sg, ;'Gg ghfg' Ù
34. cfˆgf] u'?nfO{ x]o b[li6n] x]/]/ cy{nfO{ dx™j glbO{ s]jn zAbx¿df
dfq cfl>t x'g' Ù
35. dsf{ k/]sfx¿nfO{ d2t gug'{ Ù
36. /f]uLsf] ;]jf ;'>'iff ug{ 5f]8\g' Ù
37. c¿sf] b'Mv x6fpg] sf]lz; gug'{ Ù
38. ck|dflbx¿nfO{ tx nufpg] sf]lz; gug'{ Ù
39. ltdLnfO{ u'0f u/]sfx¿nfO{ ;f] u'0fsf] abnf gr'sfpg' jf k|To'ksf/
gug'{ Ù
40. b'MvL cfQ{x¿, zf]s;+tKtx¿sf b'Mv zf]snfO{ gx6fpg' Ù
41. cfkm";u F ;fdYo{ eOsg klg -cfjZostf_ ePsfx¿nfO{ bfg gug'{ Ù
42. å]if, cf;kf;sf cfkmGt, ldq, aGw'jfGwjx¿nfO{ pkb]z / ef}lts
j:t' x¿ pknAw gug'{ Ù
43. å]if, /f]if, O{iof{ cflb sf/0fn] c?sf] ljrf/l;t cfkm" ;xdt gx'g' Ù
44. c¿sf u'0fx¿sf] k|z+;f gug'{ Ù
45. cfkm" ;dy{ eOsg klg b'h{gx¿nfO{ bdg gug'{ Ù
46. cfkm" Cl4jfg\ eOsg klg k/]sf] a]nf Cl4åf/f b'i6 k|f0fLx¿nfO{
bdg gug'{ Ù / d}qLn] el/Psf] s'zn lrQn] cs'zn sfd u/]klg
To;nfO{ bf]if dflgFb}g .*
213
Â
v= s'znwd{;+u|fxs zLn M af]lw;™j ;+j/ zLnnfO{ ;Dos\¿kn] -;xL

9Ën]_ u|x0f ul/;s]kl5 af]lw k|fKt ug{sf] nflu sfo, jfs\ / lrQsf]
sd{n] h'g k'0o cfh{g ul/G5 To;nfO{ s'znwd{;+u|fxs zLn elgG5 .
tL zLnx¿ s] s] x'g\ egL s;}n] ;f]w]df To;sf] hjfkm af]lw;™je"ld
df o;/L lbOPsf] kfOG5 M
af]lw;™j zLndf k|ltli7t eP/ cyjf ltgnfO{ kfngf

u/]/ >'tdoL, lrGtfdoL / efjgfdoL jLo{ jf kl/>dn]
wd{nfO{ hLjgdf ptf/]/ To;}df ;Gt'li6 lnP/ a:5g\ . u'?–
hgx¿nfO{ cfb/ ;Tsf/ u5{g\ . /f]uL lj/fdLx¿sf] ;]
jf ;'>'iff u5{g\ . cToGt} pbf/ dgn] bfg u5{g\ . c¿sf
u'0fx¿sf] tf/Lkm u5{g\ . c¿sf k'0o cfh{g u/]df cg'df]–
bg u5{g\ / pgLx¿sf lgGbfnfO{ ;xG5g\ . s'znsd{x¿nfO{
af]lwdf kl/0ffdgf u5{g\ / af]lw k|fKt ug]{ ;+sNk -k|l0fwfg_
u5{g\ . lq/Tgsf] k"hf u5{g\ . jLo{jfg\ -pT;fxL_ / ck|dfbL
eP/ /xG5g\ . :d[lt / ;+k|hGo ;lxt lzIff lnG5g\ .
OlGb|ox¿nfO{ jzdf /fVg ;Sg] / ef]hgsf] dfqf hfGg
;Sg] x'G5g\ . /ftsf] k|yd / clGtd k|x/x¿df glgbfO{sg
of]ufEof; ul//xg] x'G5g\ . ;+w} ;Tk'?if / sNof0fldqx¿sf]
;+ks{df /xG5g\ . cfˆgf] uNtL jf bf]ifnfO{ lrg]/ x6fpF–
5g\ .
af]lw;™j tL s'znwd{x¿nfO{ cfh{g ug{, /Iff ug{ /
j[l4 ug{ ;+w} nfluk/]sf x'G5g\ . af]lw;™jsf tL sd{x¿ g}
s'znwd{ ;+u|fxs zLn x'g\ .(
u= ;Œjfy{lqmof zLn M ;+If]kdf xfdLn] hfGg'kg]{ ;™jfy{lqmof zLnsf

zLif{sx¿ sf a'bf+x¿ !! cf]6f 5g\ M tL s] s] x'g\ < af]lw;™je"ld
sf cg';f/ M
214
Â
%pay : zIl parimta
!= cy{k"0f{ -;fy{s_ lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;dy{g ug{', @=

b'Mv kfO/x]sf k|f0fLx¿sf b'Mv x6fpg', #= pkfo ghfGg]
JolQmx¿nfO{ pkfo l;sfpg', $= c¿n] u/]sf] u'0f ;+em]/
u'0fsf] abnf r'sfpFg', %= 8/fPsf jf eoeLt ePsfx¿nfO{
ceobfg u/]/ /Iff ug'{, ^= b'MvLx¿sf] b'Mv x6fpg', &=
dsf{df k/]sfx¿nfO{ cfjZos ;/;dfu|L lbO{ d2t ug'{,
*= wfld{s kl/ifb jf ;d'bfo u7g ug'{, (= wd{sf] dd{nfO{
a'em]/ To;nfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/L Ps cfk;df ldn]/ a:g',
!)= ;b\u'0fx¿df k|;Gg x'g', / !!= s;}n] unt jf cs'zn
sfo{ ub}{5 eg] To;sf] uNtL ;RofP/ To;nfO{ ;xL dfu{df
Nofpg', Cl4x¿ b]vfP/ c?sf] dgdf 8/ qfz l;h{gf
gug'{ / wdf]{kb]zn] c¿sf] dg lhTg' .!)
oL afx]s, cfkm" zLnaf6 kltt gx'g / c¿df cfkm"k|lt h'g >4f

/ ljZjf; 5 To;nfO{ oyfjt\ agfO /fVg af]lw;™jn] sfo jfs /
lrQ -lqåf/_ af6 ul/g] tLg b'isd{x¿nfO{ TofuL tLg z'e sd{x¿
c+ufN5g\ .
z/L/;Fu ;DalGwt s'sd{ jf ;+:sf/ M tLg k|sf/sf ;+:sf/ dWo]

z/L/;Fu ;DalGwt ;+:sf/ jf b'isd{ s'g} p2]Zo k|of]hg ljgf g}
otfptf a/flnFb} lxF8g', bf}8g\ ' cyjf o:t} p208 / r~rn dg x'g' .
o:tf] cfr/0fnfO{ Tofu]/ ;+w} xFl;nf] d'xf/ kf/L zfGt zf}Do 9Ën]
Jojxf/ ug'{ g} /fd|f] ;+:sf/ xf] . h:tf] af]lwrof{jtf/ df elgPsf] 5 M
cfˆgf] dgnfO{ jzdf kf/]/

xfdLn] ;+w} xFl;nf] d'v kfg'{k5{ .
s;}l;t klg cfFvLef}F v'lDrg] u/L gl/;fO{
;Dk"0f{ hut\s} ldq eP/ /xg'k5{ .!!
215
Â
c¿nfO{ s;/L x]g'{k5{ eGg] af/] af]lwrof{jtf/ n] o:tf] eG5 M
;™jx¿nfO{ ;w} k|]dn] el/Psf cfFvfn]

;lhnf] / ;/n efjn] x]g'{k5{
/ pgLx¿s} d2tn] dnfO{
a'4Tj k|fKt x'g]5 eg]/ ;f]+Rg'k5{ .!@
a:bfv]/L s;/L a:g'k5{ < o; af/] af]lwrof{jtf/ df o; k|sf/

elgPsf] 5 M
v'§f km}nfO{ a:g'x'Fb}g .

b'j} xftnfO{ Ps};fy dflnz ug'{x'Fb}g .!#
vfgf s;/L vfg'k5{ < o; af/] af]lwrof{jtf/ d} o;/L atfOPsf]

5M
d've/L 7"nf] uf; xfn]/

cfjfh lgsfNb} d'v km}nfP/ vfg'x'Fb}g .!$
xfd|f] rfn s:tf] x'g'k5{ < o; af/] klg af]lwrof{jtf/ d} o:tf]

atfOPsf] 5 M
d]rx¿ jf cGo ;fdfgx¿ /fVbf jf cf];fbf{

cfjfh gcfpg] u/L lj:tf/} ug'{k5{ .
9f]sf vf]Ng] aGb ug]{ klg To;} u/L
zfGtk"j{s ug'{k5{ .
h];'s} ubf{ klg sd dfq cfjfh cfcf];\
egL ;bf ;r]t\ /xg'k5{ .!%
216
Â
%pay : zIl parimta
;'Tbf s;/L ;'Tg'k5{ < o; af/] af]lwrof{jtf/ d} o:tf] atfOPsf]

5M
h:tf] cf;gdf eujfg\ a'4n] dxfkl/lgjf{0f x'Fbfv]/L

n]6\g'ePsf] lyof], ToxL cf;gdf
cfkm"n] rfx]sf] lbzflt/ lz/fgL agfO{ ;'Tg'k5{ .!^
jfs\ -jrg_ ;Fu ;DalGwt s';F:sf/ M grfFlxbf ukm / kf?io

arg -csf{sf] lrQ b'Vg] u/L af]Ng'_ g} jfs\ -jrg_ ;Fu ;DalGwt
s';F:sf/ x'g\ . tL b'j}nfO{ TofUg'k5{ . tLdWo] k}z'Gok|nfksf] af/]df
/Tgd]3;"q df o;/L elgPsf] 5 M
grflxFbf ukm -;+leGg k|nfk_ sf bf]ifx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ —

To:tf] AolQm ;4d{af6 tn lu5{,
p;sf] dg s7f]/ / ¿vf] aG5,
pm zdy / ljkZogfaf6
emg\ emg\ 6fl9b} hfG5,
u'?hgx¿k|lt p;sf] dgdf s'g} >4f x'Fb}g .
pm ;w}+ Sn]zn] el/Psf af]nLx¿ af]Ng /dfpF5 .
Joy{df ;do v]/ kmfn]/ p;sf] k|1fn]
¥xf;f]Gd'v ult lngyfN5 .
k}z'Go k|nfksf bf]ifx¿ log} x'g\ .
kf?io jrgsf bf]ifx¿sf af/]df rGb|k|bLk;"q df o:tf] elgPsf]

5M
cfkm"n] c¿df h:tf];'s} bf]if b]v] klg

To;nfO{ k|rf/ ub{} lxF8\g' x'Fb}g,
217
Â
lsgsL xfdLn] h:tf] sd{ u¥of}F

To:t} kmn kfpF5f}F .!&
o;} ;DaGwdf ;j{wdf{k|j[lQlgb]{z;"q df o;/L atfOPsf] 5 M
h;n] af]lw;™jsf bf]if cfklQsf

af/]df s'/f sf6\5,
pm af]lwaf6 6f9} /xG5 .
Oiof{n] r"/ eP/ c?sf] bf]if vf]tNb} kmnfSb}
lxF8\g] dfG5] af]lwaf6 ;+w} 6f9f x'G5 .
t;y{ xfdLn] ;+leGg / kf?io k|nfk b'j}nfO{ TofUg'k5{ .
jf0fL;Fu ;DalGwt s'zn ;+:sf/ M o;sf] af/]df af]lwrof{jtf/

df o:tf] atfOPsf] 5 M
JolQmn] af]Nbfv]/L ;bf ljZjf;of]Uo, ;fGble{s, cy{ :ki6

x'g] u/L, ;'Gbf s0f{lk|o nfUg] lsl;dn] af]Ng'k5{ . /fu jf
å]ifsf] jzdf k/L af]Ng'x'Gg, j? Psbd gd| :j/n] ;+oldt
eP/ af]Ng'k5{ .!*
lrQ;Fu ;DalGwt s';F:sf/ M nfe / k|z+;fk|lt cfzlQm /

:Tofgld4 -lgGb|f, z'istf jf lzlyntf_ k|lt cg'/fu OToflb bf]ifx¿
g} lrQ;Fu ;DalGwt s';F:sf/ x'g\ . tLdWo] klxnf] …nfe / k|z+;fk|lt
cfzlQmÚ sf] ljifodf cWofzo;+rf]bg;"q df o;/L elgPsf] 5 M
x] d}q]o Û nfe / ;Tsf/k|ltsf] cfzlQmn] ubf{ /fu pTkGg

x'G5 . nfe / ;Tsf/k|ltsf] cfzlQmn] å]if pTkGg x'G5 .
218
Â
%pay : zIl parimta
nfe / ;Tsf/k|ltsf] cfzlQmn] ubf{ df]x pTkGg x'G5 . nfe

/ ;Tsf/k|ltsf] cfzlQmn] ubf{ 5n pTkGg x'G5 . nfe /
;Tsf/k|ltsf] cfzlQmn] ;a} s'znd"nx¿nfO{ ;vfk kfl/–
lbG5 / 5nsk6L j]Zof h:t} c?nfO{ 7Ug] k|j[ltsf] x'G5 .
oL ;a} s'/f af]lw;™jn] hfGg'k5{, a'‰g'k5{ .
w]/} wg jf nfe eP/ klg JolQm Toltn] ;Gt'i6 x'Fb}g . h:tf]

lktfk'q;dfud;"q df o:tf] atfOPsf] 5 M
h;/L ;kgfdf b]lvPsf] kfgL lkP/ s;}sf] Kof; d]l6b}g,

To;/L g} sfdu'0fsf ljifox¿nfO{ hlt;'s} pkef]u u/] klg
s;}nfO{ sbflk ;Gt'li6 ldNb}g .
xfdL To:tf] ;fF]rfO lnFb} cfˆgf OR5fx¿nfO{ ;Lldt kf/]/ ;bf

;Gt'i6 eP/ /xg ;S5f}F .
:Tofgld4k|ltsf] cg'/fu af/] o:tf] syg 5 M
hf] JolQm tGb|fn' / cN5L eO /xG5

p;sf] a'l4sf] ljgfz x'G5,
p;sf] k|1fdf klg ¥xf; cfP/
pm ;bf k/d 1fgaf6 jl~rt /xG5 . lzIff ;d'Rro, kl/= %
tyf M
hf] JolQmn] :Tofgld4k|lt cg'/fu /fV5,

pm ;w} cN5L, lgGb|fn' / c1fgL x'g] x'Fbf
pm ;lhn} df/sf] rk]6fdf k5{
219
Â
h+undf ;fwgf ul//xFbf df/x¿n]

p;nfO{ ;tfpg] df}sf kfpF5g\ . lzIff ;d'Rro, kl/= %
t;y{ af]lw;™jn] oL ;a} TofUg'k5{ . xfd|f] x/]s ;f]FrfOdf

k|ltlalDat x'g] ljz'4 cfzo jf ;';+:sf/ eg]s} dfly -kl/R5]b @ df_
pNn]lvt >4f / c¿ s'zn u'0fx¿ x'g\ .
%= zLnsf] pkro -clej[l4_ M dfly -kl/R5]b !@ df_ pNn]lvt 1fg,

k|1f / kl/0ffdgfåf/f zLnsf] clej[l4 x'g;S5 .
^= zLnsf] ljz'l4 M dfly -kl/R5]b !@ df_ pNn]lvt z"Gotf /

s?0ffn] o'Qm ePkl5 zLnsf] ljz\'l4 x'G5 .
&= zLnsf kmn M zLnsf clGtd / cfjl:ys u/L b'O{ kmnx¿ 5g\ .
clGtd kmnsf] ¿kdf k|f0fLn] cg'Q/ ;Dos\ ;Daf]lw g} xfl;n u5{ .
o; ;DaGwdf af]lw;™je"ld df o:tf] atfOPsf] 5 M
zLn kf/ldtf k"/f u/]/ af]lw;™jn] cg'Q/ ;Dos\ ;Daf]lw

k|fKt u5{g\ .!(
cfjl:ys kmnsf] ¿kdf dflg;n] OR5f g} gu/] klg ;f+;fl/s

;'v ;+jl[ 4 k|fKt u5{ . oxL s'/fnfO{ af]lw;™jlk6s df o;/L k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 M
x] zfl/k'q Û To:tf] s'g} b]jtf /

dflg;sf P]Zjo{ 5}g h;nfO{
ljz'4 zLn kfngf u/]sf
af]lw;™jn] pkef]u gubf{ x'g\ .
220
Â
%pay : zIl parimta
t/ ;f+;fl/s ;'v ;d[l4sf] nf]en] jf ltgaf6 clee"t eP/

af]lw;™jx¿ af]lwkydf nfUg] xf]Ogg\ . h:tf] gf/fo0fkl/k[R5f;"q df
elgPsf] 5 M
zLn kfngf ug]{ af]lw;™j rqmjtL{ ;d|f6 jf OGb|sf]

kbaf6 tn v:b}gg\, lsgsL o:tf] cj:yfdf klg pgL
Psbd hfu?s eP/ af]lw1fgsf] k|flKt tkm{ g} cu|;/
eO/x]sf x'G5g\ .
olt dfq xf]Og, zLn;DkGg af]lw;™j dg'io / cdg'io b'j} k|f0fLsf

lgldQ k"hgLo kfq aGb5g\ . gf/fo0fkl/k[R5f;"q df elgPsf] 5 M
b]jtfx¿n] ;bf zLn;DkGg af]lw;™jnfO{ jGbgf u5{g\

/ pgsf] k|z+;f gfux¿n] klg u5{g\ . oIfx¿n] ;bf
pgsf] u'0f ufpF5g\, uGwj{x¿ pgsf] k"hf u5{g\ . a|fXd0f,
IfqLo, j}Zo / u[xkltx¿n] ;w}+ o:tf af]lw;™jnfO{ g}
vf]H5g\ . b]jtfx¿ dfq xf]Ogg\, k"/} hut\n] pgnfO{
clegGbg\ ub{5g\ .
zLnkf/ldtf
gfds qof]bz kl/R5]b ;dfKt .
221
Â
kl/R5]b !$
IfflGt kf/ldtf
IfflGt kf/ldtfnfO{ lgDg zLif{sx¿df ;+If]kLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 M
u'0f / bf]ifsf] lgb]{z, :j¿k, e]b,

x/]s e]bsf nIf0f, pkro -j[l4_, ljz'l4 / kmn
oL ;ft zLif{sx¿df IfflGt kf/ldtfsf ljifoj:t' ;dflji6 5g\ .
!= u'0f / bf]ifx¿sf] lgb]{z M olb s'g} JolQm bfgL / zLnjfg\ ePtf–

klg pm;+u IfflGt g} 5}g eg] p;nfO{ /L; -qmf]w_ p7\g ;S5 . qmf]w
pTkGg x'gf;fy klxn] bfg / zLnkf/ldtfåf/f sdfPsf ;a} k'0o Ps}
If0fdf ;vfk x'G5g\ . h:tf] af]lw;™jlk6s df elgPsf] 5 M
k|lt3 -qmf]w_ n] nfvf}F sNkx¿b]lv ;~ro ul//fv]sf

s'znd"nnfO{ gfz ul/lbG5 .
af]lwrof{jtf/ df klg oxL s'/f] atfOPsf] 5 M
xhf/f}F sNk nufP/ h'g k'0o ;Def/ -;~ro_

a'4k"hf / bfg cflb ;Tsd{x¿ u/]/ ul/Psf] x'G5,
tL ;a}nfO{ k|lt3 cyf{t qmf]wn] t'?Gt} gi6 kfl/lbG5 .!
of] jfx]s, xfdLdf IfflGt g} 5}g eg] xfd|f] lrQdf å]if ;lhn};Fu
k:g ;Sb5 . dg å]if¿kL Sn]zn] 5f]lk;s]kl5 ljiffn' jf0fn] d'6' 5]8]
h:t} xfd|f] dgdf tLj| kL8fsf] cg'ej x'G5 h;n] ubf{ xfdLn] ;'v,
223
Â
v'zL / zflGt kfpFb}gf}F . oxfF;Dd ls xfdL /fd|f];Fu lgbfpg ;d]t

;Sb}gf}F . h:tf] af]lwrof{jtf/ df elgPsf] 5 M
å]ifnfO{ a9fjf lbg] cToGt} ;fgf] ljrf/

klg xfd|f] dgleq kl;;s]kl5
xfd|f] dgn] zflGtsf] cg'e"lt ug{ 5f]8\5,
g To;n] ;'v / v'zL kfpF5 Ù
xfd|f] dg cToGt} ljrlnt x'G5 xfdLnfO{ lgGb|f klg nfUb}g .@
tyf M
;+If]kdf eGbfv]/L, ;'v;Fu /xg;Sg] To:tf] qmf]wL JolQm

st} e]l6b} e]lbb}g .#
olt dfq xf]Og, w}o{ jf IfflGt gePsf] dflg;sf] dgsf] leqL

ulx/fOdf ;w} å]ifn] jf; ul//xg] x'Fbf, pm r08, ¿vf] / s]xL eGof] ls
emgSs /L; pl7xfNg] k|j[ltsf] x'G5 . ;fyL, Oi6ldq / gf]s/rfs/x¿
;d]t pmb]lv jfSs x'G5g\, lj/lQmG5g\ . kmn:j¿k p;n] hlt;'s}
wg;DklQ vr{ u/]/ kmsfpg vf]h] klg ;fyLx¿ pm ghLs cfpGgg\\ .
To;sf/0f elgG5 M
;fyLx¿ pmb]lv 8/fpF5g\

w]/} bfg lbP/ cfslif{t ug{ vf]h] klg
pgLx¿n] p;nfO{ ;]jf ub}}gg\ a? k/ efUg vf]H5g\ .$
o;jfx]s, xfdL;Fu IfflGt ePg eg] To;sf] kmfObf p7fP/ df/x¿–

n] xfdLnfO{ cfˆgf] hfndf km;fO cg]s afwf c8\rg\x¿ v8f ul/–
lbG5g\ . h:tf] af]lw;™jlk6s df elgPsf] 5 M
224
Â
%pay : ]aiNt parimta
h;sf] lrQdf å]if} å]if el/Psf] 5, df/x¿n] df}sfsf]

kmfObf p7fO jfwf c8\rgx¿ t]:of{OlbG5g\ .
olt dfq xf]Og, IfflGt g} ePg eg] xfd|f 5 cf]6f dWo] Pp6f kf/
ldtf t cw"/f] g} /xG5 . t;y{ xfdLn] cg'Q/ ;Dos\ ;Daf]lw k|fKt
ug{ ;Sb}gf}F . h:tf] k|1fkf/ldtf;~roufyf df elgPsf] 5 M
h;sf] dgdf å]if el/Psf] 5 / IfflGt 5}g, Tof] JolQmn]

s;/L af]lw k|fKt ug{ ;Snf <%
o;sf] 7Ls pN6f], olb xfdL IfflGtn] ;'zf]let 5f}F eg] Tof] g} xfd|f]
nflu ;j{>]i7 s'znd"n x'g]5 . To;sf/0f elgG5 M
å]if h:tf] s'g} kfk 5}g,

IfflGt h:tf] s'g} tk:of 5}g,
To;}n] a8f] kl/>dk"j{s
ljleGg pkfoåf/f IfflGtsf] cEof; ug'{k5{ .^
c¿ s'/f, IfflGtn] o'Qm ePkl5 JolQmnfO{ cfjl:ys -;f+j[lts÷

nf}lss÷jf ;f+;fl/s_ kmns} ¿kdf klg ;a} ;'v ;'ljwfx¿ k|fKt
eO/xG5g\ . h:tf] atfOPsf] 5 M
h;n] kl/>dk"j{s qmf]wnfO{ gfz u5{

To;n] o; nf]s / k/nf]sdf
klg ;'v k|fKt ub{5 .&
IfflGtn] o'Qm ePkl5 xfdLn] cg'Q/ ;Dos\ ;Daf]lw k|fKt ug{

;S5f}F . h:tf] lktfk'q;dfud;"q df elgPsf] 5 M
225
Â
…qmf]w af]lwtkm{ n}hfg] dfu{ xf]Og .Ú

;w+} o:tf] ljrf/ dgdf Nofpgfn]
d}qLlrQ pTkGg x'G5 .
d}qLsf] efjgfaf6} af]lw1fgsf] k|flKt x'G5 .
@= IfflGt kf/ldtfsf] :j¿k M ;lxi0f'tf jf h:tf];'s} kl/l:yltdf klg

dgnfO{ zfGt kfl//fVg' g} IfflGtsf] :j¿k xf] . oxL s'/f af]lw;™je"ld
df klg pNn]lvt 5 M
nf]s wd{x¿ -;f+;fl/s k|k~rx¿_ nfO{

jf:t} gu/L s?0ffåf/f clek|]l/t eP/
;™jx¿k|lt ;xgzLn -;lxi0f'_ x'g]
lrQ g} IfflGtsf] :j¿k xf] .*
#= IfflGt kf/ldtfsf e]bx¿ M IfflGt tLg y/Lsf x'G5g\ . tL x'g\ M

s= k/fksf/ dif{0ff IfflGt, v= b'Mvflwjf;gf IfflGt / u= wd{lgWofgflw–
df]If IfflGt .
tLdWo] klxnf] IfflGt cyf{t k/fksf/ dif{0ff IfflGt eGgfn]
xfdLnfO{ xflg ug]{ jf xfd|f] s'enf] lrtfpg] k|f0fLsf] jf:tljs :jefj
s:tf] x'Fbf] /x]5 eGg] s'/f /fd|f];Fu hfFlr;s]kl5 To;nfO{ klxrfg
u/]/ ;xgzLntfsf] cEof; ug'{ xf] . bf]>f] cyf{t b'Mvflwjf;gf IfflGt
eGgfn] xfdLnfO{ cfOkg]{ b'Mvs} jf:tljs :jefj klxNofP/ IfflGtsf]
cEof; ug'{ xf] . t]>f] cyf{t wd{lgWofgflwdf]If IfflGt sf] cy{ ;a}
wd{sf] jf:tljs jf e|ldt x'g} g;lsg] :jefj -tytf_ sf] af/]df
k|ltj]If0ff -dgdg} k/LIff_ u/]/ IfflGtsf] cEof; ug'{ xf] . csf]{ zAbdf
eGg'kbf{, klxnf b'O{ IfflGt k/fksf/ dif{0ff IfflGt / b'Mvflwjf;gf
IfflGtsf] efjgf ;f+j[lts -Jojxfl/s_ cy{df ul/G5 eg] kl5Nnf]
IfflGt cyf{t wd{lgWofgflwdf]If IfflGtnfO{ k/dfy{¿kdf lnOg'k5{ .
226
Â
$= x/]s e]bsf nIf0f
s= k/fksf/ dif{0ff IfflGt M klxnf] e]b cyf{t k/fksf/ dif{0ffsf]

nIf0f s] xf] eGbfv]/L xfdL jf xfd|f s'g} lk|o cfkmGtnfO{ s;}n] a]:;/L
s'6] klg, lrQ b'Vg] u/L ufnL u/]klg jf lgGbf u/] klg, ;f¥x} x]k] klg,
ckdfg jf OToflb u/] klg xfdL Tof] JolQmdfly hfO nfUb}gf}F a? ;x]/
a:5f}F . csf]{ zAbdf c¿n] xfdLnfO{ h:tf];'s} u/]klg cfˆgf] dgnfO{
ljrlnt x'g glbO abnf lng] efjgf jf s'g} k|sf/sf] /f]if dgdf
g/fVg' g} IfflGtsf] cEof; xf] .
zflGtb]jsf cg';f/, xfdLn] lgDg a'Fbfx¿nfO{ /fd|/L k|ltj]If0ff
-dgdg} lrGtg_ ug'{k5{ M
1= dnfO{ xflg ug]{ JolQm cfkm}n] cfˆgf] dgnfO{ jzdf kfg{ ;s]
sf] 5}g Ù
2= d]/f] cfˆg} sd{n] ubf{ To:tf] cksf/ ;xg'k¥of] Ù
3= o;df d]/f] z/L/ g} bf]ifL 5 Ù
4= o;df d]/f] cfˆgf] dg g} bf]ifL 5 Ù
5= xfdL b'j} TolQs} bf]ifL 5f}F Ù
6= Tof] xflgsf/s JolQmn] ck|ToIf tj/n] dnfO{ nfe kf] k'¥ofO–
/fv]sf] 5 Ù
7= d Tof] xflgsf/s JolQmk|lt Hofb} s[t1 5'F Ù
8= Tof] xflgsf/s JolQmn] dnfO{ a'4™jsf dfu{ cEof; ug]{ df}sf
k|bfg ul//fv]sf] 5 Ù
9= pmaf6 dnfO{ w]/} nfe kf] x'g] /x]5 Ù
1. dnfO{ xflg ug]{ JolQm cfkm}n] cfkm\gf] dgnfO{ jzdf kfg{

;s]sf] 5}g M of] klxnf] jfSonfO{ o;/L :ki6 kf/f}F M b]jbQ h:tf
k|f0fLx¿ hf] c¿nfO{ xflg ug{ ?rfpF5g\ cfkm} å]ifsf] jzdf k/]/
227
Â
:jtGq x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . å]ifn] ubf{ ljlIfKt 5g\ ljr/fx¿ Û dgdf
å]ifsf] pkl:ylt x'gf;fy å]ifsf ljifo jf cfnDagnfO{ 3[0ff gug]{ jf
dgnfO{ clk|o gnfUg] eGg] t x'Fb} x'Gg . To:tf] zlQm dflg;df x'Fb}
x'Fb}g . pm cfkm} ljlIfKt 5 jf :jtGq 5}g eg] s] abnf lnP/ p;nfO{
emg\ b'Mv lbg] d}n] < cxF, To;f] ug{' plrt x'Fb}g . To;}n] elgPsf]
5M
;a} c¿ g} s'g}sf] jzdf x'G5g\

t;y{ cfˆg} jzdf sf]xL klg x'Gg
ha xfdL of] s'/f a'‰5f}F,
dfofjt\ lgdf{0f ;/x(
oL lg/Lx wd{ -j:t', JolQm,
jl/kl/sf ;a}_ k|lt qmf]wL x'g]5}gf}F .!)
2.=d]/f] cfkm\g} sd{n] ubf{ To:tf] cksf/ ;xg'k¥of] M h:tf] xflg

b'Mv xfdLn] cfh ;xb}5f}F, k"j{ hGddf c¿nfO{ To;/L g} xflg b'Mv
u/]/ cfPsf lyof}F . t;y{, of] t d]/} sd{sf] kmn:j¿k x'g uPsf] /x]5,
To;df d}n] abnf lng] t s'/} ePg . To;}n] elgG5 M
k"j{hGddf d}n] c¿ k|f0fLx¿nfO{ To;/L

g} xflg u/]/ cfPsf] /x]5' . To;}n],
c¿nfO{ b'Mv lbg] d h:tf JolQmnfO{
;hfoF:j¿k xflg jf b'Mv lbOg'kg]{ t plrt g} 5 .!!
3. o;df d]/f] z/L/ g} bf]ifL 5 M d;Fu of] z/L/ g} gePsf] eP

c¿n] o;nfO{ cfˆgf xltof/x¿ k|xf/ ug]{ nIo g} agfpg] lyPgg\ .
d}n] of] z/L/ wf/0f ul//fv]sf] 5', oxL bf]ifn] ubf{ d}n] rf]6k6s, xflg
OToflb ;xg'k5{, o;df abnf lng] s'/} cfpFbg} . h:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
228
Â
xltof/ / d]/f] z/L/ b'j} d]/f] b'Mvsf sf/0fx¿ x'g\ .

p;+u xltof/ 5 / d;+u z/L/,
ca d sf]l;t l/;fpFg] <!@
4. o;df d]/f] cfkm\gf] dg g} bf]ifL 5 M of] z/L/ :jefj}n] xflg

rf]6k6s vKg ;Sg] jh|;dfg s7f]/ cTo'Qmd j:t' xf] eg]/ d
7flGbg . o;sf] 7Ls ljk/Lt of] z/L/ t If0feË'/ 5 / t'R5 5 .
;fgfltgf xflg rf]6af6 klg of] ;lhn} k|efljt x'G5 . ;a} d]/f] cfˆg}
dgn] ubf{ ePsf x'g\, cfˆg} dg bf]ifL ePkl5 c¿l;t abnf lng] t
s'/} cfpFb}g . h:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
d cfkm} cGwf] t[i0ffsf] jzdf k/L

dg'io z/L/¿kL 5'Fbfv]/L c;fWo} b'MVg]
;'lgPsf] kmf]sfdf 6fFl;P/ a;]sf] 5'F eg]
c¿ l;t l/;fpFg] s'/f cfpF5 / <!#
5. xfdL b'j} TolQs} bf]ifL 5f}“ M o; ;DaGwdf af]lwrof{jtf/ df

o:tf] n]lvPsf] 5 M
df]xsf] sf/0fn] s;}n] ck/fw -xflg_ u5{,

df]xs} sf/0fn] sf]xL pml;t l/;fFp5 .
ca s;nfO{ ck/fwL eGg] / s;nfO{ lgbf]{ifL eGg] <!$
t;y{ dflysf jfSonfO{ /fd|/L Wofgdf /fv]/ xfdL ;w} å]if h:tf
bf]ifx¿af6 k/ /x]/ IfflGtsf] cEof; ug'{k5{ .
6. Tof] xflgsf/s JolQmn] ck|ToIf tj/n] dnfO{ nfe kf] k'¥ofO–

/fv]sf] /x]5 M h;n] dnfO{ xflg u5{, dnfO{ b'Mv lbG5 d}n] t jf:tjdf
229
Â
pml;t kf] IfflGtsf] cEof; ug]{ xf] . To:tf] IfflGt cEof;åf/f d]/f
cs'zn sd{x¿ kl/zf]wg -gfz_ x'G5g\ / cs'zn sd{x¿ zf]wg
eO;s]kl5 k'0o ;+ef/ ug{ ;lsG5 . k'0o ;Def/nfO{ k"/f u/]/ d}n]
af]lw g} k|fKt ug]{5' . t;y{, dnfO{ xflg ug]{ Tof] dflg; t ;fFlRrs}
7"nf] sNof0fldq kf] /x]5 . To;}n] d p;sf] cksf/nfO{ ;xg'k5{ .
h:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
logLx¿n] u/]sf xflg b'Mv OToflbnfO{ ;x]/

logLx¿s} e/df d y'k|} kfkx¿sf] zf]wg u5'{ .!%
7. d Tof] xflgsf/s JolQmk|lt HofFb} s[t1 5'F M IfflGt kf/ldtf

lagf af]lw k|flKt ;Dej 5}g . xflgsf/s JolQm lagf xfdL IfflGtsf]
cEof; klg ug{ g;Sg] x'G5f}F . t;y{ Tof] xflgsf/s JolQmn] ubf{
d}n] IfflGtsf] cEof; ug]{ df}sf kfO/fv]sf] 5', To; cy{n] pgL t d]/f]
sNof0fldq kf] /x]5g\ . d pgLk|lt cfef/L x'gk} 5{ . h:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
d]/f zq'x¿ 5g\ To;}n] d v'zL 5'F .

lsgsL d]/f] af]lwrof{df ;xfotf ug]{ t pgLx¿ g} x'g\ .
pgLx¿l;t g} d IfflGtsf] cEof; ug{ ;Ifd x'G5' .
d]/f] IfflGtsf] kmn t ;j{k|yd pgLx¿nfO{ g} lbOg'k5{ .
To;sf/0f pgLx¿ d]/f] IfflGtsf pTk|]/s x'g\ .!^
8.Tof] xflgsf/s JolQmn] dnfO{ a'4Tjsf dfu{ cEof; ug]{ df}sf

k|bfg ul//fv]sf] 5 M pk/f]Qm ;DaGwdf lgDg Pp6f Znf]sdf o:tf]
atfOPsf] 5 M
oL ;asf cltl/Qm, ;a}nfO{ c;+Vo pksf/ ug]{

:jR5 lgisk6 Åbon] ;a} ;™jx¿l;t ldqtf ufF:g]
230
Â
a'4x¿sf] h'g C0f 5 Tof] C0f ltg]{ pkfo

k|f0fLx¿nfO{ g} v'zL kfg'{ afx]s c¿ x'g} ;Sb}g .!&
9.= pmaf6 dnfO{ w]/} nfe kf] x'g] /x]5 M o; af/] o:tf] atfOPsf]
5M
;™jx¿nfO{ l/emfpg] jf cf/fwgf ug]{

w]/}n] cfˆgf] kf/ldtf k"/f u/]sf 5g\ .!*
af]lw;™je"ld df o;/L atfOPsf] 5 M
kfFr ;+1fx¿nfO{ dgdf ljsl;t u/]/ IfflGtsf] cEof;

ug'{k5{ . tL x'g\ M != ;'Åt ;+1f cyf{t xfdLnfO{ b'Mv lbg]
jf xflg ug]{ JolQmnfO{ dg k/fpg', @= wd{dfq cg';fl/0fL
;+1f cyf{t ;a} wd{x¿ k|tLTo;d'TkGg -k/:k/ lge{/_ 5g\
eGg] ;+1f, #= clgTo ;+1f, $= b'Mv ;+1f / %= kl/u|x ;+1f
cyf{t ;a} k|f0fLx¿nfO{ k"0f{¿kn] cfTd;ft\ ug'{ .!(
klxnf] ;'Åt ;+1fsf] cy{ xfdLnfO{ b'Mv lbg] JolQmnfO{ cToGt}

Kof/f] 7fgL dg k/fpg' xf] . oxL b'Mvbfos k|f0fL k"j{ hGdx¿df xfd|f
cfˆg} cfdf afa' jf u'? eP/ cfO;s]sf 5g\ / xfdLn] pgLx¿af6
w]/} nfex¿ klg kfO;Sof}F . clxn] cfP/ pgLx¿n] xfdLnfO{ clnslt
b'Mv lbP eGb}df pgLx¿l;t abnf lng ldN5 < kSs} klg ldNb}g .
To;}n] pgLx¿nfO{ cToGt} Kof/f] 7fgL xfdLn] IfflGtsf] cEof; ug'k{ 5{ .
bf]>f] wd{dfq cg';fl/0fL ;+1f ;a} wd{x¿ -k|f0fL / j:t'x¿_
k|tLTo ;d'TkGg 5g\ egL hfGg' xf] . xfdLnfO{ xflg cyjf b'Mv lbg]
h'g k|f0fL 5 Tof] k|Toox¿sf] jzdf 5 . To;}n] …xflgsf/s JolQm
jf zq'Ú xfd|f] dgn] k|If]k0f u/]sf ;+1f dfq} x'g\ h;sf] cfˆg} :jefj
231
Â
5}g . To;}n] b'Mv lbg], k|tf8gf ug]{ jf cfIf]k k|xf/ ug]{ cfTd, ;™j,
hLj jf JolQm ;a} z"Go 5g\ jf ltgLx¿ lgM:jefj 5g\ . xfdLn]
To:tf] ;f]+r]/ IfflGtsf] cEof; ug'{k5{ .
t]>f], clgTo ;+1f M ;a} k|f0fLx¿ :jefj}n] clgTo 5g\ / d/0fzLn
5g\ . To;}n] xfdLaf6 c¿nfO{ x'g] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ljeT; xflg g}
pgLx¿sf] Hofg lng' xf] . tL k|f0fLx¿ k|fs[lts¿kn] cfkm} ldlt k'u]
kl5 dg}{k5{ eg] s] xfdLn] pgLx¿nfO{ dfg{ h?/L 5 < of] plrt kSs}
klg s'/f xf]Og . o;/L ;f]+r]/ IfflGtsf] cEof; ug'{k5{ .
rf}yf], b'Mv ;+1f M ;a} k|f0fLx¿ tLg k|sf/sf b'Mvn] kLl8t 5g\ .
emg\ d}n] pgLx¿sf] b'Mv x6fpg' kg]{df jf pgLx¿nfO{ s'g}klg b'Mv
gxf];\ eGg'kg]{df pN6} pgLx¿nfO{ xflg ub}{ lx8\g] < of] plrt s'/f
xf]Og . To;}n] pgLx¿sf b'Mv /fd|/L ;+em]/ a'em]/ pgLx¿n] xfdLnfO{
h:tf];'s} xflg u/] klg ;x]/ IfflGtsf] cEof; ug'{k5{ .
kfFrf}, kl/u|x ;+1f M xfdL ;a} k|f0fLx¿sf] lxt xf];\, pgLx¿n]
a'4Tj k|fKt u?g\ eGg] dg;fo lnP/ af]lwlrQf]Tkfb u5f}{F . To; cy{n]
;a} k|f0fLx¿nfO{ cfTdLo 7fgL c+ufNg'kg]{ 7fpFdf pgLx¿n] xfdLnfO{
cln b'Mv lbP eGb}df pgLx¿l;t abnf lng vf]Hg' plrt x'G5 <
x'Fb}g .
v= b'Mvflwjf;gf IfflGt M bf]>f] k|sf/sf] IfflGt b'Mvflwjf;gf IfflGt

xf] . af]lwkydf nflu/xbf cfOkg]{ b'Mv sl7gfOx¿af6 xfdL ljlIfKt
x'g] xf]Og . tL b'Mvx¿nfO{ af]lwkydf ;xof]uL dfu{bz{ssf] ¿kdf
:j]R5fn] v'zL;fy u|x0f u/]/ cEof; ul//xg'k5{ . h:tf] af]lw;™je"ld
df elgPsf] 5 M
;lGg>o–clwi7fg -7fpF;+u ;DalGwt b'Mv cflb_ b'Mv

h:tf hLjgaf6 cleGg cf7 b'Mvx¿ nfO{ :j]R5fn]
;xg'==============@)
232
Â
;fdfGotofM oL cf7 b'Mvx¿ h'g >d -making effort_ l;t

;DalGwt 5g\ b]xfoadf]lhd x'g\ M
1= u[xTofu u/]/ leIf' eO;s]kl5 vfg] -leIff6g_ nfpg] -rLj/

k|fKt ug]{_ ;d:of jf b'Mv cfOkg]{
2= lq/Tg / u'?x¿sf] k"hf / cf/fwgf ug]{ sfddf cfOkg{]
sl7gfO{
3= wd{ ;'Ggdf sl7gfO{
4= wd{sf] JofVof jf pkb]z lbgdf sl7gfO{
5= :jfWoogdf sl7gfO{
6= wd{nfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{df sl7gfO{
7= klxnf] / clGtd k|x/df g;'ltsg cfkm"nfO{ ;fwgfdf tNnLg
/fVgdf sl7gfO{,
8= ;a} ;™jx¿sf] sNof0ffy{ P3f/ k|sf/sf sfo{x¿ -kl/R5]b !#
df pNn]lvt_ ug{df sl7gfO{
clnslt klg lg/fz, ylst geO{, tftf] rL;f] s]xL gegL, ef]s
Kof; s]xLsf] klg k/jfx gu/L / dgnfO{ ljrlnt x'g glbO{ h]h:tf
b'Mv sl7gfO{ cfOk5{g\ ;a} :j]R5fn] ;xg'k5{ . h;/L s'g} ljiffQm
/f]uaf6 lgsf] x'g xfdL cfˆg} z/L/sf] zNolqmof, /Qm;|fj OToflb
:j]R5fn] u/fpF5f}, oL ;a}df klg b'Mv g} x'G5 t/ xfdL ltgnfO{ ;xif{
:jLsf5f}{ lsgsL To;n] xfd|f] /f]u lgsf] x'G5 . h:tf] af]lwrof{jtf/
df elgPsf] 5 M
d]/f] a'4Tjsf] ;fwgfdf h'g b'Mv sl7gfOx¿ cfOk5{g\

tL ;a} jf:tjdf w]/} g} ;fgf / ;Lldt 5g\ Ù
z/L/sf cËdf sfF8f] la‰bf h'g tLj| kL8f x'G5
Tof] kL8faf6 aRg xfdL Tof] sfF8f] lgsfN5f}F .
233
Â
Tof] a]nf klg xfdLnfO{ clnslt ePklg kL8f t x'G5 g} Ù

tL b'Mv sl7gfOx¿ klg ToxL kL8f ;dfg 5g\
h;nfO{ xfdL 7"nf] nIo k|flKtsf nflu ;xG5f}F .@!
hf] JolQmn] IfflGtsf] cEof;n] ;+;f/¿kL /0fe"lddf Sn]z¿kL

zq'x¿;Fu n8]/ ltgLx¿nfO{ k/f:q u5{ pm g} ;fFlRrs}sf] of]4f
xf] . o; ;+;f/df of]4fx¿ d/0fzLn ;fwf/0f zq'nfO{ df/]/ gfd
sdfpF5g\ . pgLx¿ ;fFlRrs}sf of]4f x'Fb} xf]Ogg\ . pgLx¿sf] sfo{
d/]sfnfO{ tnjf/n] dfg'{ h:t} xf] . af]lwrof{jtf/ df atfOPsf] 5 M
;fFlRrs}sf jL/ of]4f t ltgLx¿ x'g\ h;n] h:tf];'s} b'Mv

;xg'k/]klg To;sf] k6Ss} k/jfx gu/L å]if¿kL zq'dfly
ljho k|fKt ub{5g\ . c¿ t d/]sfnfO{ dfg]{ h:tf dfq
5g\ .@@
u= wd{lgWofgflwdf]If IfflGt M o; ;DaGwdf af]lw;™je"ld df o;/L

b]vfOPsf] 5 M
lq/Tgsf u'0f nufot cf7 clwi7fgx¿ -zLif{sx¿_ /

b'O{ k|sf/sf g}/fTDo -cgfTdf_ –k'b\un g}/fTDo / wd{
g}/fTDo – sf] :jefj lglxt ePsf] t™j1fg -dg / c¿
;a} b[li6uf]r/ r/fr/ hut\sf] jf:tljs ¿k;DaGwL 1fg_
af/] hfGg] / cjaf]w ug{] rfxgf jf OR5f -clwd'lQm_ /fvL
IfflGtsf] cEof; ug'{ g} wd{lgWofgflwdf]If IfflGt xf] .@#
%= pkro -j[l4_ M kl/R5]b !@ df bfgkf/ldtfsf] pkro zLif{s

cGtu{t JofVof ul/Pem}F IfflGt kf/ldtfsf] clej[l4 1fg, k|1f /
kl/0ffdgfaf6 x'G5 .
234
Â
^= ljz'l4 jf k"0f{tf M kl/R5]b !@ df bfgkf/ldtfsf] ljz'l4 zLif{s

cGtu{t atfOPem}F z"Gotf / s?0ffn] yfldPkl5 IfflGtsf] ljz'l4
x'G5 .
&= kmn M IfflGtsf kmn klg cGTo / cfjl:ys -;f+;fl/s_ u/L b'O{
k|sf/s} x'G5 . tLdWo] cGTo jf k/dfy{ kmn eGgfn] cg'Q/ af]lw k|fKt
x'g' g} xf] . h:tf] af]lw;™je"ld df elgPsf] 5 M
cToGt} ljzfn, k|df0fftLt Pj+ dxfaf]lw¿kL kmn lbg]

IfflGtsf] cf>o lnP/ af]lw;™jn] cg'Q/ ;Dos\ ;Daf]lw
k|fKt ub{5g\ .@$
IfflGtsf cfjl:ys -;f+;fl/s jf nf}lss_ kmn:j¿k xfd|f ;'Gb/

¿k x'g]5, xfd|f] gfd hxfF txL km}lng]5, xfd|f] cfo' nfdf] x'g]5,
cg]s hGdx¿df xfdL rqmjtL{ ;d|f6 aGg]5f}F . xfdLn] OR5f gu/]
klg o:tf kmnx¿ xfdLnfO{ To;} k|fKt eOg} /xg]5g\ . af]lwrof{jtf/
df klg oxL s'/f atfOPsf] 5 M
IfflGtsf] /fd|f] cEof; u/]df

ejrqm -;+;f/_ df 3'Dbf3'Db} klg
k|f0fLn] ;'Gb/ ¿k, lg/f]uL z/L/ kfpFg] dfq geO
p;sf] Voflt klg rf/}tkm{ km}ng]5 /
rqmjtL{ ;d|f6sf] h:tf] pQ/f]Q/ j[l4 xF'b}
uO/fVg] ;'v ;d[l4 p;n] kfpFg]5 .@%
IfflGtkf/ldtf
gfds rt'{bz kl/R5]b ;dfKt .
235
Â
kl/R5]b !%
jLo{ kf/ldtf
jLo{ kf/ldtfsf] ;f/f+z lgDg zLif{sx¿df kfpg ;lsG5 M

oL ;ft zLif{sx¿df jLo{ kf/ldtfsf ljifoj:t' ;dflji6 5g\ .
!= u'0f / bf]ifx¿sf] lgb]{z M bfgL, zLnjfg\ / IfflGtjfg\ ePtf klg

jLo{sf] cefjdf xfdL cN5L x'G5f}F . cN5L eof}F eg] g xfdLn] s'znd"n
;~ro ug{ ;S5f}F, g t c¿sf] lxtsf] nflu sfo{ g} ug{ ;S5f}F . o;y{
xfdLn] af]lw klg k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gf}F . h:tf] ;fu/dltkl/k[R5f;"q df
elgPsf] 5 M
cN5L JolQm g bfgL x'G5 g 1fgL x'G5 . p;n] c¿sf]

lxtsf] nflu sfo{ ub}{g . To;}n] pm af]lwaf6 w]/} 6f9f
/xG5 .
csf]{tkm{, olb xfdL jLo{n] ;'zf]let 5f}F eg] ;a} s'zn u'0fx¿
k|sflzt x'G5g\ / emg\ emg\ a9\b} hfG5g\ . k|1fkf/ldtf ;~roufyf
jLo{n] ubf{ s'zn -z'Sn_ u'0fx¿sf]

gf]S;fgL jf xflg x'Fb}g .
p;n] a'4x¿sf cgGt 1fgsf] e08f/ k|fKt u5{ .!
237
Â
o;sf] cltl/Qm jLo{jfg ePdf ;Tsfob[li6sf] kxf8 gfF£g

;lsG5 . h:tf] dxfofg;"qfn+sf/ df elgPsf] 5 M
jLo{n] ubf{ k|f0fLn] ;Tsfo\ b[li6sf] kxf8 gfF3]/ d'lQm k|fKt

u5{ .@
Tolt dfq xf]Og, jLo{n] o'Qm ePdf clt zL3| cg'Q/ af]lw klg nfe
x'G5 M h:tf] dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ df elgPsf] 5 M
jLo{n] af]lw k|fKt u/fpFb5 .#
To:t}, ;fu/dltkl/k[R5f;"q df o:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
hf] ;b}j k|oTgzLn /xG5, p;sf] nflu cg'Q/ ;Dos\

;Daf]lw s'g} s7Lg s'/f xf]Og . lsgeg] x] ;fu/dlt, hxfF
jLo{ x'G5 ToxfF af]lw x'G5 .
To;/L g}, k"0f{kl/k[R5f;"q df o:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
cys kl/>d -jLo{_ ug]{x¿nfO{

af]lw k|flKt s'g} b'is/
jf s7Lg s'/f] xf]Og .
@= jLo{ kf/ldtfsf] :j¿k M s'zn sfo{ jf sd{df pT;fx x'g' g}

jLo{sf] :j¿k xf] . clewd{;d'Rro sf cg';f/ M
jLo{ sf};LB -cN5Lkgf_ sf] k|ltkIf÷ljkIf -pkrf/_ x'gfsf

;fy} cfˆgf] dgnfO{ s'zn sd{{df nufpg' klg xf] .
238
Â
%pay : vIyR parimta
;"qfn+sf/6Lsf df klg ToxL atfOPsf] 5 M
s'zn sd{df ;Dos\ pT;fx hufpg' g} jLo{sf] :j¿k xf] .$
jLo{ sf};LB jf clN5kgfsf] 7Ls ljkl/t jf k|ltkIf xf] . sf};LB

af]lwsf] nflu afws xf] . sf};LB tLg y/Lsf x'G5g\ M @=!= cfn:o
@=@= cj;fb jf ljiffb, @=#= s'lT;tf;lQm .%
@=!= cfn:o M logdWo] klxnf] cfn:o eg]sf] sfo / lrQsf]

csd{0otf xf] . o;df ;'Tg] / klN6/xg] / ;w} lgb|fn' cg'xf/ kf/L
a:g] h:tf sfdnfO{ ;'v ;lDemg] x'G5 jf ToxL ;'vdf cfzQm x'g' g}
cfn:o xf] eg]/ a'‰g'k5{ . oL ;a}nfO{ Toflug'k5{ . tL ;a}nfO{ lsg
Toflug'k5{ t < lsgls of] 5f]6f] hLjgdf oL ;a}sf nflu ;do 5}g .
Pp6f ;"qdf eujfg\ a'4n] o:tf] eGg'ePsf] 5 M
x] leIf'x¿ xf] Û lj1fg -Consciousness_ sf] Ifo x'Fb}

uPkl5 hLjg cGTolt/ cfOk'U5 . clg k|f0f jfo'
z/L/af6 aflx/ lg:sg] 5 . a'4sf] pkb]z klg lgZrog}
;dfKt x'g]5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf klg ltdLx¿ ldx]gtL /
hfFul/nf] eP/ lsg cEof; ub}{gf} <
d[To' zL3| g} cfpFb}5, clxn] ;do 5Fb}

;Sbf] rfF8f] s'znsd{x¿sf] ;~ro ul/xfNg" .^
…clxn] t d dlb{g lg, oL ;a s'znsd{x¿ dg'{ cufl8 dfq

;~ro u/] eOxfN5 lgÚ egL ;f]FRg yfNof] eg] ;Demg" ls d[To'
239
Â
cfOk'Ubf oL ;a sd{x¿ ug}{ EofFOb}g . af]lwrof{jtf/ df oxL s'/f–

nfO{ o;/L k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
Tof] a]nf cfn:o 5f]8]/ hf]z hfFu/ k}bf u/]klg

tL ;asf] s] g} k|of]hg x'G5 .
To;sf] nflu ltdL;Fu ;do g} afFsL /xg]5}g .&
s'znd"n ;+ef/ -;~ro_ gu?~h]n;Dd d]/f] d[To' x'g]5}g egL

g;f]Fr] x'G5 lsgls d[To' h'g}a]nf klg cfpg ;S5 . To;}n] To:tf]
vf]qmf] cfTd ljZjf;sf] s'g} cy{ 5}g . t;y{ elgG5,
of] d[To'nfO{ ljZjf; ug'{ x'Fb}g

s;}n] s'g} sfd l;WofPsf] jf gl;WofPsf]
Tof] ;a x]/]/ kv]{/ a:b}g
sf] :j:y sf] /f]uL p;nfO{
To;sf] s]xL dtnj x'Fb}g
cs:dft\ jlh|g cfOk'Ug] 7"nf] jh|kft h:t}
cfPkl5 6Kk l6k]/ nfG5 .*
To;f] eP of] cfn:onfO{ s;/L x6fpg] t < xfd|f] sfvdf ;k{

a:g cfof] eg] jf 6fpsfsf] Pp6f dfq /f}Fdf cfuf] nfUof] eg] klg
xfdL cflQFP/ To;nfO{ t'?Gt} kmfN5f}F, xf] To;} u/L of] cfn:onfO{ klg
kG5fpg'k5{ . h:tf] af]lwrof{jtf/ df elgPsf] 5 M
h;/L cfˆgf] sfvdf ;k{ cfof] eg]

cfFltP/ To;nfO{ t'?Gt} kmflnG5,
To;/L g} cfn:o / tGb|fn] 5'g gkfpFb}
To;nfO{ t'?Gt} kmfNg'k5{ -kG5fpg'k5{_ .(
240
Â
%pay : vIyR parimta
/ ;[ÅNn]v df o:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
xfd|f] 6fpsf]sf] /f}F jf xfdLn]

nufPsf] n'ufdf crfgs cfuf] nfUg uof]
eg] xfdL Psbd cflQFb} h'd'{l/P/ t'?Gt}
;a}yf]s kmfNg vf]H5f}F,
To;} u/L, ;+;f/df hGd lng] k|lqmofnfO{ clxn] g} /f]s,
lsgls Tof] eGbf dx™jk"0f{ c¿ s'g} sfd 5}g .
@=@= cj;fb -lxDdt xfg]{ sfd_ M …k|of;} u/] tfklg d h:tf]

t'R5 JolQmn] s;/L af]lw1fg k|fKt ug{ ;s"Fnf < eGg] ;f]FrL dgdf
Unflgo'Qm xtf]T;fx Nofpg'nfO{ g} cj;fb elgG5 . o; xtf]T;fxnfO{
Tofu]/ dgdf hfFu/ k}bf ug'{k5{ . of] cj;fb -xtf]T;fx jf Unflgo'Qm
xLgtf–af]w_ nfO{ s;/L x6fpg ;lsPnf < elgPsf] 5 M
cfkm"leq jLo{sf] zlQm jf hf]z hfFu/ dfq k}bf u/]df

8fF;, emLFuf, nfdv'§] h:tf sL/f eP/ hGd lnO;s]sf k|f0fLn]
t kfpg uf¥xf] x'g] pQd af]lw klg k|fKt u/]/} 5f8\5g\ eg]
d}n] t dg'io h'gL kfPsf] 5'
s] n] lxt x'G5, s] n] clxt x'G5 ;a} s'/f hfg]sf] 5',
af]lw;™j rof{ dfq gTofu]sf] v08df
d}n] af]lw s;/L k|fKt ug{ g;s"Fnf <!)
@=#= s'lT;tf;lQm -lglGbt ljifox¿df cf;lQm_ M s'lT;tf;lQm

eGgfn] zq'x¿ jf k|ltåGbLx¿nfO{ x/fpg], wg;DklQ y'kfg]{ OToflb
s'lT;t Pj+ t'R5 ljifox¿k|lt cf;lQm x'g' eGg] a'lemG5 . oL ;a}nfO{
h;/L ePklg TofUg'k5{ lsgls logLx¿ g} jLo{sf ljkIf x'g\ / b'Mvsf
k|ToIf >f]t x'g\ .
241
Â
#= jLo{ kf/ldtfsf e]b M jLo{ kf/ldtfnfO{ tLg ju{df af8\g ;lsG5 M

tL x'g\ M– s. ;Ggfx jLo{, v= k|of]ufTds jLo{ / u= c;Gt'li6 jLo{ .
oLdWo] klxnf] cyf{t ;Ggfx jLo{ clw-7"nf]_–cfzo;Fu ;DalGwt
5 . bf]>f] cyf{t k|of]ufTds jLo{ cEof;df ptfg'{ xf] . t]>f] cyf{t
c;Gt'li6 jLo{ eGgfn] dfly pNn]lvt b'j} jLo{sf] k"0f{ -kf/+ut_ ¿k xf]
eGg] a'lemG5 .
$= x/]s e]bsf nIf0f M ca jLo{ kf/ldtfsf dfly pNn]lvt tL tLg

e]bx¿sf af/]df ;lj:tf/ rrf{ u/f}F .
s= ;Ggfx jLo{ M cfhb]lv ;a} k|f0fLx¿ cg'Q/ ;Dos\ ;Daf]lwdf

k|lti7flkt gx'~h]n;Dd d o; s'zn jLo{nfO{ 5f]8\b} 5f]8\lbg . o:tf]
b[9 ;+sNk u/]/ cfkm"nfO{ jLo{¿kL sjrn] ;';lHht ug'{ g} ;Ggfx
jLo{sf] tfTko{ xf] . h:tf] af]lw;™jlk6s df elgPsf] 5 M
x] zfl/k'q Û ck/Dkf/ d}qLsf]

sjr wf/0f ug"{, ha;Dd ;+;f/sf]
cGTo x'Fb}g ta;Dd PsIf0f klg
cfˆgf] jLo{nfO{ lzlyn gkf/ .
jd{Jo"xlgb]{z;"q df o:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
;™j -k|f0fLx¿_ nfO{ cfkm"lt/ cfslif{t ug{ -;™j;+u|x ug{_

af]lw;™jx¿ ;Ggfx jLo{n] o'Qm x'g}k5{ . ;™jx¿ c;+Vo
c;Ld ePsf x'Fbf jLo{¿kL sjr -;Ggfx jLo{_ wf/0f
ug{'sf] klg s'g} ;Ldf x'Fb}g .
To:t} cfo{cIfodltkl/k[R5f;"q df klg oxL s'/f elgPsf] 5 M
242
Â
%pay : vIyR parimta
æd olt sNk;Dd jLo{¿kL sjr wf/0f u5'{, olt sNk;Dd

ulb{gÆ To;/L sNkx¿nfO{ ug]/ jLo{sf] cEof; ul/Fb}g .
jLo{sf] cEof; t cgGt sfn;Dd ul/g} /xg'k5{ .
af]lw;™je"ld df klg pxL s'/f atfOPsf] 5 M
Ps hgf dfq k|f0fLnfO{ p4f/ ug{sf] nflu olb xhf/fF}

sNk;Dd g/sdf a:g'k/] klg d v'zL;fy a:g tof/
5' eg] yf]/} ;dosf] nflu yf]/} b'Mv ef]Ug] t s'/} 5f]8f}F .
o;}nfO{ g} af]lw;™jsf] ;Ggfx jLo{ elgG5 .!!
v= k|of]ufTds jLo{ M k|of]ufTds jLo{nfO{ klg tLg pkju{df af8\g

jf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M c= Sn]z Tofu, cf= s'znd"n ;~ro, /
O= ;™jfy{lqmof .
c= Sn]z Tofu M /fu cflb Sn]z / logaf6 k|efljt ;a} sfo{ ;a}
b'Mvsf h8 x'g\ . To;}n], tL Sn]zx¿ w]/} ;do;Dd k|f0fLx¿sf] dgdf
al;/xg] x'Fbf xfdLn] e/dUb'/ k|of; u/]/ ltgnfO{ sbflk xfd|f] dgdf
pTkGg x'g lbg] 5}gf}F . af]lwrof{jtf/ sf cg';f/ M
JolQm Sn]zx¿n] 3]l/P/ /x] tfklg

p;n] xhf/f}+ u'gf t]h:jL / b[9 eP/ b]vfpg'k5{ .
…d[usf ayfgdf Ps l;FxÚ eg] h:t}
Sn]zx¿ p;sf] dgdf clnslt
klg xfjL x'g lbg' x'Fb}g .!@
To:tf] hf]z hfFu/ dgdf s;/L k}bf ug]{ eGg] ljifodf af]lw–
rof{jtf/ df o:tf] atfOPsf] 5 M
243
Â
h;/L t]nn] el/Psf] efF8f] lnP/

tnjf/wf/Lx¿;Fu} lxFl8/x]sf] JolQmn]
Ps yf]kf t]n klg kf]lvof] eg]
oL tnjf/wf/Lx¿n] cfˆgf] Hofg lng]5g\ eGg]
8/n] cToGt} ;fjwfgLk"j{s cfˆgf] kfOnf rfN5
To;/L g} ;fws klg ;bf ;ts{ /xg'k5{ .!#
cf= s'znd"n ;~ro M cfˆgf] Hofg / :jf:Yosf] ;d]t k/jfx

gu/L xfdLn] 5 kf/ldtfx¿nfO{ k"/f ug]{ k|of; ug'{k5{ . xfdLn] s;/L
o:tf] k|of; ug{ ;S5f}F < o;sf] hjfkm xf] M lgDglnlvt oL kfFr k|sf/
sf jLo{n] o'Qm eP/ k|of; ul//xg' k5{ M
1= ;ftTo jLo{ -;bf ;qmLo_, 2= ;Ts[To jLo{ -;dk{0f_ 3= crn
-c6n_ jLo{, 4= clgjt{ -k5fl8 gkms{g]_ jLo{, 5= ljutdfg -cx+sf/
/lxt_ jLo{ .
1= klxnf] jLo{ cyf{t ;ftTo jLo{ cgj/t¿kn] k|of; ul//xg'
xf] . h:tf] /Tgd]3 ;"q df elgPsf] 5 M
clnslt klg zfl/l/s jf dfgl;s ysfg dxz'; gu/L–

sg hLjgsf x/]s df]8, ptf/ r9fj ;a} cj:yfx¿df
plQs} hf]z / hfFu/n] cgj/t k|of; ul//xg] JolQm g}
af]lw;™j x'g\ . o;}nfO{ af]lw;™jsf] ;ftTo jLo{ elgG5 .
2=
;Ts[To jLo{ k|;Ggtf, hf]z / hfFu/sf ;fy tLj| ultn]
cEof; ul//xg' xf] . o;sf] af/]df o:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
h;/L lb+p;f] s8f 3fdn] tft]sf] xfQL

tnfpsf] kfgLdf 8'a'NsL nufP/ To;df
v'a /; lnP/ dUg eO/xG5,
244
Â
%pay : vIyR parimta
To;/L g} sd{ ;lsPkl5 klg To;df v'a

/; lnP/ dUg x'g;Sg'k5{ .!$
3= crn -c6n_ jLo{ M t]>f] jLo{ cyf{t crn jLo{ eGgfn]

ljsNk, Sn]z / b'Mvaf6 x'g] s'g} afwfn] ubf{ cfkm" clnslt klg
ljrlnt gx'g' eGg] a'lemG5 .
4= clgjt{ jLo{ M c¿n] h];'s} eg]klg, cfkm"af/] h:tf] ;'s} ;f]r]–
klg hlt;'s} cfkm" lj?4 grflxFbf s'/f kmnfs]/ s'/f sf6] klg, pkb|j
dRrfP klg, cfkm";+u s7f]/ tyf ?vf] Jojxf/ u/]klg, h:tf];'s}
rf]6 k'¥ofP klg jf ltgLx¿sf b[li6 siffo\sf] sf/0fn] d cEof;af6
sbflk ljd'v x'Gg, o:tf] ;f]+rfO lnP/ ;bf cEof;df nflu/xg' g}
clgjt{ jLo{ xf] . o;sf] ;DaGwdf cfo{jh|Wjh;"q df k|:t't ul/Psf]
ljj/0f 3t nfUbf] 5 .
5= ljutdfg -cx+sf/ /lxt_ jLo{ M jLo{n] ;'zf]let JolQmn]
slxn]klg cfkm"nfO{ 7"nf] 7fg]/ cx+sf/sf] efj JoQm ub}{g . oxL g}
ljutdfg jLo{n] o'Qm JolQmsf] klxrfg xf] .
O= ;Œjfy{lqmof M o;sf] cy{ ;xf/f gkfPsfx¿nfO{ ;xf/f lbg'

OToflb klxnf]sf] !# cf}+ kl/R5]bdf JofVof eO;s]sf k/sNof0fl;t
;DalGwt !! j6f sfo{x¿ ug'{ xf] .
k|of]ufTds jLo{sf] JofVof oxLF ;dfKt x'G5 .
u= c;Gt'li6 jLo{ M af]lw k|fKt geP;Dd xfdL c;Gt'i6 lrQn] s'zn

sfo{x¿ ul/g} /xg'k5{, cEof; ul/g} /xg'k5{ . h:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
5'/fsf] wf/df nfu]sf] dx h:t}

xfdL ;f+;fl/s sfdjf;gfaf6 t
slxn] klg t[Kt x'Fb}gf} eg]
245
Â
dw'/ / clt sNof0fsf/L kmn lbg]

cd[t¿kL k'0o jf ;Tsd{af6
t emg\ t[Kt x'g] s'/} cfFpb}g .!%
%= pkro -j[l4_ M kl/R5]b !@ df JofVof ul/Pem}F IfflGt kf/ldtfsf]

clej[l4 1fg, k|1f / kl/0ffdgfaf6 x'G5 .
^= ljz'l4 M kl/R5]b !@ df atfOPem}F z"Gotf / s?0ffn] yfldPkl5

IfflGtsf] ljz'l4 x'G5 .
&= kmn M jLo{sf kmn klg cGTo / cfjl:ys -;f+;fl/s_ u/L b'O{
k|sf/s} x'G5g\ eg]/ a'‰g'k5{ . tLdWo] cGTo jf k/dfy{ kmn eGgfn]
cg'Q/ af]lw k|fKt x'g' g} xf] . h:tf] af]lw;™j e"ld df elgPsf] 5 M
jLo{ kf/ldtfnfO{ k"/f u/]/ af]lw;™jn] cg'Q/ ;Dos\

;Daf]lw k|fKt u/], ul//x]sf 5g\ / ul//xg]5g\ .!^
jLo{sf cfjl:ys -;f+;fl/s jf nf}lss_ kmn:j¿k ;+;f/df 3'Dbf

3'Db} klg af]lw;™jn] ;a} pQd ;f+;fl/s ;'vx¿ kfO/xG5g\ . h:tf]
dxfofg;"qfn+sf/ df elgPsf] 5 M
jLo{n] cfkm"n] rfx]sf ;a} ;f+;fl/s ;'vx¿ kfpg ;lsG5 .!&
jLo{kf/ldtf
gfds k~rbz kl/R5]b ;dfKt .
246
Â
kl/R5]b !^
Wofg kf/ldtf
Wofg kf/ldtfsf] ;f/f+z lgDg zLif{sx¿df kfpg ;lsG5 M

oL ;ft zLif{sx¿df jLo{ kf/ldtfsf ljifoj:t' ;dflji6 5g\ .
!= u'0f tyf bf]ifx¿sf] lgb]{z jf ;dLIff M olb s'g} JolQm bfgL jf

bfgzLn, zLnjfg\, IfflGtjfg\ / jLo{jfg ePtf klg p;n] Wofgsf]
cEof; ub}{g eg] p;sf] dg cToGt} ljlIfKt -ljrlnt_ x'G5 / Sn]z–
¿kL bf¥xfx¿sf] aLrdf /x]sf] ;dfg x'G5 . h:tf] af]lwrof{jtf/ df
elgPsf] 5 M
hf] JolQmsf] dg ljlIfKt 5

pm Sn]z¿kL bf¥xfx¿sf] aLrdf kmF:5 .!
o;sf] cltl/Qm, Wofgsf] cEof;lagf cle1fsf] pbo x'Fb}g .

cle1f gePkl5 ;™jx¿sf] lxtsf] nflu sfd ug{ klg ;lsGg .
h:tf] af]lwkyk|lbk df klg n]lvPsf] 5 M
zdynfO{ k"/f ug{ ;lsPg eg]

cle1f k|fKt x'Fb}g .@
cle1fsf] an g} ePg eg]
k|f0fLx¿sf] lxt klg ug{ ;lsGg .#
247
Â
olt dfq xf]Og, Wofgsf] cEof; u/]gf}F eg] xfd|f] lrQ ;Gtltdf
k|1fsf] pbo x'Fb}g / k|1f g} gePkl5 af]lw k|fKt x'g] t s'/} cfpFb}g .
;'ÅNn]v df klg oxL s'/f atfOPsf] 5 M
Wofglagf k|1f x'Fb}g .
csf]{ tkm{, Wofgsf] cEof; u/]df xfdL xLg j:t'x¿k|ltsf]

cf;lQmnfO{ TofU5f}F, cle1f k|fKt ug]{5f}F / cg]s ;dflwsf åf/x¿
xfd|f] dgdf :jtM v'N5g\ . k|1fkf/ldtf;~ro ufyf df o:tf] pNn]v
5M
Wofgåf/f sfdu'0fsf lgs[i6 ljifox¿nfO{ TofluG5 .

clg ljBf, cle1f / ;dflwx¿ k|fKt x'G5g\ .$
ha s'g} JolQm ;dflwn] o'Qm x'G5, p;sf] dgdf k|1fsf] pbo

x'G5, h;n] ;a} Sn]zx¿nfO{ gfz u5{ . h:tf] af]lwrof{jtf/ df
elgPsf] 5 M
zdyn] o'Qm ljkZogfsf] cEof;

ug]{n] Sn]znfO{ gfz ug{ ;S5 .%
olt dfq xf]Og, ;dflwn] o'Qm ePkl5 JolQmn] t™j 1fgnfO{

;fIffTsf/ u5{ h;n] ubf{ p;sf] dgdf ;a} k|f0fLx¿k|lt s?0ff
hfu[t x'G5 . oxL s'/f wd{;ËLlt;"q df klg atfOPsf] 5 M
;dflw:y dgn] ;a} wd{x¿sf oyf{y ¿k b]Vg -oyfe"t

bz{g jf h:tfsf] t:t} b]Vg_ ;lsG5 . oyfe"t bz{g u/]
sfn] af]lw;™j k|f0fLk|ltsf] s?0ffdf nLg x'G5g\ .
248
Â
%pay : Xyan parimta
of] afx]s, ;dflwn] o'Qm ePkl5 af]lw;™j ;a} ljg]ohg -p4f/

ul/g'kg]{ k|f0fL_ x¿nfO{ af]lwsf] w/ftndf k|lti7flkt ug{ ;Ifd
x'G5g\ . h:tf] dxfofg;"qfn+sf/ df elgPsf] 5 M
ToxL Wofgdfkm{t ;a} k|f0fLx¿nfO{ tLg k|sf/sf af]lwdf

:yflkt ul/G5 .^
@= Wofg kf/ldtfsf] :j¿k M Wofgsf] :j¿k s] xf] eGbfv]/L Wofgdf

zdysf] :jefj x'G5 h;n] ubf{ dg s'zn wd{df Psfu| eP/ /xG5 .
af]lw;™je"ld sf] …Wofglgb]{z k6nÚ sf cg';f/,
s'zn lrQsf] Psfu|tfk"j{s /xg] Ifdtf g} Wofgsf] :jefj

xf] .&
;a} ljIf]kx¿ -Wofglj/f]wL t™jx¿_ nfO{ Tofu]/ dfq To:tf] Wofg

k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] x'Fbf ;a}eGbf klxn] tL ;a}nfO{ g} x6fpg' k5{ .
ljIf]ksf] k|xf0f lj/lQm -ljj]s_* n] dfq x'g ;S5 . egfOsf] cy{ @=!=
xfd|f OlGb|ox¿nfO{ tL ljIf]kaf6 cnUofpgfn] / @=@= ljsNkaf6
cnUofpgfn] dfq ljIf]knfO{ x6fpg ;lsG5 . oxL s'/fnfO{ af]lw–
rof{jtf/ df o;/L bzf{OPsf] 5 M
z/L/ / dgnfO{ lj/Qm t'NofPkl5

cyf{t sfo / lrQ ljj]sn]
ljIf]k -ljsNk_ sf] pTklQ x'Fb}g .(
@=! sfo ljj]s M …sfo ljj]sÚ eGgfn] z/L/nfO{ s'g} klg ;+;u{
-;Dks{_ jf ljIf]kaf6 6f9f /fVg] eGg] a'lemG5 . o; af/]df b]xfo–
adf]lhdsf 5 j6f zLif{sx¿dfkm{t 5nkmn ug{ ;lsG5 M
249
Â
1= ;+;u{sf] nIf0f
2= ;+;u{sf] x]t'
3= ;+;u{sf] bf]if
4= ljj]s -lj/lQm jf ljt[i0ff_ sf] nIf0f
5= ljj]ssf] x]t'
6= ljj]ssf] u'0f
1= ;+;u{sf nIf0f M cfˆgf 5f]/f 5f]/L, gf]s/ rfs/, :jf:gL

cfkmGt kl/jf/;Fu cfkm" hf]l8P/ /xg' g} ;+;u{sf] nIf0f xf] . csf]{
zAbdf eGg'kbf{ To;}n] ;dflw nfe ug{sf] nflu cfˆgf aGw', kl/jf/
cflbsf] ;Dks{af6 6f9f /xg'k5{ .
2= ;+;u{sf] x]t' M 5f]/f 5f]/L, klt kTgL, aGw'afGwj, kl/jf/

cflbk|ltsf] cf;lQm, vfg]s'/f, ef}lts j:t' wgwfGo OToflb k|ltsf]
cf;lQm / oz, k|z+;f OToflb k|ltsf] cf;lQm g} ;+;u{sf] x]t' xf] .
o:tf cf;lQmn] ubf{ JolQm ;+;u{nfO{ TofUg c;Ifd x'G5 . h:tf]
atfOPsf] 5 M
:g]x / nfe OToflb s'/fsf] t[i0ffn] ubf{

JolQm nf]snfO{ TofUg c;Ifd x'G5 .!)
3=;+;u{sf bf]if M o;nfO{ b'O{ lsl;dn] a'‰g'k5{ M ;fdfGo¿kn]

/ ljlzi6¿kn] . ;+;u{sf ;fdfGo bf]ifsf af/]df cWofzo;+rf]bg;"q
df o:tf] pNn]v 5 M
x] d}q]o, ;+;u{ -;Dks{_ sf aL;j6f bf]ifx¿ 5g\ . tL s'g

s'g x'g\ < ;+;u{n] ubf{ sfo -z/L/_ c;+oldt x'G5, jfs\
-jrg_ c;+oldt x'G5 / lrQ -dg_ c;+oldt x'G5 . :y"n
250
Â
%pay : Xyan parimta
Sn]zx¿ dgdf JofKt x'G5g\ . grfFlxbf ;fF;fl/s s'/fx¿

ug]{ nt nfU5 / df/x¿nfO{ cfqmd0f ug]{ df}sf lbG5f}F, ;w}
k|dfbL -hfu?s gx'g'_ eO /xG5f}F . xfdL zdy / ljkZogf
k|fKt ug{ g;Sg] x'G5f}F, OToflb bf]ifx¿=====.
;+;u{sf bf]ifnfO{ ljz]if ¿kn] x]g]{ xf] eg] 5f]/f5f]/L cfdfafa',

ktLkTgL OToflb ;™jx¿k|ltsf] cf;lQmn] af]lw k|fKt x'Fb}g . h:tf]
rGb|k|bLk;"q df elgPsf] 5 M
hf] JolQm sfdu'0f -t[i0ffsf ljifox¿_ df lnKt /x]/

5f]/f5f]/L, kTgL cflbdf cf;Qm eO/xG5
/ Toflug'kg]{ 3/df klg 6fl:;P/ al;/xG5
Tof] JolQmn] cg'Q/ af]lw sbflk k|fKt ub}{g .!!
o;} ;DaGwdf af]lwrof{jtf/ df o:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
lk|ox¿sf] ;+ut ul//fVg] rfxgfn] ubf{

JolQmn] oyfy{tf b]Vg ;Sb}g .!@
To;}n] lk|ox¿k|ltsf] cf;lQmnfO{ TofUg'k5{ . af]lwrof{jtf/ df

klg ToxL s'/f atfOPsf] 5 M
g ltgn] d]/f] s'g} lxt ug{ ;S5

g d}n] ltgLx¿nfO{ lxt ug{ ;S5'
To;}n] tL afnhgx¿b]lv 6f9} a:g' g} sNof0f x'G5 .!#
tL cf;lQmx¿nfO{ Tofu ugf{sf kmfObf af/] rGb|k|bLk;"q df

o:tf] pNn]v 5 M
251
Â
u[x:y hLjgb]lv 8/fP/ h;n] 5f]/f5f]/L / :jf:gL -nf]Ug]_

k|ltsf] df]x cf;lQmnfO{ ToflulbG5, p;n] jf:tjdf cle–
lgiqmd0f u/]sf] x'G5, p;sf] nflu af]lw k|fKt ug'{ s'g}
sl7g s'/f xf]Og .!$
nfe / oz -OHht, gfd_ k|lt cf;Qm x'gfsf b'O6{ f bf]ifx¿

5g\ M nfe / oz ;w} kfO/xg ;lsFb}g Pj+ To;n] ubf{ xfdLnfO{ b'Mv
g} x'G5 . h:tf] af]lwrof{jtf/ df elgPsf] 5 M
w]/} nfe / OHht kfpg]x¿ klg

sxfF uP sxfF s]xL cQf]kQf] 5}g .!%
bf]>f] bf]ifsf af/]df af]lwrof{jtf/ df n]lvPsf] 5 M
h'g h'g ljifodf d df]x /fV5'

Tof] df]x jf cf;lQm xhf/f}F u'0ff 7"nf]
b'Mvsf] ¿k lnP/ d]/f] ;fd' cfOk'U5 .!^
4=ljj]s -lj/lQm, ljt[i0ff_ sf nIf0f M dfly pNn]lvt ;Dk{s

;+;u{af6 d'Qm x'g' g} ljj]ssf] nIf0f xf] .
5= ljj]ssf] x]t' M c/0o -h+un_ df uP/ PsfGtk"j{s a:g' g}

ljj]ssf] x]t' xf] . oxfF c/0o eGgfn] dfq h+un geP/ d;fg, jg,
u'kmf, d}bfg jf h:tf];'s} PsfGt 7fpF h'g 7fpF ufpFb]lv Ps sf]z–
sf] b'/Ldf cjl:yt xf];\, To:tf] 7fpF eg]/ a'‰5f}F . kfFrzo jf0fsf]
b"/LnfO{ g} sf]z elgG5 . oxL s'/f clewd{sf]z df klg atfOPsf] 5 M
kfFrzo jf0fsf] b'/L g} Ps sf]z h;nfO{ c/0o klg elgG5 .!&
252
Â
%pay : Xyan parimta
6= ljj]ssf u'0f M af]lw / ;f/f k|f0fLx¿sf] nflu s'g} klg ;Dks{–

af6 6f9f /xL c/0odf af; ug'{sf u'0f w]/} 5g\, h:tf] 6.1= Tof]
-ljj]s_ g} ;a} a'4x¿k|lt ul/g] ;j{>]i7 k"hf pkf;gf xf], 6.2= p;df
;+;f/k|lt ljt[i0ff hfu[t x'G5, pm ci6 nf]s wd{b]lv ;w} 6f9f /
xG5, / p;sf Sn]zx¿ a9\g kfpFb}gg\, 6.3= p;sf] lrQ ;Gtltdf
;dflwsf] pbo x'G5 .
6.1= klxnf] cyf{t …ljj]s g} ;a} a'4x¿k|lt ul/g] ;j{>]i7 k"hf

xf]Ú eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 eg] vfg]s'/f, k]o, km"n OToflbn] ljleGg
lsl;dn] k"hf ug'{ eGbf af]lwlrQ pTkGg u/]/ …;a} k|f0fLx¿sf] nflu
d c/0odf a:5'Ú eGg] cfzo lnP/ c/0otkm{ ;ft kfOnf a9fpFbfv]/L
a'4x¿ clws v'zL x'G5g\ . h:tf] rGb|k|bLk;"q df elgPsf] 5 M
vfln vfg]s'/f, k]o, j:q, km"n, w"k, dfnf OToflb

r9fpFb}df a'4x¿ v'zL x'g] xf]Og
jf a'4sf] k"hf ul/Psf] 7xl/+b}g
h;n] af]lw k|fKt ug]{ cf+sfIff dgdf lnP/
sn'lift ;+:s[t wd{x¿af6 lj/lQmP/ ;a}
k|f0fLx¿sf] lxtsf] nflu c/0odf k|j]z u5'{ eGg]
larf/n] c/0otkm{ ;ft kfOnf rfN5 eg]
To;n] jf:tjdf Hofbf k'0o k|fKt u5{ .!*
6.2= bf]>f], cyf{t\ …;+;f/k|lt ljt[i0ff hfu[t x'g,] ci6 nf]swd{x¿af6

6f9f /xg] / Sn]zx¿ j[l4 x'g gkfpg]Ú oL tLg} zLif{ssf] af/]df ToxL
;"qn] km]l/ eG5 M
To;/L g}, ;a} ;+:s[t wd{x¿k|lt ljt[i0ff hfU5 ;f+;fl/s

j:t'x¿ jf wd{x¿k|lt t[i0ff x'Fb}g, Sn]zx¿ klg a9\b}gg\
253
Â
6.3=t]>f] -kfFrf}_ cyf{t …lrQ ;GtlQdf ;dflwsf] pbo x'g]Ú o;

af/] klg ToxL ;"qn] km]l/ atfpF5 M
ufpF / ;x/sf] df]xnfO{ Toflub]pm

;w} lgh{g PsfGt jgdf al;/fVg",
;w} u}8fh:t} PSnf] /xg l;s,
olt u¥of} eg] t'?Gt}
pQd ;dflw kfpF5f} ltdLn] .
z/L/nfO{ ;+;u{ -;Dks{_ af6 cnu /fVg] zLif{ssf] JofVof oxLF

;dfKt x'G5 .
@=@= lrQljj]s M c/0odf a:bfv]/L …d lsg jf s]sf] nflu oxfF

cfPFÚ eg]/ dgdg} ljrf/ ug'{k5{ . …d t ufpF / zx/sf plåUgsf/L
hLjgaf6 eoeLt eP/ oxfF cfPsf] x'FÚ To:tf] ;f]rfO{ dgdf Nofpg'–
k5{ . …lsg ltdL tL s'/fx¿b]lv 8/fof}Ú egL s;}n] ;f]Wof] eg] o;sf]
hjfkm xfdL u[xklt–pu|kl/k[R5f;"q df kfp5f}F h;df o:tf] pNn]lvt
5M
;Dks{ xf]nf eGg] 8/n], nfe / ;Tsf/sf] 8/n],

b'i6 ;fyLx¿sf] 8/n], cs'zn u'?x¿sf] 8/n],
/fu, å]if / df]xsf] 8/n],
:sGw, Sn]z, d[To' / b]jk'q oL rf/ df/x¿sf] 8/n],
g/s, tLo{s / k|]t oL tLg b'u{ltdf hlGdg] 8/n]
d o; c/0odf z/0f lng cfOk'u]sf] 5' .
To;/L eoeLt eP/ c/0o -jg_df kl;;s]kl5 sfo jfs\ /

lrQsf sfo{x¿ af/] o;/L lrGtg ug'{k5{ M …ca o; c/0odf cfO
254
Â
%pay : Xyan parimta
;s]kl5 olb d}n] k|f0ffltkft, cbQfbfg cflb cs'zn sd{ u/]F eg]
d / s'g} 3fts hgfj/, Jofwf jf s'g} 8fFs"aLr s] g} km/s /Xof]
t cflv/ < To:tf sfo{snfkn] d]/f] s'g} klg OR5fnfO{ k"lt{ ug{
;Sb}gg\ To;}n] d tL ;anfO{ TofU5' . o;/L dgdg} ;f]Fr]/ tL cs'zn
sd{x¿b]lv lj/Qm x'g'k5{ .
jfs\ -jrg_ ;+u ;DalGwt sfo{x¿sf af/]df o;/L lrGtg ug'k{ 5{ M
o; jgdf kfOnf 6]ls;s]kl5 olb d}n] grflxFbf ukm -;+leGg k|nfk_
ub}{, csf{sf] r'SnL -k}z'Go k|nfk_ ub}{ / b'jr{gx¿ af]Nb} lxF8] eg]
do"/, ;'uf, sf]OnL, ef/åfh r/f OToflb / ddf s] cGt/ /xg] eof] <
To:tf sfo{snfkn] d]/f] s'g} klg OR5fnfO{ k"lt{ ug{ ;Sb}gg\ To;}n]
d tL ;anfO{ TofU5' . o;/L dgdg} ;f]Fr]/ tL cs'zn sd{x¿b]lv
lj/Qm x'g'k5{ .
lrQ -dg_ ;+u ;DalGwt sfo{x¿sf af/]df o;/L lrGtg ug'k{ 5{ M
o; jgdf kl;;s]kl5 olb d]/f] dgdf cem} klg /fu, å]if, OToflb
Sn]zx¿ cfpF5g\ eg] xl/0f, n+u"/, afFb/, efn' / c¿ hgfj/x¿ /
d df s] g} cGt/ /Xof] < ltgn] d]/f] s'g} klg OR5fnfO{ k"lt{ ug{
;Sb}gg\ To;}n] d tL ;anfO{ TofU5' . o;/L dgdg} ;f]Fr]/ tL cs'zn
sd{x¿b]lv lj/Qm x'g'k5{ .
lrQnfO{ ljsNkaf6 cnUofpg] zLif{ssf] JofVof oxL+ ;dfKt x'G5 .
@=#= ha z/L/ / dg ;Dks{ / ljsNkaf6 k[ys x'G5, ta dgdf

ljIf]k pTkGg x'g kfp“b}g M dgdf ljIf]k gePkl5 xfdL ;dflw:y
x'g ;Sg] x'G5f}F . To;kl5 xfdLn] dlt -lrQ_ zf]wg ug'{k5{ . To;sf]
nflu ;a}eGbf klxn] xfdLn] cfˆgf Sn]zx¿sf] hfFr ug'{k5{ . tL
Sn]zx¿df ;a}eGbf tLj| tyf k|an s'g rfFlx xf] To;nfO{ g} 5fGg'–
k5{ . To;kl5 t'?Gt} To;sf] pkrf/ jf k|ltkIf vf]Hglt/ nfUg'k5{ .
x/]s Sn]zsf] k|ltkIf x'G5, xfdLn] ;xL k|ltkIf klxNofO Wofg ug'–{
k5{ . h:t} M
255
Â
1. /fusf] k|ltkIf cz'lr efjgf xf] .

2. å]ifsf] k|ltkIf d}qL efjgf xf] .
3. df]xsf] k|ltkIf k|tLTo;d'Tkfbsf] efjgf xf] .
4. dfT;o{ -O{iof{_ sf] k|ltkIf :j–k/;dtfsf] efjgf xf] .
5. db -cx+sf/_ sf] k|ltkIf cfTdk/fjt{g sf] efjgf xf] .
6. olb tL ljleGg Sn]zx¿ ;a} plQs} tLj| / k|an 5g\ eg]
cyjf dgleq ljsNk Hofb} g} ulx/f] h/f] uf8]/ a;]sf] 5 eg]
cfgfkfgsf] Wofg ug'{k5{ .
1. /fu M olb xfdLdf k|jn /fusf] dfqf w]/} 5 eg] xfdLn] cz'lr–
sf] efjgf ug'{k5{ . cz'lrsf] efjgf o;/L ul/G5 M xfd|f] of] z/L/
df;', /ut, 5fnf, xf8, dHhf, kLk, lkQ, Zn]id, lji7f OToflb u/]/
5QL; k|sf/sf cz'lr b|Jox¿n] ag]sf] 5 . o:tf] ;f]+lr;s]kl5 xfdL
d;fgdf k'Ug'k5{, ToxfF Ps, b'O{, tLg, rf/ xf]Og kfFr lbgb]lv To;}
j]jfl/;] cj:yfdf kl//x]sf] c;fWo} b'u{lGwt, ;'lgPsf], /Ë k"/} p8]/
gLnf] / sfnf] eO;s]sf], ls/fx¿ ;NanfO/x]sf] Pp6f nf;nfO{ Wofg
lbP/ x]/f}F . ha xfdLn] o:tf] ljeT; sxfnLnfUbf] nf; b]V5f}F, xfd|f]
z/L/sf] klg ToxL bzf x'g]5, xfdL klg ToxL cj:yfsf] x'g]5fF}, ToxL
:jefjsf, k|s[ltsf xfF} . xfd|f] k|s[lt jf :jefj Tof] nf;sf] :jefj
jf k|s[lt eGbf /lQe/ klg leGg 5}g .
To;kl5, df;' hDd} ;8]/ xf8} xf8 dfq afFsL ePsf] cl:yk~h/
df Tof] nf; kl/0ft x'G5, df;' n]l;Psf xf8sf hf]gL{x¿ 6'lqmG5g\ /
xf8x¿ otfptf 5l/G5g\ . jiff}{b]lv d[t cj:yfdf kl//x]sf] Tof] z/L/
ha cl:yk~h/df kl/0ft x'G5 z+v em}F ;]tf] b]lvg yfN5 . w]/} jif{
lalt;s]kl5, tL xf8x¿ v/fgL /Ësf b]lvg yfN5g\ . oL ;a} cfˆg}
cfFvfn] b]lv;s]kl5, xfdLn] o:tf] ;f]FRg'k5{, …d]/f] z/L/ klg ToxL
k|s[ltsf] 5, To;sf] :jefj 7Ls ToxL nf;sf] h:tf] 5, :jefj}n] d]/f]
of] z/L/ Tof] nf; eGbf clnslt klg leGg 5}g .Ú
256
Â
%pay : Xyan parimta
2. å]if M olb s'g} JolQmdf å]if k|an 5 eg] To;sf] k|ltkIf:j¿k

p;n] d}qLsf] efjgf ug'{k5{ . d}qL tLg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ eg]/ cufl8
g} j0f{g ul/;lsPsf] 5 . oxfF ;™j–cfnlDagL d}qLsf] dfq efjgf
ul/G5 . ;j{k|yd, cfkm"nfO{ ;a}eGbf lk|o nfUg] k|f0fLx¿sf] g} ;'v
/ lxtsf] sfdgf ug'k{ 5{ . To;kl5, cfˆgf cfkmGt Oi6ldqx¿sf af/]–
df klg To;/L g} d}qLsf] efjgf ug'{k5{ . To;kl5, cfˆgf cfkmGt /
cfkm"n] lrg]sf / glrg]sf ;j{;fwf/0f dflg;x¿, l5d]ssf dflg;x¿,
zx/ jf ufpFsf ;a} jfl;Gbfx¿b]lv lnP/ qmdzM bz} lbzfdf JofKt
eP/ /x]sf ;a} ;™jx¿sf lxt / ;'vsf] sfdgf u/]/ d}qLsf] efjgf
ug'{k5{ .
df]x M olb s'g} JolQmdf df]x k|an 5 eg] To;sf] k|ltkIf:j¿k

3.
p;n] k|tLTo;d'Tkfbsf] efjgf ug'{k5{ . h:tf] zfln:tDe ;"q df
elgPsf] 5 M
leIf'x¿ xf] Û h;n] wfgsf] 8fF7 -zfln:tDe_ nfO{ cjnf]–

sg u5{, p;n] k|tLTo;d'TkfbnfO{ a'‰5, hfGb5 . h;n]
k|tLTo;d'TkfbnfO{ a'‰5, p;n] wd{nfO{ klg a'‰5 / h;n]
wd{nfO{ a'‰5 p;n] a'4nfO{ klg a'‰5 .!(
k|tLTo;d'TkfbnfO{ b'O{ lsl;dn] x]g{ ;lsG5, 3.1. cfg'nf]lds

;+;f/ut k|tLTo;d'Tkfb / 3.2. k|fltnf]lds lgjf{0fut k|tLTo;d'Tkfb .
3.1. cfg'nf]lds ;+;f/ut k|tLTo;d'Tkfb M klxnf] cyf{t cfg'nf]–
lds ;+;f/ut k|tLTo;d'TkfbnfO{ klg b'O{6} lsl;dn] hfGg ;lsG5M
3.1.1. jfXo k|tLTo;d'Tkfb / 3.1.2. cfWoflTds k|tLTo;d'Tkfb .
cfWoflTds k|tLTo ;d'Tkfbsf klg b'O{6f e]b 5g\ M -c_ ;x]t's
cfWoflTds k|tLTo;d'Tkfb / -cf_ k|Too–pklga4 cfWoflTds
k|tLTo;d'Tkfb .
257
Â
-c_ ;x]t's cfWoflTds k|tLTo;d'Tkfb M ;x]t's cfWoflTds

k|tLTo;d'Tkfbsf ljifodf o:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
leIf'x¿ xf] Û o;sf] sf/0fn] Tof] pTkGg x'G5 . Tof] pTkGg

ePsf]n] of] x'G5 . o;/L cljBfsf] sf/0fn] ;+:sf/===
OToflb x'bF } hflt k|Toosf] sf/0fn] h/fJoflw, d/0f, zf]s,
kl/b]j, b'Mv bf}d{g:o / pkfof; pTkGg x'G5g\ . o;/L
ljzfn b'Mv–:sGwsf] pbo x'G5 .@)
sfdwft' / cfdfsf] ue{af6 hGdg] k|f0fLx¿sf nflu of] nfu"

x'G5 .
-1_ k|tLTo;d'Tkfbsf] ;a}eGbf klxnf] cË cljBf xf] h;sf] tfTko{
1]o wd{ -Knowables_ k|lt e|ldt x'g' xf] jf ltgnfO{ h:tfsf] t:t}
¿kdf b]Vg g;Sg' jf a'‰g g;Sg' xf] .
-2_ ToxL cljBfsf] sf/0fn] JolQmsf] dg -lrQ ;GtlQ_ df s'zn
jf cs'zn ;f;|j sd{ pTkGg x'G5 . To;}nfO{ csf]{ zAbdf eGg'kbf{
…cljBfÚ k|Toon] ubf{ ;+:sf/sf] pbo x'G5 .
-3_ lrQ ;GtlQdf sd{sf] aLh knfPkl5 lj1fgsf] k|fb'ef{j x'G5 .
To;}n] ;+:sf/ k|Toon] ubf{ lj1fgsf] pbo x'G5 .
-4_ Tof] sd{sf] k|efjn] dg k"/} e|ldt -ljko{:t lrQ_ eP/
cfdfsf] ue{leq kl;;s]kl5 -k|lt;lGw lrQ_, e"|0fsf snn cflb
cj:yfx¿sf] l;h{gf x'G5 . To;a]nf lj1fg k|Toon] ubf{ gfd¿k
pTkGg ePsf] elgG5 .
-5_ gfd¿kn] ljsl;t ¿k lnO;s]kl5 cfFvf, sfg cflb OlGb|o–
x¿sf] klg k"/f ljsf; x'G5 h;nfO{ xfdL gfd¿k k|Toon] ubf{
if8fotg pTkGg ePsf] eG5f}F .
-6_ rIf' -cfFvf_, cflb OlGb|o -Sense Organ_ ljifo -Object_
/ lj1fg -Consciousness_, oL tLgsf cfk;L cGt/lqmof :kz{sf]
258
Â
%pay : Xyan parimta
k"jf{wf/ xf] . ctM …if8fotg k|ToofM :kz{Ú cyf{t if8fotg k|Toosf]

sf/0fn] :kz{ x'G5 .
-7_ ha :kz{ x'G5, ta ;'v, b'Mv / pk]Iff oL # k|sf/sf j]bgfx¿
klg dgdf :jtM cfpgyfN5g\ To;nfO{ g} …:kz{ k|ToofM j]bgfÚ cyf{t
:kz{ k|Toosf] sf/0fn] j]bgf -cg'ej_ pTkGg x'G5 elgG5 .
-8_ :kz{hlgt j]bgf x'Fbf h'g cfgGbsf] cg'e"lt x'G5, To;df
xfdL tLj|¿kn] cf;Qm x'G5f}F . ctM …j]bgf k|ToofM t[i0ffÚ j]bgfsf]
sf/0fn] t[i0ffsf] pbo x'G5 elgG5 .
-9_ t[i0ff pTkGg eO;s]kl5 ToxL ;'vb cg'el" tdf xfdLx¿
6fFl;G5f},F o:tf] cg'e"lt dnfO{ ;w} eO/xf];\ jf/Djf/ eO/xf];\, d
To:tf] cg'e"ltaf6 slxNo}F al~rt x'g gk¿F egL tLj| rfxgf -u|fx_
u5f}{F h;n] ubf{ pkfbfg pTkGg x'G5 . o;/L t[i0ff k|ToofM pkfbfg
eg]/ 7Ls} elgPsf] 5 .
-10_ To;/L s'g}klg wd{nfO{ u|fx ul/;s]kl5 sfo\, jfs / lrQåf/f
sd{ lgdf{0f eP/ …ejÚ aG5 . o;nfO{ g} pkfbfg k|ToofM ej cyf{t
pkfbfgsf] sf/0fn] ej pTkGg x'G5 elgG5 .
-11_ Tof] sd{n] k~r:sGwx¿ aG5g\ h;n] ubf{ k|f0fLsf] hGd x'G5
h;nfO{ xfdL ej k|ToofM hflt eG5f}F .
-12_ hGd x'Fbf g} alg;s]sf k~r:sGwx¿ kl5 j[l4 x'Fb} qmdz
gfz eP/ hfG5g\ . k~r:sGw kl/kSj cj:yfdf k'Ug'nfO{ xfdL
h/f eG5f}F / ltgsf] gfznfO{ d/0f cyjf d[To' eGg] u5f}{F, To;}n]
…hflt k|ToofM h/fd/0fÚ cyf{t hGdn] ubf{ g} dflg; j[4 eO{ d5{ .
df]xsf] sf/0fn] d[To'sf] ;dodf tLj| cf;lQm / t[i0ffsf] cfuf]df
kf]n]/ h'g leq leq} c;Xo bfxsf] cg'e"lt x'G5 To;nfO{ zf]s elgG5 .
zf]ssf] sf/0fn] h'g s?0f /f]bg lrTsf/ / qmGbg x'G5 To;nfO{ kl/–
b]j elgG5 . kfFrj6f lj1fgsf] ;d"xaf6 pTkGg x'g] c;lhnf]kgf,
c;'vsf] cg'e"ltnfO{ b'Mv elgG5 . Tof] dgn] cg'ej u/]kl5 h'g
dfgl;s b'Mv ;[hgf x'G5 To;nfO{ g} bf}d{g:o elgG5 . To:t} k|sf/
259
Â
sf c¿ ;a} Sn]z pkSn]zx¿ -the entire afflicted subconsciousness_

nfO{ pkfof; -disturbed mind_ elgG5 .
dfly jl0f{t k|tLTo;d'Tkfbsf] lgodnfO{ xfdL tLg efudf afF8\g
;S5f}F . cljBf, t[i0ff / pkfbfgnfO{ xfdL …Sn]zÚ cGtu{t /fVg ;S5fF},
;+:sf/ / ejnfO{ …sd{Ú cGtu{t / lj1fg, gfd¿k, if8fotg, :kz{,
j]bgf, hflt Pj+ h/fd/0fnfO{ xfdL b'Mv cGtu{t /fVg ;S5f}F . h:tf]
k|tLTo;d'TkfbÅbosfl/sf df elgPsf] 5 —
oL h'g af¥xj6f cËx¿ -åfb;fË_ 5g\ lognfO{ tLg sf08

-efu_ df afF8]/ hfGg ;lsG5 . eujfg\ a'4åf/f pklbi6
k|tLTo;d'TkfbnfO{ Sn]z, sd{ / b'Mvleq ;d]6\g ;lsG5 .
klxnf], cf7f}F / gjf}F cË Sn]z x'g\, bf]>f] / bzf}F cË sd{
x'g\ eg] afFsL ;ft j6f cËx¿ b'Mv x'g\ .
lognfO{ pbfx/0fåf/f o;/L a'‰g ;lsG5 M cljBf v]tdf aLpm

/f]Kg] -JolQm_ ;/x xf], sd{ If]q -v]t_ ;/x xf] eg], lj1fg aLpm ;/x
g} xf], t[i0ff v]tdf x'g] cfb|{tf ;/x xf], gfd / ¿k 6';f -c+s'/_ ;/x
x'g\ eg] afFsL c¿ zfvf, k|zfvf, kft / bnx¿ ;dfg x'g\ .
olb cljBf g} pTkGg x'Fb}g eg] ;+:sf/ klg pTkGg x'g kfpFb}g .
o;} tj/n] olb hGd g} x'Fb}g eg] h/f / d/0f klg x'Fb}gg\ . t/ cljBf
/Xof] eg] ;+:sf/ k"0f{¿kn] df}nfpF5 . To;/L g} hflt -hGd_ ePkl5
h/fd/0f klg x'G5 g} . t/ oxfF cljBfn] …d ;+:sf/nfO{ pTkGg u5'{Ú
eg]/ ;f]+Rg] xf]Og g t ;+:sf/n] g} …dnfO{ cljBfn] pTkGg u/]sf] xf]Ú
eg]/ ;f]+R5 . o:t} k|sf/n] hGdn] klg …d h/fd/0fnfO{ pTkGg u5'{Ú
eg]/ ;f]+Rg] xf]Og . t/ cljBfsf] pkl:yltn] ubf{ ;+:sf/sf] pbo
x'G5, Pj+ /Ltn] hflt jf hGd ePsf]n] h/fd/0f klg x'G5 . ctM
cfWoflTds k|tLTo ;d'TkfbnfO{ xfdL ;x]t's k|tLTo;d'Tkfb -o;sf]
sf/0fn] of] x'g] OToflb_ eg]/ hfGg ;S5f}F .
260
Â
%pay : Xyan parimta
-cf_ k|Too–pklga4 cfWoflTds k|tLTo;d'Tkfb M cfWoflTds jf

cfGtl/s k|tLTo;d'Tkfb k|Tooåf/f klg k|efljt x'G5 . lsgeg] xfd|f]
z/L/ ^ wft'x¿ h:t} k[YjL -:y"ntf_, cfkf] -kfgL_, t]h -tfk_, jfo'
-xfjf_, cfsfz / lj1fg Pscfk;df ldn]/ ag]sf] 5 . k[YjL wft'n]
z/L/df :y"ntf jf 7f];kgf k|bfg ul//x]sf] x'G5, z/L/sf] of}lus
-Cohesion_ :jefj cfkf] wft'n] ubf{ g} ePsf] xf] . xfdLn] vfPsf
jf lkPsf s'/fnfO{ t]hf]wft'n] krfpg] sfd u5{ . jfo'wft'n] Zjf;
k|Zjf; u/fO/fv]sf] x'G5 . z/L/leq vfnL 7fpF -l5b|_ agfpg] sfd
cfsfzwft'n] u5{ . kfFr lj1fgsf ;d"x / ;f;|j -cf;|jn] o'Qm_
dgf]lj1fgnfO{ xfdL lj1fg wft' eG5f}F . oL k|Toox¿ gePdf z/L/
aGb}g, oL ^ wft'x¿ cfk;df ldn]df dfq z/L/n] k"0f{¿kn] sfd ug{
;S5 . tL ^ wft'dWo] s'g}n] klg …d 7f];tf lbG5', OToflb OToflbÚ
eg]/ ;f]+Rb}g . z/L/n] klg …dnfO{ oL ^ j6f k|Toox¿n] agfPsf x'g\Ú
eg]/ ;f]+Rb}g . xfdL olQ dfq eG5f}F ls oL k|Toox¿ /x]sfn] z/L/
aGg uof] .
s;}n] ;f]Wg ;S5, æk|tLTo;d'Tkfbsf oL af¥xj6f cËx¿ k"/f
x'g sltj6f hGdx¿ rflxPnf< o;sf] pQ/ bze"lds ;"q df o;/L
lbOPsf] kfOG5 M
…cljBf k|Toosf] sf/0fn] ;+:sf/ x'G5Ú

h'g xfdLn] klxn] eGof}+ .
Tof] …ctLtÚl;t ;DalGwt x'G5 jf egf}F cljBf / ;+:sf/
ctLt -k"j{hGd_sf cËx¿ x'g\ .
lj1fgb]lv lnP/ j]bgf;Ddsf cËn] jt{dfg -jt{dfg
hGd_ nfO{ hgfpF5g\ .
t[i0ffb]lv tnsf ej OToflb cËx¿n] eljio -eljio–
sf hGd_ l;t ;DaGw /fV5g\ . To;kl5 Pj+ /Ltn] of]
rqm jf qmd rln g} /xG5 .
261
Â
3.2. k|fltnf]lds
lgjf{0fut k|tLTo;d'Tkfb M k|fltnf]lds lgjf{0fut
k|tLTo;d'TkfbnfO{ o;/L a'‰g ;lsG5 M ;a} wd{x¿ z"Go 5g\ eGg] wd{
z"Gotf af]w eO;s]kl5 cljBfsf] lg/f]w -cGTo÷vtd_ x'G5 . To;/L
cljBfs} lg/f]w ePkl5 qmdzM Ps kl5 csf]{ x'Fb} h/fd/0f;Ddsf]
klg lg/f]w x'G5 . h:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
ha cljBfsf] lg/f]w x'G5, ta ;+:sf/sf] lg/f]w x'G5,

OToflb Pj+ /Ltn] ha hfltsf] lg/f]w x'G5, ta qmdzM
h/f, d/0f, zf]s, kl/b]j, b'Mv, bf}d{g:o / pkfof;sf] klg
lg/f]w x'G5 . o;/L ljzfn b'Mv:sGwsf] lg/f]w jf cGTo
x'G5 .@!
4. dfT;o{ -O{iof{_ M olb s'g} JolQmdf O{iof{ k|an 5 eg] To;sf]

k|ltkIf:j¿k p;n] k/fTd;dtfsf] ljifodf efjgf ug'{k5{ h'g
o;k|sf/ ul/G5 . h;/L xfdL ;'v rfxG5f}+, To;/L g} c¿ k|f0fLx¿
klg ;'v} rfxG5g\ . h;/L xfdLnfO{ b'Mv dg kb}{g, To;/L g} c¿
k|f0fLx¿nfO{ klg b'Mv dg kb}{g . To;f] ePsf]n] cfkm" / c¿ ;™jx¿nfO{
;dfg¿kn] dfofn] x]g]{ efjgf ug'{k5{ . o; ljifodf af]lwrof{jtf/
df o:tf] atfOPsf] 5 M
;j{k|yd cfkm" / c¿aLrsf] ;dfgtfdf Wofg ug'{k5{

;'v rfxg' / b'Mv grfxg'df
;a} k|f0fL ;dfg ePsf x'Fbf
d}n] cfkm"nfO{ h:t} c¿ ;a} k|f0fLx¿sf]
klg /Iff jf lxt ug'{k5{ .@@
5.db M olb s'g} JolQmdf db jf cx+sf/ k|an 5 eg] To;sf]

k|ltkIf:j¿k p;n] cfTd k/fjt{g sf] ljifodf efjgf ug'k{ 5{ h'g
262
Â
%pay : Xyan parimta
o;k|sf/ ul/G5 M xfdLh:tf afnk[yUhgx¿ ;w} cfkm}nfO{ dfq Kof/f]

7fGg] x'Fbf cfˆg} lxtsf] nflu dfq sfo{ u5f}{+, To;}sf/0fn] ubf{ xfdLn]
;+;f/df b'Mv kfO/fv]sf 5f}+ . t/ a'4x¿n] cfkm"nfO{ eGbf c¿nfO{
Kof/f] 7fg]/ c¿s} lxtsf] nflu sfd u/]/ af]lw1fg k|fKt u5{g\ . h:tf]
elgPsf] 5 M
k[yUhg -xfdLh:tf c1fgL k|f0fLx¿_

cfˆg} :jfy{sf] nflu dfq sfd u5{g\
hasL a'4x¿ k/fy{ cyf{t c¿x¿sf nflu sfd ub{5g\ .
logL b'O{aLrsf] leGgtfnfO{ t x]/ Û@#
t;y{, cfTd:g]x eg]sf] bf]if xf] eGg] a'emL xfdLn] o; …cfTdu|fxÚ

nfO{ Toflulbg'k5{ . c¿nfO{ :g]x ug'{ g} 7"nf] u'0f xf] eGg] s'/f a'emL
c¿nfO{ cfkm"nfO{ h:t} k|]d ug'{k5{ . af]lwrof{jtf/ df elgPsf] 5 M
cfkm"nfO{ bf]ifo'Qm / c¿nfO{ u'0fsf] vfgL 7fg]/

xfdLn] cfTdu|fxnfO{ Tofu]/ k/:g]xsf] efjgf ug'{k5{ .@$
6. ;dfg k|antfsf Sn]zx¿ M olb tL ljleGg Sn]zx¿ ;a} plQs}

tLj| / k|an 5g\ eg] cyjf dgleq ljsNk Hofb} g} ulx/f] h/f] uf8]/
a;]sf] 5 eg] hDdf 5 k|sf/sf Zjf; k|Zjf; cyf{t cfgfkfgsf] Wofg
ug'{k5{ . h:tf] clewd{sf]z df elgPsf] 5 M
cfgfkfg:d[lt ^ k|sf/sf 5g\, tL x'g\ M

u0fgf, cg'ud0f, :yfkg, pknIf0f, ljjt{ / kl/z'l4@%
tGqgodf dfly pNn]lvt Sn]zx¿nfO{ k|xf0f, k|ltklQ / kl/0ffdgf

gu/Lsg} ;Lw} t™jefjgf ul/G5 . df/kf Pj+ ldnf/]kfsf] u'?lzio
263
Â
k/Dk/fsf] ;xhof]u, gf/f]kfsf ^ wd{ o;};+u ;DalGwt 5g\ eg]/

xfdLn] a'‰g'k5{ .
oL ;a} dltzf]wgsf qmda4 r/0f x'g\ h;nfO{ kf/ u/]/ ;fws
;dflwdf k|j]z u5{ .
#= Wofg kf/ldtfsf e]b M jf:tljs Wofgsf tLg e]bx¿ 5g\, tL x'g\ M

s= b[i6wd{;'vljxf/fo Wofg cyf{t ;a} b[li6uf]r/ wd{x¿df ;'v Pj+
zfGtk"j{s ljxf/ ug{ ul/g] Wofg, v= ;dflwu'0flgxf{/fo Wofg cyf{t
;dflwsf u'0fx¿nfO{ k|fKt ug{ ul/g] Wofg, / u= ;™jfy{lqmof Wofg
cyf{t k|f0fLx¿sf] lxtsf] nflu sfd ug{ ul/g] Wofg .@^
tLdWo] klxnf] b[i6wd{;'vljxf/fo Wofg xfd|f] cfˆgf] dgnfO{ pQd
jf ;'of]Uo kfq agfpg] pkfo xf], bf]>f] ;dflwu'0flgxf{/fo Wofg cfˆgf]
dgnfO{ ;'of]Uo kfq agfO;s]kl5 a'4wd{nfO{ cg'i7fg ug]{ pkfo xf] /
t]>f] ;™jfy{lqmofo Wofg ;™jx¿sf] lxtsf] nflu sfd ug]{ pkfo xf] .
$= k|To]s e]bsf nIf0f
s= b[i6wd{;'vljxf/fo Wofg M klxnf], b[i6wd{;'vljxf/fo Wofgsf]

ljifodf af]lw;™je"lddf o:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
;a} ljsNkx¿af6 d'Qm, sflos -zfl//Ls_ / r]tl;s

-dfgl;s_ k|>lAw -dxf;'v_ lbg], k/d zfGt, cx+sf/ -dfg_
/lxt, :jfb glng] -;+= cgf:jflbt_, lgldQ/lxt -;+1faf6
d'Qm ePsf]_ Wofg g} af]lw;™jsf] b[i6wd{;'vljxf/ Wofg
xf] .@&
oxfF, ;j{k|yd …;a} ljsNkx¿af6 d'Qm WofgÚ sf] cy{ ;t\, c;t\
cflb ljsNkaf6 d'Qm lrQsf] Psfu|tf xf] . To:t} …sflos / r]tl;s
264
Â
%pay : Xyan parimta
k|>lAwhgsÚ eGgfsf] tfTko{ sflos / r]tl;s ljIf]k -;+= bf}i7'No_

af6 d'Qm x'g' xf] . …dfg/lxtÚ eGgfsf] tfTko{ b[li6 Sn]z -ldYof b[li6
cflb_ /lxt x'g' xf] . …:jfb glng] -cgf:jflbt_Ú ljz]if0fsf] cy{ xf] ej
Sn]z -The afflicting emotion of existence_ af6 d'Qm . …lgldQ/lxtÚ
cyf{t ¿k cflb hGo -;'v_ ef]u gug]{ .
oL ;a} dfu{x¿df k|j]z ug]{ åf/ rf/ Wofgx¿ x'g\ . tL x'g\, k|yd
Wofg, låtLo Wofg, t[tLo Wofg / rt'y{ Wofg . k|yd Wofg ljZn]if–
0ffTds ljts{o'Qm Wofg xf], låtLo Wofgdf k|Llt pTkGg x'G5, t[tLo
Wofgdf -;ftj6f_ ;'v k|fKt x'G5 eg] rt'y{ Wofgdf pk]Iff pTkGg
x'G5 .@*
v= ;dflwu'0flgxf{/fo Wofg M ;dflwu'0flgxf{/fo Wofgcyf{t ;dflwsf

u'0fx¿nfO{ k|fKt ug{ ul/g] Wofg b'O{ k|sf/sf 5g\ M c;fwf/0f /
;fwf/0f . klxnf] cyf{t c;fwf/0f Wofg tyfutsf bzan cGtu{t
kg]{ ljleGg, sNkgftLt -clrGTo_, ck/Dkf/ / ckl/ldt k|sf/sf
;dflwx¿ x'g\ . oL ;dflwsf af/] >fjs / k|To]sa'4x¿n] gfd} ;'gs] f
@(
x'Fb}gg\ eg] nfe ug'{ t k/} 5 .
bf]>f] cyf{t ;fwf/0f Wofg eGgfn] ljdf]If, cleEjfotg,
s[T:gfotg, k|lt;+ljb OToflb Wofgsf tx x'g\ h'g >fjs / k|To]s
a'4x¿n] ;dfg¿kn] lnG5g\ . t/ gfdn] tL ;dfg ePtfklg ltgsf
:j¿k eg] km/s g} 5g\ .
u= ;Œjfy{lqmofsf] nflu Wofg M s'g} Ps ;dflwsf] cf>o lnP/

cfˆgf cgluGtL z/L/x¿ k|s6 u/]/ s–s;nfO{ s:tf s:tf ;xfotf
rflxG5g\ To:tf ;xfotf lbg] h:tf !! j6f kl/R5]b !# df jl0f{t k/
sNof0fk/:t sfo{x¿ u5{g\ .
zdy / ljkZogf eGg] Wofgsf b'O{6f cj:yf 5g\ . pko'{Qm
Wofgsf ;DaGwdf zdy eg]sf] s] xf] / ljkZogf eg]sf] s] xf] <
265
Â
;Dos\ ;dflwsf] cf>o lnP/ lrQnfO{ lrQ;+u} Psa4 jf o'ug4

t'Nofpg'nfO{ g} zdy elgG5 eg] lrQnfO{ zdy l:yltdf NofO;s]kl5
oyfy{ -wd{tf_ nfO{ ;fIffTsf/ u/]/ s'g wd{ s/0fLo 5g\ s'g cs/0fLo
5g\ eg]/ hfGg] sfd g} ljkZogfsf] xf] . h:tf] dxfofg;"qfnÍf/ df
elgPsf] 5 M
;Dos\ ;dflwdf cfl>t eP/

lrQnfO{ lrQd} no ug'{ / wd{nfO{ k|ltj]If0ff
-;+= k|ljro_ ug'{nfO{ g} qmdzM zdy / ljkZogf elgG5 .#)
zdy ;dflwsf/s xf] eg] ljkZogf k|1fs} c+z xf] .
%= pkro -clej[l4_ M kl/R5]b !@ df JofVof ul/Pem}F Wofg kf/

ldtfsf] clej[l4 1fg, k|1f / kl/0ffdgfaf6 x'G5 .
^= ljz'l4 M kl/R5]b !@ df atfOPem}F z"Gotf / s?0ffn] yfd]kl5

Wofgsf] ljz'l4 x'G5 .
&= kmn M Wofgsf kmn klg cGTo / cfjl:ys -;f+;fl/s_ u/L b'O{
k|sf/s} x'G5g\ eg]/ a'‰g'k5{ . tLdWo] cGTo jf k/dfy{ kmn eGgfn]
cg'Q/ af]lw k|fKt x'g' g} xf] . h:tf] af]lw;™je"ld df elgPsf] 5 M
o; k|sf/ Wofg kf/ldtfnfO{ k"/f u/]/ af]lw;™jn] cg'Q/

;Dos\ ;Daf]lw k|fKt u/], ul//x]sf 5g\ / ul//xg]5g\ .#!
Wofg kf/ldtfsf cfjl:ys -;f+;fl/s jf nf}lss_ kmn:j¿k

/fuaf6 d'Qm b]j eP/ hlGdg ;S5f}F . o;} ;DaGwdf cfrfo{ gfufh'{gn]
o:tf] eGg'ePsf] 5 M
266
Â
%pay : Xyan parimta
sfdwft'sf cfgGb, ;'v, b'Mv ;a}nfO{ k|xf0f u/]/

rt'Wof{gaf6 k|fKt x'g] a|Xdsflos, k|ef:j/,
z'es[T:g / a[xTkmnsf b]jtfx¿sf
h:t} cj:yf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . ;'ÅNn]v – $!
Wofgkf/ldtf
gfds iff]8z kl/R5]b ;dfKt .
267
Â
kl/R5]b !&
k|1f kf/ldtf
k|1f kf/ldtfsf] ;f/f+z lgDg zLif{sx¿df kfpg ;lsG5 M

x/]s e]bsf nIf0f, 1fg, cEof; / kmn
oL ;ft zLif{sx¿df k|1f kf/ldtfsf ljifoj:t' ;dflji6 5g\ .
!= u'0f / bf]ifx¿sf] lgb]{z M bfgb]lv lnP/ Wofg;Ddsf kf/ldtfn]

o'Qm ePtf klg olb af]lw;™jdf k|1fsf] cefj eof] eg] pgLaf6
a'4Tj k|fKt x'g ;Sb}g . To;f] lsg < lsgeg] h;/L dfu{bz{s lagf
cGwfx¿sf] ;d"x cfkm"n] rfx]sf] gu/ -uGtJo_df k'Ug ;Sb}gg\ To;/L
g} k|1fkf/ldtf lagf s'g} klg ;™j ;j{1tfsf] gu/;Dd k'Ug ;Sb}g .
h:tf] k|1fkf/ldtf;~roufyf df elgPsf] 5 M
nfvf}+ s/f]8f}+ cGwfx¿n] s;/L s'g} gu/df k|j]z ug{ ;Snfg\

hals pgLx¿nfO{ s'g af6f] eP/ hfFbf ;f] gu/df k'luG5
eGg] s'/} yfxf 5}g / cfˆgf] ;fydf s'g} cfFvfn]
b]Vg ;Sg] dfu{bz{s klg 5}g eg] <
To;}u/L vfnL kfFr g]qxLg kf/ldtfx¿ dfq eP/ s] ug]{
k|1f g} ePg eg] af]lw1fg;Dd s;/L k'luPnf <!
csf]{tkm{, k|1fn] o'Qm ePdf xfdLn] ;j{1tf -a'4Tj_sf] cj:yf

k|fKt ug{ ;S5f}+ . lsgeg] h;/L s'g} Ps dfu{bz{ssf] s'zn g]t[Tjdf
cGwfsf] ;d"x cfkm"n] hfg rfx]sf] gu/;Dd ;s'zn k'Ug ;S5g\
269
Â
To;/L g} k|1fn] ubf{ bfg OToflb kf/ldtfåf/f ul/Psf k'0o;+ef/nfO{

a'4Tjsf] dfu{df ptfg{ ;lsG5 . o; ;DaGwdf dWodsfjtf/ df
o:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
h;/L ;2] cfFvf ePsf s'g} JolQmsf] d2tn] hGd b]lvsf

cGwfsf ;Dk"0f{ hdft cfkm"n] lrtfPs} 7fpFdf ;s'zn k'Ug
;Sb5g\, To:t} u/L k|1fn] c¿ g]qxLg kf/ldtfx¿nfO{
a'4Tj;Dd 8f]¥ofpFb} nfG5 . ^÷@
k|1fkf/ldtf;~roufyf df elgPsf] 5 M
k|1fsf] dfWodn] wd{sf] :jefjnfO{ /fd|/L / ckfo -b'u{ltx¿_

a'em]/ k|f0fL ;Dk"0f{ lqwft'nfO{ kf/ u/]/ hfG5g\ .@
olb To;f] xf] eg] k|1f dfq} eP k'Ub}g /, c¿ bfg cflb kf/–
ldtfx¿sf] cEof;} lsg ug'{k¥of] < To;f] xf]Og, k|1f dfq eP/ klg
k'Ub}g . o; ;DaGwdf af]lwkyk|lbk df o:tf] n]lvPsf] 5 M
elgG5,
æk|1f lagfsf] pkfo / pkfo lagfsf] k|1f
b'j} aGwg x'g\ .Æ
To;}n] b'O{df Pp6fnfO{ klg gTofUg" .#
s'g} af]lw;™jn] k|1f jf pkfo dWo] s'g} Pssf] dfq efjgf u5{
eg] pm sxfF alGwt x'G5 t < olb p;n] k|1fsf] dfq cf>o lnP/
pkfosf] cEof; ub}{g eg] pm >fjsx¿sf PskIfLo lgjf{0fdf k'u]/
aGwgdf km:5 / Tof] l:yltdf cNem]kl5 ck|ltli7t lgjf{0f k|fKt ug{
g;Sg] x'G5 . o; ;DaGwdf b'O{6f ljrf/wf/f jf dtx¿ kfOG5g\
270
Â
%pay : à}a parimta
h:tf] ls M tLg ofgnfO{ dfGg]x¿ -of]ufrf/_ sf dt cg';f/ Tof]

JolQm ;bfsf] nflu ToxLF alGwt eO/xG5 . hasL PsofgnfO{ dfGg]–
x¿ -dfWolds_ sf dt cg';f/ ToxfF ;f] JolQm *$,))) sNk;Dd
alGwt eP/ /xG5 . To:t} u/L olb s'g} JolQmn] k|1fnfO{ 5f]8]/ s]
jn pkfosf] dfq cf>o lnG5 eg] pm ;w} vfnL afnk[yu\hg eP/
dfq /xg'kg]{ x'G5, p;n] slxNo} Tof] e"ldnfO{ kf/ ug{ ;Sb}g . t;y{ ;w}
;+;f/d} cNem]/ /xg'kg]{ x'G5 . o;} ;DaGwdf cIfodltkl/k[R5f;"q df
atfOPsf] 5 M
pkfosf] cefjdf vfln k|1f dfq ePsf] v08df k|f0fL

lgjf{0fd} clNemg -alGwt x'g_ k'U5 . To:t} vfln pkfo dfq
5 t/ k|1f 5}g eg] pm ;+;f/df kmF:5 jf alGwt x'G5 .
To;}n] tL b'j}nfO{ PsLs[t ug{ cfjZos 5 .
ljdnsLlt{lgb]{z ;"q df klg oxL s'/f] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
af]lw;™jsf] aGwg s] xf] / d'lQm s] xf] < pkfon] g;dfPsf]

k|1f aGwg xf] eg] pkfon] ;dfPsf] k|1f d'lQm xf] . To:t}
k|1fn] g;dfPsf] pkfo aGwg xf] eg] k|1fn] ;dfPsf]
pkfo d'lQm xf] .$
t;y{, k|1f / pkfodWo] Pp6fsf] dfq efjgf ug'{ df/sf] sfo{

xf] . ;fu/gfu/fhkl/k[R5f;"q n] eG5 M
df/sf b'O{6f sfo{x¿ 5g\ M Pp6f sfo{ k|1faf6 cnlUuPsf]

pkfosf] efjgf ug'{ / csf]{ sfo{ pkfoaf6 cnlUuPsf]
k|1fsf] efjgf ug'{ xf] . tL df/sf sfo{ x'g\ egL hfg]/
ltgnfO{ TofUg'k5{ .
271
Â
pbfx/0fsf] nflu dfgf}F cfkm"nfO{ dg k/]sf] s'g} gu/df xfdL

hfg rfxfG5f}+ . Totftkm{ hfg] ;xL af6f] klxNofpg / ;f] af6f]df
lx8\gsf] nflu xfdL;Fu qmdzM cfFvf / v'§f b'j} geO x'Ggg\ . To;/L
g} ck|ltli7t lgjf{0fsf] gu/L;Dd k'Ug klg xfdLdf k|1f¿kL cfFvf /
pkfo¿kL v'§f oL b'O{aLr tfbfTDo x'g' h¿/L 5 . h:tf] uofzLif{;"q
df klg oxL s'/f] elgPsf] 5 M
;+If]kdf, dxfofgsf b'O{ dfu{x¿ 5g\ M pkfo / k|1f .
o;sf] cltl/Qm, k|1f :jtM pTkGg x'Fb}g . pbfx/0fsf] nflu

clnslt dfq sf7 a6'n]/ cfuf] afNof] eg] ;fg} cfuf] aN5 / t'?Gt}
lgE5 . t/ w]/} kl/df0fdf sf7x¿ a6'n]/ NofO{ cfuf] afn]df w]/} 7"nf]
cfuf] aN5 / w]/}a]/ aln/xG5 . xfdLn] ;f] cfuf] lgefpg vf]h] klg
glglesg Psgf;n] aln/xG5 . 7Ls To;}u/L lsl~rt dfq k'0o
;+ef/ ul/Psf] 5 eg] 7"nf] k|1f pTkGg x'Fb}g t/ o;sf] 7Ls ljk–
/Lt bfg cflb kf/ldtfx¿nfO{ k"0f{ u/]/ w]/} k'0o ;Def/ ul/Psf] 5
eg] 7"n} k|1f pTkGg eP/ To;sf] cfuf]n] ;a} cfj/0fx¿nfO{ hnfO–
lbG5 . To;sf/0f, k|1fsf] lgldQ xfdLn] bfg cflb kf/ldtfx¿sf]
cf>o lng}k5{ . To;}n] af]lwrof{jtf/ df o:tf] n]lvPsf] 5 M
k|1fs} nflu eujfg\ a'4n] oL ;a} c+ux¿ -cGo kf/ldtfx¿_

sf] AofVof ug'{ePsf] xf] .%
@= k|1fkf/ldtfsf] :j¿k M wd{x¿sf] ;xL / k"0f{ k|ltj]If0ff jf ljj]–

rgf -;=k|ljro, g]=ljZn]if0f_ g} k|1fsf] :j¿k xf] . o; ;DaGwdf
clewd{;d'Rro df o:tf] n]lvPsf] 5 M
k|1f s] xf] < k|1f wd{sf] k|ljro -ljj]rgf_ xf] .
272
Â
%pay : à}a parimta
#= k|1fkf/ldtfsf e]b M dxfofg;"qfnÍf/6Lsf sf cg';f/ k|1fsf tLg

e]b cyjf tLg k|sf/sf k|1f 5g\ M^
s= nf}lss k|1f
v= xLgnf]sf]Q/ k|1f /
u= dxfnf]sf]Q/ k|1f
$= x/]s e]bsf nIf0f
s= nf}lss k|1f M lrlsT;fljBf, x]t'ljBf -ts{zf:q_, zAbljBf,

lzNkljBf OToflb sf] cWoog u/]/ h'g k|1f nfe x'G5 To;nfO{
nf}lss k|1f elgG5 . hals b'O{ k|sf/sf nf]sf]Q/ k|1fsf] pTklQ
cWofTdljBf gfds ;4d{af6 k|fKt x'G5 .
v= xLgnf]sf]Q/ k|1f M b'Oj{ 6f nf]sf]Q/ k|1fdf klxnf] xLgnf]sf]–

Q/ k|1f >fjs / k|To]sa'4x¿sf >'tdoL, lrGtfdoL / efjgfdoL
k|1f x'g\ h; cg';f/ kfFr pkfbfg:sGw -¿k, j]bgf, ;+1f, ;+:sf/ /
lj1fg_ nfO{ cz'lr, clgTo, b'Mv / cgfTdsf] ¿kdf af]w ul/G5 .
u= dxfnf]sf]Q/ k|1f M bf]>f] k|1f cyf{t dxfnf]sf]Q/ k|1f dxfofgL–

x¿sf >'tdoL, lrGtfdoL / efjgfdoL k|1f x'g\ h;cg';f/ ;a}
wd{x¿ -¿k tyf lrQ_ :jefj}n] z"Go, cg'TkGg, lg/fwf/ / lgd"{nsf]
¿kdf af]w ul/G5 . o;af/] ;Ktzltsfk|1fkf/ldtf df elgPsf] 5 M
;d:t wd{ cg'TkGg 5g\

eg]/ hfGg' g} k|1fkf/ldtf xf] .
k|1fkf/ldtf;~ro ufyf sf cg';f/,
273
Â
;d:t wd{x¿sf] lgM:jefjtfnfO{ hfGg' g} pQd k|1fkf/–

ldtfsf] cEof; xf] .&
af]lwkyk|bLk df klg oxL s'/f n]lvPsf] 5 M
:sGw, wft' Pj+ cfotgnfO{ cg'TkGg

7fgL tL ;a} :jefj}n] z"Go 5g\ eg]/
h'g lsl;dsf] af]w ul/G5
To;}nfO{ k|1f eGg] ul/G5 .*
%= k|1fkf/ldtfsf] 1fg M tLg k|sf/sf k|1fdWo] klg dxfnf]sf]Q/

k|1fs} cWoog x'g'k5{ . o;nfO{ ^ zLif{sx¿df afF8]/ cWoog ul/g]–
5.
%=!= efju|xsf] lgif]w

%=@= cefju|xsf] lgif]w
%=#= c;b\u|xsf] bf]if
%=$= peou|xsf] bf]if
%=%= ljd'lQm dfu{
%=^= ljd'lQmdo lgjf{0f
%= != efju|xsf] lgif]w M af]lwkyk|bLk df ctLz n]Vb5g\ M
;t\sf] pTklQ o'lQm;+ut x'Fb}g

To;}u/L c;t\sf] pTklQ klg cfsfzsf] km"n ;dfg g} xf] .(
of] s'/fnfO{ /fd|/L a'‰g b]xfo adf]lhdsf ts{n] o;sf] JofVof

ul/g'k5{ .
274
Â
%pay : à}a parimta
dfu{qmd -Lamrim_ sf Joj:yf cg';f/ ;a} ej / eju|fxnfO{

b'O{ k|sf/sf …cfTdfÚ cGtu{t ;d]6]/ JofVof ul/g'k5{ . b'O{6} k|sf/sf
…cfTdfÚ :jefj}n] z"Go 5g\ . oL b'O{ …cfTdfÚ jf …lrQÚ s'g x'g\ t <
tL x'g\, k'b\un–cfTd / wd{–cfTd .
k'b\un–cfTdf jf lrQ eg]sf] s] xf] < hjfkmdf eGg'kbf{, x'gt
o; ;DaGwdf w]/} dtx¿ k|rngdf cfPsf 5g\, t/ jf:tjdf k'b\–
un -JolQm_ eg]s} r]tgf -Awareness_ n] o'Qm pkfbfg–:sGwsf]
;Gtlt -lg/Gt/tf_ xf] hf] ;w} plk|m/xG5, rln/xG5 / k|dfbL eO–
/xG5 . k|sL0f{;"q df elgPh:t} M æoxL ;GtltnfO{ æk'b\unÆ elgG5
hf] cToGt} r~rn, s'l6n / k|dQ eO/xG5 .Æ
o; k'b\unnfO{ lgTo / Ps 7fg]/ u|fx ul/;s]kl5 JolQm ;f]
k'b\unnfO{ ædÆ cyjf æcfTdfÆ eG7fg]/ o;}df a]:;/L 6fFl;G5 .
k'b\un cfTdf jf lrQ eg]s} ToxL xf] . oxL k'b\un cfTdfn] ubf{ g}
Sn]zx¿ pTkGg x'G5g\ . Sn]zn] ubf{ sd{ ul/G5 . b'Mv oxL sd{n] g}
k}bf ub{5 . t;y{, ;a} b'Mvsf] h8 g} oxL k'bu\ n cfTdf jf lrQ /x]5 .
To;}n] k|df0fjflt{s df n]lvPsf] 5 M
:j -d jf cfkm"_ ePkl5 k/ -c¿_ sf] ;+1f klg x'G5 g} .

oxL :j / k/ df ljeflht ul/g] x'Fbf
u|fx / å]if pTkGg x'G5g\ .
logsf cfk;L cGt/lqmofn]
;a} bf]ifx¿sf] pTklQ x'G5 .!)
wd{–cfTdf eg]sf] s] xf] < wd{ eg]s} aflx/L -jfXo_ u|fXo ljifo
/ leqL -cfGtl/s_ u|fxs lrQ x'g\ . oxfF km]l/ csf]{ k|Zg p7\g ;S5,
To;nfO{ lsg wd{ elgPsf] t < lsgeg] To;n] cfˆg} nIf0f wf/0f
ul//fv]sf] x'G5 To;}n] To;nfO{ wd{ elgPsf] xf] . h:tf] k|sL0f{ ;"qdf
elgPsf] 5 M ænIf0f wf/0f u/]sfn] To;nfO{ wd{ elgG5 .Æ
275
Â
o; cy{df u|fxs / u|fXo oL b'O{nfO{ ejsf] ¿kdf u|x0f u/]/

logLx¿k|lt cf;Qm x'g'nfO{ g} æwd{–cfTdfÆ elgG5 . pQm b'j} k|sf/–
sf …cfTdfÚ :jefj}n] z"Go x'G5g\ – o;sf] JofVof ug{ ;j{k|yd k'b\–
un cfTdfnfO{ g} lgif]w ug]{lt/ nfuf}+ . o; ;DaGwdf cfrfo{ gfufh'{g
k|0fLt /TgfjnL df lgDg Znf]s ljz]if¿kn] pNn]Vo 5 M æ…d}Ú x'F /
…d]/f]Ú xf] – o;/L eGg' k/dfy{sf] 7Ls ljk/Lt xf] .Æ!!
pko'{Qm Znf]sn] s] eGg vf]h]sf] xf] eg] xfdL h'g cfTdf eG5fF}
k/dfy{tM To;sf] s'g} cl:tTj 5}g / To;nfO{ l;4 ug{ klg ;lsGg .
;fFRr} k/dfy{tM o;nfO{ l;4 ug{ ;lsFbf] xf] t lrQn] ;TonfO{
;fIffTsf/ ul/;s]kl5 klg t To;sf] cl:tTj x'g'kg]{Yof] . t/ To;f]
geP/ dgn] ;To -oyfe"t bz{g_ nfO{ ;fIffTsf/ ul/;s]kl5 cfTdf
eGg] rLh} /xGg . To;}n] cfTdfsf] cl:tTjnfO{ l;4 ug{ ;lsGg .
h:tf] /TgfjnL df klg elgPsf] 5 M
lsgeg] oyfe"t 1fg bz{g x'Fbf

oL b'O{ pknAw x'Ggg\ .!@
oyfe"t 1fgsf] cy{ ;TonfO{ ;fIffTsf/ ug'{ xf] jf h:tfsf] t:t}

b]Vg' xf] . oxfF b'O{sf] cg'knAwtfn] cfTdf / cfTdLo u|fx -…dÚ / …d]/f]Ú
nfO{ u|fx ug'{_ pknAw gx'g'nfO{ hgfpFb5 .
o;sf] cnfjf, cfTdf jf lrQsf] cl:t™j 5 eg]/ dfGg] xf] eg]
o;nfO{ Psrf]l6 hfFr u/]/ x]/f}F . s] ;f] cfTdf jf lrQ :jtM pTkGg
x'G5, ls k/tM pTkGg x'G5, ls peotM -:jtM klg k/tM klg_ pTkGg
x'G5 cyjf tLg sfnaf6 x'G5 <
oLdWo] cfTdf jf lrQ :jtM pTkGg x'g] s'/f t :ki6¿kn]
c;Dej g} 5 lsgeg] ls t o;sf] cl:t™j klxn]b]lv x'g'k5{ jf ls
t o;sf] cl:tTj 5Fb} 5}g . olb o;sf] cl:tTj klxn]b]lv 5}g eg]
cfkm}nfO{ pTklQ ug]{ sf/0f aGg ;Sb}g, csf]{tkm{ olb o;sf] cl:tTj
276
Â
%pay : à}a parimta
klxn]b]lv g} 5 eg] To;n] cfkm"nfO{ pTkGg u5{ eGgldNb}g . To;}n]

o;df cfTdfn] cfTdfnfO{ g} pTkfb ug]{ lj/f]wfef; /xG5 .
cfTdf c¿ g} s'g} rLhaf6 -k/tM_ pTkGg x'g} ;Sb}g lsgeg]
c¿ -k/_ sf/0f aGg} ;Sb}g lsgeg] sf/0f jf x]t'sf] ;DaGw kmn
jf kl/0ffd;+u ufFl;Psf] x'G5 . ha;Dd sf/0f x'Fb}g kmnsf] cl:tTj
c;Dej 5 . ha sf/0f} x'Fb}g eg] kmn s;/L cfpFnf < of] s'/fsf] ts{
t dfly g} lbO;lsof] .
cfTdf :jtM / k/tM klg pTkGg x'g] xf]Og . oL b'j} ts{x¿
bf]ifn] el/k"0f{ 5g\ h;sf] JofVof dfly g} ul/;lsof] .
cfTdf tLgj6f sfn -;do_ af6 klg pTkGg x'g] xf]Og . of]
ctLtaf6 pTkGg x'g ;Sb}g, lsgeg] ctLt jf e"t t s'lxPsf] jLpm
h:t} gi6 eO;Sof] t;y{ To;sf] c+s'/fpg] zlQm g} gi6 eO;Sof] .
eljio sfnaf6 pTkGg x'g] klg xf]Og lsgeg] To;f] xf] eg] afFemf]
cfOdfOsf] ;Gtfg eg] h:t} x'g]5 . To;f]eP cfTdf jt{dfg ;doaf6
pTkGg x'g] xf] t < Tof] klg xf]Og . lsgeg] sf/0f -pTkfbs_ / kmn
-pTkGg cfTdf_ Ps};fy Ps} ;dodf pTkGg x'g ;Sb}gg\ . To;}n]
/TgfjnL df elgPsf] 5 M
cfTdf :jtM, k/tM, peotM / tLgsfnaf6

klg pknAw -k|flKt_ gx'g] x'Fbf
cfTdu|fx -cx+sf/_ gi6 eP/ hfG5 .!#
oxfF æpknAw gx'g]Æ eGgfn] æpTkGg gx'g]Æ eGg] a'lemG5 .

cyjf, b]xfoadf]lhd o; tyfslyt …cfTdfÚsf] k/LIff ul/g'–
k5{ . of] cfTdf z/L/df 5 ls, dgdf 5 ls of t gfddf 5 < rf/
dxfe"tsf] h] :jefj 5 ToxL of] z/L/sf] :jefj xf] . z/L/sf] h'g
:y"ntf jf s7f]/kgf 5 ToxL k[YjL wft' xf], cfb|{tf hn xf], pi0ftf
-tftf]kgf_ t]h xf] eg] Zjf; Pj+ rfn jfo' xf] . aflx/L k[YjL, hn,
277
Â
clUg / jfo'df lrQ gePh:t} oL rf/ dxfe"tdf cfTdf jf lrQ

e]l6Fb} e]l6Gg .
To;f]eP, s] lrQleq 5 t cfTdf < ToxfF klg 5}g lsgeg] lrQ
sxLF klg /xFb}g, g cfkm"n] b]Vg ;S5f}F g t c¿n] g} of] lrQnfO{ b]Vg
;S5 . dg cfkm}sf] cl:tTj 5}g eg] ToxfF cfTdf /xg] t s'/} cfpFb}
g.
To;f]eP s] gfddf /xG5 t cfTdf < ToxfF klg /xGg, lsgeg]
gfd eg]sf] t Pp6f cf/f]lkt ul/Psf] ;+1f dfq} g xf] . of] s'g} b|Jo
jf j:t'df /xg] klg xf]Og . To;}n] o;sf] cfTdfl;t s'g} ;DaGw}
5}g . o;/L tLg ts{ -x]t'_ åf/f cfTdf jf lrQsf] cl:tTjlxgtfnfO{
k|lti7flkt ul/of] .
ca lgDglnlvt b'O{ zLif{s cGtu{t wd{sf] cfTdfnfO{ lgif]w
ul/G5 . tL b'O{ zLif{s x'g\ M afXo u|fXo ljifosf] cl:tTjnfO{ l;4
ug{ g;lsg], / cfGtl/s u|fxs lrQsf] cl:tTjnfO{ l;4 ug{ g;lsg] .
oL b'O{sf] JofVof tn ul/G5 .
afXo u|fXo ljifosf] cl:tTjnfO{ l;4 ug{ g;lsg] M klxnf]
zLif{ssf] JofVof o;/L u/f}+ . sf]xL sf]xL jfXo u|fXo ljifosf] cl:tTj
jf ;QfnfO{ dfGb5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu j}eflifsx¿ eG5g\ ls Pp6f
lg/+z -c+zdf ljefhg ug{ g;lsg]_ lk08sf] ¿k k/df0f'sf] cl:tTj
eg] x'G5 . lk08sf] ¿kdf /xFbfklg tL c0f'x¿ 6fFl:;P/ /xFb}gg\,
ltgLx¿aLr s]xL kmf;nf eg] /x]s} x'G5 . uf}r/df rb}{ u/]sf rf}/L–
ufO{sf ayfg;/x tL c0f'x¿ Ps} lk08 eP/ /x]sf] h:tf] b]vfk5{ .
ltgLx¿nfO{ cnu cnu b]Vg g;lsg] sf/0f k|f0fLx¿sf sd{ g}
x'g\ . t/ ;f}qflGtsx¿sf cg';f/ o;/L lk08sf ¿kdf /x]tfklg oL
c0f'x¿aLr kmf;nf x'Fb}g . kmf;nf g/x]klg Psn] csf{nfO{ 5'Gg .
b'j}sf dfGotfnfO{ o'lQm;+ut eGg ldNb}g . lsgsL oxfF Pp6f
k|Zg s] p7\5 eg] s] tL c0f' Pp6f dfq 5 jf cg]s 5g\ < olb
c0f' Pp6f dfq} 5 eg] To;nfO{ c¿ c+zdf ljeflht ug{ ;lsG5
278
Â
%pay : à}a parimta
of ;ls+b}g < olb ;lsG5 eg] To;sf k"jL{, klZrdL, blIf0fL, pQ/L,
dflyNnf] / tNnf] efu t x'g}k5{ . o;/L c0f'sf ^ j6f efux¿ aGg]
eP c0f'nfO{ Ps jf cljefHo eGg] dfGotf k"/} lglif4 x'gk'U5 .
olb k/df0f'nfO{ efux¿df ljeflht ug{ g;lsg] eP ;a}
j:t' Pp6} c0f'sf] ¿kdf kl/jlt{t x'g] lyP h'g :ki6¿kn] ;Dej
x'Fb}g . lsgls k|ToIf k|df0fåf/f To;sf] lg/fs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . h:tf]
lj+zltsfk|s/0f df elgPsf] 5 M
olb Pp6f k/df0f'nfO{ 5 efudf afFl8of] eg]

;"Idtd k/df0f'sf ^ c+z x'G5g\ eGg ldN5 .
ca ^ cf]6} c+z Ps} 7fpFdf /xFbfv]/L
;f] o'ukB -hf]l8Psf_ c+zx¿
Pp6} k/df0f' ;dfg g} x'G5 -b]lvG5_ .!$
ca cg]s k/df0f'x¿af/] k/LIf0f u/f}+ . ha Ps sf] cl:tTj l;4

x'G5 To:tf Ps Ps k/df0f'sf] ;Fro ePaf6 cg]s k/df0f'x¿sf
cl:tTjnfO{ klg l;4 ug{ ;lsG5 . oxfF Ps sf] cl:tTj g} l;4
x'bF g} eg] To;sf] -Ps_ ;~ron] cg]ssf] cl:tTj s;/L l;4 x'g;S5 <
t;y{ k/df0f'sf] cl:tTjnfO{ k|dfl0ft u/]/ b]vfpFg ;lsFb}g eg] ;f]
af6 ag]sf h'g afXo ljifo 5g\ ltgsf] cl:tTj klg k|dfl0ft x'Ggg\ .
To;f]eP, xfd|f] ;fd' ;fIfft\¿kdf b]vfkl//x]sf h'g j:t'x¿ 5g\
tL ;a} s] x'g\ t < o;sf] pQ/ xf] M jfXo j:t'sf] k|ltef; -b]lvPsf]
h:tf] efg x'g]_ xfd|} e|flGtn] o'Qm lrQn] ubf{ x'g] xf] . cfˆg} e|flGtn]
o'Qm lrQn] ubf{ xfdL jfXo j:t'nfO{ cnu ;Qfsf] ¿kdf b]V5f}+ .
o:t} g} xf] eg]/ s;/L yfxf kfpg] t < hjfkmdf oL s'/fx¿ cfud,
o'lQm / b[i6fGtåf/f hfGg ;S5f}+ eGg ;lsG5 .
cfudM logdWo] k|yd cyf{t\ cfudsf] ljifodf rrf{ ug'{ kbf{, o;}
;DaGwdf cjt+;s;"q df o:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
279
Â
x] lhgk'q -af]lw;™ju0f_ Û of] lqwft's hut\ s]jn lrQ

dfq xf] .!%
o:t} n+sfjtf/;"q df klg ToxL s'/f atfOPsf] 5 M
jf;gfåf/f Jofs"n ePsf] of] lrQ g}

j:t'sf] ¿kdf k|ltef; x'G5 .!^
j:t'sf] cl:tTj jf:tjdf 5Fb} 5}g,
;a}yf]s lrQ g} x'g\ .
j:t'nfO{ jfXo eG7fGg' unt xf] .!&
o'lQm M o'lQm jf ts{åf/f jfXo j:t'sf] k|ltef; s]jn e|flGtn]

o'Qm lrQsf] nLnf xf] eGg] ;Todf xfdL ljZj:t x'g ;S5f}+ . lsgls
xfdL;fd' b]vfk/]sf jf ljBdfg h:tf b]lvg] j:t'x¿sf] ;f+lRrs}
cl:tTj g} x'Fb}g . Tof] t dflg;sf] l;Ë eGg' h:t} xf] jf Wofgdf
sNkgf ul/Psf] ?v eGg' h:t} xf] lsgsL ltgLx¿sf] jf:tljs ;Qf
x'Fb}g . To;} k|sf/n] h'g ljBdfg b]lvG5 -h;nfO{ xfdL k|ltef;
eG5f}+_ Tof] cg'TkGg 5, l5g l5gd} kl/j{tg / eË e}/xg] pQm e]b
-ljsNk_ o'Qm kl/slNkt k|ltef; vfnL lrQs} e|flGt afx]s c¿ s]xL
xf]Og .
b[i6fGt M b[i6fGt jf pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf eGg'kbf{, oL k|ltef;x¿
;kgf h:t}, dfof h:t} 5g\ cflb cflb eGg ;S5f}+ .
dfly jl0f{t cfud, o'lQm / b[i6fGtsf] dfWodn] afXo u|fXo
ljifosf] cl:tTjljlxgtfnfO{ k|dfl0ft ul/of] .
cfGtl/s u|fxs lrQsf] cl:tTjxLgtf M wd{–cfTdfsf] cl:tTj–
xLgtfsf] ;DaGwdf afXo u|fXo ljifosf] cl;4tf ljifodf dfly g}
rrf{ eO;Sof] . ca cfGtl/s u|fxs lrQsf] cl;4tf af/] rrf{ u/f}+ .
k|To]sa'4 / lj1fgjfbLx¿ cfGtl/s u|fxs lrQnfO{ :j;+j]bs /
280
Â
%pay : à}a parimta
:j k|ef:j/sf] ¿kdf dfGb5g\ . ltgLx¿n] To;/L dfg] tfklg ;f]

cGtM u|fxs lrQsf] cl:t™jnfO{ lgif]l4t ug]{ jf v08g ug]{ tLgj6f
ts{x¿ 5g\ . tL x'g\ M
1= ljZn]if0f u/L x]bf{ ;f] lrQsf] Ifl0fs ;Qf klg e]l6Fb}g .

2= s;}n] gb]v]sf sf/0f lrQsf] cl:tTj x'Fb}g .
3= ljifox¿s} cl:tTj gx'Fbf lrQsf] cl:tTj klg x'Fbg} .
1= klxnf], ljZn]if0f u/L x]bf{ lrQsf] Ifl0fs ;Qf klg e]l6Fb}g, o;

tYonfO{ o;/L k'li6 u/f}+ M ltdL h;nfO{ :j;+j]bs Pj+ :j k|ef:j/
lrQ eG5f} s] Tof] Ifl0fs -Ps If0fsf]_ xf] jf cg]s If0fx¿df /xG5 <
olb ;f] lrQ Ifl0fs eP km]l/ Pp6f k|Zg p7\5 s] o;sf q}sflns
c+z 5 ls 5}g jf egf}F o;nfO{ tLg sfndf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 ls
;ls+b}g < olb ;lsG5 eg] w]/} If0fx¿ ePsf sf/0f oxfF Ps If0fsf] t
k|Zg} p7\bg} . h:tf] /TgfjnL df klg elgPsf] 5 M
Ps If0fsf] cGt ePh:t}

To;sf] cflb / dWo
klg x'g'k5{ eg]/ klxNofpg'k5{ .
To; cy{n] Pp6} If0f tLgj6fdf
ljeflht ePsf sf/0f
hut\sf] Ifl0fs cl:tTj klg /xFb}g .!*
csf]{tkm{, olb If0fnfO{ tLg sfndf ljefhg ug{ g;lsg] eP Tof]

If0f g} /xFbg} . ha If0f} /xFbg} eg] lrQsf] cl:tTj x'g] klg s'/} ePg .
ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/df lrQsf] Ifl0fs ;Qf l;4 gePkl5 sf]xL
lrQ cg]s If0fsf] ;+u|x xf] eG5g\ eg] s] hjfkm lbg ;lsG5 eg],
Pp6f If0fsf] cl:tTj /x]sf] eP ToxL Pp6f Pp6f If0f ;+u[lxt eP/
281
Â
cg]s If0fx¿sf] cl:tTj /xg uof] eGg ;lsGYof] . oxfF Pp6f If0fs}
cl:tTj x'Fb}g eg] cg]s If0fsf] cl:tTj x'g] t s'/} cfpFb}g . cg]s
If0f g/x]sf sf/0f lrQsf] cl:tTj x'Fb}g .
2= bf]>f], s;}n] b]Vg g;s]sf sf/0f lrQsf] ;Qf lgif]w zLif{snfO{

o;/L k'li6 u/f}+ M o; tyfslyt lrQnfO{ Psrf]l6 vf]h]/ x]/f}+ / x]/f}+
of] z/L/ aflx/ 5 ls, z/L/leq 5 jf aLrdf 5 ls, dfly tn sxfF
5 < o;sf /Ë, ¿k s:tf] 5 Tof] klg hfFr]/ x]/f}+ . ltdLnfO{ kSsf
ljZjf; geP;Dd of] vf]Hg] qmdnfO{ hf/L g} /fVg" . ltd|f u'?sf]
lgb]{zg cg';f/ ljleGg cfnDagx¿sf] k|of]u u/]/ Pj+ /Ltn] vf]lhg}
/fVg" .
;a} k|sf/sf cfnDagx¿sf] k|of]u u/]/ klg ltdLn] lrQnfO{ b]Vg
jf e]6fpg ;s]gf} eg] oxL lgisif{df k'Ug'k5{ ls lrQnfO{ b]Vg ;ls+–
b}g g o;sf] s'g} ¿k jf /Ë g} 5 . lsgls olb o;sf] cl:tTj /x]sf]
eP of] cb[Zo jf ck|fKo x'g} ;Sb}gYof] . j:t'tM vf]lhPsf] j:t', vf]Hg]
stf{ / vf]Hg] sfd oL tLg} wd{ a'l4sf ljifoeGbf aflx/sf s'/f x'g\ .
lrQ 1fgftLt / jrgftLt ePs} x'Fbf vf]Hg] stf{n] o;nfO{ hxfF;'s}
vf]h]klg sxLF klg e]6fpg ;Sb}g . oxL s'/fnfO{ sfZokkl/k[R5f;"q
df o;/L k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
x] sfZok Û lrQ leq klg, aflx/ klg / b'j} :yfgdf

klg pknAw x'Fb}g . lrQ} xf] h;sf] ¿k klg 5}g, b]Vbf
klg b]lvFb}g, /f]Sbf klg /f]lsGg, hfGbf klg hflgGg, st}
k|ltli7t klg 5}g, st} cfl>t klg 5}g . x] sfZok Û
lrQnfO{ s'g} a'4x¿n] b]v]sf klg 5}gg\, b]Vg] klg 5}gg\
/ b]lv/x]sf klg 5}gg\ .
;4d{kl/u|x;"q df klg To:t} atfOPsf] 5 M
282
Â
%pay : à}a parimta
t;y{, o; lrQsf] ;f/xLgtf, vf]qmf]kgf /

c;QfnfO{ k"0f{¿kn] a'em]/
o;nfO{ ;f/o'Qm 7fg]/ u|fx gug"{ .
lsgls of] :jefj}n] z"Go 5 .
:jefjz"Go wd{sf] cl:tTj x'g};Sb}g .
;a} wd{x¿ cf/f]lkt dfq 5g\ –
o;/L lrQsf] :jefjnfO{ ;Dos\¿kdf ljZn]if0f u/]/
ljåfgx¿ b'j} cGtnfO{ k|xf0f ub}{
dWod k|ltkb\nfO{ cg'z/0f u5{g\ .
wd{sf] :jefjz"Gotf h'g 5
Tof] g} af]lwky xf], h;sf] b]zgf d}n] u/]+ .
wd{tf:jefjz"Gotfrnk|lt;jf{nf]s;"q df klg elgPsf] 5 M
;d:t wd{ :jefj}n] cg'TkGg, :jefj}n] cgjl:yt 5g\,

;a} sd{ / sdf{Gtn] jlh{t 5g\, ljsNk / cljsNksf
ljifoeGbf k/ 5g\ .
t;y{ lrQnfO{ s;}n] b]Vg g;s]sf] sf/0f o;nfO{ :j;+j]bs /

:j k|ef:j/n] o'Qm eGg' lg/y{s xf] . h:tf] af]lwrof{jtf/ df klg
elgPsf] 5 M
Tof] a'l4nfO{ s;}n] klg b]v]s} 5}g eg]

To;nfO{ k|sfzdfg jf ck|sfzdfg eGg'
7Ls To;/L g} lg/y{s x'g]5 h;/L
afFemf] cfOdfO{sf] 5f]/L eGg' .!(
ltnf]kfn] klg eGg'ePsf] 5 M
283
Â
c/] -So xf]_ Û of] t :j;+j]B 1fg xf]

h'g\ jrgsf] dfu{eGbf k/ 5
of] dgsf] ljifo xf]Og .
t]>f], ljifox¿s} cl:tTj gx'Fbf lrQsf] cl:tTj klg x'Fb}g eGg]

3=
tYonfO{ o;/L a'emf}+ M dflysf ljj/0faf6 ¿k cflb afXo ljifosf]
cl:tTj 5}g eGg] s'/f :ki6} eO;s]sf] 5 . kmn:j¿k ltgnfO{
u|fx ug]{ lrQsf] klg cl:tTj 5}g eg]/ dfly g} j0f{g ul/;lsof] .
wd{wft'k|s[To;+e]blgb]{zgfddxfofg;"q n] eGb5 M
of] lrQ gLnf], kx]+nf], /ftf], ;]tf], /ftf]s}nf] jf :kml6ssf]

h:tf] s:tf] /Ësf] 5 < of] z'4 5 ls cz'4 < s] o;nfO{
lgTo jf clgTo eGg ;lsG5 < o;sf] ¿k 5 ls 5}g <
o;/L qmlds¿kn] dgdg} s]nfP/ x]/ / dxz'; u/ . of]
lrQ ¿kljlxg, s;}nfO{ b]vfpg g;lsg] vfnsf], cb[Zo,
lgjf{w -g5]lsPsf]_, clj1lKts 5 . of] leq, aflx/ jf aLr
s'g} 7fpFdf klg /xFb}g . To;}n] of] kl/z'4 5, cljd'Qm
-non-liberation_, / wd{wft'do 5 .
af]lwrof{jtf/ df klg elgPsf] 5 M
ha 1]owd{ -hflgg] s'/f_ g} 5}g eg] s] hfGg]

h;sf] sf/0f …1fgÚ eGg ;lsof];\ .@)
tyf M
ctM 1]o wd{ g/x]sf] sf/0f

lglZrt¿kdf 1fg klg x'Fb}g .@!
284
Â
%pay : à}a parimta
dflysf ljj/0fdfkm{t cGtM u|fxs lrQsf] c;Qf k|dfl0ft eof] .

o;/L efju|fxsf] lgif]w ljifos JofVof ;dfKt x'G5 .
%=@= cefjuf|xsf] lgif]w M dxfnf]sf]Q/ k|1fl;t ;DalGwt ljifox¿–

nfO{ ^ zLif{sx¿df afF8]/ ltgdf klxnf] efju|fxsf] lgif]w ljifodf
Jofks JofVof u¥of}+ . ca bf]>f] cyf{t cefju|fxsf] lgif]w ljifodf
klg s]xL rrf{ u/f}+ . b'O{ k|sf/sf cfTdfx¿ g/x]sf sf/0f s] ltgsf]
s'g} cl:tTj g} 5}g eGg ldNb}g jf ltgsf] cefjsf] ¿kdf cl:tTj
5 eGg ldNb}g < o;sf] hjfkm xf], …ldNb}g,Ú . s;/L ldNb}g eGbfv]/L
olb pko'{Qm b'j} cfTdf klxn] cl:tTjdf /x]/ kl5 cl:tTjdf /xFb}–
gg\ jf n'Kt x'G5g\ eg] xfdL cefj -cl:tTjljlxg_ eGg ;S5f}+ . b'j}
k|sf/sf cfTdfx¿ jf lrQsf z'?b]lv g} cfˆg} :jefj g/x]sf x'Fbf
oL s'/f efj / cefj b'j} cGteGbf k/ 5g\ . o; ;DaGwdf dxfl;4
;/xkf eGb5g\ M
efjnfO{ u|fx ug]{ kz';dfg x'g\ .

cefjnfO{ u|fx ug]{ emg} d"v{ x'g\ .
nÍfjtf/;"q df klg oxL s'/f atfOPsf] 5 M
jfXo j:t'sf] ;Qf 5 eGg klg ;lsGg / 5}g eGg klg

;lsGg . lrQ klg x/t/xn] cu|fXo 5 . ;a} b[li6x¿sf]
k|xf0f g} cg'Tkfbsf] nIf0f xf] .@@
/TgfjnL df klg elgPsf] 5 M
ha efj -cl:tTj_ g} k|fKt x'Fb}g eg]

cefj -cl:tTjxLgtf_ s;/L k|fKt x'G5 < /TgfjnL !÷(*
285
Â
%=#= c;b\u|fxsf] bf]if M oxfF Pp6f k|Zg s] p7\5 eg] s'g} klg
j:t'nfO{ efjsf] ¿kdf u|fx ug'{ g} ;+;f/sf] h8 xf] eg] To;}nfO{
s;}n] cefjsf] ¿kdf x]¥of] eg] s] pm ;+;f/af6 d'Qm x'Fb}g / < o:tf]
b[li6 t klxn]sf] eGbf emg} e|flGtdo 7xl/G5 . To;}n] dxfl;4 ;/xkf
eGb5g\ M
efjnfO{ u|fx ug]{ kz';dfg x'g\ .

cefjnfO{ u|fx ug]{ emg} d"v{ x'g\ .
/Tgs"6;"q df klg elgPsf] 5 M
x] sfZok, z"GotfnfO{ cefjsf] ¿kdf u|x0f u/]/ cledfg

hufpg' eGbf a? ;'d]? kj{t ;dfg ljzfn k'b\un cfTdfsf]
b[li6 wf/0f ug'{ g} j]z@#
dWodssfl/sf df klg elgPsf] 5 M
z"Gotf b[li6nfO{ u|fx ugf{n] h'g bf]if x'G5

To;n] dGb a'l4 ePsf ;™jx¿sf] ljgfz x'G5 .@$
tyf M
z"Gotf b[li6nfO{ u|fx ug]{x¿nfO{

pkrf/ ug{ ;lsGg .@%
lsg ltgLx¿nfO{ pkrf/ ug{ ;lsGg < lsgeg], dfgf}F s'g} la/fdL–
nfO{ cf}ifwL lbOFbf /f]u / cf}ifwL b'j} gi6 ePkl5 dfq pQm la/fdLsf]
/f]u lgsf] x'G5 . t/ cf}ifwL z/L/leq kr]/ gi6 g} x'Fb}g eg] /f]u
286
Â
%pay : à}a parimta
lgsf] geP/ Tof] la/fdLsf] d[To' ;d]t x'g ;S5 . o;/L g} efj b[li6
z"Gotfsf] Wofg ubf{ gi6 x'G5 . t/ z"Gotfb[li6d} cf;Qm x'gyfNof]
eg] To;af6 s]xL nfe x'g'sf] ;§f pm b'u{ltdf ;d]t ktg x'gk'U5 .
To;}n] /TgfjnL df elgPsf] 5 M
cfl:ts ;'ulttkm{ hfG5

gfl:ts b'u{lttkm{ hfG5@^
dflysf] jfSof+z cyf{t efjb[li6sf] t'ngfdf z"Gotfb[li6df kmF:g'

jf gfl:ts x'g'df clws bf]if 5g\ .
%=$= peou|xsf] bf]if M dxfnf]sf]Q/ k|1fl;t ;DalGwt ljifox¿nfO{

^ zLif{sx¿df afF8]/ ltgdf klxnf], bf]>f] / t]>f] ljifosf] Jofks
JofVof u¥of}+ . ca rf}yf] cyf{t …peou|xdf bf]ifÚ ljifos klg s]xL
rrf{ u/f}+ . efju|fx / cefju|fx h;nfO{ xfdL ;t\u|fx / c;t\u|fx
klg eG5f}+ b'j} kIf bf]ifn] o'Qm 5g\ . lsgeg] b'j} qmdzM zfZjt /
pR5]bsf] cGtdf kmF:5g\ . h:tf] dWodssfl/sf df elgPsf] 5 M
;t\ dfGg' zfZjtb[li6 xf] eg]

c;t\ dfGg' pR5]bb[li6 xf] .@&
zfZjt / pR5]b b'j} cGtdf kmF:g' df]x xf] . df]xn] o'Qm JolQm
;+;f/af6 d'Qm x'Fb}g . h:tf] /TgfjnL df klg atfOPsf] 5 M
o; dfofjt\ nf]snfO{
;t\ jf c;t\ eGb} u|fx ug]{x¿
df]xdf 8'a]sf x'G5g\ .
df]xdf 8'a]sf sf/0f pgLx¿ d'Qm x'Ggg\ .@*
287
Â
%=%= ljd'lQm dfu{ M dxfnf]sf]Q/ k|1fl;t ;DalGwt ljifox¿nfO{

^ zLif{sx¿df afF8]/ ltgdf klxnf], bf]>f], t]>f] / rf}yf] ljifo;Ddsf]
Jofks JofVof u¥of}+ . ca kfFrf} cyf{t …ljd'lQm dfu{Ú af/] klg s]xL
rrf{ u/f}+ . sf]xL ;f]W5g\, …To;f]eP, k|f0fL s;/L d'Qm x'G5 t < h'g
dfu{ oL b'O{ cGteGbf dfly x'G5 To;nfO{ cg'udg u/]/ k|f0fLn] d'lQm
k|fKt ug{ ;S5 . o; ;DaGwdf /TgfjnL df o:tf] n]lvPsf] 5 M
b'j} cGtdf gclNemg] oyfe"t 1fg

k|fKt ugf{n] k|f0fL d'Qm x'G5 .@(
tyf M
To;sf/0f, b'j} cGtdf l:yt g/xg] x'Fbf d'lQm ldN5 .#)
dWodssfl/sf df klg elgPsf] 5 M
To;}n] ljåfg JolQm cl:tTj jf gfl:tTj

s'g}df klg /xFb}gg\ .#!
To;f]eP oL b'j} cGtx¿nfO{ TofUg] dWod k|ltkb\ s:tf] xf]

t < s;}nfO{ crDd nfUnf . o; ;DaGwdf cfo{/Tgs"6;"q df o:tf]
atfOPsf] 5 M
x] sfZok Û ltdL ;f]W5f}, af]lw;™jn] wd{nfO{ s'g ;Dos\

dfu{af6 x]g'{k5{ < o;sf] pQ/ xf] M dWod k|ltkb\ . xf],
dWod k|ltkb\åf/f ;a} wd{sf] k|ltj]If0f ug'{ g} ;Dos\
dfu{ xf] . x] sfZok, dWod k|ltkb\åf/f wd{sf] k|ltj]If0ff
s;/L x'G5 egL ;f]W5f} eg] o;sf] hjfkm o; k|sf/ lbg
288
Â
%pay : à}a parimta
;lsG5 M x] sfZok Û xfdL h;nfO{ lgTo eG5f}+, Tof] Pp6f

cGt xf], / h;nfO{ clgTo eG5f}+ Tof] csf]{ cGt xf] .
b'j} cGt sf] aLr jf dWo h'g 5 Tof] larf/eGbf k/ 5,
cg'TkGg 5, To;nfO{ b]vfpg ;lsGg, / hfGg -perceive_
;lsGg . x] sfZok, xfdL h;nfO{ dWod k|ltkb eG5f}F, Tof]
;a} wd{sf] k|ltj]If0ff -examination_ xf] . x] sfZok, h'g
…cfTdfÚ sf] gfdn] lrlgG5, Tof] Pp6f cGt xf], / h'g
…cgfTdfÚ sxlnG5, Tof] csf]{ cGt xf] . To;/L g}, x]
sfZok, h;nfO{ …;+;f/Ú eGg] ul/G5 Tof] Pp6f cGt xf],
/ h;nfO{ …lgjf{0fÚ elgG5, Tof] csf]{ cGt xf] . oL b'O{
cGtsf] …dWoÚ h'g 5 Tof] larf/eGbf k/ 5, cg'TkGg 5,
To;nfO{ b]vfpg ;lsGg, / hfGg klg ;lsGg . x] sfZok,
xfdL h;nfO{ dWod k|ltkb eG5f}+, Tof] ;a} wd{sf] k|lt–
j]If0ff xf] .
zflGtb]j eGb5g\ M
lrQ leq klg 5}g / aflx/ klg 5}g,

cGoq klg sxLF e]l6Gg .#@
b'j} :yfgdf -leq / aflx/_ ldl;P/ /x]sf] klg 5}g /
cnu cnu¿kdf /x]sf] klg 5}g .
ctM of] s]xL klg xf]Og
k|f0fLx¿ :jefj}n] lgjf{0f cj:yfdf x'G5g\ .##
t;y{, b'j} cGtx¿sf] kl/sNkgf gug'{ g} dWod k|ltkb\ xf] .

tfklg, dWod k|ltkb\ cfkm} ljj]Ro eg] xf]Og . j:t'tM o;nfO{ j:t'sf]
¿kdf u|fx ug{ ;lsGg . To;}n] of] u|fxaf6 d'Qm / a'l4eGbf k/ x'G5 .
ctLz eGb5g\ M
289
Â
ctLtsf] lrQ lgj[t Pj+ gi6 eO;s]sf]n] To;sf] k|fb'ef{j

;+ej 5}g . cgfut lrQ -eljiosf] lrQ_ pTkGg} eOg–
;s]sf] sf/0f To;sf] k|fb'ef{j klg c;+ej} 5 . / of]
k|To'TkGg -jt{dfg_ lrQsf] ljZn]if0f cTolws sl7g 5
lsgeg] cfsfz ;dfg j0f{ / ;+:yfg gePsf] sf/0f ;f]
lrQsf] ;Qf klg l;4 x'Fb}g .
cle;dofn+sf/ df klg elgPsf] 5 M
g of] jf/L cjl:yt 5, g kf/L

g t aLr}df cjl:yt 5 . ;a} sfndf ;dfg x'g]
;dtf1fg k|1fkf/ldtfsf] gfdn] k|lz4 5 .#$
%=^= ljd'lQmdo lgjf{0f M dxfnf]sf]Q/ k|1fl;t ;DalGwt ljifo–

x¿nfO{ ^ zLif{sx¿df afF8]/ klxnf] b]lv kfFrf} ljifo;Ddsf] Jofks
JofVof u¥of}+ . ca 5}6f}+ cyf{t …ljd'lQmdo lgjf{0fÚ af/] klg s]xL rrf{
u/f}+ . oxfFg]/ s] k|Zg ;f]Wg ;lsG5 eg] ;d:t ;f+;fl/s wd{x¿sf]
;Qf efj jf cefj s'g}klg ¿kdf l;4 x'Fb}g eg] To; cj:yfdf s]
lgjf{0f efj xf] ls cefj xf]< hjfkm M sf]xL sf]xL lgjf{0fnfO{ efjs}
¿kdf jf j:t';t\ dfGb5g\ . t/ Tof] ;j{yf unt xf] . h:tf] /Tgf–
jnL df n]lvPsf] 5 M
lgjf{0f cefj klg xf]Og eg]

Tof] efj s;/L x'g ;S5 <#%
lgjf{0fnfO{ …5Ú eg]/ dfGg] xf] eg] Tof] ;+:s[t x'gk'U5 . ;+:s[t
dfg]sfn] cGttM To;sf] gfz cjZo+efjL 5 . o; ;DaGwdf dWods–
sfl/sf df n]lvPsf] 5 M
290
Â
%pay : à}a parimta
olb lgjf{0fnfO{ efjsf] ¿kdf dfGg] xf] eg]

lgjf{0f ;+:s[t aGg k'U5 .#^
efjsf] ¿kdf dfGg g;lsPh:t} lgjf{0fnfO{ cefj klg eGg

ldNb}g . h:tf] ToxL u|Gyn] km]l/ eGb5 M
lgjf{0f cefj klg xf]Og .#&
To;f]eP, lgjf{0f s] xf] t < lgjf{0f eg]sf] t efj / cefj nfO{

u|fx ug]{ ;a} a'l4x¿sf] Ifo xf] . lgjf{0f a'l4eGbf dfly 5 / zAbn]
JoQm ug{ ;lsGg . /TgfjnL df elgPsf] 5 M
efj -;t\_ u|fx / cefj -c;t\_ u|fx b'j}sf] IfonfO{ g}

lgjf{0f elgG5 .#*
af]lwrof{jtf/ df klg oxL s'/f elgPsf] 5 M
ha a'l4sf] ;fd' efj jf cefjsf ¿kdf

s'g} klg cjwf/0ffx¿ /xGgg\
ta s'g} cGo ljsNk g/xg] x'gfn]
a'l4 lg/fnDa -cf>oljlxg_ e} zfGt x'gk'U5 .#(
cfo{a|Xdkl/k[R5f;"q sf cg';f/ M
h;nfO{ kl/lgjf{0f elgG5 jf eGg] ul/G5

Tof] jf:tjdf ;a} lgldQx¿ zdg x'g' xf]
/ ;a} ultljlwx¿ -lqmofsnfkx¿_
sf] cGTo x'g' xf] .
291
Â
;4d{k'08/Ls;"q sf cg';f/ M
…x] sfZok Û ;a} wd{x¿nfO{ ;dtfefjn] af]w ug'{ g}

lgjf{0f xf] .$)
t;y{, ljsNko'Qm a'l4sf ultljlwx¿ zfGt x'g' lgjf{0f xf] .

o;df pTkfb–lg/f]w, k|flKt–k|xf0f cflb h:tf s'g} klg k|sf/sf wd{x¿
/xFb}gg\ . To;}n] d"ndWodssfl/sf n] eG5 M
ck|xf0f, c;+k|fKt, cg'R5]b, czfZjt, clg/f]w, cg'Tkfb –

o;}nfO{ -oL u'0f ePsf] cj:yfnfO{_ lgjf{0f elgG5 .$!
ctM pTkfb–lg/f]w, k|xf0f–k|flKt OToflb s'g} klg gePsf x'Fbf

lgjf{0f g :jo+;[lht xf], g t s;}åf/f lgof]lht xf], g t s'g} kl/jt{g
g} xf] . cfsfz/Tg;"q df elgP em}F
o;df x6fpg'kg]{ s]xL klg 5}g .

yKg' kg]{ klg s]xL 5}g .
t™jnfO{ t™jtM ;fIffTsf/ ug]{
t™jbzL{ g} ljd'Qm x'G5 .$@
oxfF ljsNknfO{ x6fpgsf lgldQ k|1f jf lrQ eGg] zAbx¿sf]

k|of]u ul/of] . t/ jf:tjdf eGg] xf] eGg] of] k|1f jf lrQ eGg] h'g
zAb 5 To;sf] cy{ 1fgftLt / jrgftLt 5 . ;'ljqmfGtljqmfdL–
kl/k[R5f;"q sf cg';f/ M
h:tf];'s} wd{n] klg k|1fkf/ldtf JoQm ug{ ;lsg] ljifo

xf]Og . o;nfO{ zAbx¿n] JoQm ug{ ;lsGg .
292
Â
%pay : à}a parimta
*/fx'ndft[sf:t'ltM$# df klg elgPsf] 5 M
k|1fkf/ldtf cjfRo, clrGTo Pj+ cglenfKo -cJoQm_ 5,

cfsfz ;dfg cg'TkGg / clg?4 5 /
Tof] k|TofTdj]B :joDe" 1fg
-Self-aware primordial wisdom_ xf] –
o; k|sf/sL q}sflns a'4x¿sL
hggLnfO{ d k|0ffd u5'{ .
k|1fkf/ldtf 1fg af/] JofVof oxL+ ;dfKt x'G5 .
^= k|1fkf/ldtfsf] cEof; M o; ;DaGwdf Pp6f k|Zg s] p7\g ;S5

eg] ;a} wd{ z"Go 5g\ eGg] 1fg eO;s]kl5 s] cEof; klg ug'{
k5{ / < k5{, lsgeg] x'gtM rfFlbsf] wfpdf rfFlbs} :jefj x'G5 t/
wfpnfO{ gkufn];Dd rfFlb b]vfkb}{g . To;}n] s;}nfO{ rfFlb rflxG5
eg] p;n] To; wfpnfO{ kufNg}k5{ . 7Ls To;/L g} ;d:t wd{ ;'?–
b]lv g} s'g} klg k|sf/sf k|k~rx¿n] /lxt z"Gotfs} :jefjn] o'Qm
eP tfklg k|f0fLx¿nfO{ gfgfy/Lsf j:t'x¿sf] k|ltef; x'g] / gfgf
y/Lsf b'Mvx¿sf] cg'e"lt x'g] x'Fbf, k|1fkf/ldtfnfO{ a'‰g' / cEof;df
ptf{g' cToGt} h?/L 5 .
t;y{, dfly j0f{g ul/Pem} /fd|/L a'lem;s]kl5 cEof; ug'k{ 5{ .
cEof;sf nflu rf/j6f r/0fx¿ 5g\ cyf{t k|1fkf/ldtfsf] cEof;
rf/j6f r/0fx¿df ug{ ;lsG5 . tL r/0f x'g\ M k'/f]ufdL -preliminary_,
;dfklQ -equipoise_, k[i7nAw -post-meditative stage_ / cEof;sf
;+s]tx¿ -signs of the practice_ .
k'/f]ufdL jf k|f/lDes r/0fdf lrQnfO{ :jefljs zfGt cj:yfdf
l:y/ /flvG5 . lrQnfO{ s;/L zfGt cj:yfdf l:y/ /fVg] < o;sf]
hjfkm ;Ktzltsfk|1fkf/ldtf df lbOPsf] kfOG5 M
293
Â
x] s'nk'q jf s'nk'qL, ltdLx¿ lgh{g :yfgdf a;L s'g}

klg k|sf/sf ljIf]k / ;+;u{af6 d'Qm hLjgdf /dfpg'–
k5{ . clg s'g} k|sf/sf lgldQx¿nfO{ dgdf pTkGg x'g
glbO{ k"0f{ kb\df;gdf a;]/ Wofg ug'{k5{ .
To;kl5 dxfd'b|fsf ljlw cg';f/ ;dfklQsf] cEof; ug'{k5{ .

;t\–c;t\, Tofu–pkfbfg OToflb s'g} klg ljsNkx¿ gNofOsg s'g}
klg k|sf/sf k|oTg lagf -cgfef]u_ g} dgnfO{ TolQs} 5fl8lbg'k5{ .
h:tf] ltnf]kf eGb5g\ M
g;f]Rg", lrGtg gug"{, ghfGg",

efjgf gug"{, ljrf/ gug"{
dgnfO{ k|fs[lts cj:yfdf 5fl8lbg" .
lrQlj>flGt df klg o:t} elgPsf] 5 M
k'q, ;'g . ltdL h'g ljsNkdf kmF;]sf 5f}

g t d ltgaf6 afFlwPsf] 5' g t d d'Qm g} 5' .
ctM d cljlIfKt 5', cs[lqd 5' / :jtGq 5' .
ltdL ylst 5f}, cfpm lj>fd u/ .
gfufh'{g klg eGb5g\ M
h;/L tflnd lbPkl5 xfQLsf] dg klg zfGt x'G5,

To;}u/L ;a} udgfudgnfO{ /f]Sgfn]
dflg;sf] dg :jtM zfGt x'G5 .
o;nfO{ d}n] /fd|/L a'lem;s]sf] x'Fbf
dnfO{ wd{sf] cfjZost} lsg <
294
Â
%pay : à}a parimta
gfufh'{gs} egfO cg';f/ M
s'g}df klg ljsNk g/fVg" / s]xLklg g;fF]Rg" .

s]xL klg gagfpm, jz\ dgnfO{
To;s} :jefljs cj:yfdf /xgb]pm .
cs[lqd cg'TkGg :jefjn] o'Qm t™j
Tof] 7fpF xf] hxfF ;a}
lqsfnsf a'4x¿ k'u]sf 5g\ .
zj/Lkf l;4 eGb5g\ M
s'g}df klg bf]if gb]Vg",

s'g} klg rLhnfO ulx/f] ?kn] glng',
pidflb lgldQ h:tf k|ultsf
nIf0fx¿sf] rfxgf gu/,
s'g} klg rLhsf] efjgf gu/ eGb}df
km]l/ cfn:o / pk]Iffsf lzsf/ rflxF aGg] xf]Og .
;bf :d[ltn] o'Qm eO{ cEof; ul//fVg" .
ctLzn] klg eg]sf 5g\ M
uDeL/, k|k~r/lxt, k|ef:j/, c;+:s[t

cg'TkGg, clg/f]w, cflb–z'4, lgjf{0fsf]
:jefjn] o'Qm of] wd{wft'df
cGt / dWo eGg] x'Fb}g .
o;df clt ;"Id af}l4s ljsNk klg /xGg .
To;}n] :Tofg -cN5Lkgf_ /
r~rntf -p4j_ n] gwldlnPsf] cfFvfn] x]/ .
295
Â
tyf M
k|k~r/lxt wd{wft'df lgik|k~r 1fgnfO{ :yflkt ug"{ .
lrQnfO{ o;/L :yflkt ug'{ g} k|1fkf/ldtf efjgfsf ;Dos\

pkfo xf] .
of] afx]s, ;Ktzltsfk|1fkf/ldtf ;"q df klg oxL s'/fnfO{
bzf{Psf] kfOG5 M
hxfF u|fx, pkfbfg / Tofu s]xL klg ul/Gg ToxL k|1fkf/

ldtfsf] efjgf xf] . hxfF st} klg cjl:yt eP/ /xGg,
ToxL k|1fkf/ldtfsf] efjgf xf] . hxfF s]xL klg ;f]+lrb}g,
s]xL klg ljsNk x'Gg, ToxL k|1fkf/ldtfsf] efjgf xf] .
ci6;fxl;|sfk|1fkf/ldtf df klg o:t} elgPsf] 5 M
s'g} klg wd{sf] efjgf gug'{ g} k|1fkf/ldtfsf] efjgf xf] .
ToxL ;"qdf of] klg elgPsf] 5 M
k|1fkf/ldtfsf] efjgf ug'{ eg]sf] cfsfzsf] efjgf ug'{

;/x xf] .
pko{'Qm jfSon] xfdLnfO{ crDd nfUg ;S5, s;/L cfsfzsf]

efjgf ug]{ < o;sf] pQ/ ToxL ;"qdf kfpFg ;lsG5 M
cfsfz ljsNkn] /lxt x'G5, To;} u/L k|1fkf/ldtfsf]

efjgf klg ljsNkn] /lxt g} x'G5 .
296
Â
%pay : à}a parimta
k|1fkf/ldtf ;~roufyf df klg o:t} pNn]v 5 M
pTkfb / cg'Tkfb b'j} ljsNkn] /lxt x'g' g} k|1fkf/ldtfsf]

;xL cEof; xf] .$$
cfrfo{ jfuLZj/n] klg eg]sf 5g\ M
h'g s'/fsf] af/] ;f]+Rg ;lsG5 -lrGTo_

To;af/] ;f]+Rb} g;f]Rg"
h'g s'/fsf] af/] ;f]+Rg ;lsGg -clrGTo_
To;af/] klg ;f]+Rb} g;f]Rg"
ha lrGTo jf clrGTo af/] s'g} lrGtg ul/Gg
ta z"Gotfsf] ;fIffTsf/ x'G5 .
z"GotfnfO{ s;/L ;fIffTsf/ ug]{ eg]/ ;f]W5f} eg] o;sf] hjfkm

wd{;ËLlt;"q df e]l6g]5 h'g o; k|sf/ 5 M
ha z"Gotfsf] ;fIffTsf/ x'G5, s]xLsf] klg ;fIffTsf/ x'Gg .
tyf M
x] eujg\, ;d:t wd{nfO{ gb]Vg' g} ;Dos\ bz{g xf] .
tyf M
s]xLklg gb]Vg' g} t™j -tytf_ nfO{ ;fIffTsf/ ug'{ xf] .
*dWods n3';To df klg elgPsf] 5 M
297
Â
clt uDeL/ ;"qx¿sf cg';f/ s]xL gb]Vg' -cbz{g_ g}

b]Vg' -bz{g_ xf] .
/Tgu'0f;~roufyf df o:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
dflg;x¿ cfsfz b]lv/fv]sf] 5' eG5g\

tyflk cfsfznfO{ s;/L b]Vg ;lsG5 <
o;sf] cy{nfO{ s]nfP/ x]/ .
tyfutn] klg 7Ls To;}k|sf/n]
;a} wd{nfO{ x]g{] dfu{ b]vfpg'ePsf] 5 .$%
k[i7nAw M k[i7nAw jf Wofgkl5sf cj:yfdf ;d:t wd{x¿nfO{

dfof h:t} 7fg]/ cfˆgf] Ifdtfn] EofP;Dd bfg cflb k'0o;+ef/sf]
cEof; ul/G5 . o;} ;DaGwdf /Tgu'0f;~roufyf df n]lvPsf] 5 M
h;n] k~r :sGwx¿ dfof ;dfg 5g\ eg]/ hfGb5

:sGw / dfofaLr s'g} km/s 5'6\ofpb}g,
h;sf] cfr/0f zfGt, ;+1fxLg 5
jf:tjdf p;n] kf] pQd k|1fkf/ldtfsf]
cEof; ul//x]sf] x'G5 .$^
;dflw/fh;"q df elgPsf] 5 M
hfb'u/x¿ 3f]8f, xfQL, /y cflb h:tf

ljleGg ¿kx¿sf] lgdf{0f u5{g\ .
xfdLn] b]v] tfklg tL j:t'x¿sf]
jf:tljs cl:tTj eg] x'Fb}g .
;a} wd{x¿ klg o:t} 5g\, o;/L g} ;a} wd{x¿nfO{ x]l/g'k5{ .$&
298
Â
%pay : à}a parimta
t™jrof{ df klg o:t} atfOPsf] 5 M
ljsNkn] /lxt 1fg eP tfklg

k'0o;+ef/nfO{ eg] TofUg'x'Gg .
ctM o;/L efjgf ug{df dflg; cToGt} cEo:t eO;s]kl5

;dfklQ / k[i7nAwaLr s'g} lsl;dsf] e]b jf cGt/ ePsf] h:tf]
nfUg 5f]8\5 . To;kl5 pm dGogf lrQ -cx+sf/n] o'Qm lrQ_ n] /lxt
x'gk'U5 . h:tf] atfOPsf] 5 M
…d ;dflwdf 5'Ú, …d Wofgaf6 p7]+Ú – d To:tf] ;fF]lRbg .

lsg < lsgeg] wd{sf] :jefjnfO{ d}n] /fd|/L hfg]sf] 5' .$*
t;y{, k/dfy{, z"Gotf, k|1fkf/ldtfdf Psl5g dfq /xgfn] klg

sNkf}F;Dd wd{ ;'g]/, k9]/, s'znd"nx¿ h:t} bfg OToflb sf] cEof;
u/]/ xfl;n u/]sf] k'0o eGbf c;Ld¿kn] Hofbf k'0o k|fKt eOG5 .
To;}n] t™jk|sfz ;"q n] eGb5 M
x] zfl/k'q Û olb sf]xL JolQm r'6\sL ahfpbf nfUg] ;do

-clt lsl~rt ;do_ ;Dd ePklg o; tfl™js 1fgsf]
;dflwdf a:5 eg] p;n] PssNk;Dd wd{ ;'Gg]sf] eGbf
Hofbf k'0o sdfpF5 . x] zfl/k'q Û To;f] ePsf] x'gfn], a8f]
pT;fxk"j{s ;a}nfO{ tfl™js 1fgsf] ;dflw af/] pkb]z
lbg" . x] zfl/k'q Û eljiodf a'4 x'g] Jofs/0f kfO;s]sf
af]lw;™jx¿ klg oxL ;dflwdf l:yt /xG5g\ . of] s'/f
lglZrt g} xf] .
*dxflwudkl/k'li6;"qdf klg o:t} s'/f atfOPsf] 5 M
299
Â
Ps l5gsf] nflu ePklg sf]xL JolQm o:tf] ;dflwdf a:5

eg] lqwft'sf k|f0fLx¿sf] Hofg arfpg] sfo{ eGbf Hofbf
nfebfosl;4 x'g]5 .
dxf]i0fLif;"q df klg o:t} k|sf/n] elgPsf] 5 M
cg]s sNk;Dd wd{sf] >j0f / lrGtg ug]{sf] eGbf Hofbf

k'0o Ps lbg wd{sf] efjgf ugf{n] k|fKt x'G5 . lsg To;f] <
lsgeg] oxL efjgfn] ubf{ dflg; hflt / d/0fsf] dfu{af6
cnlUuG5 .
>4fanfwfgfjtf/d'b|f;"q df klg o:t} s'/f atfOPsf] 5 M
;a} h'gLx¿df lqwft'sf ;a} ;™jx¿nfO{ hLjgf]kof]uL

;fdu|Lx¿ bfg u/]/ hlt k'0o kfOG5 Tof] eGbf Hofbf
k'0o t Ps} k|x/ dfq z"Gotfsf] Wofg ug]{ s'g} of]uLn]
k|fKt u5{ .
olb xfd|f] lrQdf z"Gotfsf] efjgfn] jf; ub}{g eg] c¿ h:tf];'s}

k'0on] klg xfdLnfO{ d'lQm ldNb}g . oxL s'/f eGg vf]lhPsf] xf] . h:tf]
;j{wdf{k|j[ltlgb]{z;"q df elgPsf] 5 M
nfdf] ;do;Dd zLnnfO{ kfng u/]klg,

s/f]8f}F sNk;Dd ;dflwsf cEof;x¿ u/]klg,
olb p;n] oyfe"t cy{ g} hfg]sf] 5}g eg]
o; a'4 zf;gdf p;sf] d'lQm c;+ej 5 .
o; z"Gotfsf pkb]z h;n] hfg]a'em]sf 5g\
pgLx¿ slxn]klg s'g} wd{df cf;Qm xF'b}gg\ .
300
Â
%pay : à}a parimta
bzrqmlIfltue{;"q df klg oxL s'/f atfpg vf]lhPsf] 5 M
;dflwåf/f ;+zo -z+sf–pkz+sf_

nfO{ sf6]/ kmfNg ;lsG5
;dflwafx]s c¿ pkfon] To;f] ug{ ;lsGg .
To;}n] ;dflwsf] cEof; ug'{ g} ;a}eGbf
>]ois/ ePsf] x'Fbf lj1hgx¿ To;}df 86]/ nfUg'k5{ .
ToxL ;"qdf o:tf] klg n]lvPsf] 5 M
wfld{s u|GynfO{ sNkf}F;Dd k9]/, n]v]/, ;'g]/, JofVof Pj+

:j–cWoog u/]/ klg TolQ k'0o k|fKt ug{ ;lsGg hlt
k'0o Ps lbg efjgf ubf{ k|fKt x'G5 .
z"Gotfsf] cy{n] ;'zf]let eO;s]kl5 To;n] g;d]6\g] s'g} klg

wd{ x'Fb}g . z/0fudg klg To;}df ;dflxt x'G5 . h:tf] cgjtKtkl/
k[R5f;"q df elgPsf] 5 M
af]lw;™jn] ;a} wd{x¿nfO{ :jefj/lxt, lgM;™j, lghL{j

/ lgik'b\un sf ¿kdf hfGb5g\ . tyfutn] h:t} ¿klxg,
lgldQ/lxt, wd{/lxt ¿kdf oyfe"t bz{g ug'{ g} lg/fldif
-zfGt_ lrQn] a'4sf] z/0fdf hfg' xf] . tyfutsf] of] h'g
wd{tf 5, ToxL wd{wft' xf] . of] h'g wd{wft' 5, Tof] ;a}
wd{df JofKt 5 . o;/L ;j{JofkL wd{wft'nfO{ x]l/G5 . o;/L
x]g'{ g} lg/fldif lrQn] wd{sf] z/0fdf hfg' xf] . c;+:s[t
;j{JofkL wd{wft'sf] efjgf ug]{, c;+:s[t >fjsofgdf
cf>o lng], ;+:s[t / c;+:s[tsf] å}wtfdf gkg]{ JolQm g}
lg/fldif lrQn] ;+3sf] z/0fdf uPsf] x'G5 .
301
Â
pko'{Qm k|1fsf] efjgfdf af]lwlrQf]Tkfb klg ;lDdlnt 5 . h:tf]

dxfaf]lwlrQf]Tkfb ;"q df elgPsf] 5 M
x] sfZok, ;d:t wd{ cfsfz h:t} lgldQn] /lxt 5g\,

cflbsfnb]lv g} -;'?b]lv g}_ k|ef:j/ / ljz'4 5 . oxL+
-k/dfy{_ af]lwlrQf]Tkfb xf] .
pTklQ qmddf s'g} b]jtfsf] efjgf ug{' / dGq hk ug{' klg k|1fs}
efjgf xf] . k|1fsf] efjgf ;+u} ;f] efjgf k"0f{ x'G5 eg]/ elgPsf]
5 . s;}n] o:tf] sxfF elgPsf] 5 < eg]/ ;f]Wnfg\ . o;sf] hjfkm
xf] M x]jh|tGq df To:tf] pNn]v 5 M
g efjgf ug]{ JolQm 5, g t efjgf g} 5,

g t dGq g} 5, g t b]jtf g} .
dGq / b]jtf, oL b'j} k|k~r/lxt :jefjdf /xG5g\
To:t} j}/f]rg, cIff]Eo, cdf]3l;l4
/Tg;+ej, cletfe / jh|;™j klg .$(
;j{a'4;dfof]u8flsgLhfn;+j/ df elgPsf] 5 M
k|ltlaDa, k|ltdf -d"lt{_ OToflbaf6 of]u -l;l4_ k|fKt ug{

;lsGg . t/ af]lwlrQf]Tkfbsf] nflu k|oTg/t of]uL dfq
b]jtfsf] ¿kdf kl/jlt{g x'g ;S5g\ .
jh|z]v/dxfu'Xoof]utGq df klg elgPsf] 5 M
;a} dGqx¿sf] nIf0f a'4s} lrQ xf] .

lsgeg] dGq eg]s} wd{sf
302
Â
%pay : à}a parimta
;f/nfO{ l;4 ug]{ pkfo ePsf] x'Fbf

dGq ;j{JofkL wd{wft'n] ;dlGjt x'G5 .
k|1fsf] efjgfn] xf]d -o1_ nfO{ klg ;d]6\b5 . h:tf] cd[tu'XotGq–

/fh df elgPsf] 5 M
xf]d lsg ul/G5 < lsgeg] o;n] ;a} ljsNkx¿nfO{ hnfP/

gi6 kfl/lbG5 / pQd l;l4x¿ k|bfg u5{ . jf:tljs xf]d
Tof] kf] xf] . vfln bfp/f afn]/ ljleGg ;fdu|Lx¿ To;df
xfNb}df xf]d ul/Psf] eGg ldNb}g .
^ kf/ldtfx¿ hf] a'4Tj–k|flKtsf dfu{ x'g\ tL klg k|1fsf] efjgfd}

;lDdlnt 5g\ . h:tf] *jh|;dflw;"q df elgPsf] 5 M
ha z"Gotfaf6 clnslt klg ljrlnt eOGg, tj ;a} ^

kf/ldtfx¿ PsLs[t x'ghfG5g\ .
a|Xdljz]iflrlGtkl/k[R5f;"q df klg atfOPsf] 5 M
ljrf/ gug'{ bfg xf],

e]b -differentiation_ df cjl:yt gx'g' zLn xf],
e]b gug'{ -cljz]ifLs/0f_ IfflGt xf],
Tofu / pkfbfgn] /lxt x'g'
-x]of]kfb]on] /lxt x'g'_ jLo{ xf]
cf;lQmn] /lxt x'g' ;dflw xf] eg]
ljsNkn] /lxt x'g' k|1f xf] .
lIfltue{;"q df elgPsf] 5 M
303
Â
;j{wd{ z"Gotfsf] efjgf ug]{ lj1 JolQm ;+;f/df l:yt

x'Ggg\ / ;+;f/sf] cf>oaf6 d'Qm x'G5g\ . s'g} klg ejdf
l:yt g/xg] x'Fbf pgn] vfln ljz'4 zLnsf] kfngf dfq
ul//fVb5g\ .
ToxL ;"qdf o:tf] klg pNn]v 5 M
z"Gotf lgldQtfn] /lxt ePsf x'Fbf ;a} wd{x¿ Ps/;

-;d/;_ sf 5g\ . o;} sf/0f, dg s'g}df klg l:yt x'Fb}g,
g s'g}df cf;Qm x'G5 . o:tf] IfflGtu'0fwd{n] ckf/ nfex¿
k|fKt x'G5g\ . jLo{n] o'Qm eO{ To:tf] cEof;df 86]/ nfUg]
lj1k'?if ;a} cf;lQmx¿nfO{ TofUg ;Ifd x'G5g\ . pgsf]
dg s'g}df klg l:yt x'Fb}g g t cf;Qm g} x'G5 . o;}
nfO{ g} ;Dos\ k'0o If]q elgG5 . ;a} k|f0fLx¿sf] lxtsf]
sfdgf u/]/ ;dflw–efjgfåf/f u¥xf}+ ef/LnfO{ la;fP/ ;a}
Sn]zx¿nfO{ ;d"n gi6 ug]{ JolQmdf g} jf:tjdf lj1–
k'?ifsf u'0f nIf0fx¿ el/Psf x'G5g\ .
jGbgf ug'{ klg oxL k|1fs} efjgfdf ;dflji6 x'G5 . h:tf]

*cfsfz/Tg;"q df elgPsf] 5 M
kfgLdf kfgL vGofOPem}+,

gf}gLdf gf}gL ld;fOPem}+,
cfkm" :jo+n] :j;+j]B :joDe" 1fg
bz{g ug'{ jGbgf g} xf] .
k"hf klg o;}df ;dflji6 5 . h:tf] lktfk'q;dfud;"q df

elgPsf] 5 M
304
Â
%pay : à}a parimta
z"Gotfwd{nfO{ cjnDag u/]/

a'4If]qsf] sfdgf -clwd'lQm_ ug]{ JolQmn]
a'4s} k"hf ul//x]sf] x'G5 .
Tof] k"hf cg'Q/ k"hf xf] .
cd[tu'XotGq/fh df klg pNn]v 5 M
k|;Ggtf g} jf:tljs k"hf xf]

w"k cflb afn]/ a'4 k|;Gg x'Ggg\ .
cfˆgf] lrQsf] ;xL sd{0otf g}
To:tf] dxfk"hf xf] h;n]
a'4 k|;Gg x'G5g\ .
kfkb]zgf klg ToxL k|1fsf] efjgfd} ;dflxt 5g\ . h:tf]

sdf{j/0fljz'l4;"q df elgPsf] 5 M
hf] JolQm cfkm"n] u/]sf kfksf]

b]zgf -k|folZrt_ ug{ rfxG5
p;n] ;xL 9Ën] a;]/ j:t'l:ylt -k/dfy{_ nfO{ leqleq}
x]g'{k5{ jf cjnf]sg ug'{k5{ .
j:t'l:yltsf] oyfy{ cjnf]sg -k/dfy{ bz{g_
g} ;a}eGbf pQd k|folZrt xf] .
zLn–;do /If0f klg o;}df ;dflxt 5 . h:tf] ;'l:ytdltb]jk'q

kl/k[R5f;"q df elgPsf] 5 M
hf];+u ;+j/ kfng u/]sf] jf gu/]sf] cledfg x'Fb}g pm g}

lgjf{0ff]Gd'v zLnn] ;DkGg x'G5 . ToxL ljz'4 zLn xf] .
305
Â
bzrqmlIfltue{;"q df klg To:t} pNn]v e]l6G5 M
3/d} /x]/ bf¥xL gsf6L rLj/ klg gnufO a:g], oxfF;Dd

ls zLn ;+j/ klg u|x0f gu/]sf JolQm klg cfo{wd{n] o'Qm
ePsf v08df jf:tljs k/dfly{s leIf' sxlnG5g\ .
;'Gg' ->'t_, lrGtg\ / efjgf ug'{ klg k|1fsf] efjgf cGtu{t g}

kb{5g\ . h:tf] *ck|lti7ttGq df elgPsf] 5 M
wd{sf] cs[lqd -cagfj6L_ :jefj¿kL Ps uf; ef]hg

vfP/ klg pm lagf ckjfb ;a} l;4fGtx¿sf 1fgn] t[Kt
x'G5 . c1fgL afnk[yUhgx¿ o;}af6 cgle1 ePsf x'Fbf
s]jn zAbx¿ vfG5g\ -zAbx¿df dfq cfl>t x'G5g\_ .
jf:tjdf ;a}yf]s cfˆg} lrQs} ¿k dfq x'g\ .
dxfl;4 ;/xn] klg eg]sf 5g\ M
pklbi6 wd{nfO{ k9g', a'‰g', efjgf ug'{ / Åbodf wf/0f

ug'{ klg k|1fs} efjgf xf] . To:tf] s'g} bz{g jf cjwf/0ff
5}g h;åf/f o;nfO{ hgfpg ;lsof];\ .
tf]df{ / wd{rof{ klg k|1fs} efjgf xf] . h:tf] cd[tu'XotGq/fh

df elgPsf] 5 M
ha lrQ–t™jnfO{ af]w ul/G5

k"hf, tf]df{ OToflb ljleGg k|sf/sf
wfld{s sd{ cg'i7fgx¿
;a} o;}df ;dflxt x'G5g\ .
306
Â
%pay : à}a parimta
;a}yf]s vfln lrQ / lrQsf] :j¿ksf] efjgf -k|1fsf] efjgf_ d}

;d]l6G5g\ eg] ljleGg k|sf/sf pkfo–qmdsf pkb]zx¿sf] cfj–
Zostf g} lsg k¥of] < cfjZostf 5 lsgeg] j:t'l:ylt jf oyfe"t
:jefjaf6 cgle1 ;f¥x} xLg efUo ePsf k|f0fLx¿nfO{ p4f/ ug{sf]
nflu pgLx¿nfO{ a'4Tj;Dd 8f]¥ofP/ nfg ljleGg k|sf/sf pkfo–
qmdsf pkb]zx¿ lbOPsf 5g\ . 1fgfnf]sfnÍf/;"q df elgPsf] 5 M
x]t'k|Toosf ;DaGw, ljleGg pQ/f]Q/ r/0fdf pFef] nfUg]

qmdfut cEof; sf ofjt s'/fx¿ c1fgLx¿nfO{ pkfosf]
¿kdf elgPsf x'g\ . hasL o; cgfef]u -:jtM k|lti7flkt_
wd{sf] ;DaGwdf qmlds cEof;sf] s] sf] cfjZostf <
dxf;+j/f]botGq/fh df klg o:t} pNn]v kfOG5 M
d'Qm JolQm :jo+nfO{ To;/L g} b]Vb5g\

h;/L cfsfznfO{ .%)
*cfsfz/Tg;"q df klg To:t} elgPsf] 5 M
ha;Dd k|f0fL ;j{JofkL wd{wft'sf] dxf;fu/df 8'aN' sL nufpF–

b}gg\ ta;Dd a]Unfa]Un} dfu{ / qmdx¿ /lxg} /xG5g\ .
hals wd{wft'sf] dxf;fu/df k|lji6 eO;s]kl5 ofqf ug{
s'g} klg dfu{ x'Fb}g s'g} klg qmd /xFb}g .
ctLzn] klg eg]sf 5g\ M
lrQ ;dtf Pj+ zfGt cj:yfdf /x]/ Psfu| ePkl5, sfo

/ jfs\l;t ;+a4 s'znx¿nfO{ TolQ dx™j glbPx'G5 .
307
Â
k|1fkf/ldtf–cEof;sf lgldQx¿ M k|1fkf/ldtfsf] cEof; ugf{n]

JolQm s'zn sd{k|lt ;bf ck|dfbL -hfu?s_ eO{ /xG5 . p;sf
Sn]zx¿ 36\b} hfG5g\ . ;a} k|f0fLx¿sf k|lt p;sf] dgdf s?0ff
pTkGg x'g yfN5 . ;fwgfdf ;w} tNnLg /xG5 . ;a} ljIf]kx¿nfO{
TofluG5 . o; hLjgk|lt u|fx jf cf;lQm s]xL klg x'Gg . h:tf]
/TgfjnL df elgPsf] 5 M
z"Gotfsf] efjgf ugf{n] s'znwd{k|lt dflg; ;b}j hfu?s

-ck|dflb_ e} /xG5 . #÷**
&= k|1fkf/ldtfsf] kmn M k|1fkf/ldtfsf kmn klg cGTo / cfjl:ys

-;f+;fl/s_ u/L b'O{ k|sf/s} x'G5g\ eg]/ a'‰g'k5{ . tLdWo] cGTo jf
k/dfy{ kmn eGgfn] cg'Q/ af]lw k|fKt x'g' g} xf] . h:tf] ;Ktzltsf
k|1fkf/ldtf df elgPsf] 5 M
x] d~h'>L Û k|1fkf/ldtfsf] cEof; ugf{n]

dxf af]lw;™jx¿ t'?Gt} cg'Q/ ;Dos\ ;Daf]lw nfeL x'G5g\ .
k|1f kf/ldtfsf cfjl:ys -;f+;fl/s jf nf}lss_ kmn:j¿k

;'v;'ljwfx¿ k|fKt x'G5g\ . h:tf] k|1fkf/ldtf ;~roufyf -/Tg–
u'0f;~ro ufyf_ df atfOPsf] 5 M
af]lw;™j, >fjs, k|To]sa'4, b]jtf / ;d:t ultdf

hlt klg ;'v 5g\ tL ;a} k|1fkf/ldtfaf6} kfOG5g\ .%!
k|1fkf/ldtf
gfds ;Ktbz kl/R5]b ;dfKt .
308
Â
kl/R5]b !*
kf”r dfu{
;j{k|yd af]lwlrQf]Tkfb u/]/ ljleGg lzIffx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/¿kdf
cg'zLng ub}{ af]lw;™j qmdzM e"ld Pj+ dfu{ pSnFb} hfG5g\ . tL
dfu{x¿sf] j0f{g tn ul/G5 h;sf] ;f/f+z lgDg zLif{sx¿df kfpg
;lsG5 .
;Def/ dfu{, k|of]u dfu{, bz{g dfu{,

efjgfdfu{ / lgi7fdfu{ -cz}Ifdfu{_ –
oL kfFrj6f dfu{x¿df af]lw;™jsf dfu{x¿nfO{ ;d]6\g ;lsG5 .
af]lwkyk|bLk eGg] u|Gydf oL kfFrj6f dfu{x¿sf] ljj/0f e]l6G5 .

tLdWo] klxnf], ;+ef/dfu{nfO{ xfdL o;/L a'emf}+ M ;j{k|yd, cwd\ /
dWod k'?ifsf wd{sf] cWoog tyf cEof; u/]/ hu g} a;fNg'k5{ .
To;kl5 dfq k|l0flw / k|:yfg af]lwlrQ pTkGg u/]/ b'O{6f ;Def/–
x¿nfO{ k"/f ug'{k5{ .! oxL g} ;Def/ dfu{sf] :ki6 JofVof xf] . To;kl5
qmdzM pFef] nfUb} af]lw;™jn] pidf cflb l;l4x¿ k|fKt u5{g\ .@ oxL+
k|of]u dfu{sf] JofVof xf] . k|d'lbtf OToflb k|fKt x'g] cj:yfn] bz{g,
efjgf / lgi7f dfu{nfO{ O{+lut ub{5 .
!= ;Def/ dfu{ M dxfofg uf]qsf ;fwsn] af]lwlrQf]Tkfb u/]/

cfrfo{af6 pkb]z lnO{ cToGt} kl/>dk"j{s s'zn sd{ ubf{ ub{}
pidTj 1fg k|fKt u5{g\ . o; cj:yfdf ;fws ;Def/ dfu{df /xG5g\ .
o; dfu{sf ;fwsn] ug]{ k|ultnfO{ rf/ r/0fdf afF8\g ;lsG5 M tL
x'g,\ cflwsfl/s, cflwdf]lIfs, cflwsflds Pj+ cfleuflds# . o;nfO{
309
Â
lsg ;Def/ dfu{ elgPsf] xf] t < lsgeg] o; dfu{df /x]/ k'0o
;Def/ u/]sf sf/0f ;fws pidTj 1fgsf nflu of]Uo pDd]bjf/
aGg] x'gfn] g} o;nfO{ ;Def/ dfu{ elgPsf] xf] . o;nfO{ df]IfefuLo
s'znd"n klg eGg] ul/G5 .
o; cj:yfdf b]xfoadf]lhd af¥x af]lwkflIfs wd{x¿sf] cEof;
jf efjgf ul/G5 .
!=!= rf/ :d[To'k:yfg,

!=@= rf/ ;Dos\ k|xf0f
!=#= rf/ Cl4kfb
!=!= rf/ :d[To'k:yfg
1= sfo :d[To'k:yfg -sfofg'kZogf_

2= j]bgf :d[To'k:yfg
3= lrQ :d[To'k:yfg
4= wd{ :d[To'k:yfg
oL ;a} tNnf] -d[b'_ ;Def/dfu{sf cj:yfx¿ x'g\ .
!=@= rf/ ;Dos\ k|xf0f
1= pTkGg ePsf cs'zn wd{sf] k|xf0f

2= pTkGg eOg;s]sf cs'zn wd{nfO{ pTkGg x'g glbg',
3= pTkGg eOg;s]sf s'zn wd{nfO{ pTkfb ug'{ /
4= pTkGg ePsf s'zn wd{nfO{ clej[l4 ub}{ n}hfg'
oL ;a} dWod ;Def/dfu{sf cj:yfx¿ x'g\ .
310
Â
%pay : pa~c magR
!=#= rf/ Cl4kfbx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
1= 5Gb ;dflw,
2= jLo{ ;dflw,
3= lrQ ;dflw /
4= dLdf+;f ;dflw
oL ;a} clwdfq -dflyNnf]_ ;Def/dfu{sf cj:yfx¿ x'g\ .
@= k|of]u dfu{ M ;Def/ dfu{sf] lgiklQ jf k"0f{tfkZrft\ k|of]u

dfu{sf] ;'?jft x'G5 . o;df rt'/fo{ ;TonfO{ jf]w ug]{ qmddf rf/
j6f cj:yf -;+= lgj]{wfË_ nfO{ kf/ ul/G5 . tL rf/j6f cj:yfx¿
x'g\ M pmidf -heat_, d"wf{ -maximum heat_, IfflGt -patience_ /
nf}lssfu| wd{ -the highest worldly dharma_ . o;nfO{ lsg k|of]u dfu{
elgPsf] xf] < lsgeg] ;TonfO{ k|ToIf¿kdf ;fIffTsf/ ug]{ k|oTg
ul/g] x'gfn] g} o;nfO{ k|of]u dfu{ elgPsf] xf] .
@=!= kf“r OlGb|o M k|of]udfu{sf tL rf/ cj:yfx¿dWo] pmidf Pj+
d"wf{sf cj:yfx¿df ;fws lgDg kfFr OlGb|ox¿n] o'Qm x'gk'U5 M
1= >4f OlGb|o,
2= jLo{ OlGb|o,
3= :d[lt OlGb|o,
4= ;dflw OlGb|o,
5= k|1f OlGb|o
@=@= kf“r an M k|of]udfu{sf tL rf/ cj:yfx¿dWo] IfflGt /

nf}lssfu| wd{sf cj:yfx¿df rfFlx ;fws lgDg kfFr anx¿n] o'Qm
x'gk'U5 M
311
Â
1= >4f an
2= jLo{ an
3= :d[lt an
4= ;dflw an
5= k|1f an
#= bz{g dfu{ M nf}lssfu| wd{sf] cj:yfnfO{ kf/ ul/;s]kl5 bz{g

dfu{sf] z'¿jft x'G5 h;df rt'/fo{;TonfO{ cfnDag agfO{ zdy
/ ljkZogfsf] Wofg ul/G5 . rt'/fo{ ;TodWo] x/]s ;Tosf rf/j6f
kIf jf If0f x'G5g\ . ;a} u/]/ ;f]¥xj6f If0fx¿ x'G5g\ h'g o; k|sf/
5g\ M b'Mvsf] 1fg lbnfpg] wd{sf] IfflGtk"0f{ u|x0f -b'Mv] wd{1fg
IfflGt_, b'Mvsf] jf:tljs 1fg -b'Mv] wd{1fg_, b'Mv ;Tosf] cj–
af]wnfO{ d"t{¿k lbg] k|1fsf] IfflGtk"0f{ u|x0f -b'Mv] cGjo1fgIfflGt_,
b'Mv ;Tosf] jf:tljs 1fg -b'Mv] cGjo1fg_ . To;/L g} ;d'bo,
lg/f]w / dfu{ ;Tosf klg rf/ rf/ j6f b'Mv ;Tosf h:t} If0fx¿
x'G5g\ . o;/L * j6f IfflGt / * j6f 1fg u/L rf/ cfo{ ;Tosf
hDdf !^ j6f If0fx¿ x'G5g\ . s;}n] o;nfO{ bz{gdfu{ lsg elgPsf]
xf] eg]/ ;f]Wnfg\ . o;sf] pQ/ o;/L lbg ;lsG5 M klxn] gb]lvPsf
rf/ cfo{ ;Tox¿sf] bz{g x'g] x'gfn] g} o;nfO{ bz{g dfu{ elgPsf]
xf] . o;df ;fws ;ft af]WoËn] o'Qm x'gk'U5 . tL ;ft af]WoË x'g\ M
1= :d[lt af]WoË,
2= wd{k|ljro af]WoË,
3= jLo{ af]WoË,
4= k|Llt af]WoË,
5= k|>lAw af]WoË,
6= ;dflw af]WoË /
7= pk]Iff af]WoË
312
Â
%pay : pa~c magR
$= efjgf dfu{ M bz{g dfu{ cjaf]w eO;s]kl5 z'¿ x'g] dfu{nfO{

efjgf dfu{ elgG5 . efjgf dfu{nfO{ nf}lss dfu{ / nf]sf]Q/ dfu{
u/L b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .
$=!= nf}lss efjgf dfu{ M nf}lss dfu{df k|yd Wofg, låtLo Wofg,
t[tLo Wofg / rt'y{ Wofg nufot cfsfzfgGTofog, lj1fgfGTofog,
cls~rGofotg / g}j;+1fgf;+1fotg cflb ;dflji6 x'G5g\ . logsf]
efjgf ug'{sf k5fl8 tLg k|of]hg jf p2]Zox¿ x'G5g\ . tL x'g\ M
1= efjgfx]o Sn]zx¿ nfO{ bdg ug{

2= rt'j|{Xdljxf/ cflbsf ljz]if u'0fx¿nfO{ k|fKt ug{
3= nf]sf]Q/ dfu{sf nflu hu jf cfwf/ v8f ug{
$=@= nf]sf]Q/ efjgf dfu{ M bf]>f] dfu{ cyf{t nf]sf]Q/ dfu{df

b'O{ k|sf/sf 1fgnfO{ cfnDag agfO{ zdy / ljkZogfsf] efjgfnfO{
cem ljsfz ub}{ nluG5 . bz{gdfu{df ;fwsn] rt'/fo{ ;Tosf x/]s
;TonfO{ b'O{ IfflGtsf If0f / b'O 1fgsf If0f u/L hDdf ;f]¥x If0fsf
¿kdf bz{g ub{5 . h;dWo] cf7j6f IfflGt If0fx¿ h'g 5g\ ltgnfO{
efjgf dfu{df cjaf]w ul/G5 h;sf] kmn:j¿k Sn]zx¿ :jtM x6]/
hfG5g\ . efjgf dfu{s} cj:yfdf rf/ Wofg / k|f/Desf tLg cf¿Ko
;dflwx¿;+u ;DalGwt zdy / ljkZogf efjgf qmdzM ub}{ hfFbf
;fws afFsL cf7 1fg If0fx¿df klg Psbd} cEo:t x'G5 . oLdWo]
wd{tfsf] cjaf]wdf cfkm"nfO{ cEo:t t'Nofpg' cf+lzs wd{1fg xf]
eg] 1fgsf] cjaf]wdf cfkm"nfO{ cEo:t t'Nofpg' cf+lzs cGjo1fg
xf] . hals g}j;+1fgf;+1f cfotg nf}lss Wofg dfq xf] lsgeg] o;
cj:yfdf ;+1fsf] ;+rf/ :ki6 x'Fbg} .
o;nfO{ lsg efjgf dfu{ elgPsf] < s;}n] ;f]Wg ;S5g\ . o;df
bz{gdfu{df xfl;n ePsf] t™j 1fgsf] efjgf ul/G5, cEof; ul/G5
To;}n] o;nfO{ efjgf dfu{ elgPsf] xf] . o; cj:yfdf ;fws cfo{
313
Â
ci6flËs dfu{sf] cEof;df kf]Vt x'G5g\ . ci6flËs dfu{ lgDgfg';f/

5g\ M
1. ;Dos\ b[li6,
2. ;Dos\ ;ÍNk,
3. ;Dos\ jfs\,
4. ;Dos\ sdf{Gt,
5. ;Dos\ cfhLj,
6. ;Dos\ Jofofd,
7. ;Dos\ :d[lt /
8. ;Dos\ ;dflw
%= lgi7fdfu{ M jh|fk] d cyf{t jh| h:t} cIfo ;dflw k|fKt eP–

kZrft\ ;fws lgi7fdfu{df k|j]z ub{5g\ . o;df Ifo 1fg /
cg'Tkfb1fg sf :jefj lglxt x'G5g\ . jh|f]kd ;dflw efjgf dfu{sf]
clGtd k|xf0fdfu{sf] cj:yf xf], h;nfO{ k|of]u dfu{ / cfgGto{ dfu{
-unobstructed path_ n] klg ;d]6\b5 . lgjf{w, Psbd s7f]/, c6n,
Ps/; / ;j{JofkL ePsf sf/0f o;nfO{ jh|f]kd elgG5 .
lgjf{w h;nfO{ cfgGto{ klg elgG5, eGgfn] ;f+;fl/s s'/fx¿af6
cj?4 gx'g] eGg] a'lemG5 . s'g}klg cfj/0fn] o;nfO{ gi6 ug{ g;Sg]
x'gfn] of] Psbd s7f]/ 5 . of] c6n jf b[9 o; sf/0fn] 5 ls o;nfO{
ljsNkn] ljrlnt kfg{ ;Sb}g . o;nfO{ Ps/; lsg elgPsf] eg]
o;df ;a} wd{nfO{ Ps} efj jf /;n] x]l/G5 . of] lsg ;j{JofkL 5
eg] o;n] ;a} 1]o wd{sf] tytfnfO{ cfnDag agfpFb5 .
jh|f]kd ;dflwkl5 pTkGg x'g] Ifo1fg To:tf] 1fg xf] h'g To;}
;dflwsf] pkh xf] / rf/ cfo{ ;TonfO{ cfnDagsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{
of] 1fg ;a} x]t'x¿nfO{ gi6 jf Ifo ugf{n] pTkGg x'G5 . cg'Tkfb1fg
rf/ cfo{ ;TonfO{ cfnDagsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{ To:tf] 1fg xf] h'g
314
Â
%pay : pa~c magR
;a} kmn jf b'Mvx¿nfO{ k|xf0f ugf{n] pTkGg x'G5 . csf]{ zAbdf

eGg'kbf{ x]t'sf] Ifo x'g] x'Fbf Ifo 1fg / kmn klg pTkGg gx'g]
-cg'Tkfb_ x'Fbf cg'Tkfb 1fg elgPsf x'g\ . ca k|Zg /Xof], o;nfO{
lgi7fdfu{ g} lsg elgPsf] xf] eGg] . lzIffnfO{ kl/k"0f{ u/]/ lgjf{0fsf]
gu/df uOg] x'Fbf o;nfO{ lgi7f dfu{ elgPsf] xf] .
o; cj:yfdf bzj6f cz}If wd{x¿ x'G5g\ . cz}If ;Dos\ b[li6
b]lv lnP/ cz}If ;Dos\ ;dflw ;Dd cf7 cz}If wd{ / afFsL cz}If
ljd'lQm / cz}If ;DoU1fg ;d]t u/]/ bz cz}If wd{ x'g hfG5g\ . oL
bz cz}If wd{ g} kfFr cgf>j :sGw x'g\ . kfFr cgf>j :sGwx¿
o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
1. cz}If ;Dos\ jfs\, sdf{Gt / cfhLj, oL tLg zLn :sGwleq

kb{5g\ .
2. cz}If ;Dos\ :d[lt / ;Dos\ ;dflw rfFlx ;dflw :sGwleq
kb{5g\ .
3. cz}If ;Dos\ b[li6, ;Dos\ ;+sNk / Jofofd rfFlx k|1f
:sGwleq kb{5g\ .
4. ;Dos\ ljd'lQm ljd'lQm:sGw xf] eg]
5. ;Dos\1fg ljd'lQm1fgbz{g:sGw xf] .
k~r dfu{
gfds ci6fbz kl/R5]b ;dfKt .
315
Â
kl/R5]b !(
bz af]lw;Œj e"ld
s;}n] ;f]+Wg ;S5, oL kfFrdfu{ leq sltj6f e"ldx¿ ;d]l6G5g\ <
lgDg zLif{sx¿dfkm{t o;sf] ;+lIfKt pQ/ kfpg ;lsG5 .
cflbsld{se"ld, clwd'lQmrof{e"ld,
af]lw;™jsf bz e"ldx¿ / a'4e"ld –
bz af]lw;™je"ld / cGo tLgj6f e"ld
;d]t ldnfP/ hDdf t]¥xj6f e"ld
dflysf zLif{sdf ;d]l6G5g\ .
e"ldx¿sf af/]df af]lwkyk|bLk df o:tf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
af]lw;™jn] k|d'lbtf cflb e"ldx¿ k|fKt ub{5g\ .!
æk|d'lbtfÆ k|yd af]lw;™je"ld xf] / cGo e"ldx¿df b'O{j6f cwd\

-tNnf]:t/sf_ / bzj6f dflyNnf] af]lw;™je"ld kb{5g\ .
cflbsld{se"ld M cflbsld{se"ld eg]sf] ;Def/dfu{sf] cj:yf xf]
lsgeg] pQm cj:yfdf ;fwsn] cfˆgf] ckl/kSj lrQ ;GtltnfO{
kl/kSj agfpFb5g\ .
clwd'lQmrof{e"ld M clwd'lQmrof{e"ld k|of]udfu{sf] cj:yf xf]
lsgeg] o; cj:yfdf ;fws z"Gotfsf] cy{k|lt ljz]if cle?rL dfq
/fVb5g\ . o; ;do dfT;o{ cflb h:tf kf/ldtflj/f]wL t™jx¿,
bz{gx]o Sn]z / kl/slNkt 1]ofj/0f blaP/ /xg] x'gfn] pTkGg x'g
kfpFb}gg\ .
317
Â
k|d'lbtfb]lv wd{d]3f;Ddsf af]lw;™je"ldnfO{ bze"ld elgG5 .

o; ;DaGwdf bze"lds ;"q df o:tf] pNn]v kfOG5 M
x] lhgk'q Û k|d'lbtf===== OToflb oL bz g} af]lw;™je"ld x'g\ .@
oLdWo] klxnf] k|d'lbtf e"ld bz{g dfu{sf] cj:yfdf k|fKt x'G5 .

To; ;do ;fwsnfO{ ;j{JofkL z"Gotfsf] ;fIfft\ af]w x'G5 . bf]>f]
b]lv lnP/ bzf};+ Ddsf e"ldx¿ efjgfdfu{sf cj:yfdf k|fKt x'G5g\ .
tL cj:yfx¿df ;fws k|yd e"ldd} cjut eO;s]sf] t™j1fgnfO{
cEof; ub{5g\ . af]lw;™jsf tL bz e"ldx¿nfO{ ;fdfGo / ljz]if wd{
u/L b'O{ zLif{sdf afF8]/ JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 .
;fdfGo wd{ M ;fdfGo wd{sf klg tLg zLif{sx¿ 5g\ M
!= e"ldsf] :j¿k,
@= e"ldsf] lg?lQm -vf; cy{_ /
#= bz ;+Vofdf e"ldsf] juL{s/0f
!= e"ldsf] :j¿k M e"ldsf] :j¿k eGgfn] To:tf] k|1fnfO{ hgfpFb5

h'g ;dflwåf/f k|fKt x'G5 / h;df cfl>t eP/ ;fwssf lrQ;Gtltn]
wd{g}/fTDosf] k|ToIf ;fIffTsf/ ub{5 .
@= e"ldsf] lg?lQm M x/]s e"ld To;sf cfˆgf u'0fwd{x¿sf] hu

jf cfwf/ xf] / Pskl5 csf]{ ub}{ qmdzM dflyNnf] e"ldx¿tkm{ pef]
nfUg] cfwf/sf ¿kdf klg lng ;lsG5 . ToxL eP/ …e"ldÚ elgPsf]
xf] . e"ldx¿sf] b[i6fGt o;/L lbg ;lsG5 M
e"ldx¿df 1fg cGtlg{lxt e} a;]sf] x'G5 / ToxfF To;sf

u'0fsf] pkef]u ul/G5, To;}sf/0f e"ld elgG5 pbf= uf]zfnf .
318
Â
%pay : dz baeixsÅv ÉUim
tL e"ldx¿df 1fg b|'t ultn] a9\b} hfG5, To;}sf/0f ltgnfO{

e"ld elgG5, pbfx/0fsf] nflu cZjwfjge"ld -3f]8f bf}8fpg]
d}bfg_
;d:t u'0fwd{x¿sf cfwf/ g} 1fg ePsfn] lognfO{ e"ld
elgG5, pbfx/0fsf] nflu If]qe"ld -v]t_ .
#= bz ;+Vofdf e"ldsf] juL{s/0f M x/]s e"lddf j]Unfj]Un} lzIffsf]

vfFrf] kg]{ ePsfn] lognfO{ bz e"lddf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .
ljz]if wd{ M bz af]lw;™j e"ldnfO{ ljz]iftj/n] xfdL lgDg gf}
zLif{sdf afF8]/ JofVof u/f}+ .
1. ljz]if gfd,
2. ljz]if lg?lQm,
3. ljz]if kl/sd{,
4. ljz]if cEof;,
5. ljz]if ljz'l4,
6. ljz]if k|ltklQ,
7. ljz]if k|xf0f,
8. ljz]if pTklQ /
9. ljz]if k|efj jf an
s= k|yd e"ld M k|yd e"ldl;t ;DalGwt dflysf gf} zLif{sx¿ o;

k|sf/ 5g\ M
1. ljz]if gfd M k|yd e"ldsf] gfd k|d'lbtf xf] .
2.ljz]if lg?lQm -cy{_ M k|yd e"ld nfeL af]lw;™jx¿ af]lwsf]

;flgWodf k'u]/ ;™jx¿nfO{ lxt ub{5g\ h;af6 pgLx¿n] 7"nf]
319
Â
k|Lltsf] cg'ej ub{5g\ . To;}n] g} o; e"ldnfO{ …k|dl' btfÚ elgPsf] xf] .

o;} ;DaGwdf dxfofg;"qfn+sf/ df o:tf] atfOPsf] 5 M
af]lwsf] ghLs k'u]/ ;f/f ;™jx¿sf] lxt ubf{v]/L

;fwsn] 7"nf] k|Lltsf] cg'ej ub{5g\
To;}n] o;nfO{ k|d'lbtf elgPsf] xf] .#
ljz]if lzIff M ;d:t ;™j / j:t'x¿k|lt cs'l6n cfzo /fVg'

3.
cflb h:tf bz lzIffdf kf/+ut eO;s]kl5 k|yd e"ld nfe x'G5 .
h:tf] cle;dofn+sf/ df elgPsf] 5 M
bz k|sf/sf kl/sd{ jf lzIffn]

k|yd e"ldsf] k|flKt x'G5 .$
4.ljz]if cEof; M ;fdfGotofM o; e"lddf /x]sf af]lw;™jx¿

hDd} bz kf/ldtfx¿sf] cEof; ub{5g\ . tL dWo] klg pgLx¿
bfgkf/ldtfs} a9L cEof; ub{5g\ . o;/L ;a} ;™jx¿nfO{ bfg–
kf/ldtfsf] cEof;åf/f ;Gt'i6 kfb{5g\ . o;sf] cy{ of] xf]Og ls
c¿ kf/ldtfx¿nfO{ logLx¿n] Wofg} lbFb}gg\ . vfln bfgkf/ldtfnfO{
a9L dx™j lbG5g\ dfq eGg vf]lhPsf] xf] . To;}n] bze"lds ;"q df
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
k|yd e"lddf bz kf/ldtfdWo] ;fdfGotofM bfgkf/ldtfs}

a9L cEof; ul/G5 . egfOsf] cy{ of] xf]Og ls logLx¿
c¿ kf/ldtfx¿sf] cEof;} ub}{gg\ .%
5.ljz]if ljz'l4 M k|yd e"ldsf] ljz'l4sf af/] bze"lds;"q df

320
Â
k|d'lbtf e"lddf /xg] af]lw;™jx¿df lgs} pbf/ b[li6 /

k|l0fwfg x'G5 h;sf ann] pgLx¿ ;of}+, xhf/f}+, s/f]8f}
s/f]8 a'4x¿sf] bz{g ug{ ;Sb5g\ . pxfFx¿nfO{ b]Vbf
cToGt} pbf/ cWofzon] k"hf ub{5g\, ;Tsf/ u5{g\ .
pxfx¿sf ;+3nfO{ klg pgLx¿ cfb/–;Ddfg u5{g\, ltgsf]
;]jf u5{g\ . To:tf k'0oaf6 k|fKt s'znd"nnfO{ logLx¿
af]lwdf kl/0ffdgf ub{5g\ . clg pg} a'4x¿af6 wdf]{kb]z
;'G5g\, ;'g]/ lrGtg ub{5g\, wf/0f ub{5g\ / cgj/t¿kdf
cEof; klg ub{5g\ . To;kl5 rf/j6f ;+u|x j:t' dfkm{t
;™jx¿nfO{ ljgLt -kl/kSj jf kl/kfrg_ ub{5g\ .^
;+If]kdf lgDg tLg sf/0fn] pgLx¿sf s'znd"ndf pQ/f]Q/

ljz'l4 eO/xG5 M cg]s sNk;Dd a'4, wd{ / ;+3sf] k"hf ul/–
/xg', cg'udg ul//xg', ;™jx¿nfO{ kl/kSj jf ljgLt ul//xg' /
s'znd"nnfO{ cg'Q/ ;Dos\ ;Daf]lwdf kl/0ffdgf ul//xg' .
pk/f]Qm ;DaGwdf lgDg b[i6fGt k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
pbfx/0fsf] nflu dfgf} s'g} ;'gf/n] hlt ;'gnfO{ ttfpFb}

nfG5, Tolt Tolt ;'g z'4, ;kmf / sfd nfUg] aGb} hfG5 .
7Ls To;}u/L, k|yd e"lddf k'u]sf af]lw;™jsf s'znd"n
klg emg\ emg\ z'4, :ki6 / sfd nfUg] -k|of]udf Nofpg
ldNg]_ aGb} hfG5g\ .&
6. ljz]if k|ltklQ M ;fwf/0ftof bz} e"ldsf af]lw;™jx¿n]

;dfklQ cj:yfdf Pp6} 1fg xfl;n ub{5g\ h;nfO{ ;dflxt 1fg
elgG5, tfklg tL ;a} e"ldnfO{ 5'§f5'§} lnO+bf eg] k[i7 nAw cj:yfdf
leGgtf b]lvg yfN5 . k|yd e"lddf ;fws jf af]lw;™jn] ;j{JofkL
wd{wft'sf cy{ klxNofpF5g\ h;sf] sf/0f pgnfO{ k/fTd;dtf 1fg
321
Â
k|fKt x'G5 . t;y{, dWofGtljefudf o;nfO{ …;j{JofkL cy{df -All-

pervading_Ú atfOPsf] 5 .
7.k|xf0fdf ljz]iftf M hxf;Dd Sn]zfj/0fsf] k|Zg 5, o; e"lddf

af]lw;™jn] ;a} aof:;L bz{gx]o Sn]zfj/0fx¿nfO{ k|xf0f ub{5g\ . t/
1]ofj/0fsf] ;DaGwdf eGg'kbf{ ?vsf aflx/L af]qmf plKsP;/L tLg
k|sf/sf 1]ofj/0fsf aflx/L kq -bf}i7"No_ dfq x6]/ hfG5 . To;a]nf,
af]lw;™j kfFr eoaf6 d'Qm x'G5g\ . o;} ;DaGwdf bze"lds;"q df
atfOPsf] 5 M
o; k|d'lbtf e"ld k|fKt ugf{;fy} ;fws afRg gkfpFnf eGg]

8/, OHht gkfpFnf eGg] 8/, d¿Fnf eGg] 8/, b'u{ltdf
cfˆgf] hGd xf]nf eGg] 8/, / o; ;+;f/df 5pGh]n lrGtf,
;Gtfk OToflbsf] 8/ oL kfFrj6f 8/af6 d'Qm x'G5g\ .*
8. ljz]if pTklQ M o; e"lddf /xg] af]lw;™j k"/} hDa'åLkdfly

cflwkTo hdfpg] /fhfsf ¿kdf hGd lnP/ ;f/f k|f0fLx¿sf dfT;o{
bf]ifnfO{ gi6 ul/lbG5g\ . o;} ;DaGwdf /TgfjnL df o:tf] pNn]v
kfOPsf] 5 M
o;sf] ljkfs kmn:j¿k hDa'åLks} dx]Zj/ aGb5 .(
oxfF ljz]if pTklQsf af/] cToGt} ;fdfGo¿kn] dfq JofVof ul/of] .

c¿nfO{ lxt ug{ af]lw;™j h'g;'s} ¿kdf h:tf];'s} pkfo ckgfP/
klg k|s6 x'g ;Sb5g\ h'g hfts syf k9\bf xfdLnfO{ 5n{Ë} x'G5 .
9. ljz]if k|efj M ljz]if k|efjsf af/] bz e"lds ;"qdf elgPsf]

5M
322
Â
k|d'lbtf e"lddf cjl:yt af]lw;™j cfˆgf ;lbR5fnfO{ k"/f

ug{ h:tf];'s} d]xgt jf tk:of -jLo{_ ug{ klg cu|;/ x'G5g\ .
o;n] ubf{ g} 3/af/, 5f]/f5f]/L, ef]uljnf; OToflb ;a}yf]s
TofuL af]lw;™j a'4zf;gdf k|a|Hof lng k'Ub5g\ . k|a|lht
eP kZrft\ pgn] Ps} If0f, Ps} kn / Ps} d'x"{tdf ;of}+
;dflwx¿ nfe ug{ ;Sb5g\ / ;f] ;dflwx¿af6 clwli7t
x'g ;Sb5g\ . pgn] ;of}+ nf]swft'nfO{ xNnfpg ;Sb5g\ .
;of}+ a'4If]qx¿df k'Ug ;Sb5g\ . ;of}+ nf]swft'x¿nfO{
k|s6 u/]/ b]vfpg ;Sb5g\ / ;of}+ y/L y/Lsf ;™jx¿nfO{
ljlgt -kl/kfs_ ug{ ;Sb5g\ . Ps ;o sNk;Dd pgL
hLljt} /xg ;Sb5g\ . ;of}+ k"jf{Gt -ljutsf_ sNkx¿
b]Vg ;Sb5g\ / ;of}+ ck/fGt -eljiosf_ sNkx¿ klg b]Vg
;Sb5g\ . ;of}+ wd{dv
' x¿ -the doors of dharma_ nfO{ lg¿k0f
-k|ljro_ ug{ ;Sb5g\ / ;o–;ohgf af]lw;™jx¿sf ;fy
cfkm"nfO{ ;of}+ ¿kx¿df k|s6 ug{ ;Sb5g\ .!)
v= låtLo e"ld M låtLo e"ldl;t ;DalGwt dflysf gf} zLif{sx¿ o;

k|sf/ 5g\ M
1. ljz]if gfd M låtLo e"ldsf] gfd ljdnf xf] .
2.ljz]if lg?lQm M zLn tf]l8Psf] bf]if -bf}zLNo bf]if_ af6 d'Qm

ePsfn] o; e"ldnfO{ ljdnf elgPsf] xf] . To;}n] elgG5 M
bf}zLNo bf]ifaf6 d'Qm ePsfn] o; e"ld …ljdnÚ sxlnPsf] xf] .!!
3. ljz]if lzIff M zLn, s[t1tf cflb h:tf cf7 lzIffx¿nfO{

u|x0f ugf{n] of] e"ld k|fKt x'G5 . h:tf] atfOPsf] 5 M
323
Â
zLn, s[t1tf, IfflGt, cg'df]bg, s?0ff OToflb====!@
ljz]if cEof; M ;fdfGotofM o; e"lddf /x]sf af]lw;™jx¿

4.
hDd} bz kf/ldtfx¿sf] cEof; ub{5g\ . tL dWo] klg pgLx¿
zLnkf/ldtfs} a9L cEof; ub{5g\ .
5. ljz]if ljz'l4 M dfly pNn]v ul/Pem}+!# af]lw;™jsf s'znd"n

tLg sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ pQ/f]Q/ ljz'l4 x'Fb} hfG5g\ . ljz]if ljz'l4sf
af/]df lgDg b[i6fGt k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
t]hfadf 8'afOPkl5 ;'g emg} z'4 eP/ cfPh:t} låtLo

e"lddf cjl:yt af]lw;™jsf s'znd"n klg emg} z'4 x'G5g\,
;kmf x'G5g\ / k|of]udf Nofpg ldNg] aG5g\ .!$
6.ljz]if k|lQklQ M o; e"lddf k'u]kl5 af]lw;™jn] wd{wft'sf]

cu| cy{nfO{ af]w ub{5g\ / h;/L ePklg ;a} wd{sf] ljz'l4 / k|flKtsf
nflu k|oTg ug'k{ 5{ eg]/ ;f]R+ b5g\ . To;}n] …cu| cy{df!%Ú elgPsf] xf] .
7. ljz]if k|xf0f M hxfF;Dd låtLob]lv lnP/ bzf}+ e"ld;Ddsf

Sn]zfj/0fx¿sf] k|Zg 5, efjgfx]o Sn]zx¿ hf] ;f]¥xj6f 5g\, dWo]
klg aflx/ b]lvg] ;txL Sn]zx¿ dfq o; e"lddf gi6 x'G5g\, tfklg
ltgsf d"n -aLpm_ eg] oyfjt} /xG5g\ . 1]ofj/0fsf] ;DaGwdf eGg'kbf{,
o; e"lddf ?vsf] leqL af]qmf v's]{/ kmfn] em}+ jf s'g} ldi7fGgaf6
t/ hDd} lemlslbP em}+ 1]ofj/0fsf vfln leqL tx h;nfO{ kmNu'ut
bf}i7"No elgG5 nfO{ dfq} kmflnG5 .
ljz]if pTklQ M låtLo e"ld;Dd k'u]sf af]lw;™j k|fo;M rf/

8.
åLkdf cfˆgf] cflwkTo hdfpg] rqmjtL{ /fhfsf] ¿kdf hGd lnP/
324
Â
;d:t k|f0fLx¿nfO{ bz cs'zn sd{kyaf6 5'6fP/ bz s'zn sd{

kydf k|lti7flkt u/fOlbG5g\ . o;} ;DaGwdf /TgfjnL df o:tf]
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
o;sf] ljkfs kmn:j¿k

;ft/Tgn] o'Qm ;™jjT;n
;™jlxt}ifL rqmjtL /fhf aGb5g\ . %÷$$
9. ljz]if k|efj M ljdnf e"ld;Dd k'u]sf af]lw;™jn] Ps} If0f,

Ps} kn / Ps} d'x"{tdf Ps xhf/ ;dflwx¿ nfe ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
u= t[tLo e"ld M t[tLo e"ldl;t ;DalGwt dflysf gf} zLif{sx¿ o;

k|sf/ 5g\ M
1. ljz]if gfd M t[tLo e"ldsf] gfd k|efs/L xf] .
2.ljz]if lg?lQm M o; e"lddf wd{ / ;dflwsf] k|ef -k|sfz_

Psbd :ki6 x'G5 / c¿x¿nfO{ klg To;n] pHofnf] kfl/lbG5g\, ToxL
eP/ o;sf] gfd k|efsf/L /xg uPsf] xf] . h:tf] elgG5 M
wd{sf] Psbd pHofnf]

k|sfz lkmhfFpg] x'Fbf
o; e"ldnfO{ k|efs/L elgG5 .!^
3. ljz]if lzIff M hlt ;'g] klg gc3fpg] OToflb h:tf kfFr

wd{x¿sf] lzIff u|x0f u/]kl5 of] e"ld k|fKt x'G5 . ct[Kt x'g] u/L
;'Gg', kmnsf] cfz gu/L bfg lbg' -lg/fldif bfg_ cflb kfFr wd{sf
lzIff pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .!&
325
Â

4.
hDd} bz kf/ldtfx¿sf] cEof; ub{5g\ . tL dWo] klg pgLx¿ IfflGt
kf/ldtfs} a9L cEof; ub{5g\ .
5. ljz]if ljz'l4 M dfly pNn]v ul/Pem}+ af]lw;™jsf s'znd"n

pbfx/0fsf] nflu, s'g} kf/vL ;'gf/sf] xftdf ;'g kg{ uof]

eg] p;n] To;df nfu]sf w"nf] d}nf]x¿ ;a} /fd|f];+u k'5]/
6lNsg] u/L ;kmf u5{ tfklg ;'gsf] jf:tljs tf}ndf s'g}
klg lu/fj6 cfpg lbFb}g . 7Ls To;}u/L t[tLo e"lddf
cjl:yt af]lw;™jsf s'znd"n klg ¥xf;f]Gd'v x'g'sf] ;§f
emg\ emg\ a9\b} hfG5g\, ;kmf x'Fb} hfG5g\ / emg\ emg\ sfd
nfUg] aGb} hfG5g\ .!*
6.ljz]if k|ltklQ M o; e"ld;Dd k'u]sf af]lw;™jn] wd{wft'lgioGb

sf cu| cy{ hfg]a'em]sf x'G5g\, af]w u/]sf x'G5g\ . h;sf] kmn:j¿k
wd{sf] s]jn Pp6f Znf]s dfq ;'Ggsf] nflu klg pgLx¿ tLg xhf/
aNbf] clUgs'08df lhpFb} xfDkmfNg tof/ x'G5g\ . To;}n] …lgioGb–cu|
cy{df!(Ú elgPsf] xf] .
ljz]if k|xf0f M o;df -t[tLo e"ldsf]_ ljz]if k|sf/sf] k|xf0f

7.
pNn]v 5}g .
8.ljz]if pTklQ M o; e"lddf cjl:yt af]lw;™j k|foM b]jtfx¿sf

/fhf OGb|sf] ¿kdf hGd lnG5g\ / ;™jx¿sf sfd/funfO{ gi6 ub{5g\ .
/TgfjnL df klg oxL+ s'/f atfOPsf] 5 M
326
Â
sf}zNo;DkGg b]jtfx¿sf /fhf

sfd/fu x6fpgdf kf]Vt x'G5g\ . %÷%%
9. ljz]if k|efj M k|efs/L e"ld;Dd k'u]sf af]lw;™jn] Ps} If0f,

Ps} kn / Ps} d'x"{tdf Ps nfv ;dflwx¿ nfe ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
3= rt'y{ e"ld M rt'y{ e"ldl;t ;DalGwt dflysf gf} zLif{sx¿ o;

k|sf/ 5g\ M
1. ljz]if gfd M rt'y{ e"ldsf] gfd clr{idtL xf] .
2. ljz]if lg?lQm M o; e"lddf af]lwkflIfs wd{sf] 1fg¿kL /ZdL

-clr{_ k|:km'l6t eP/ b'j} cfj/0fx¿ -Sn]zfj/0f / 1]ofj/0f_ nfO{
hnfP/ eid ul/lbG5 . To;}n] o;nfO{ clr{idtL elgPsf] xf] . h:tf]
elgPsf] 5 M
o; e"lddf af]lwkflIfs wd{sf] 1fg

Psbd} k|Hjlnt /ZdL ;/x g} xf]
h;n] b'O{ cfj/0fx¿nfO{ hnfP/ gi6 kfl/lbG5 .
To;}n] g} o;nfO{ clr{idtL elgPsf] xf] .@)
3. ljz]if kl/sd{ M c/0ojf; cflb bz lzIffx¿sf u|x0fn] of]

e"ldsf] k|flKt x'G5 . c/0ojf;, cNk]R5f, ;+t'li6, k"0f{¿kdf ljgo
kfng ug'{ cflb@! bz wd{sf lzIff pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
4. ljz]if cEof; M ;fdfGotofM o; e"lddf /x]sf af]lw;™jx¿

hDd} bz kf/ldtfx¿sf] cEof; ub{5g\ . tL dWo] klg pgLx¿ jLo{
327
Â

pbfx/0fsf] nflu, ha s'g} kf/vL ;'gf/n] vfl/Psf]

;'gaf6 uxgf agfp5, ta To;sf] t'ngf uxgfdf kl/jt{g
eOg;s]sf] sRrf ;'gn] ug{ ;Sb}g . To;/L g} rt'y{
e"lddf cjl:yt af]lw;™jsf s'znd"nsf] t'ngf tNnf] e"ldsf
af]lw;™jx¿sf s'znd"nl;t x'g} ;Sb}g .@@
ljz]if k|ltklQ M rt'y{ e"ld;Dd k'u]sf af]lw;™jn] lgikl/u|x

6.
sf] cy{ hfGb5g\, a'‰b5g\ h;sf] kmn:j¿k wd{k|ltsf] cf;lQmaf6
pgL d'Qm x'G5g\ . To;}n] …lgikl/u|x sf] cy{df@#Ú elgPsf] xf] .
ljz]if k|xf0f M o;df -rt'y{ e"ldsf]_ ljz]if k|sf/sf] k|xf0f

7.
pNn]v 5}g .
8.ljz]if pTklQ M o; e"ld;Dd k'lu;s]sf af]lw;™j k|foM ;'ofd

b]je'jgsf /fhfsf] ¿kdf hGd lnG5g\ / ;™jx¿sf ;Tsfob[li6 nfO{
tx; gx; kfg{{df kf]Vt x'G5g\ . /TgfjnL df klg oxL+ s'/f atfOPsf]
5M
;'ofd b]je'jgsf b]j/fhf eP/

;™jx¿sf ;Tsfob[li6nfO{
h/}b]lv pv]n]/ kmflnlbg lgk'0f aGb5g\ . %÷$^
9. ljz]if
k|efj M clr{idtL e"ld;Dd k'u]sf af]lw;™jn] Ps} If0f,
Ps} kn / Ps} d'x"{tdf Ps s/f]8 ;dflwx¿ nfe ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
328
Â
ª= k~rd e"ld M k~rd e"ldl;t ;DalGwt dflysf gf} zLif{sx¿

o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
1. ljz]if gfd M k~rd e"ldsf] gfd ;'b'h{of xf] .
@= ljz]if lg?lQm M o; e"lddf cjl:yt af]lw;™jx¿ ;b}j

;™jx¿nfO{ kl/kSj agfpg] sfddf dl/d]6]/ nfluk5{g . ;™jx¿af6
gsf/fTds k|ltlqmof kfPklg pgLx¿n] xtf]T;flxt eP/ lrQ b'vfpg]
ub}{gg\ . oL b'O{6} sfd Hofb} b'is/ 5g\ . To;}n] o;nfO{ ;'b'h{of
elgPsf] xf] . o; e"ldsf] cy{nfO{ cem k|i6 kfg{ u|Gydf o:tf]
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
;™jx¿sf] lxtsf] nflu sfo{ ug'{ /

cfˆg} dgnfO{ ;Gt'lnt cj:yfdf /fVg'
oL b'O{ Hofb} g} s7Lg sfo{ xf]
h;nfO{ s]jn ljåfg dflg;n]
dfq d"t{¿k lbg ;Sb5g\
To;}n] g} o; e"ldnfO{ ;'b'hof{
-tfnLd lbg w]/} uf¥xf]_ elgPsf] xf] .@$
3. ljz]if lzIff M wg;DklQ, gfd OHht kfpg u[x:y hLjgd}

cf;Qm eO a:g' cflb h:tf !) bf]ifx¿sf] k|xf0fn] of] e"ld nfe
eOG5 . To;}n] ;+;u{, u[x:y hLjgdf cf;Qm x'g', ljIf]ksf/L 7fpFdf
/xg' OToflb pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .@%
4. ljz]if cEof; M ;fdfGotofM o; e"lddf /x]sf af]lw;™jx¿

hDd} bz kf/ldtfx¿sf] cEof; ub{5g\ . tL dWo] klg pgLx¿ Wofg
329
Â
ljz]if ljz'l4 M dfly pNn]v ul/Pem}+ af]lw;™jsf s'znd"n

5.
tLg sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ pQ/f]Q/ j[l4 x'bF } hfG5g\ . ljz]if ljz'l4sf af/]–
df lgDg b[i6fGt k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
pbfx/0fsf] nflu, ha s'g} kf/vL ;'gf/n] ax'd"No /Tgx¿

h8]/ ;'gdf yk cn+sf/ lbG5, ta To;sf] t'ngf c¿
s'g}klg sRrf ;'gn] ug{ ;Sb}g . To;/L g} k~rd e"lddf
cjl:yt af]lw;™jsf pkfo / k|1fsf k/LIf0fn] k"0f{¿kdf
ljz'4 eO;s]sf s'znd"nsf] t'ngf tNnf] e"ldsf af]lw–
;™jx¿sf s'znd"nl;t x'g} ;Sb}g .@^
ljz]if k|ltklQ M k~rd -kf+rf}_ e"ld;Dd k'u]sf af]lw;™jn]

6.
;Gtfgfe]bsf] cy{ hfGb5g\, a'‰b5g\ h;sf] kmn:j¿k bz ;dtf–
1fgaf6 pgL ;dlGjt aGg k'Ub5g\ . To;}n] …;Gtfgfe]b sf] cy{df@&Ú
elgPsf] xf] .
7. ljz]if k|xf0f M o;df ljz]if k|sf/sf] k|xf0f pNn]v 5}g .
ljz]if pTklQ M o; e"ld;Dd k'lu;s]sf af]lw;™j k|foM t'lift

8.
e'jgsf /fhfsf] ¿kdf hGd lnG5g\ / tLly{sx¿sf ldYofb[li6nfO{
;d"n gi6 ug{df kf]Vt x'G5g\ . /TgfjnL df s'/f atfOPsf] 5 M
t'lift b]je'jgsf b]j/fhf eP/

;a} tLly{s -af}4]Q]/_ x¿sf lSni6 ldYofb[li6x¿nfO{
sf6]/ kmflnlbgdf lgk'0f aGb5g\ . %÷%!
ljz]if k|efj M ;'b'h{of;Dd k'u]sf af]lw;™jn] Ps} If0f, Ps}

9.
kn / Ps} d'x"{tdf Ps v/a ;dflwx¿ nfe ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
330
Â
r= ifi7 -5}6f}+_ e"ld M gf} zLif{sx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
1. ljz]if gfd M 5}6f}+ e"ldsf] gfd cled'vL xf] .
2. ljz]if lg?lQm M k|1fkf/ldtfsf] ;xf/fn] af]lw;™j ;+;f/df klg

/xGgg\ / lgjf{0fdf klg /xb}gg\ . t;y{ pgL tL b'j} ;+;f/ / lgjf{0f
eGbf dfly p7]/ z'4 cj:yfdf cled'v e} /xG5g\ . To;}n] o;nfO{
cled'vL e"ld elgPsf] xf] . o; e"ldsf] cy{nfO{ cem k|i6 kfg{ u|Gydf
k|1fkf/ldtfsf] cf>o lnP/ af]lw;™j ;+;f/ jf lgjf{0f

s'g}df klg cjl:yt x'Ggg\ . To;}n] o;nfO{ cled'vL e"ld
elgPsf] xf] .@*
3. ljz]if lzIff M af¥xj6f lgDg lzIffx¿df kf/+uTj xfl;n u/]–

kl5 ;f] e"ld nfe eOG5 . ;j{k|yd bfgflb 5 cf]6f kf/ldtfx¿nfO{
k"/f ug'{ / >fjs, k|To]sa'4 cflbsf clenfiffx¿df cf;Qm x'g' cflb
h:tf 5 j6f wd{x¿nfO{ k|xf0f ug'{ hDd} ldnfP/ !@ j6f lzIffx¿ .
To;}n] …bfg, zLn, IfflGt, jLo{, Wofg, k|1f OToflbsf] k"0f{tfaf6===Ú
cflb pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .@(

hDd} bz kf/ldtfx¿sf] cEof; ub{5g\ . tL dWo] klg pgLx¿ k|1f–
5.ljz]if ljz'l4 M dfly pNn]v ul/Pem}+ af]lw;™jsf s'znd"n

tLg sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ pQ/f]Q/ j[l4 x'Fb} hfG5g\ . ljz]if ljz'l4sf af/]
331
Â
pbfx/0fsf] nflu, ha s'g} kf/vL ;'gf/n] j}b"o{dl0f h8]/

;'gdf yk cn+sf/ lbG5, ta To;sf] t'ngf c¿ s'g}
klg ;'gn] ug{ ;Sb}g . To;/L g} 5}6f}+ e"lddf cjl:yt
af]lw;™jsf pkfo / k|1fsf k/LIf0fn] k"0f{¿kdf ljz'4
eO;s]sf s'znd"nsf] t'ngf tNnf] e"ldsf af]lw;™jx¿sf
s'znd"nl;t x'g} ;Sb}g .#)
6.ljz]if k|lQklQ M 5}6f}+ e"ld;Dd k'u]sf af]lw;™jn] lg:;+–

Sn]zljz'l4 -Sn]z / ljz'l4/lxttf_ sf] cy{ hfGb5g\, a'‰b5g\ h;sf]
kmn:j¿k k|tLTo;d'Tkfbdf To:tf] s'g} wd{ 5}g hf] z'4 xf];\ of
lSni6 xf];\ eGg] 1fgn] pgL ;dlGjt aGg k'Ub5g\ . To;}n] …lg–
:;+Sn]zljz'l4sf] cy{#!Ú elgPsf] xf] .
8. ljz]if pTklQ M o; cled'vL e"ld;Dd k'lu;s]sf af]lw;™j

k|foM lgdf{0f/lt b]je'jgsf /fhfsf] ¿kdf hGd lnG5g\ / ;™jx¿sf]
cledfgnfO{ x6fpgdf kf]Vt x'G5g\ . /TgfjnL df klg oxL+ s'/f
atfOPsf] 5 M
pgsf sd{sf] ljkfskmn:j¿k

lgdf{0f/lt b]je'jgsf b]j/fhf
eP/ ;a}sf cledfgnfO{ zdg u/]/
>fjsx¿åf/f t'ngf ug{ g;lsg] aGb5g\ . %÷%#
ljz]if k|efj M cled'vL;Dd k'u]sf af]lw;™jn] Ps} If0f, Ps}

9.
kn / Ps} d'x"{tdf Ps gLn -!),))),))),))),)))_ ;dflwx¿
nfe ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
332
Â
5= ;Ktd e"ld M ;Ktd -;ftf}+_ e"ldl;t ;DalGwt dflysf gf} zLif{sx¿

o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
1. ljz]if gfd M ;Ktd e"ldsf] gfd b"/+udf xf] .
2. ljz]if lg?lQm M of] e"ld Psofg dfu{l;t ;DalGwt x'G5 / oxfF

k'u]kl5 ug'{ kg]{ sfd st{Jox¿ ;a} ;ls;s]sf x'G5g\ cyf{t ug'{kg{]
sfo{x¿ s]xLklg afFsL /xGgg\ . w]/} 6f9f k'lu;s]sf] cy{ hgfpg]
x'gfn] o; e"ldnfO{ b"/+udf elgPsf] xf] . o; e"ldsf] cy{nfO{ cem
k|i6 kfg{ u|Gydf o:tf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
Psofg dfu{l;t ;DalGwt ePsf] x'Fbf o;nfO{ b"/+udf

elgPsf] xf] .#@
3. ljz]if lzIff M cfTdu|fx OToflb bz wd{x¿sf] k|xf0f / ltgsf]

ljkl/t lqdf]If1fg cflb lzIffx¿sf] u|x0faf6 of] e"ld nfe eOG5 .
To;}n] …cfTdu|fx, ;™ju|fx====lqdf]If1fg OToflbÚ## pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

hDd} bz kf/ldtfx¿sf] cEof; ub{5g\ . tL dWo] klg pgLx¿ pkfo

pbfx/0fsf] nflu, ha s'g} kf/vL ;'gf/n] ;a} y/Lsf

/Tgx¿ h8]/ ;'gdf yk cn+sf/ lbG5, ta Tof] ;'gf}nf]
333
Â
uxgf cToGt} ;'Gb/ / cfsif{s aGgk'U5 h;sf] t'ngf

hDa'åLk el/sf s'g}klg ;'gn] ug{ ;ls+b}g . To;/L g}
;ftf}+ e"lddf cjl:yt af]lw;™jsf s'znd"n klg emg\
emg\ z'4 x'Fb} hfG5g\ / >fjs, k|To]sa'4 / tNnf] e"ldsf
af]lw;™jx¿sf s'znd"nsf bfFhf]df w]/} g} dfly x'G5g\ .#$
6.ljz]if k|ltklQ M ;ftf}+ e"lddf cjl:yt af]lw;™jn] cgfgfTj

-e]b/lxttf_ sf] cy{ hfGb5g\, a'‰b5g\ h;sf] kmn:j¿k ;"q cflb
wd{x¿df ljleGg e]bx¿ b]vfkb}{gg\ . To;}n] …cgfgfTjsf] cy{#%Ú
elgPsf] xf] .
7. ljz]if k|xf0f M Mo;df ljz]if k|sf/sf] k|xf0f pNn]v 5}g .
8.ljz]if pTklQ M o; e"ld;Dd k'lu;s]sf af]lw;™j k|foM k/–

lgld{t jzjtL{ b]je'jgsf /fhfsf] ¿kdf hGd lnG5g\ / >fjs /
k|To]sa'4sf 1fg xfl;n ug{df Hofb} lgk'0f aGg k'U5g\ . /TgfjnL df
klg oxL+ s'/f atfOPsf] 5 M
pgsf sd{sf] ljkfskmn:j¿k kl/lgld{t

jzjtL{ b]je'jgsf b]j/fhf eP/
rt'/fo{ ;Tosf] k|ToIf ;fIffTsf/ ug{df kf]Vt aGb5g\ . %÷%%
9.ljz]if k|efj M cled'vL;Dd k'u]sf af]lw;™jn] Ps} If0f, Ps}

kn / Ps} d'x"{tdf sf]6L lgo't zt;x;| -one hundred thousand ten
million_ ;dflwx¿ nfe ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
h= ci6d e"ld M ci6d -cf7f}+_ e"ldl;t ;DalGwt dflysf gf} zLif{sx¿

o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
334
Â
1. ljz]if gfd M ci6d e"ldsf] gfd crnf xf] .
2. ljz]if lg?lQm M of] e"ld lgldQfef]u;+1f / clgldQfef]u;+1faf6

clnslt klg ljrlnt x'Fb}g . To;}n] o;nfO{ crnf e"ld elgG5 . o;
e"ldsf] cy{nfO{ cem k|i6 kfg{ u|Gydf o:tf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
b'O{ ;+1faf6 lsdfy{ ljrlnt gx'g] ePsf]n]

o; e"ldnfO{ crnf elgPsf] xf] .#^
3. ljz]if lzIff M ;™jx¿sf rl/q jf sfo{sf] oyfe"t 1fg cflb

nufot * j6f lzIffx¿af6 of] e"ld nfe eOG5 . To;}n] …;a} ;™jx¿sf
lrQsf] 1fg, cle1fåf/f s?0ff]Tkfb====#&Ú cflb pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

hDd} bz kf/ldtfx¿sf] cEof; ub{5g\ . tL dWo] klg pgLx¿ k|l0flw

pbfx/0fsf] nflu, ha s'g} kf/vL ;'gf/åf/f ;'gaf6 lgld{t

cn+sf/n] o'Qm uxgf hDa'åLksf ;d|f6n] cfˆgf] lz/df jf
3fFl6df nufpF5, ta To;sf] t'ngf hDa'åLks} ;fwf/0f
hgtfn] nufpg] uxgfn] ug{ ;ls+b}g . To;/L g} cf7f}+
e"lddf cjl:yt af]lw;™jsf s'znd"n klg emg\ emg\
z'4 x'Fb} hfG5g\ / >fjs, k|To]sa'4 / ;ftf}+ e"ld;Ddsf
af]lw;™jx¿sf s'znd"nsf bfFhf]df w]/} g} dfly x'G5g\ .#*
335
Â
6. ljz]if k|ltklQ M ci6d e"lddf k'u]sf af]lw;™jn] ;a} wd{x¿nfO{

ljsNk/lxt b[li6n] x]b{5g\ / cfsfz;dfg vf]qmf], ;f/lxg cg'TkGg
OToflb cy{df k|o'Qm x'g] z"Gotfsf] cjwf/0fb]lv pgLx¿ clnslt
klg 8/fpGgg\ lsgls pgLx¿n] cg'TklQswd{IfflGt nfe ul/;s]sf
x'G5g\ . cg'TklQswd{IfflGt nfe eO;s]sf]n] cGo"g–cglws -¥xf;–
j[l4 jf clws–Go"g_ sf cy{ klg a'em]s} x'G5g\ h;n] ubf{ Sn]z jf
ljz'l4df s'g} klg yk36 cyf{t ¥xf; jf j[l4 ePsf] b]Vb}gg\ . To;}
n] …cGo"g–cglwssf] cy{df#(Ú elgPsf] xf] .
km]l/ atfOPsf] 5 ls jlztf rf/k|sf/sf 5g\ h;sf] cf>o
af]lw;™jn] lnG5g\ . tL x'g\ M
c= lglj{sNkjlztf
cf= If]qkl/z'l4jlztf
O= 1fgjlztf /
O{= sd{jlztf
ci6d cyf{t crnf e"lddf cjl:yt af]lw;™jn] lglj{sNkjlztf

/ If]qkl/z'l4jlztf k|fKt ub{5g\ . oL afx]s pgn] bz c¿ alztf
h;nfO{ bz an klg eGg] ul/G5 klg k|fKt u5{g\ . tL x'g\ M !=
cfo'jlztf, @= lrQjlztf, #= kl/isf/jlztf, $= sd{jlztf, %=
pkklQjlztf, ^= k|l0fwfgjlztf, &= clwd'lQmjlztf, *= Cl4jlztf,
(= 1fgjlztf / !)= wd{jlztf
8.ljz]if pTklQ M o; e"ld;Dd k'lu;s]sf af]lw;™j k|foM

;x;|r"l8s b]je'jgdf cflwkTo hdfpg] j|Dxfsf] ¿kdf hGd lnG5g\
/ cx{t / k|To]sa'4sf cfzonfO{ olsg;fy a'em]/ -cfzoljlgZro_
336
Â
;f]xL cg';f/sf] pkb]z lbgdf Hofb} lgk'0f aGg k'U5g\ . /TgfjnL df

klg oxL+ s'/f atfOPsf] 5 M
pgsf sd{sf] ljkfskmn:j¿k ;x;|r"l8s b]je'jgsf

j|Xdfsf ¿kdf hGd lnG5g\ /
cx{t, k|To]sa'4 cflb sf cfzo /fd|/L a'emL ;f]xL cg';f/
pkb]z lbgdf kf]Vt aGb5g\ . %÷%&
9. ljz]ifk|efj M crnf;Dd k'u]sf af]lw;™jn] Ps} If0f, Ps} kn

/ Ps} d'x"{tdf bz nfv lq;fx;|nf]swft'df hlt k/df0f' jf w"nf]sf
s0fx¿ 5g\ TolQ g} ;+Vofdf ;dflwx¿ nfe ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
em= gjd e"ld M gjd -gjf}+_ e"ldl;t ;DalGwt dflysf gf} cf]6f
zLif{sx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
1. ljz]if gfd M gjf}+ e"ldsf] gfd ;fw'dtL xf] .
2. ljz]if lg?lQm M o; e"ldsf af]lw;™jx¿df Hofb} tLI0f

k|lt;+ljt\ a'l4 -the well-defined analytical knowledge_ x'G5 . To;}n]
o;nfO{ ;fw'dtL e"ld elgPsf] xf] . o; e"ldsf] cy{nfO{ k|i6 kfg{
u|Gydf o:tf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
Hofb} tLI0f k|lt;+ljt\ 1fg ePsf]n]

o; e"ldnfO{ ;fw'dlt elgPsf] xf] .$)
3. ljz]if lzIff M cgGt k|l0fwfg cflb af¥xj6f lzIffåf/f o;

e"ldnfO{ k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}n] …cgGt k|l0fwfg, b]jefiffsf] 1fg====$!Ú
cflb pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
337
Â

4.
hDd} bz kf/ldtfx¿sf] cEof; ub{5g\ . tL dWo] klg pgLx¿ an

tLg sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ pQ/f]Q/ j[l4 x'Fb} hfG5g\ . ljz]if ljz'l4sf
pbfx/0fsf] nflu, ha s'g} kf/vL ;'gf/åf/f ;'gaf6 lgld{t

cn+sf/n] o'Qm uxgf s'g} rqmjtL{ ;d|f6n] cfˆgf] lz/df
jf 3fFl6df nufpF5, ta To;sf] t'ngf rf/ dxfåLksf
cGo b]zsf /fhf jf k|hfn] nufpg] uxgfn] ug{ ;ls+b}g .
To;/L g} cf7f}+ e"lddf cjl:yt af]lw;™jsf dxf1fgfnf]sn]
lje"lift s'znd"n >fjs, k|To]sa'4 / tNnf] e"ld;Ddsf
af]lw;™jx¿sf s'znd"nsf bfFhf]df w]/} g} dfly x'G5g\ .$@
6. ljz]if k|ltklQ M rf/ k|lt;+ljt\ 1fgaf6 ;dlGjt eO;s]sf

sf/0f o; e"ldsf af]lw;™jn] dfly pNn]lvt rf/ k|sf/sf jlztfdWo]
1fgjlztf k|fKt ub{5g\ . oxfF tL rf/ k|lt;++ljt s] s] x'g\ eGg] k|Zg
p7\nf h;sf] hjfkm xfdL bze"lds ;"qdf kfpFg ;S5f}+ .
lg/Gt/ / cljlR5Gg¿kdf rf/ k|lt;++ljt pTkfb eO/xg'k5{ .
tL rf/ s] s] x'g\ t < tL x'g\ M wd{k|lt;+ljt\, cy{k|lt;+ljt, lg?lQm
k|lt;+ljt\ / k|ltefgk|lt;+ljt\ .$#
8. ljz]if
pTklQ M o; e"ld;Dd k'lu;s]sf af]lw;™j k|foM lå;x;|
dWodf nf]swft'df cflwkTo hdfpg] j|Xdfsf] ¿kdf hGd lnG5g\ hf]
338
Â
;d:t k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbgdf kf]Vt x'G5g\ . /TgfjnL df klg oxL+

s'/f atfOPsf] 5 M
pgsf sd{sf] ljkfskmn:j¿k

lå;x;| nf]swft'sf :jfdL j|Xdfsf
¿kdf hGd lnG5g\ / ;™jx¿sf
;a} k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbgdf cx{t
cflb x¿n] klg pgLx¿nfO{ lhTg ;Sb}gg\ . %÷%&
9. ljz]if k|efj M ;fw'dlt;Dd k'u]sf af]lw;™jn] Ps} If0f, Ps}

kn / Ps} d'x"{tdf bz nfv c;+Vo a'4If]qx¿df hlt k/df0f' jf w"nf]
sf s0fx¿ 5g\ TolQ g} ;+Vofdf ;dflwx¿ nfe ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
`= bzd e"ld M bzd -bzf}+_ e"ldl;t ;DalGwt dflysf gf} cf]6f

zLif{sx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
1. ljz]if gfd M bzf}+ e"ldsf] gfd wd{d]3f xf] .
2. ljz]if lg?lQm M afbnn] h:t} wd{sf] jiff{ u/fP/ ;™jsf

Sn]z¿kL w"nf] ;a} kvfn]/ gfz ul/lbg] x'gfn] o; e"ldnfO{ wd{d]3f
elgPsf] xf] . csf]{ zAbdf eGg'kbf{, h;/L j]nf j]nfdf afFbn k"/}
cfsfzdf JofKt x'g]u/L 5fpF5 To;/L g} ;dflw / wf/0fLd'v -the
doors of meditation and dharani_ n] ;f/f wd{ JofKt x'G5 . o;
e"ldsf] cy{nfO{ k|i6 kfg{ u|Gydf o:tf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
cfsfzdf afbn 5fPh:t} wd{¿kL

cfsfzdf b'O{ wd{x¿ JofKt ePsf]n]
o; e"ldnfO{ wd{d]3 elgPsf] xf] .$$
339
Â
3. ljz]if lzIff M o; ;DaGwdf cle;dofn+sf/df bz lzIffx¿åf/f

af]lw;™jn] gjf}+ e"ldb]lv bzf} e"ld;Dd k'Ubf ;jf{sf/;j{11fgfleif]s
k|fKt ug]{ s'/f atfOPsf] 5 . pQm u|Gydf o:tf] pNn]v 5 M
x] lhgk'q Û gjf}+ e"ld;Dd ckl/ldt 1]o wd{sf ljifodf

clt ;"Id b[li6n] ljrf/ ub{} cfPsf af]lw;™jn] bzf}+
e"lddf ;jf{sf/;j{11fgfleif]s k|fKt ub{5g\ . oxL+
;jf{sf/;j{11fgfleif]s e"ld g} bzf}+ e"ld cyf{t\ wd{d]3
e"ld xf] .$%
ca oxfF o; e"ldnfO{ ;jf{sf/;j{11fgfleif]se"ld lsg elg–

Psf] xf] eGg] k|Zg p7\nf . o;sf] pQ/ o;/L lbg ;lsG5 M bz}
lbzfsf ;a} a'4x¿ cfP/ cfˆgf cfˆgf b]bLKodfg /ZdLn] bzf}+
e"lddf /x]sf af]lw;™jnfO{ cleif]s lbg'x'G5 . To;}n] g} o;e"ldnfO{
;jf{sf/;j{11fgfleif]s e"ld elgPsf] xf] . o;sf] af/]df cfo{bze"lds
;"qdf lj:t[t¿kdf JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . o;} ;DaGwdf /TgfjnL df
klg o:tf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
af]lw;™j a'4x¿sf /ZdLn]

clelifQm x'g] ePsfn]$^

4.
hDd} bz kf/ldtfx¿sf] cEof; ub{5g\ . tL dWo] klg pgLx¿ 1fg

tLg sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ pQ/f]Q/ j[l4 x'Fb} hfG5g\ . ljz]if ljz'l4sf
340
Â
pbfx/0fsf] nflu, ha b]jnf]ssf s'g} dxfg\ ;'gf/n]

ljleGg lbJo dl0f/Tgx¿nfO{ a8f] cfsif{s 9Ën] h8]/
agfPsf] lbJo ;'gsf] uxgf jzjtL{sf b]j/fhn] cfˆgf]
lz/df jf 3fFl6df nufpF5, ta cGo b]j jf dg'iosf
uxgf ;f] lbJo uxgfl;t bfFHg of]Uo x'Fb}g . To;/L g} bzf}+
e"lddf cjl:yt af]lw;™jsf dxf1fgnfO{ >fjs, k|To]sa'4
/ oxfF;Dd ls gjf}+ e"ld;Ddsf af]lw;™jx¿sf 1fgn] klg
cltqmd0f ug{ ;Sb}g .$&
6. ljz]if k|ltklQ M rf/ jlztfx¿dWo] o; e"ldsf af]lw;™jn] sd{

jlztf k|fKt ub{5g\ h;åf/f pgLx¿ :j]R5fn] h:tf];'s} Cl4k|fltxfo{
u/]/ klg k|f0fLx¿sf] lxt ug{df ;kmn x'G5g\ .
8. ljz]if pTklQ M o; e"ld;Dd k'lu;s]sf af]lw;™j k|foM

b]jtfx¿sf ljz]if /fhf aGb5g\ ;a} ;™j, >fjs, k|To]sa'4 / ;a}
;™jx¿nfO{ kf/ldtfsf pkb]zx¿ lbgdf Hofb} lgk'0f x'G5g\ . /TgfjnL
df klg oxL s'/f atfOPsf] 5 M
pgsf] sd{sf] ljkfskmn:j¿k

z'4fjf; b]jnf]ssf clwklt,
clrGTo 1fgsf :jfdL / ;jf]{Qd dx]Zj/ x'G5g\ . %÷^!
9. ljz]if k|efj M wd{d]3f;Dd k'u]sf af]lw;™jn] Ps} If0f,

Ps} kn / Ps} d'x"{tdf sf]6L lgo't zt;x;| c;+Vo a'4If]qx¿df
hlt k/df0f' jf w"nf]sf s0fx¿ 5g\ TolQ g} ;+Vofdf ;dflwx¿
nfe ug{ ;Sb5g\ . Tolt dfq geP/ 5fnfsf l5b| l5b|af6 Ps}
If0fdf c;+Vo a'4 / af]lw;™jx¿sf d08n -kif{gd08n_ g} k|s6 u/]/
b]vfpg ;Sb5g\ . To:t} dg'io, b]j cflbx¿sf ult klg k|s6 u/]/
341
Â
b]vfpg ;Sb5g\ . ljgohg -tfnLd lbOg'kg]{, ljgLt ul/g'kg]{_ x¿sf

cfjZostf cg';f/ OGb|, a|Dxf, nf]skfn, /fhf, >fjs, k|To]sa'4 /
tyfutsf ¿kdf k|s6 eP/ klg wdf]{kb]z lbg klg pgLx¿ ;Ifd
5g\ . To;}n] dWodsfjtf/ df atfOPsf] 5 M
pgn] cfˆgf] rd{sf] x/]s Kjfn -/f]ds"k_ af6 l5ge/d}

b]j, dg'io / c;'/x¿sf ;fy} c;+Vo af]lw;™jx¿åf/f
3]l/P/ /x]sf a'4x¿ ;d]t k|s6 u/]/ b]vfpg ;Sb5g\ . !!÷(
bz af]lw;™je"ldaf/] JofVof oxL+ ;dfKt x'G5 .
6= a'4e'ld M lgi7fudge"ld g} a'4e"ld xf] . oxfF jh|f]kd;dflw pTkfb

x'g] x'Fbf ;a} efjgfx]o Sn]zfj/0f / ?v /;z"Go kfl/Pem}+ 1]ofj/0fsf
;f/ut bf}i7"No -;"IdQd kq_ ;a}nfO{ Ps};fy k|xf0f ul/G5 .$*
o;/L dflysf ;a} e"ldx¿nfO{ kf/ ug{ tLg c;+Vo sNk rflxG5 .
af]lw;™je"ld df o:tf] pNn]v 5 M
tL ;a} -e"ldx¿_ nfO{ tLg c;+Vo sNk nufP/ k"/f

ul/G5 . klxnf] c;+Vo sNkdf clwd'lQmrof{nfO{ qmdzM
kf/ ub}{ af]lw;™j k|yd e"ld;Dd cfOk'U5g\ . ;f] e"ld
k|fKt ug{sf nflu af]lw;™jn] cgj/t / s7f]/ kl/>d
u/]sf x'G5g\ . cGoyf kl/>d g} ul/+b}g eg] pQm e"ld
x'g] s'/} cfpFb}g . bf]>f] k|yd e"ld k|d'lbtfb]lv qmdzM
;ftf}+ e"ld b"/+udfnfO{ kf/ ub}{ bf]>f] c;+Vo sNk;Dd
cfOk'Ubf af]lw;™jn] cf7f}+ crnf e"ld g} k|fKt ul/–
;s]sf] x'G5 . of] ;'lgZrt} 5 lsgeg] z'4 cfzon] cf]tk|f]t
ePsf af]lw;™jn] To; pk/fGt lgZrog} dxfjLo{sf ;fy
cgj/t k|oTg ub}{ hfG5g\ . x'Fbfx'Fb} t]>f] c;+Vo sNk;Dd
342
Â
cfOk'Ubf pgn] wd{d]3f cyf{t clGtd e"ld k|fKt ub{5g\ .

c;fWo} c;fwf/0f jLo{ ePsfx¿ t Ps} cGtsNkdf k"/f
ug{ ;kmn x'G5g\ eg] s'g} s'g}n] t pQm nfdf] ;donfO{
s]jn Ps dxfsNkdf klg emfg{;Sb5g\ . t/ xfdLn] of]
a'‰g' k5{ ls Ps c;+Vo sNkeGbf klg tn emfg{df s'g}
klg af]lw;™j ;kmn x'Fb}gg\ .$(
e"ldJoj:yflgb]{z
gfds Psf]glj+z -pGgfO;_ kl/R5]b ;dfKt .
343
Â
efu %
kmn
)l sMbuÏkay hae,
kl/R5]b @)
;Dos\ ;Daf]lw
ctM ;a} dfu{ / e"ldx¿nfO{ qmdzM kf/ ub}{ af]lw;™j cGttM lqsfon]
o'Qm ;Dos\ ;Da'4 aGg k'Ub5g\ . af]lwkyk|bLk df elgPsf] 5 M
a'4af]lw TolQ 6f9fsf] s'/f] xf]Og .!
a'4Tjl;t ;+a4 ljifosf ;f/;+If]k xfdL lgDglnlvt zLif{sx¿df

kfpg ;S5f}F M
:j¿k, zAbfy{, e]b, Joj:yf, ;+Vof–lgod,

nIf0f / ljz]iftf – oL ;ft zLif{s cGtu{t ;+a'4sfol;t ;Da4
ljifox¿ ;d]l6G5g\ .
!= a'4sf] :j¿k M k|xf0f ;+kt\ Pj+ 1fg ;+kt\n] o'Qm x'g'nfO{ g} ;Dos\
;Da'4sf :j¿ksf cy{df lnP x'G5 .
!=!= k|xf0f ;+kt\ M e"ld / dfu{x¿df qmdzM x6\b} uPsf oL b'O{

Sn]zfj/0f / 1]ofj/0f jh|f]kd ;dflwsf e"ld;Dd cfOk'Ubf k"0f{¿kn]
z]if} g/xg] u/L k|xf0f x'G5g\ . ;dfklQ -Equipoise_ cfj/0f cflb
cfj/0fx¿ klg log} b'O{ cfj/0fleq} kb{5g\ . To;}n] oL b'O{sf] k|xf0fn]
;a} cfj/0fx¿ :jtM xl6P/ hfG5g\ .
@=@= 1fg ;+kt\ M 1fg ;+kt\sf af/]df y/Ly/Lsf dtx¿ kfOG5g\ .

sf]xL sf]xL a'4df 1fgsf ;fy;fy} ljsNkx¿klg x'G5g\ egL dfGb5g\
347
Â
eg] s;}sf] dt cg';f/ a'4df ljsNk x'Fb} x'Fb}g vfln ;a}yf]s :ki6tM
b]Vg ;Sg] 1fg dfq x'G5 . s;} s;}n] a'4sf] 1fg ;Gtlt g} ljlR5Gg
eO;s]sf] x'G5 eGb5g\ . t/ Psy/L dflg;x¿ a'4df 1fg slxNo}+
lyPg klg eGb5g\ .
a'4sf] 1fg
oxfF ToxL 1fg;+kt\sf af/] ;"q / zf:qx¿n] s] eG5g\ t x]/f}+ . o;
ljifodf /Tgu'0f;~roufyf df o:tf] atfOPsf] 5 M
hf] JolQm a'4sf] cTo'Qd 1fg k|fKt ug{ rfxG5g\

To;df lhghggL jf a'4dftfk|lt cufw >4f x'g}k5{ .@
To:t} zt;fxl;|sfk|1fkf/ldtf df klg atfOPsf] 5 M
;Dos\ ;Da'4 s'g}klg wd{df cfj/0f gePsf] -lg/fj/0f_

1fg k|fKt 5g\ .
;f]xL u|Gysf] PSsfO;f}+ kl/R5]bdf o:tf] atfOPsf] 5 M
cg'Q/ ;Dos\ ;Da'4 1fg x'G5, wd{rqmk|j{tg x'G5,

;™j–kl/kfs klg x'G5 g} .
a'41fgsf ljifodf cGo ;"qx¿df klg ljleGg ljj/0fx¿

kfOG5g\ . zf:qx¿df klg o; af/] s]xL ljj/0f kfpg ;lsG5 .
zf:qs} s'/f ubf{ dxfofg;"qfn+sf/ df o:tf] atfOPsf] 5 M
h;/L ;"o{sf] Ps ls/0f pbfpFbf

;f/f cGo ls/0fx¿ klg ;fy ;fy} pbfpF5g\ .
348
Â
)l : sMykœ sMbaeix
a'4–1fgsf] pbonfO{ klg

7Ls To;} k|sf/n] hfGg'k5{ .#
tyf M
cfbz{1fg crn x'G5 .

tn lbOPsf tLg 1fgx¿
To;}df lge{/ x'G5g\ M
;dtf1fg, k|Toj]If0ff1fg / s[Tofg'i7fg1fg$
c¿ zf:qx¿df klg a'4sf 1fg ;DaGwL JofVofx¿ e]l6G5g\ .

a'4df 1fg x'g]/x]5 eGg]x¿ tL g} u|Gyx¿sf] cfwf/ lnG5g\ .
1fgsf] ljj]rgf
ca 1fgsf] cl:tTj kIfdf s]xL ljrf/ u/f}+ . ;+If]kdf a'4sf b'O{6f
1fg x'G5g\ .
s= oyfe"tkl/1fg
v= oyfjt\ Joj:yfgkl/1fg
s= klxnf] cyf{t …oyfe"tkl/1fgÚ eg]s} k/dfy{ 1fg xf] . h:tf]

dfly klg pNn]v ul/;lsof] ls jh|f]kd;dflwsf] k|sif{ tyf clGtd
cj:yfdf ha af]lw;™jn] t™jnfO{ ;fIffTsf/ ub{5g\, To;a]nf pgsf
;d:t ljifo k|k~rx¿ pv]lnG5g\ . a'l4sf ;a} k|j[lt ljifox¿
zfGt jf zdg eO;s]kl5 lgik|k~r wd{wft' / lgik|k~r 1fg b'j}
;d/;Le"t -Pp6} /;sf_ aGgk'U5g\ / kfgLdf kfgL vGofpg' /
gf}gLdf gf}gL yKg' eg]h:t} Ps x'ghfG5g\, cleGg x'ghfG5g\ . dflg;
d}n] cfsfz b]vF] eG5 t/ jf:tjdf p;n] s'gk} lg ¿k b]vs
] } x'Gg . 7Ls
349
Â
To;}u/L of] ¿kxLg lg/fef; dxfk|1f g} ;a} u'0f/Tgx¿sf] cfwf/

aGg] u5{ . h:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
kfgL kfgLd} ldNg'

gf}gL gf}gLd} ldl;g' eg] h:t}
k|k~rn] /lxt 1]o / 1fgsf]
cleGg ld>0fnfO{ g} wd{sfo elgG5
hf] ;a} a'4x¿sf] :j¿k xf] .
/Tgu'0f;~roufyf df klg atfOPsf] 5 M
dflg;x¿ d}n] cfsfz b]lv/x]sf] 5' eG5g\

x'Fb} gePsf] rLh s;/L b]Vg ;S5g\ < o;df ljrf/ u/f}+ .
eujfg\ a'4sf] wd{bz{gnfO{ klg o;/L g} x]l/g'k5{ .
;f] bz{gnfO{ cleJoQm ug]{ c¿ s'g} pbfx/0f 5}g .%
v= oyfjt\ Joj:yfgkl/1fg eg]s} ;+jl[ t cyf{t Jofjxfl/s cy{ lbg]

;jf{ËL0f 1fg xf] . jh|f]kd ;dflwsf] cf>o lnP/ ;a} cfj/0fx¿sf
aLhnfO{ gi6 ul/G5 . h;sf] kmn:j¿k dxfk|1fsf] pbo x'G5 .
To;sf] ann] xTs]nfdf /flvPsf] cF8L/sf] aLpmnfO{ :ki6};+u b]Vg
;lsPem}+ a'4x¿n] tLg} sfnsf ;d:t 1]owd{x¿nfO{ 5n{Ë} b]Vb5g\,
a'‰b5g\, hfGb5g\ . a'4sf ;+j[lt 1fgsf ;DaGwdf ;"qx¿df klg
JofVof kfOG5g\ . h:t} wd{;+uLlt;"q df elgPsf] 5 M
do"/sf] Pp6f KjfFvs} ljljw x]t'x¿ x'g ;S5g\

;Dk"0f{ 1fg geP;Dd tL ;a hfGg ;ls+b}g .
To:t} ;j{11fgsf] ann] dfq
;a}yf]s hfGg ;lsG5 .^
350
Â
)l : sMykœ sMbaeix
pQ/tGq df klg atfOPsf] 5 M
dxfs?0ffn] b|jLe"t eP/

;d:t hut\nfO{
x]g]{ ePsfn] nf]sljb\ sxlnPsf x'g\ .&
oxfF a'4n] nf]snfO{ s;/L x]5g{ ,\ hfGb5g\ xf]nf eGg] k|Zg p7\nf .
o;sf] pQ/ o;/L lbg ;lsG5 M pgn] o; nf]snfO{ jf:tljs 7fg]/
u|x0f ug]{ xf]Og, pgL t s]jn o;nfO{ dfofjt\ b]Vb5g\, hfGb5g\ .
h:t} wd{;+uLlt ;"q df o:tf] atfOPsf] 5 M
h;/L s'g} hfb"u/ cfkm}n] l;h{gf u/]sf] dfofdf

clnslt klg cf;Qm x'Gg lsgls p;nfO{
Tof] t s]jn dfof xf] eGg] s'/f /fd}| yfxf 5 .
To;/L g} oL ;a} lqwft' vfnL dfof dfq x'g\ eGg]
s'/f ;Dos\ ;Da'4n] /fd|/L hfg]sf x'G5g\ .
lktfk'q;dfud;"q df klg o:t} pNn]v 5 M
hfb"u/n] hfb" b]vfpF5 / hfb"åf/f l;lh{t j:t'k|lt s'g}

lsl;dsf] e|d x'Fb}g lsgls p;nfO{
Tof] t s]jn dfof dfq xf] eGg] s'/f /fd|/L yfxf 5 .
hut\nfO{ klg To:t} ¿kdf b]v]/ ltdL ;j{1sf] jGbgf u/
/ :t"ltufg u/ .
a'4x¿df oyfjt\ Joj:yfgkl/1fg x'Fb}g eGg] ljifodf ts{ M

s]xL ljåfgx¿sf] egfO{ cg';f/ ;Dos\ ;Da'4df oyfe"tkl/1fg gfds
k/dfy{ 1fg t x'G5 t/ oyfjt\ Joj:yfgkl/1fg gfds Jojxfl/s
351
Â
cy{ lbg] 1fg eg] x'Fb}g . o;sf] cy{ of] xf]Og ls hflgg] ljifo eP/
klg a'4n] ltgnfO{ hfGb}gg\ . eGg vf]lhPsf] s] eg] hflgg] ljifo
-1\]o wd{ – knowables_ cyf{t ;+j[lt ljifo g} gePsf]n] To;nfO{
hfGg] 1fg klg x'Fb}g .
oL afx]s logLx¿sf] ts{ s] klg /x]sf] 5 eg] ;+j[ltsf] j:t'ut\
k|ltef; -;flRrs} ePsf] h:tf] nfUg'_ vfln afn k[yu\hgx¿nfO{
dfq x'G5 . tL afn k[yu\hgx¿ lSni6 cljBfn] u|l;t ePsfn] To;f]
ePsf] xf] . clSni6 cljBfn] k|efljt tLg k|sf/sf cfo{hgx¿nfO{
klg To:t} cfef; jf k|ltef; x'g] u5{g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ltld/]
/f]un] kLl8t JolQmsf cfFvfn] nfdf nfdf s]z eml//x]sf] h:tf] / ;a}
yf]s wldnf] c:ki6 b]V5g\ . o;sf] 7Ls pN6f] a'4n] jh|f]kd ;dflwsf]
clGtd cj:yfd} s'g}klg k|sf/sf cljBfnfO{ k"0f{¿kn] k|xf0f u/]sf
5g\ / tytfsf cy{ a'e]msf] kmn:j¿k pgsf] nflu s'g} klg To:tf]
wd{ 5}g hf] b]vfk/f];\ h;sf] k|ltef; xf];\ . t;y{ a'4df e|flGtdo
;+j[lt 1fg x'Fb}g . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ltld/] /f]u gnfu]sf] JolQmn]
cfˆgf cfvf cufl8 s]zsf /f}+ eml//x]sf] h:tf] cflb s]lx klg b]Vb}g
;a} ;kmf g} b]Vb5 .
t;y{, Jofjxfl/s jf ;+j[lt ;Qf b]vfkg]{ d'Vo sf/0f cljBf g}
xf] . vfnL ;f+;fl/s jf nf}lss kl/k|]Iodf dfq ;+j[lt ;Qf ePh:tf]
efg kg{hfG5 . hals a'4™jsf] kl/k|]Io jf ;Gbe{df eg] To:tf] ;+j[lQ
;Qf g} x'Fb}g . ctM oyfjt\ Joj:yfgkl/1fg x'g} ;Sb}g .
a'4df k|ltef;o'Qm a'l4 ePsf eP e|flGtdo ljifosf] k|ltef;
-cfef;_ ePsf sf/0f pgL cfkm} e|flGtdf clNemgk'Uy] . olb o:t} xf]
eg] ;bf ;dflxt cj:yf -absorption state_ df /xg] d'lgx¿sf ljifodf
of] t ;j{yf lj/f]wfef;k"0f{ k|;Ë aGg uof] . To;}n] nlntlj:t/;"q
n] eGb5 M
;Dos\ ;Da'4 ;w} k"0f{ ;dflxt cj:yfdf /xG5g\ .
352
Â
)l : sMykœ sMbaeix
a'4x¿df oyfjt\ Joj:yfgkl/1fg x'Fb}g eGg] ljifolj?4 v08g M

a'4df ;+j[lt 1fg x'G5 eGg] dflysf ts{ dfGg]x¿ a'4sf] ;+j[lQ
1fg k[i7nAw -post meditative stage_ dfq xf] h;sf] sf/0f pgsf]
lrQdf s'g} ljIf]k x'Fb}g . To;}n] a'4 ;w} ;dflxt cj:yfdf /xG5g\
eGg] plQmdf s'g} lj/f]wfef; 5}g . s]jn e|flGtdo ljifonfO{ hfg]/
cfkm" klg e|flGtdf kml;G5 eG7fGg' o'lQm;+ut x'Fb}g . ;a} e|flGtdo
ljifonfO{ /fd|/L hfg]/ To;nfO{ ;t\\sf ¿kdf u|fx gu/L c¿nfO{
klg cjut u/fpg ;Sg], cyf{t ;a} e|flGtdo ljifosf k|ltef;
nfO{ e|flGtdo g} hfg]/ ;f/f nf}lss ;™jx¿nfO{ log}nfO{ :ju{, 1fg
/ lgjf{0fsf sf/ssf ¿kdf b]vfpg ;Sg] of] lrQ s;/L e|flGtdf
kmFl;G5 t < To;}n] elgPsf] 5 M
e|flGt dfq sf] af]w x'gfn] klg

lrQ e|flGtn] /lxt x'gk'Ub5 .
;t\sf ¿kdf u|fx gu/];Dd ;+j[ltsf ljifox¿nfO{ lrQdf

;dflxt ug{ vf]Hg' s'g} o'lQmut jfwf jf uNtL x'Fb}g . eujfg\ a'4n]
;+j[ltnfO{ ljifo agfP tfklg pgsf] 1fg e|flGtdo eg] x'Fb}g . Psy/L
dflg;x¿ o:tfvfn] dt klg /fVb5g\ .
k[i7nAw 1fg
t;y{, a'4;+u ;+j[lt 1fg 5 eGg] dflysf ts{ dfGg]x¿ a'4;+u
oyfjt\ Joj:yfgkl/1fg sxlng] k[i7nAw 1fg 5 eGb5g\ . h:tf]
atfOPsf] 5 M
klxnf] oyfe"tkl/1fg ce|fGt, ;dflxt / a'l4sf] uf]r/

ljifo xf]Og eg] kl5Nnf] oyfjt\ Joj:yfgkl/1fg e|flGtdo
k|ltef;df ;+nUg, k[i7nAw / a'l4sf] uf]r/ ljifo xf] .
353
Â
a'4;+u k[i7nAw 1fg 5}g eGg] kl5Nnf dtnfO{ cgGtd'v;fwsgfd–

wf/0fL df o;/L k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
;Dos\ ;Da'4 eO;s]kl5 tyfutn] s'g} klg wd{nfO{ hfg]

sf x'Fb}gg\ . lsgeg] To;a]nf hflgg'kg]{ s'g} 1]o ljifo g}
/xFb}g eg] s] s'/f hfGg] <
o;} ;DaGwdf c¿ u|Gyx¿df klg JofVof ul/Psf] kfOG5 h:tf]

ls M
sf]xL sf]xL tLly{sx¿ eGb5g\ ls d'lQm eg]sf] Tof] uGtJo

xf] hxfF xfdLnfO{ k'Ug' 5 .
k/d zfGt cj:yf -pkzd_ k|fKt ul/;s]kl5 t a'‰g'kg]{
s'g} klg rLh afFsL /x]g, lglePsf] cfuf] h:t} . ljz]if:tj $(
o;/L ljleGg dtx¿sf] Jofks JofVof ul/of] .
sfbDkf dt M
d]/} Pshgf u'? hf] u]z] x'g'x'G5 pxfFsf] egfO{df æj:t'tM ;Dos\
;Da'4 wd{sfo g} xf] .Æ wd{sfo ;a} e|flGtx¿sf] Ifo jf :jefljs
:j¿kdf k|Tofudg xf] . t/ oL ;a} vfln kl/slNkt ;+1f dfq x'g\ .
jf:tjdf wd{sfo cg'TkGg / lgik|k~r x'G5 . h:tf] dxfofg;"qfnÍf/
df atfOPsf] 5 M
d'lQm ;f/f e|d jf e|flGtsf] Ifo dfq xf] .*
t;y{ a'4 g} wd{sfo xf] . cg'TkGg / lgik|k~r ePsfn] wd{sfo

1fgn] ;DkGg x'Fb}g . oxfFg]/ ;"qdf t b'O{6f 1fg -oyfe"tkl/1fg /
354
Â
)l : sMykœ sMbaeix
oyfjt\ Joj:yfgkl/1fg_ sf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5, t/ oxfF eg] tL

1fg 5}gg\ eG5, s] oL b'O{ k/:k/ aflemPsf s'/f ePgg\ / eGg]
k|Zg p7\nf . To;sf] hjfkm o;/L lbg ;lsG5 M ;"qsf s'/fx¿l;t
clnslt klg afFlemb}g lsgeg] ha rIf'lj1fgdf s'g} gLnf] j:t'sf]
k|ltef; k5{, ta t'?Gt} k|ltlqmof ub{} eGgyfN5, …d}n] gLnf] j:t'
b]lv/fv]sf] 5'Ú . t/ jf:tjdf p;n] To:tf] s'g} ¿k b]v]s} x'Gg .
7Ls To;} k|sf/ 1fg ha wd{wft'df kl/jt{g x'G5, tj dfq To;nfO{
oyfe"tkl/1fg elgG5 h;n] g s'g} b]Vb5 g t s'g} hfGb5 . hasL
oyfjt\ Joj:yfgkl/1fg Jofjxfl/s jf ;f+j[lts -relative_ cy{n]
k|o'Qm x'G5 / ljg]ohgx¿sf ;+1f jf x]/fO{df lg{e/ x'G5 . To; cy{n]
o;n] ;a} b]Vb5, hfGb5 . pxfFsf cg';f/ ctM o; dtdf c;lhnf]
dfGg'kg]{ s'g} sf/0f 5}g .
e§f/s ldnf/]kfsf] dt M
e§f/s ldnf/]kfsf] dt cg';f/ ;f] 1fg cs[lqd -cagfj6L–
Unfabricated or Uncontrived_ x'G5 . of] ej–cej, zfZjt–pR5]b
OToflb h:tf zAbn] JoQm ug{ ;lsGg / a'l4eGbf k/sf] s'/f xf] .
o;nfO{ JoQm ug{ h:tf];'s} gfd jf ;+1fsf] k|of]u u/]klg lj/f]wfef;sf]
s'/f cfpFb}g lsgls gfd OToflbn] o;sf] :j¿k jf :jefjnfO{
kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sb}g / hltklg leGg leGg dtx¿ / ljrf/x¿
k|of]u ul/Psf 5g\ tL ;a cf–cfˆgf ljåtf bzf{pgsf vflt/ g}
k|of]u ePsf x'g\ . Tolt dfq xf]Og pgLx¿n] :jo+ a'4nfO{ g} ;f]w]klg,
d]/f] ljrf/df PskIfLo pQ/ t cfpFb}g xf]nf . wd{sfo a'l4eGbf
k/, cg'TkGg / lgik|k~r x'G5 . ædnfO{ o:tf] k|Zg g;f]w, vfln
cfˆgf] lrQnfO{ dfq x]l//fVg" .Æ o; sygn] o; af/] ldnf/]kfsf] klg
cfˆg} wf/0ff /x]g5 eGg] s'/f 5n{lËG5 .
3 355
Â
t;y{, k|xf0f ;+kt\ Pj+ 1fg ;+kt\n] o'Qm x'g'nfO{ g} ;Dos\ ;Da'4sf]
:j¿k xf] . o; ;DaGwdf pQ/tGq df o:tf] atfOPsf] 5 M
x'gt a'4Tj cleGg -e]b/lxt_ 5 .

t/ o;sf z'Sn -z'4_ wd{af6 k|efljt eO{
o;nfO{ ;"o{ / cfsfz ;dfg
1fg / k|xf0f b'O{ nIf0fdf juL{s/0f ul/G5 .(
dxfofg;"qfn+sf/ df klg o:t} plQm kfOG5 M
;d:t z'Snwd{ / ;jf]{Rr u'0fn] o'Qm a'4Tj

Tof] 7fpF xf] hxfF lgs} nfdf] ;dob]lv
/xFb} cfPsf jf ;+lrt x'Fb} cfPsf
Sn]zfj/0f / 1]ofj/0fsf aLh
k|xf0fåf/f k"0f{¿kdf h/}b]lv pv]lnG5 / gi6 x'G5 .!)
@= a'4 zAbsf] cy{ M s;}nfO{ a'4 lsg elgG5 eGg] k|Zg dgdf p7\g
;S5 . lgGb|faf6 Ao"lemFPem} cljBfaf6 hfu[t -lt= ;fª\_ x'g' / låljw
1]ok|lt k|a'4 x'g' -lt= Uo]_ nfO{ g} a'4 -lt= ;fª\Uo]_ elgG5 . To;}n]
atfOPsf] 5 ls M
cljBf¿kL lgGb|faf6 Ao"Fem]sfn] / låljw 1]ok|lt k|a'4

ePsfn] pgL a'4 sxlnPsf x'g\ .
…cljBf¿kL lgGb|faf6 Ao"Flemg'Ú o; jfSof+zsf] ;DaGw dfly

pNn]lvt a'4sf] k|xf0f;+kt\ :j¿kl;t 5 eg] …1]ok|lt k|a'4 x'g'Ú
eGg] jfSof+zn] dfly pNn]lvt a'4sf] 1fg;+kt\ :j¿kl;t ;/f]sf/
/fVb5 .
356
Â
)l : sMykœ sMbaeix
#= a'4sfosf e]b M a'4sf ¿knfO{ tLg sfo -lqsfo_ df ljefhg

ug{ ;lsG5 . tL x'g\ M s= wd{sfo, v= ;Def]usfo / u= lgdf{0fsfo .
;"j0f{k|ef;;"q df o; ;DaGwdf o:tf] atfOPsf] 5 M
;a} a'4sf tLgj6f sfo x'G5g\ – wd{sfo, ;Def]usfo /

lgdf{0fsfo .
s'g} s'g} ;"qx¿df b'O,{ rf/ jf kfFr sfo;Ddsf] pNn]v kfOG5 . tL

;"qx¿df To;f] elgP tfklg a'4sf ;a} ¿knfO{ oxL lqsfo cGtu{t
g} ;d]6\g ;lsG5 . h:tf] dxfofg;"qfn+sf/ df elgPsf] 5 M
a'4sf ;d:t sfox¿ lqsfod} ;d]l6G5g\ . of] s'/f hfGg'k5{ .!!
$= lqsfosf] Joj:yf M jf:tljs a'4sf] kl/ro eg]s} wd{sfo xf] .

o; ;DaGwdf ci6;fxl;|sfk|1fkf/ldtf df o:tf] atfOPsf] 5 M
a'4nfO{ ¿ksfosf ¿kdf b]Vg] xf]Og . a'4 t wd{sfo x'g\ .
;dflw/fh;"q df klg o:t} elgPsf] 5 M
lhg]Gb| -a'4_ nfO{ ¿ksfosf ¿kdf x]g]{ xf]Og .
b'O{ k|sf/sf ¿ksfo -lgdf{0fsfo / wd{sfo_ lgDglnlvt tLg

x]t'x¿sf ;+of]un] k|s6 x'g] ub{5g\ M
c= wd{sfosf] clwi7fg,
cf= ljgohgx¿sf] k|ltef;
O= klxn] ul/Psf k|l0fwfgx¿
357
Â
c= oL afx]s oxfF Pp6f s] k|Zg p7\g ;S5 eg] wd{sfos}

clwi7fgn] ¿ksfo k|s6 x'Fbf] xf] t ;a} k|f0fLx¿df klxn]b]lv wd{wft'
JofKt ePsfn] s] s'g}klg lsl;dsf] k|of;} gu/L ;a} k|f0fLx¿ d'Qm
x'Ggg\ / jf pgLx¿n] a'4sf] ;fIfft\ bz{g kfpFbg} g\ / < To;f] xf]Og .
wd{wft'sf] clwi7fg dfqn] ¿ksfosf] k|fb'{efj x'g ;Sb}g .
cf= ¿ksfonfO{ s]jn ljgohgx¿sf] k|ltef;sf ¿kdf dfq

dfGg' klg o'lQm;+ut b]lvb}g lsgeg] c;t\ -x'Fb} gePsf] j:t' jf
wd{_ sf] k|fb'{efj jf k|ltef; eGg' ldYof1fg afx]s s]xL xf]Og . ;a}
k|f0fLx¿ cgflb sfnb]lv oxL ldYof1fgdf lge{/ eP/ sfo{ ul//x]sf
5g\ . olb To:t} x'g] eP ToxL ldYof1fgdf cfl>t eP/ ;a}n] a'4Tj
kfpg'kYof]{, ;a}n] af]lw1fg kfpg'kYof]{ . To;f] ljNs'n xf]Og . t;y{
ljgohgx¿sf] k|ltef;sf ¿kdf -ljgohgx¿nfO{ vfln k|ltef;
lbg_ ¿ksfosf] k|fb'{efj x'g] s'/f ts{;Ddt 5}g .
O= ¿ksfo s]jn k|l0fwfgsf] e/df k|fb'{efj x'G5 egL dfGg' klg

plQs} ts{c;Ddt s'/f] x'g cfpF5 . oxfF Pp6f k|Zg p7\5, s] ;Dos\
;Da'4 cfˆgf k|l0fwfg k"/f ug{ ;Ifd ePsf 5g\ ls 5}gg\ < olb
;Ifd ePsf 5}gg\ eg] a'4nfO{ ;j{1 eGg} gldNg] x'G5 . olb ;Ifd
ePsf 5g\ eg] km]l/ csf]{ k|Zg p7\5, a'4n] s;}nfO{ klg e]befj
g/fvL ;a} k|f0fLx¿sf] lxt, ;'v / d'lQmsf] sfdgf ub{5g\ . olb
To;f] xf] eg] s] ;a} k|f0fLx¿ k|of;} gu/L TolQs} d'Qm x'bF g} y] / <
t/ jf:tjdf To;f] klg xf]Og . To;sf/0f vfln k|l0fwfg dfqn]
¿ksfosf] l;l4 x'g] s'/f klg o'lQm;+ut 5}g .
o;y{, ¿ksfosf] k|fb'e{ fj x'gnfO{ tL tLg} x]ts
' f anx¿ ldNg'k5{ .
%= sfo tLgj6} x'gk' g]{ sf/0f M sfo k|of]hgsf] b[li6n] # j6f 5g\ . wd{–
sfo cfˆg} lxtsf nflu xf] eg] c¿ b'O6{ f sfo k/–lxtsf nflu x'g\ .
358
Â
)l : sMykœ sMbaeix
wd{sfon] s;/L cfˆg} lxt u5{ t < wd{sfo ;a} u'0fx¿sf]

cf>o xf] . To;sf] k|flKtn] an, j}zf/B OToflb u'0fx¿ o;/L Pslqt
x'gyfN5g\ ls dfgf}+ logLx¿nfO{ lgDtf] lbP/ af]nfOPsf] xf];\ .
Tolt dfq x'g] geP/ wd{sfo k|fKt ePkl5 wd{sfo k|flKtsf]
OR5f -clwd'lQm_ ug]{x¿, ls+lrt af]w ug]{x¿, PskIf ¿kdf dfq
af]w ug]{x¿ / k|foM k"0f{¿kd} af]w ug]{x¿n] klg qmdzM ls+lrt, w]/},
cTolws / c;Ld u'0fx¿ k|fKt u5{g\ .
wd{sfosf clwd'lQm -OR5f_ /fVg]x¿ -k|of]udfu{sf] clGtd cj:yf–
df k|fKt x'g]_ ;d:t nf}lssfu| wd{x¿eGbf d"lgsf ;a} ;dflw, cle1f
/ anx¿ k|fKt u5{g\ . >fjs cx{tsf ;d:t k|xf0f, ;dflw, cle1f
cflb wd{sfosf] ls+lrt af]w x'g]x¿nfO{ k|fKt x'G5g\ . k|To]sa'4
cx{tsf ;a} k|xf0f, cle1f, Cl4 cflb wd{sfonfO{ PskIfLo¿kn]
af]w u/]sfx¿nfO{ k|fKt x'G5g\ eg] e"ld:y af]lw;™jsf ;a} k|xf0f,
;dflw, cle1f cflb wd{sfonfO{ k|foM k"0f{¿kdf af]w ug]{x¿nfO{
k|fKt x'G5g\ .
b'O{ k|sf/sf c¿ sfox¿ c¿sf lxtsf] nflu k|:t't ul/Psf
5g\ . ljz'4 ljgohgx¿nfO{ ;Def]usfo k|s6 u/]/ b]vfOG5 eg]
cljz'4 ljgohgx¿nfO{ lgdf{0fsfo k|s6 u/]/ b]vfOG5 . o;/L
a'4sf tLgj6f sfo 5g\ eGg] s'/f lglZrt} 5 .
^= lqsfosf nIf0f M
s= wd{sfo M wd{wft' z"Gotfsf] af]w ePsf sf/0f ;a} e|flGtx¿sf]

Ifo jf vfln e|flGtdo k|ltef;sf :j¿kdf dfq kl/jt{g x'g' g}
wd{sfo xf] eg]/ lrlgG5 . t}klg Tof] Pp6f gfd dfq xf] . lsgls
jf:tjdf wd{sfo, wd{sfosf] nIf0f tyf nIo OToflb s]xLklg
x'Fb}gg\ . oxL+ d]/f] u'? ldnf/]kfsf] egfO{ xf] . t/ Jojxfl/s -;f+j[lts_
b[li6sf]0fn] x]bf{ eg] wd{sfo lgDg cf7 nIf0fx¿n] o'Qm x'G5 M
359
Â
1. ;dtf
2. ufDeLo{
3. lgTo
4. Ps
5. ;Dos\
6. z'lr
7. k|ef:j/tf /
8. ;Def]usfol;tsf] ;DaGw
ca x/]s nIf0fnfO{ 5'6f5'6} lnP/ JofVof u/f}+
1. ;dtf M ;a} a'4x¿sf wd{sfodf s'g} klg lsl;dsf] e]b

x'Fb}g cyf{t wd{sfo ;dfg g} x'G5 .
2. ufDeLo{ M lgik|k~r ePsfn] of] clt uDeL/ 5 a'‰g uf¥xf] 5 .
3. lgTo M c;+:s[t ePsf sf/0f o;sf cflb, dWo / cGt s]xL

klg x'Fb}g / of] pTkfb / lg/f]wn] /lxt x'G5 .
Pstf M of] cljefHo 5 lsgeg] wd{1ft' / 1fg cleGg x'G5,

4.
Ps x'G5 .
5. ;Dos\ -kl/k"0f{_M sd jf cltzo d"NofÍg -wgfTds w'\j /

C0ffTds w"|j{_ b'j} cGteGbf k/ ePsfn] jf gaflemg] ePsfn] of]
e|flGtn] /lxt 5, ;Dos\ 5 .
z'rL M tLg cfj/0f -Sn]z, 1]o / ;dfklQ cfj/0f_ sf dnn]

6.=
/lxt ePsf x'Fbf of] z'4 5 .
360
Â
)l : sMykœ sMbaeix
7. k|ef:j/tf M of] ljsNkaf6 d'Qm 5 cyf{t ljsNk g/x]sfn]

s]jn lglj{sNk t™jsf] ¿kdf dfq of] pknAw x'G5 .
8. ;+ef]usfol;t ;DalGwt M wd{sfo ;f/f u'0fsf lglw¿kL

;+ef]u–sfosf] cf>o xf] . h:tf] pQ/tGq df elgPsf] 5 M
cflb, dWo / cGtn] /lxt

cåo, tL tLg tj/n] d'Qm,
lgd{n / ljsNkn] /lxt
of] h'g wd{wft'sf] :jefj xf]
To;nfO{ s]jn ;dflxt -;dflw:y_
of]uLn] dfq b]Vb5g\ .!@
dxfofg;"qfn+sf/ df klg o:t} pNn]v kfOG5 M
;dfg, ;"Id / ;+ef]usfol;t ;DaGw /fVg]

of] sfo g} :jfefljs sfo xf] .!#
v= ;+ef]usfo M ;+ef]usfosf klg cf7}j6f nIf0fx¿ 5g\ M
1. u0f -kof{j/0f_
2. If]q
3. sfo
4. nIf0f
5. wd{
6. s[To jf sd{
7. cgfef]u -:jtM:km"t{tf, coTgs[ttf_
8. lgM:jefjtf
361
Â
ca x/]s nIf0fnfO{ 5'6f5'6} lnP/ JofVof u/f}+
1. u0f M ;a} e"ldx¿df l:yt af]lw;™jx¿ o; sfosf u0f x'g\ .
2. If]q M kl/z'4 a'4If]q g} ;+ef]usfosf] If]q xf] .
3. sfo M ;Def]usfo a'4df j}/f]rg cflb a'4x¿nfO{ lng ;lsG5 .
nIf0f M oxfF nIf0fsf] tfTko{ a'4sf aQL; nIf0f / rf}/f;L

4.
cg'Jo~hg x'g\ .
5. wd{ M oxfF wd{ eGgfn] dxfofg g} xf] .
s[To M af]lw;™jx¿sf af]lw–Jofs/0f OToflb ug'{ g} ;+Def]u–

6.
sfosf s[To x'g\ .
:jtM:km"t{tf M ;Def]u sfo a'4sf ;a} sfo{x¿ k|of;} gu/Lsg

7.
:jQM eO/xG5g\ Ù lrGtfdl0f /Tg h:t} k|of;ljgf g} ;a} sfo{x¿
;DkGg x'G5g\ .
8.lgM:jefjtf M of] sfo ljleGg ¿kx¿, sfo cflbdf k|ltefl;t

-k|s6 ePh:tf] efg x'g]_ eP tfklg jf:tjdf tL ;a} :kml6sdf
b]lvg] /Ëx¿ ;/x dfq x'g\, h'g cg]s b]lvPsf] efg eP tfklg
jf:tjdf To;f] x'Fb}g . egfO{sf] cy{ cg]stfn] /lxt x'G5 . o;
;DaGwdf dxfofg;"qfn+sf/ df o:tf] plQm kfOG5 M
u0fkl/u|x, If]q, sfo, wd{;+ef]usf sfo{sf b[li6n]

;d:t a'4If]qx¿df ;+ef]usfo y/L y/L k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .!$
362
Â
)l : sMykœ sMbaeix
cle;dofn+sf/ df klg To:t} elgPsf] 5 M
dxfofg wd{ pkef]u u/]sf]n], aQL; nIf0f rf}/f;L cg'–

Jo~hgn] o'Qm ePsf]n] a'4sfonfO{ ;+ef]usfo elgG5 .!%
u= lgdf{0fsfo M lgdf{0fsfosf klg cf7}j6f nIf0fx¿ 5g\ M
1. cf>o
2. x]t'
3. If]q
4. sfn
5. :j¿k
6. cjtf/0f -dgdf k|j]z u/fpg'_
7. kl/kfrg -kl/kSj ug]{ sfd_
8. df]rg -d'lQm lbnfpg] sfd_
ca x/]s nIf0fnfO{ 5'6f5'6} lnP/ JofVof u/f}+ M
1. cf>o M lgdf{0fsfosf] cf>o wd{sfo xf] hf] csDKo -gxlNng]_

5.
2.x]t' M lgdf{0fsfosf] x]t' -sf/0f_ ;a} k|f0fLx¿sf] lxtsf] sfdgf

ug]{ dxfs?0ff xf] .
3.If]q M o;sf If]q kl/z'4 -cslgi7 e'jg cflb h:tf]_ /

ckl/z'4 -hDa'åLk cflb h:tf]_ b'j} x'g;Sb5 .
4. sfn M ha ;Dd ;+;f/ /xG5 ta;Dd of] cgj/t rln/xG5 .
363
Â
5.:j¿k M lgdf{0fsfo tLg ¿kdf k|fb'{efj x'G5 . jL0ffjfbg

OToflb snf sf}zndf ct'ngLo¿kn] lgk'0f eO{ b]vfpg] lgdf{0fsfonfO{
lzNklgdf{0fsfo elgG5 . v/fof] cflb ljleGg lsl;dsf t'R5 -xLg_
sfox¿ u|x0f ug'{nfO{ hGdlgdf{0fsfo elgG5 eg] t'liftfe'jgaf6
cfudg, ue{k|j]z b]lv lnP/ dxfkl/lgjf{0f ;Ddsf -åfbz rof{_
u/]/ b]vfpg] lgdf{0fsfonfO{ cu|lgdf{0fsfo elgG5 . h:tf] dxfofg–
;"qfn+sf/ df elgPsf] 5 M
Psgf;n] lzNk, hGd, dxfaf]lw / dxfkl/lgjf{0f k|s6 u/]/

b]vfpg] of] h'g a'4sf] lgdf{0fsfo xf] Tof] g} ;™jx¿nfO{
d'lQm lbnfpg] Ps dxfg pkfo xf] .!^
pQ/tGq df klg o:t} atfOPsf] 5 M
ha;Dd ;+;f/ /xG5 ta;Dd

ljleGg k|ltef;do lgdf{0fåf/f
pRr hfltdf hlGdg] af]lw;™jn]
t'liftaf6 cjt/0f, ue{k|j]z,
hGd, lzNkljBfdf lgk'0ftf,
cGtMk'/df ef]uljnf;, clelgiqmd0f,
b'is/rof{, af]lwd08 udg, df/wif{0f,
;+af]lwk|flKt, wd{rqmk|j{Qg / dxfkl/lgjf{0f
h:tf åfbzrof{sf] k|b{zg ;a} ckl/z'4
If]qx¿df ul/g} /xG5g\ .!&
6. cjtf/0f -dgdf k|j]z u/fpg'_ M o;n] hgdfg; jf ;j{;fwf/0f

k|f0fLdf tLg k|sf/sf lgjf{0fdf cle¿rL hufP/ oyf;+ej dfu{df
k|j]z u/fpFb5 .
364
Â
)l : sMykœ sMbaeix
7. kl/kfrg M dfu{df k|j]z ul/;s]sf ;™jx¿sf ;+ef/nfO{

k"0f{¿kdf kl/kSj agfpg] sfo{ o;n] ub{5 .
8. df]rg M s'znsd{n] kl/kSj eO;s]sf ;™jx¿nfO{ ;+;f/sf]

aGwgaf6 d'Qm ug]{ sfd klg o;n] ub{5 . h:tf] pQ/tGq df AofVof
ul/Psf] 5 M
lgjf{0fkydf nufP/ k|f0fLx¿nfO{ k"0f{¿kn] kl/kSj agfpg]

Pj+ eljio Jofs/0fsf sfo{ o; lgdf{0fsfon] ub{5 .!*
o;/L lgdf{0fsfosf cf7cf]6f nIf0fx¿ x'G5g\ . cle;dofn+sf/

df o:tf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
d'lgsf cljlR5Gg lgdf{0fsfon]

;+;f/ /x];Dd ljleGg tj/n]
/ lgikIf¿kn] ;f/f ;™jx¿sf]
lxt ug]{ sfo{df cgj/t ;+3if{ ul/g} /xg]5 .!(
&= a'4sf ljz]iftfx¿ M a'4sf tLg ljz]iftfx¿ 5g\ . tL x'g\ M
c= ;fDout ljz]iftf -equality_

cf= lgTout ljz]iftf -permanence_
O= bz{gut ljz]iftf -appearance_
c= ;fDout ljz]iftf M ;a} a'4sf wd{sfox¿ ltgsf] >f]t cyf{t

wd{wft'af6 cleGg x'G5g\ . To;}n] tL ;a} ;dfg x'G5g\ . ;+ef]u–
sfo o;n] hgfpg] cfzodf s'g} e]b gePsfn] ;a} ;dfg g}
5g\ . ;a} lgdf{0fsfox¿n] ;j{;fwf/0f sfo{x¿ g} ;Dkfbg ul/–
365
Â
/fv]sf x'G5g\ . t;y{ a'4sf lgdf{0fsfo klg ;dfg g} 5g\ . o;}

;DaGwdf dxfofg;"qfn+sf/ df atfOPsf] 5 M
>f]t, cfzo / sd{sf b[li6sf]0fn] ;a}nfO{ Ps;dfg g}

dflgG5 .@)
cf= lgTout ljz]iftf M wd{sfo :jefj}n] lgTo x'G5 . lsgeg] of]

pTkfb / lg/f]wn] /lxt k/dfy{ cj:yf xf] . lg/Gt/ wd{sf] pkef]u
-k|aGw_ ul/g] x'Fbf ;+ef]usfo klg lgTo g} 5 . af/Daf/ lgdf{0fsfo
s[Tolqmofsf] b[li6sf]0fn] lgTo 5 lsgeg] o;sf sfo{x¿ af/Daf/
ultzLn¿kdf k|jflxt eOg} /xG5g\ . lrQ;GtlQ pR5]b eO{ ljnfP/
uP klg plrt cj;/ k|fKt ePdf eg] o;sf] km]l/ k|fb'ef{j x'G5 .
h:tf] dxfofg;"qfn+sf/ df elgPsf] 5 M
:jefj, cg'R5]btf / k|aGwsf]

b[li6sf]0fn] a'4sf] sfo lgTo 5 .@!
O= bz{gut laz]iftf M wd{wft'df 1]ofj/0fsf] ljz'l4 eO;s]kl5

wd{sfosf] k|fb'ef{j x'G5, Sn]zfj/0fsf] ljz'l4n] ;+ef]usfosf] k|fb'ef{j
x'G5 eg] sdf{j/0fsf] ljz'l4n] lgdf{0fsfosf] k|fb'ef{j x'G5 .
kmnlgb]{z
gfds lj+zlttd -aL;f}+_ kl/R5]b ;dfKt .
366
Â
efu ^
;d'bfrf/
smudacar inivRkLpêple laekihtawR kayR sMpadn gnuR hae,

kl/R5]b @!
a'4 sd{ lgb]{z
;a}eGbf klxn] af]lwlrQ pTkfb g} ul/G5 . To;kl5 dfq aLrdf dfu{
cyf{t pkb]zx¿sf] cEof; ub}{ cGttM a'4Tj¿kL kmn k|fKt ul/G5 .
oL ;a} dxfg sfo{x¿ ;a} k|f0fLx¿sf b'Mv x6fpg / pgLx¿nfO{ ;'v
k|flKt u/fpg] Ps dfq nIon] clek|]l/t x'G5g\ . a'4Tj k|fKt ul/;s]–
kl5 s'g} klg ljsNk x'Fb}g / s'g} klg k|of; ug'{kb}{g . oxfF To:tf]
cj:yfdf ;™jx¿sf] lxt s;/L ;+ej x'G5 t eGg] k|Zg p7\nf . xf],
oBlk a'4x¿ s'g}klg ljsNkn] /lxt / k|of; ug{ gkg]{ cj:yfdf
x'G5g\, tfklg tL ;a ;™jlxtsf sfo{x¿ a'4x¿af6 :jtM:km"t{,
cgfof; / cgj/t¿kdf eO g} /xG5g\ . of] s;/L ;Dej x'G5 t <
o;sf] hjfkm ;+If]kdf o;/L lbg ;lsG5 M
s'g} ljsNk ljgf sfon] ;™jx¿nfO{ lxt ul//fv]sf] x'G5,

To;}u/L jfs\ / lrQn] klg ljsNkn] /lxt eP/ ;™jx¿nfO{ lxt
ul//fv]sf x'G5g\ .
oL tLg åf/af6 ul/g] sfo{x¿ g} a'4sf sd{ jf rof{leq ;+u[lxt
x'G5g\ .
lglj{sNk¿kdf a'4n] sfo, jfs\ / lrQåf/f ;™jx¿nfO{ lxt ug{]

sfo{nfO{ pQ/tGq df ljleGg pkdf lbP/ atfOPsf] 5 M
tyfut OGb|, b'Gb'le, afFbn,

a|Xdf, ;"o{, lrGtfdl0f/Tg, k|ltWjlg,
cfsfz / e"ld ;dfg x'g\ .!
369
Â
!= sfoåf/f lglj{sNk ul/g] sfo{ M æOGb| h:t} b]vfkg'{ -k|ltefl;t

x'g'_Æ . sfoåf/f lglj{sNk ;™jx¿sf] lxt ul/G5 eGg] ljifodf of]
Pp6f pkdf xf] . b]jtfsf /fhf OGb| cK;/fx¿n] 3]l/P/ j}hoGt
k|f;fbdf al;/fv]sf x'G5g\ . ;f] k|;fb j}b"o{dl0fem} :jR5 / kf/–
bzL{ ePsf x'Fbf O{Gb|sf cfs[lt k|;fbaflx/ klg k|ltlalDjt ePsf]
x'G5 . tn k[YjLnf]ssf g/gf/Lx¿n] ;a} lsl;dsf ef]uljnf;df lnKt
b]j/fh OGb|sf] k|ltlaDj b]Vbf xfdL klg ToxL b]jnf]sdf hlGdg kfcf}F
egL k|l0fwfg jf k|fy{gf ub{5g\ / ;f]xL p2]Zo kl/k"lt{sf nflu s'zn
sd{x¿ ug{lt/ nflu k5{g\ . h;sf] kmn:j¿k d/0ff]k/fGt pgLx¿
ToxL nf]sdf hGd lnG5g\ .
OGb|sf] pQm k|ltlaDadf s'g} klg k|sf/sf ljsNk / r]i6f /xFbg} .
7Ls To:t} k|sf/n] ha dxfg nIolt/ -;dflw cflb_ pGd'v s'g}
;fwsn] aQL; nIf0f / rf}/f;L cg'Jo~hgn] o'Qm a'4sf] sfon] lx8\g],
p7\g], a:g], ;'Tg], wdf]{kb]z lbg], ;dflw:y x'g] h:tf ljleGg sfo{x¿
u/]sf] b]Vbf cToGt} 7"nf] >4f / elQmsf ;fy To:t} ¿k cfkm"nfO{ klg
k|fKt xf];\ egL sfdgf ub{5g\ . To;sf] nflu pgL ltgsf d"n cyf{t
af]lwlrQf]Tkfb OToflb s'znsd{x¿ ;~ro ug]{ sfddf 86]/ nfUb5g\
/ cGttM a'4Tj g} k|fKt u/]/ 5f8\5g\ . Tof] sfosf] k|ltef;sf k5fl8
klg s'g} ljsNk / r]i6f x'Fb}g . h:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
b]jtfx¿sf /fhf OGb|sf ¿ksf] k|ltlaDa j}8"o{ dl0fn]

ag]sf] :jR5 w/ftndf b]vfk/]h:t} ;a} k|f0fLx¿sf] ljz'4
dfg;k6ndf d'gLGb| -a'4_ sf] sfo k|ltlalDjt x'G5 .@
sfoåf/f ;™jx¿nfO{ lglj{sNk lxt ul//xg] sfo{ oxL+ xf] .
@= jfs\åf/f lglj{sNk ul/g] sfo{ M …lbJo b'Gb'leÚ jfs\åf/f s;/L

lglj{sNk ;™jx¿sf] lxt ul/G5 eGg] ljifodf Pp6f pkdf xf] . j]h–
370
Â
smudacar : buÏ kmR indeRz
oGt k|;fbsf] dfl:t/ b]jtfx¿n] klxn] u/]sf s'znsd{sf] kmn:j¿k

pTkGg ePsf] …wd{anw/Ú gfds lbJo b'Gb'le /x]sf] 5 . s'g} ljsNk
geP tfklg Tof] b'Gb'len] …;a} ;+:s[t wd{ clgTo 5g\, ;a} ;f;|j
wd{ b'Mvdo 5g\, ;a} wd{ z"Go / cgfTd 5g\ / lgjf{0f ;'v xf] eGg]
zAb lgsfnL k|dfbdf ?dlNnO{ a;]sf b]jtfx¿nfO{ s'zn sd{ ug{lt/
k|]l/t ub{5 . h:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
h;/L b]jnf]sdf b]jtfx¿n] klxn] u/]sf

s'znsd{sf kmn:j¿k pTkGg ePsf
wd{b'Gb'ledf k|oTg, :yfg, dg, / ¿k / ljsNk
s]xL klg geP klg To;n] clgTo, b'Mv, cgfTdf / zflGt
h:tf zAbx¿ lgsfn]/ ;a} k|dfbL b]jtfx¿nfO{
af/+af/ k|]l/t ul//xG5 .#
7Ls To;} u/L, k|oTg / ljsNkn] /lxt eP/ klg a'4sf jf0fL jf
jfs\n] ;f}efUozfnL ;™jx¿sf] cfzo cg';f/ wdf]{kb]z ul//xG5 .
elgG5,
o:t} k|sf/n] k|oTg jf ljsNkn] /lxt eP tfklg

a'4sf] jfs\ oyfof]Uo ;4d{sf] pkb]z lbb}+
;f/fsf ;f/f ;™jx¿df JofKt x'G5 .$
jfs\åf/f ;™j -k|f0fL_ x¿nfO{ lglj{sNk lxt ul//xg] sfo{ oxL+

xf] .
#= lrQåf/f lglj{sNk ul/g] sfo{ M …afbnÚ lrQåf/f s;/L lglj{sNk

;™jx¿sf] lxt ul/G5 eGg] ljifodf Pp6f pkdf xf] . of] pkdfnfO{
o;/L JofVof u/f}+ . jiff{ofddf cfsfzdf afFbn cgfof; 5fpF5 /
371
Â
To;n] ljgf s'g} ljsNk wtL{df jiff{ u/fP/ cGgafnLx¿ km:6fpgdf

d2t ub{5 . h:tf] elgPsf] 5 M
jiff{ofddf cfsfzdf 5fPsf afbnn]

cgfof;} ljgf ljsNk wtL{df
d';nwf/] j[li6 u/fP/
pGgt km:6fpbf afnL NofOlbG5 .%
7Ls To;}u/L lglj{sNk wd{sf] j[li6 u/fP/ ljgohgx¿sf

s'znd"n¿kL afnLnfO{ ;kfg]{ sfd ub{5, kl/kSj ug]{ sfd ub{5 .
h:tf] atfOPsf] 5 M
To:t} lsl;dn] s¿0ff¿kL afbnn]

lglj{sNk ;4d{¿kL hnwf/f aiff{P/ a'4n]
;™jx¿sf s'znd'n¿kL afnLnfO{
pGgt cj:yfdf k'¥ofOlbG5g\ .^
lrQåf/f ;™jx¿nfO{ lglj{sNk lxt ul//xg] sfo{ oxL+ xf] .
3
pk/f]Qm ;DaGwdf …a|Xdfh:t}Ú eg]/ h'g pkdf lbg vf]lhPsf] 5
To;sf] cy{nfO{ o;/L a'emf}+ . a|Xdf cfˆgf] k|;fbaf6 Ro"t geOsg} ;a}
b]jnf]sdf jf; ul//fv]sf x'G5g\, To;/L g} wd{sfoaf6 ljrlnt geO{
a'4n] af¥x a'4sf rof{x¿ -åfbzrof{_ ub}{ ;d:t ljgohgx¿nfO{
p4f/ ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . ctM o; ;DaGwdf lgDg p4/0f b|i6Jo 5 M
h;/L a|Xdfn] cfˆgf] a|Xdk|;fbnfO{ g5f]l8sg}

cgfof; ;a} b]jnf]sx¿df cfˆgf]
372
Â
smudacar : buÏ kmR indeRz
pkl:ylt hgfO/fv]sf x'G5g\ .

To;/L g} wd{sfoaf6 Ro"t geOsg lhga'4n]
;a} wft'x¿df eJohgx¿ -;f}efUozfnLx¿_ nfO{
cfˆgf lgdf{0fx¿sf] k|bz{g cgfof;} ul//fv]sf x'G5g\ .&
pk/f]Qm ;DaGwdf …;"o{h:t}Ú eg]/ h'g pkdf lbg vf]lhPsf] 5

To;sf] cy{nfO{ o;/L a'emf}+ . ;"o{sf ;a} ls/0fx¿ Ps};fy pbfpFbf
sdn OToflb cgGt ljljw km"nx¿ k|sfz kfP/ km'Ng yfN5g\, kmqmg
yfN5g\ . tL ls/0fx¿df s'g} ljsNk x'Fb}g . To;/L g} wd{sf ls/0fx¿
-wd{/lZd_ lglj{sNk / ljgf s'g} k|of; ckl/ldt uf]q / clwd'lQmsf
ljgohgx¿sf s'zn dg¿kL sdnsf] km"nnfO{ km'nfOlbG5 . ctM
o; ;DaGwdf lgDg p4/0f b|i6Jo 5 M
h;/L ;"o{n] ljgf s'g} ljsNk cfˆg} k|sfzsf ls/0fn]

sdn / c¿ ;a} km"nx¿nfO{ Ps};fy
9sdSs km'n]/ /fd|f]l;t kmqmgdf d2t ul/lbG5 .
To;/L g} ljgf s'g} ljsNk ;"o{;dfg
tyfutn] cfˆgf ;4d{sf ls/0fx¿ sdn;dfg
ljgohgx¿lt/ lkmFhfp5g\ .*
csf]{ zAbdf eGg'kbf{, ;"o{sf] k|ltlaDj ;a} efF8fdf /x]sf] kfgLdf

Ps};fy Ps};dodf b]vfkb{5 . 7Ls To;}u/L, a'4sf] k|ltlaDa klg
;a} ljz'4 ljgohgx¿df Ps};fy b]vfkb{5 . ctM o; ;DaGwdf
lgDg p4/0f b|i6Jo 5 M
o;}sf] sf/0fn] ubf{, ;"o{;dfg ;'utsf

cgGt k|ltlaDax¿ kfgLn] el/Psf efF8f ;dfg ljz'4
ljgohgx¿df Ps};fy b]vfkb{5g\ .(
373
Â
pk/f]Qm ;DaGwdf …lrGtfdl0f/Tg h:t}Ú eg]/ h'g pkdf lbg

vf]lhPsf] 5 To;sf] cy{nfO{ o;/L a'emf}+ . lrGtfdl0f/Tgdf s'g}klg
ljsNk x'Fb}g t}klg o;n] h; h;n] h] h] k|fy{gf u/]/ dfUof] ToxL
ToxL g} j:t' cgfof;} lbO/x]sf] x'G5 . To;/L g} a'4sf] cf>o lnPsf
sf/0f >fjs cflb ljleGg cfzo ePsf ljgohgx¿sf ;a} :jfy{
-ceLi6_ l;4 x'G5g\ . ctM o; ;DaGwdf lgDg p4/0f b|i6Jo 5 M
s'g} ljsNk geP/ klg lrGtfdl0f/Tgn] sd{e"lddf cj–

l:yt ;a}sf OR5fx¿nfO{ Ps};fy k"/f ul/lbG5, To;/L
g} lrGtfdl0f/Tg;dfg a'4sf] cf>o lnP/ ljleGg cfzo
ePsf ;™jx¿ gfgf y/Lsf wd{ pkb]zx¿ ;'G5g\ . of] ;a
eP/klg a'4df s'g} klg ljsNk eg] x'Fb}g .!)
a'4n] ;™jx¿nfO{ lglj{sNk p4f/ ug]{ ljifodf k|ltWjlg, cfsfz

/ wtL{sf pkdf klg lbg ;lsG5 .
a'4sd{–lgb]{z
gfds Pslj+zttd -PSsfO;f}+_ kl/R5]b ;dfKt .
ejGt' ;j{ dª\und\
374
Â
;4d{lrGtfdl0fd'lQm/Tgfn+sf/ dxfofgsf] dfu{qmdsf] JofVof xf] .
leIf' wd{z/0fsf] cg'/f]wdf j}B k'0o /Tg uDkf]kfn] o; u|Gy
/Tgsf] /rgf ug'{ePsf] xf] . wd{z/0fn] o;nfO{ lnlka4
ug'{ePsf] xf] .
;a} ;Îj k|f0fLx?sf] lglj{sNk¿kn] lxt ug{ of] ;4d{lrGtfdl0f

u|Gy/Tgsf] /rgf ul/Psf] xf] . tkfO{sf] of] Hofb} sNof0fsf/L
sfo{sf] k'0on] ;f/f ;Îjx?n] cg'Q/ ;Dos\ ;Daf]lw nfe
u?g\ .
375
Â
kl/lzi6x¿
APPENDICES
377
Â
kl/lzi6 !
wd{/fh uDkf]kfsf] hLjgL
x'gt wd{/fh uDkf]kfsf hLjgLsf] c+u|]hL cg'jfb u|Gyx¿df k|z:t}

kfOG5 . t}klg o; b'MvdoL ;+;f/af6 plDsg rfxg]x¿ / ;j{;fwf/0f
kf7sju{sf dgdf >4f Pj+ cf:yfsf] aLp knfcf];\ eGg] x]t'n] oxfF
pxfFsf] ;+lIfKt hLjg j[tfGt k|:t't ul/G5 .
v08 ! M wd{u'? uDkf]kfsf] ;++lIfKt hLjgL

uDkf]kfsf] hLjgL dxf;fu/ h:t} ulx/f] / cfsfz h:t} ljzfn 5 .
s]jn eujfg\ a'4n] dfq k"0f{¿kdf To;sf] JofVof ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
eb|sNksf rf}yf] a'4 zfSod'lg a'4sf] wd{zf;gsf] cjlwleq s}of}+
af}4 dxfkl08t tyf l;4x¿ cfpg'eof] / hfg'eof] . pxfFx¿dWo] Ps
hgf w'/Gw/ af}4 ljåfg u'? uDkf]kf klg x'g'x'GYof] . /Tgd08n¿kL
b[9 ;'d]? kj{t;dfg x'g'ePsf uDkf]kf cgflbsfnb]lvg} 1fgdf l:yt
x'g'x'GYof] tfklg cljBfsf] cfj/0fn] 5f]lkP/ hflt, h/f, Joflw /
d/0f h:tf rf/ dxfb'Mvx¿ ef]Ub} /fu å]if / df]x¿kL 3fts r]tl;s
hGt'sf] rk]6fdf k/]sf lg/Lx ;™jx¿sf lgldQ crn wd{sfoaf6
pxfFn] cfˆgf] lgdf{0fsfo k|s6 ug'e{ of] . wd{u?' kmfUdf] 8«k' f eGg'xG' 5 M
;'ki' krGb| af]lw;™j rGb|ke| s'df/sf]

¿kdf k|s6 x'ge' of] .
kl5 pg} af]lw;™j Ps leIf' lrlsT;ssf]
¿kdf k|s6 x'g'eof] .
eujfg\ a'4åf/f g} eljiojf0fL ul/g'ePsf
pxfF wd{/fhnfO{ d]/f] gd:sf/ Û
379
Â
pk/f]Qm ;Gbe{ cg';f/ wd{/fh uDkf]kf cgluGtL sNk cufl8

/Tgkb\drGb|ljz'4fEo'b\ut/fh tyfutsf] ;dodf ;'k'ikrGb| af]lw–
;™jsf ¿kdf hlGdg'ePsf] lyof] . o; ;DaGwdf lj:t[t syf
s+Uo'/df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] ;dflw/fh;"qsf] ;'k'ikrGb|kl/jt{ gfds
#% cf}+ kl/jt{df k9\g kfOG5 . lgDglnlvt ;+lIfKt syf klg ToxL
>f]taf6 ;fef/ ul/Psf] xf] .
s'g} ;do, /Tgkb\drGb|ljz'4fEo'b\ut/fh tyfutsf] wd{zf;gsf]
cGTolt/, &)) af]lw;™jx¿nfO{ b]zlgsfnf ul/Psf] lyof] . pgLx¿
;Lw} ;dGteb| h+undf k;]/ ToxL+ a:b} cfPsf ;'k'ikrGb| af]lw–
;™j;+u} /xgyfn] . ;'k'ikrGb| af]lw;™jåf/f cgluGtL k|f0fLx¿nfO{
cj}jlt{s e"ld ;Dd k'¥ofOPsf] lyof] . Tof] jgv08 /TgfjtL gu/s}
Onfsfleq kb{Yof] h;sf /fhf z'/bQ lyP . z'/bQsf *$)))
:qLx¿ lyP . pgLx¿af6 !))) /fhs'df/x¿ / %)) /fhs'df/L–
x¿ hlGdPsf lyP . tL ;a} ljk'n P]Zjo{ / df]hd:tLdf r'n'{Dd
8'as] f lyP . PskN6 ;dflwdf nLg eO/fv]sf] a]nf ;'ki' krGb| af]lw–
;™jn] cfˆgf] lbJob[li6af6 ToxLF gu/df k'gh{Gd lnFb} a;f]jf; ul/–
/x]sf cg]s af]lw;™jx¿nfO{ b]v] . olb ;4d{ >j0f u/]sf] v08df
tL af]lw;™jx¿ kSs}klg cj}jlt{s e"ld;Dd k'Ug]5g\, cGoyf ;a}–
sf] ktg x'g]5 eGg] s'/f pgn] yfxf kfP . To;} sf/0f ;dflwaf6
h'?Ss p7]/ pgL;+u} al;/x]sf ;a} af]lw;™jx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{} eg],
æd ;™jx¿nfO{ p4f/ ug{ ufpF, gu/, b]z, b]z 3'Db} wdf]{kb]z ug{
hfFb}5' .Æ
pgLx¿n] hjfkm lbP, æx}g, tkfO{ hfg' plrt x'Fb}g lsgls Totftkm{
w]/} kfkL / pGdQ dflg;x¿ a:b5g\ . pgLx¿n] tkfO{nfO{ xflg
k'¥ofpg ;Sg]5g\ . hjfkmdf ;'k'ikrGb|n] eg], æcfˆgf] clxt xf]nf jf
lj£g afwfx¿ cfpFnf egL 8/fP/ a;]F eg] a'4 zf;gsf] /Iff xf]nf /
s;/L daf6 s;/L ;™jfy{ lqmof xf]nf <Æ olt eGb} pgL z'/bQsf] b/–
af/leq k|j]z u/]/ ;ft lbg;Dd cGg, hn s]xL u|x0f gu/Lsg}
380
Â
pirizò 1 : xmRraj gMpaepakae jIvnI
/fgL, /fhs'df/, /fhs'df/L / c¿ w]/} dflg;x¿nfO{ wdf]{kb]z ub{}

a;] . pgsf] cbDo ;fx; / cys kl/>dn] ubf{ cgluGtL dflg;x¿sf]
dgdf af]lwlrQsf] aLpm /f]lkof] . h;sf] kmn:j¿k dflg;x¿ pgsf]
cgGo eQm x'g yfn] / htf uP klg pgs} u'0fufg dfq ;'lgg
yfNof] .
of] ;a b]v]/ /fhf z'/bQsf] dgdf cgfof;} O{Zof{ hfUof] .
kmn:j¿k pgn] o:tf] ;f]+r], …st} of] leIf' d]/f] of] /fHo l5Gg cfPsf]
t xf]Og <Ú O{iof{sf] bnbndf r'n'{Dd 8'a]sf /fhfn] gGbLs eGg] k'0o
/ kfk s]xL ghfGg] s;fO{nfO{ af]nfP/ o:tf] cfb]z lbP, æltdL Tof]
leIf'nfO{ df/]/ cfpm, To;sf] abnfdf d ltdLnfO{ 7"nf] k'/:sf/
lbpFnf .Æ cf1fg';f/ glGbs tnjf/ le/]/ ;'k'ikrGb|n] wd{b]zgf ul/–
/fv]sf] 7fpFdf k'Uof] . wdf]{kb]z ;'Gg]x¿sf] eL8 lyof] . t}klg h;f]
t;f] Toqf] 7"nf] eL8nfO{ l5rf]Nb} gGbLs ;'k'ikrGb lj/fhdfg eO–
/fv]sf] 7fpF;Dd k'Ug ;kmn eof]] . Tof] lgb{oL s;fxLn] ;'k'ikrGb|
af]lw;™jnfO{ cfˆgf] tnjf/n] k|xf/ u/]/ cËeË kfl/lbof] . cËeË
kfl/Fbfklg pgsf] z/L/af6 /ut eg] Ps yf]kf lg:s]g . /utsf] ;§f
b'wsf] k|jfx aUg yfNof] .
pgsf] k"/} z/L/af6 /ZdL lg:Sof] . d[To'kZrft\ pgsf] kfly{j
z/L/ ;'gf}nf] / ;a} z'e nIf0fx¿n] o'Qm ePsf] b]lvg yfNof] . clg
kZrftfksf] clUgn] kf]n]/ /fhfn] o;/L ;f]+Rof], æx] eujfg\ Û d}n] of] s] ug{
k'u]5' . pxfF cj}jlt{s af]lwdfu{df k'lu;Sg'ePsf leIf'nfO{ d}n] ;f]RF b}
g;f]rL o;/L cgfxs xTof ug{ k'u5 ] ' . s:tf] h3Go ck/fw x'guP5
daf6 Û lwSsf/ 5 dnfO{ Û o;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k ca d cjZoklg g/s
ultdf ktg x'g]5' .Æ ToxL a]nf, cfsfzaf6 b]jtfx¿n] klg p;sf] Tof]
bf?0f kl/0ffdnfO{ cem k'li6 lbb} eg], …xf], ltdLn] To:tf] 3f]/ kfk u¥of}
h;sf] kmn:j¿k ltdL cjZoklg g/sdf ktg x'g]5f}} .Æ o:tf] cfsfzjf0fL
;'g]/ /fhf cToGt} eoeLt eP/ hdLgdf 3f]K6f] k/]/ a]:;/L /f]of] .
b]jtfx¿ klg lvGg d'b|fdf ¿b} s/fpFb} o:tf] eGgyfn] M
381
Â
z/L/k|ltsf] cf;lQmnfO{ k"0f{¿kn] Tofu]/, o; hLjgk|ltsf]

cf;lQmnfO{ klg Tofu]/ ;dGteb| jgv08af6 cfPsf tL
wd{ef0fs ;'k'ikrGb|nfO{ of] /fhwfgLdf xTof ul/of] .
h+undf a]va/ eO{ al;/x]sf af]lw;™jx¿ / ;a} leIf'x¿nfO{

;'k'ikrGb|sf] d[To'sf] ;dfrf/ tL b]jtfx¿n] ;'gfpFb} l56f] pgsf]
kfly{j z/L/ bz{g ug{ hfgsf nflu cfXjfg u/] . o:tf] ;dfrf/
;'Ggf;fy pgLx¿ cQflnP/ s/fpg yfn], æpxfF c;fWo} zLn;DkGg
x'g'x'GYof] . of] x'g} ;Sb}g . s] g} uNtL ug'{ ePsf] 5 / pxfFn] <Æ
OToflb eGb} pgLx¿ d"5f{ kb}{ hdLgdf n8] .
To;kl5 /fhfn] rGbg, cu?, OToflb ax'd"No ;fdu|Ln] lgld{t
lrtfdf kfly{j z/L/ /fvL bfx;+:sf/ u/] . To;a]nf clrGTo¿kn]
cb\e"t lgldQx¿ b]vfk/]sf lyP . tTkZrft\ eUgfjz]ifx¿ hDd}
;f]xf]/]/ pgs} gfddf Pp6f b'n{e :t"k agfO{ To;}leq /flvP . clg
/fhfn] c;+Vo k"hfx¿ r9fP / xhf/f}+ jif{;Dd klg lbgsf] tLg tLg
rf]l6 zf]wg cEof;x¿ ul//fv] . d/0ff]k/fGt g/sdf hGd lnP/
/fhfn] s}of}+ sNk;Dd b'Mv ef]lu/xg'k¥of] .
;dflw/fh;"qdf eujfg\ a'4 eGg'x'G5 M d ToxL+ z'/bQ /fhf
lyPF . ltdL, rGb|k|e af]lw;™j rfFlx ;'k'ikrGb| af]lw;™j lyof} .
eujfg\ a'4af6 o:tf] pb\uf/ ;'Gg kfpFbf rGb|k|es'df/ cToGt} v'zL
x'g'eof] . sfnfGt/df pxfFn] ltAatdf wd{/fh uDkf]kf j}Bsf ¿kdf
cfˆgf] lgdf{0fsfo k|s6 ug'{eof] . vfd k|b]zsf tLghgf of]uLx¿nfO{
uDkf]kf cfkm}n] o:tf] eGg'ePsf] lyof] M
cg'Q/ ;Dos\ ;Da'4 eujfg\ zfSod'lgsf] ;dodf d

rGb|k|es'df/ gfds wd{ef0fs lyPF . To;a]nf zfSod'lg
a'4n] d]/} cg'/f]wdf ;dflw/fh;"q wd{kof{o b]zgf ug'{ePsf]
lyof] .
382
Â
pxfF pg} dxfaf]lw;™j x'g'x'G5 h;nfO{ cfˆgf ctLtsf ckl/ldt

h'gLx¿ :ki6} ofb 5 .
s?0ffk"08/Ls ;"qdf wd{/fh uDkf]kfsf af/]df eujfg\ a'4n]
o:tf] eljiojf0fL ug'{ePsf] 5 M
x] cfgGb Û d]/f] kl/lgjf{0fkZrft\ eljiodf pQ/fkylt/

hLjs -j}B_ gfd u/]sf Pshgf leIf' pTkGg x'g]5g\ h;n]
cg]s nfvf}+ a'4x¿sf] pkf;gf u/]sf 5g\, ;]jf u/]sf 5g\ .
cg]s a'4x¿sf k"hf u/]/ s'znd"n :yfkgf u/]sf 5g\,
af]lwlrQf]Tkfb u/]sf 5g\, dxfofg kydf ;+k|ltli7t eO{
s}of}+ ;™jx¿sf] lxt / ;'vsf] nflu 86]/ sfo{ u/]sf 5g\ .
af]lw;™jlk6sw/, dxfofgsf] k|z+;s x'g'sf ;fy} pgn]
c¿nfO{ dxfofgsf] wd{b]zgf ug]{5g\ OToflb======
pxfF km]l/ eGg'x'G5 M x] cfgGb, tL hLjs -j}B_ leIf'n] d]/f]

wd{zf;gnfO{ Jofks¿kn] k|rf/k|;f/ ul/lbg]5g\ . To;}n] zf]s gu/,
ljnfk gu/ .Æ
dxf nf]rfjf -cg'jfbs_ df/kfn] klg ldnf/]kfnfO{ o:tf] eGg'ePsf]
lyof] M
lu4n] aRrf kfpg' clåtLo lziosf] pbo x'g] ;+s]t xf] .

k"/} cfsfz r/}r/fn] el/g' sfUo'kf k/Dk/f km:6fpbf] kf/f–
n] lj:tf/ x'g] ;+s]t xf] .
o;/L wd{/fh uDkf]kfsf] cfudg, pxfFsf ;a} lzio / pxfFsf]

k/Dk/fsf af/] eljiojf0fL ul/Psf] lyof] .
jh|of]lugLn] klg ldnf/]kfnfO{ eljiojf0fL u/]/ eGg'ePsf] lyof]
ls pgsf ;"o{, rGb| / tf/f ;dfg cg]s lziox¿ x'g]5g\ . tLdWo]
383
Â
uDkf]kf ;"o{;dfg lzio x'g\ . ctM pgL b]j nufot ;a} ;™jx¿sf
nflu k"hgLo 5g\, z/0fof]Uo 5g\ .
wd{/fh uDkf]kfsf] hGd blIf0fL ltAatsf] ~fn k|fGtl:yt ;] jf
n'ª df k[YjL a+b]n jif{, -;g\ !)&(_ j}zfv dlxgfsf] cf7f}+ lbgdf
ePsf] lyof] . pgsf] a'jfsf] gfd l`jf UoNkf] lyof] eg] cfdfsf] gfd
`n hf lyof] . pgsf] hGd ;dodf ljleGg cb\e"t lgldQx¿ b]vf–
k/]sf lyP . uDkf]kfsf Ps h]7f] bfh' / Ps sfG5f] efO{ klg lyP .
pgL rfFlx dflxnf 5f]/f lyP . cfˆgf] a'jf klg 7"nf] kl08t / ;fws
g} ePsfn] uDkf]kfn] pgL;+u} w]/} ljBfx¿ l;s]sf lyP . afO; jif{
k'Ubf hª b/df xf]b gfds Ps ;DkGg hdLGbf/sL alxgLl;t pgsf]
ljjfx ;DkGg eof] / pgsf Ps 5f]/f / Ps 5f]/L klg eP .
dxfg ef/tLo u'? lsd], ltAatL j}B lalh OToflb hDdf tL;
u'?x¿af6 pgn] y/L y/Lsf cf/f]Uos/ lrlsT;fzf:q l;s] . x'Fbf
x'Fbf pgL Ps dxfg lrlsT;s ag]/ cg]s k|f0fLx¿nfO{ o;/L p4f/
ug{df ;kmn eP dfgf}+ ;fIfft\ e}ifHo tyfut g} km]l/ o; nf]sdf
cfpg'ePsf] h:t} .
clgTosf] s7f]/ rk]6fdf k/]/ pgsf 5f]/f / 5f]/L b'j}sf] d[To'
eof] . To;sf] nuQ} kl5 pgsL kTgLnfO{ klg uDeL/ /f]un] RofKof] /
/f]u lgsf] kfg{ hlt;'s} pkfo u/]klg s]xL ;Lk nfu]g . cGt;Dd klg
pgsL kTgLn] cfˆgf] kltk|ltsf] cf;lQmnfO{ TofUg ;s]sL /lxg5] /
To;}n] elG5g\ M of] u[x:yL hLjgdf ;'v kfOGg . To;}n] d]/f] d[To'–
kZrft, x] lrlsT;s, k"/f dg nufP/ wd{sf] cEof;df nfUg'xf];\ .Æ
lrlsT;sn] hjfkm lbP, æltdL afFr]klg jf ltd|f] d[To' ePklg d
wd{sf] cEof; ug]{ jfrf ub{5' .Æ
cfFvfe/L cfF;' lnP/ pgsL kTgLsf] b]xj;fg eof] . o; 36gfn]
lrlsT;ssf] dgdf ;+;f/k|lt lgs} k|an j}/fUo hufOlbof] . s]xL
;do ljlt;s]kl5 pgL 3/jf/ ;ayf]s TofuL bUkf] k'u] . ToxfF pgn]
pkfWofo nf] bg z] /a, cfrfo{ z]/a l`ªkf] / ldnf/]kfs} lzio lob
384
Â
b]jf hª5'a ;]dkf cflb leIf';3+ sf] pkl:yltdf k|jH| of / af]lw;™j ;+j/
u|x0f u/] . pgsf] gfd ;f]gfd l/G5]g -k'0o/Tg_ /flvof] . uDkf]kfn]
cfˆgf tL klxnf] / bf]>f] cfrfo{af6 ljgosf lzIffx¿ /fd|/L u|x0f
u/] . ljgo kfng ug{df pgL pkfln h:t} ;a} lzioeGbf cu| kFlQmdf
lyP . d` o'n -s'tL_ sf pkfWofo -VoGkf]_ nf] bg z]/aaf6 pgn]
n'lxkf k/Dk/f cg';f/sf] rqm;De/ tyf if6\/TgfnÍf/jf/fxLtGq cflb
lkt[tGq Pj+ dft[tGqsf cleif]s, clwi7fg / ljBf ck{0f cflb k|fKt
u/] .
oltdfq xf]Og, pgn] ljgo, kf/ldtfx¿ OToflb klg /fd|}l;t
cWoog / cg'zLng u/] . u]z] Ho b'NhLgaf6 klg ljgolk6s, ;dflw–
/fh;"q / >fjse"ld cflb kfFr u|Gy tyf ofg;+u|x cflb y'k|} u|Gyx¿sf]
cWoog u/]/ pgL u]z] `'u–?d–kfsxfF uP . u'? `'u–?d–kfaf6
uDkf]kfn] lqk'?if ljifos dfu{qmd -nfd–/Ld_ sf pkb]z cflb h:tf
sbDkf k/Dk/fl;t ;DalGwt ;a} pkb]z u|x0f u/] . u]z] ru–/L–jf,
uf]ª–s/–jf cflbaf6 af]lwrof{jtf/, dWodszf:q -d"ndWodssf–
l/sf OToflb kfFr jf 5j6f u|Gyx¿_ / cle;dofn+sf/ cflb h:tf
d}q]osf kfFr} u|Gyx¿sf] lj:t[t cWoog u/] . tL ljleGg zf:q
u|Gyx¿sf] >j0f, lrGtg / efjgf u/]sf] kmn:j¿k pgL sbDkf k/
Dk/fsf Ps k|sf08 ljåfg Pj+ hudufpbf] tf/f g} aGgk'u] .
cfrfo{ uDkf]kf dxtL k|1f / s?0ffn] o'Qm lyP . dfT;o{, cf;lQm,
cfn:o OToflb bf]ifx¿af6 d'Qm / c;fWo} kl/>dL lyP . lbgdf pgL
>j0f / lrGtgdf Jo:t /xGy] eg] /flt ;w} Wofg u/]/} latfpy] .
cGttM pgn] ;a} wd{sf k|ltef;x¿ OGb|]0fL ;/x 5g\ eGg] 1fg
xfl;n u/] / ljsNkn] /lxt lrQ pgdf ljsl;t eof] h;df lbg /
/ftdf s'g} leGgtf -ljsNk/lxttf_ /flvFb}g . o;/L ;ft ;ft lbg;Dd
nuftf/ ;dflw:y eO{ a:bf klg pgnfO{ clnslt klg ef]s Kof;
nfUb}gYof] . ;kgfdf pgnfO{ ;"j0f{k|ef;;"qdf pNn]lvt bzf}+ e"ldl;t
;Da4 lgldQx¿sf] bz{g x'GYof] .
385
Â
TolQv]/ ;dflwdf a:bf / ;kgfd} klg pgn] ;w} Ps gLnf]

gLnf] /Ësf] / cUnf] of]uLnfO{ dfq b]Vby] . cfˆgf] Pp6f sfFwnfO{
a8f] v's'nf] kf/fn] g/d ;"tLsf] sk8fn] 9fs]sf / Pp6f xftn] nf}/f]
;dfO/x]sf tL of]uLn] uDkf]kfsf] lz/df xft /fv]/ km' u/L km'Sbf/x]5g\
/ Ps}l5g kl5 cGtwf{g x'Fbf /x]5g\ . o;n] ubf{ uDkf]kfsf] Wofgdf
klxn]eGbf emg emg} ;'wf/ x'Fb} uof] . cfkm"n] b]Vg] u/]sf] pQm JolQmsf
af/]df uDkf]kfn] cfˆgf] u'?nfO{ atfOlbP . pgsf] u'?n] o:tf] ;Nnfx
lbP, æltdL Ps zLn;DkGg leIf' xf} . k]s/ wd{kfnn] ltd|f] cEof;df
lj£g v8f ug{ vf]h] h:tf] 5 To;}n] ltdLn] o:tf] of]uLsf] k|ltef;
kfO/fVof} . t/ wGbf dfGg'kb}g{ , Zj]t crnfsf] hk ug",{ 7Ls e}xfN5 .Æ
uDkf]kfn] klg u'?n] eg]h:t} Wofg hk u/], t/ tL of]uL eg] cfPsf]
cfo} ul//fv] .
To;a]nf, Ps} h'gLdf jh|w/ e"ld nfe u/]sf of]uL/fh ldnf/]kf
8fudf/ kf]yf]l:yt lskm'u l`df–hf]ª gfds u'kmfdf a;]/ /]5'ª bf]h{]
8fukf, lzjf xf]P, ;]ag /]kf, l8uf]d /]kf, ªghf]ª tf]gkf cflb cf}/;
k'q -lzio_ / h];], v'o'u cflb lziofx¿nfO{ wdf]{kb]z ul//fv]sf
lyP . tLdWo] k|d'v / jl/i7 lziox¿n] ;f]w], ætkfO{+ ca w]/} g} a[4
e};Sg'eof] . sy+ sbflrt\ tkfO{ v]r/e"ldtkm{ k|:yfg ul/xfNg'eof]
eg] xfdLh:tf lziox¿nfO{ s;n] dfu{bz{g ug]{5 < bfgkltx¿nfO{
k'0o ;~ro ug]{ df}sf s;n] lbg]5 < To;}n] x] k/dk"Ho u'? Û cfˆgf
;Dk"0f{ pkb]z k|bfg u/]/ s'g} Pshgf lzionfO{ tkfO{+sf] pQ/flwsf/L
agfpg'xf];\ .
ldnf/]kfn] hjfkm lbg'eof], æd Ps of]uL x'F . x'gt dnfO{ s'g}
pQ/flwsf/L rfFlxb}g . t/klg d]/f] Pshgf lzio eGg] kSs}klg To:tf]
x'g]5 h;n] d]/f ;a} sfo{x¿ ug{ ;Sg]5 . cfh/flt pgL sf] x'g\ d
kQf nufpg]5' . ltdLx¿ ef]ln laxfg ;a]/} cfpg" .Æ
cToGt} 7"nf] lh1f;f / v'Nb'nL af]s]/ ef]lnkN6 ;a]/} tL lziox¿
;a} ToxL 7fpFdf e]nf eP . clg ldnf/]kfn] eGg'eof], æl5§} d]/f]
386
Â
zf;g ;DxfNg] Pshgf j}B gfds leIf' oxfF cfpFb}5g\ . pgL ljgo
k/Dk/fdf k|j|lht ePsf /x]5g\ . Pp6f efF8f]af6 csf]{ efF8f]df kfgL
vGofPem}F pgn] d]/f pkb]znfO{ k"/} u|x0f u/]/ bz} lbzfdf km}nfpg]–
5g\ . cfh /flt d}n] pgL Pp6f l/Qf] :kml6ssf] efF8f] af]sL d
sxfF cfpFbf d}n] d]/f] rfFlbsf] snzaf6 p;sf] efF8f]df ;a} cd[t
vGofO{lbPsf] ;kgf b]v]F .Æ
pxfF af]Nb} hfg'eof], æPs gofF k'qsf] hGd eof] . ca d lktf a'9f]
eO;s]sf] 5' . k"j{af6 pbfPsf] ;"o{em}+ pgL ;4d{nfO{ ;+j{4g ug{] o:tf]
dxfk'?if eO{ lg:sg]5g\ h;n] cgluGtL ;™jx¿nfO{ p4f/ ug{]5g\ .Æ
To;kl5 pxfFn] lgDg uLt ufpFge ' of] .
;a} s?0ffdoL nfdf u'?x¿nfO{ d]/f] b08jt\ Û

b'n{e ;'gsf] kfqdf ePsf] k"jL{o Zj]t lxdl;xF¿kL b'w
;fwf/0f n/t/f] efF8f]df vGofpg' x'Gg .
vGofPdf efF8f] g} km'6]/ To;leq /x]sf] b'w kf]lvP/ v]/ hfg]5 .
gf/f]kf / d}qLkfsf pkb]zx¿nfO{ klg uDeL/} elgP tfklg

olb ltgsf] cEof;} ul/Fb}g eg] ufDeLo{tfsf] s'g} cy{ /xGg .
cEof; u/]kl5 kf] t ltgdf uDeL/tf cfpF5 .
oL pkb]zx¿ k/dk"Ho lktf df/kfn] Nofpg'eof]
/ d ldnf/]kfn] cEof; u/]F .
d]/f] leqL cjaf]wsf oL tLg zAbx¿nfO{

hlt;'s} kmnbfos / k|efjsf/L elgP tfklg
cof]Uo kfqnfO{ k|bfg ul/Fb}g,
ha of]Uo kfq cfpF5 To;nfO{ dfq lbG5'
Tof] of]Uo kfq uDkf]kf g} x'g\
pgnfO{ dfq lbG5' d]/f oL pkb]z Û
387
Â
Toltv]/, aflx/ Tolts} lxFl8/x]sf a]nf uDkf]kfn] af6f] 5]pmF tLg–

hgf duGt]x¿ Ps cfk;df s'/f ul//x]sf] b]v] . tLdWo] Pshgfn]
o:tf] eGb}lyof], æxfdL tLghgfnfO{ t sd{n] ;f¥x} 7u]sf] /x]5 .
Ps srf}/fe/L dfq ;fu;AhL kfPsf] eP klg xfdL slt efUodfgL
x'GYof}+ x} . csf]{n] eGof], æTo;f] t OR5} ug]{ xf] eg] /fhf r]+b] h:tf]
a}ejzfnL x'g] OR5f u/f}+ g ÛÆ t]>f]n] eGof], ær]+b]h:tf] eP/ klg s]
ug]{, pm klg cflv/ dg}{ k5{ < xfdLnfO{ h:t} p;nfO{ klg dg]{ a]nf
s;}n] arfpg ;Sb}g . a? sfdgf g} ug]{ xf] eg] of]u]Zj/ ldnf/]kf
h:tf] x'g] sfdgf u/f}F g . pgnfO{ g t nufpgsf nflu s'g} j:q
g} rflxG5 g t vfgsf nflu s'g} vfgf . 8flsgLx¿sf] cd[tkfg g}
u/]kl5 To:tf ef]hgsf] s] vfFrf] . lxdl;Fxdf cf;Lg ldnf/]kf hGd
jf d[To'sf] eoeGbf k/ 5g\ .Æ
oL s'/fx¿ ;'g]sf] dfq s] lyP, uDkf]kfsf] dgdf ldnf/]kfk|lt
cgfof;} olt 7"nf] >4f hfUof] ls pgsf cfFv} /;fP/ cfP . w]/}
a]/;Dd pgL cw{d'l5{t cj:yfd} /x]sfn] g lx8\g ;Sy] g t s]xL ug{}
;Sy] . cGttM xf]z kms]{kl5 pgL cfˆgf] sf]7fleq k;L ;Ktljwf–
gf]Q/ k"hfsf k|fy{gf dgdg} hKg yfn] . ;Ktljwfgf]Q/ k"hf Tolt–
a]nf pgsf] k|d'v cEof; lyof] . t/ pgn] cfˆgf] dgnfO{ Ps 7fpFdf
Psfu| /fVg} ;s]gg\, hlt hlt Psfu| /fVg vf]Hof] TolQ g} e6\lsbf]
/x]5 . s]xL ;Lk gnfuL pgn] ;f]+r], æx}g, of] s] eO/x]sf] xf]nf <Æ
To;}n] pgn] c¿ s'g}nfO{ cfnDag agfPgg\ s]jn zdy efjgf dfq
ul//fv] h;sf] kmn:j¿k pgnfO{ klxn] eGbf /fd|f] z"Gotf k|ef:j/–
sf] cg'e"lt x'g yfNof] .
To;kl5, af6fdf e]6]sf tL tLghgf duGt]x¿nfO{ uDkf]kfn] 3/d}
af]nfO{ ;fu;AhLn] o'Qm ef]hg tof/ u/L k]6 ge¿~h]n v'jfP . To;}
aLr pgn] pxfF dxfof]uL sxf a:g'x'G5, pxfFsf] af/] c¿ s] yfxf 5
OToflb cg]s k|Zgx¿ pgLx¿l;t ;f]lw/x] . hjfkmdf Pshgf duGt]
eGb5g\, æpxfF s'tLsf] u'Gyfª eGg] 7fpFdf a:g'x'G5 /] . To;f] t d
388
Â
cfkm}n] klg pxfFnfO{ b]v]sf] 5}g t/ w]/}hgf pxfFnfO{ e]6\g Totftkm{

hfFbf/x]5g\ . t}klg w]/}h;f]n] t pxfFnfO{ e]6\g} ;Qm}gg\ . s;}n] s'g}
:kml6sn] ag]sf] :t"k b]v]F eG5 eg] s;}n] pxfFnfO{ ;fIfft\ zfSod'lg
a'4s} ¿kdf b]v]F eGb5 . pxfF y/L y/L ¿kx¿df k|s6 x'g'x'G5 .
w]/}h;f] ;do pxfF l8«g / `gd kxf8x¿d} latfpg'x'G5 .Æ
uDkf]kfn] eg], æd ToxfF hfg rfxG5' . s] tkfO{ dl;t cfpg
;Sg'xG' 5 <Æ pgLx¿n] hjfkm lbP, æx]bf{v/] L tkfO{+ lgs} tGg]/L b]lvg'–
x'G5 . xfdL tkfO{l;t lx8\g ;sf}+nf t < tkfO{+ ltAatsf] blIf0fL
k|fGttkm{ hfg'xf];\, pxfFnfO{ e]6fOxfNg'x'g]5 . lsgls ToxfF pxfFsf]
7"nf] Voflt km}lnPsf] 5 / Totftkm{ zfob sd}n] dfq pxfFsf] gfd g–
;'g]sf xf]nfg\ .Æ ef]lnkN6 tL duGt]x¿ tLg} hgf nf]k eO–
;s]sf /x]5g\ . To;}n] pgLx¿ t ldnf/]kfnfO{ e]6\g uDkf]kfnfO{ k|]/0ff
lbg cfPsf ldnf/]kfs} lgld{t ¿kx¿ /x]5g\ . uDkf]kfdf klxn] klg
nfdfk|lt cufw >4f lyof] g} t/ o; 36gfn] pgsf] >4f emg} a9\g
yfNof] . To;kl5 pgL ca t d hfG5' hfG5' egL b[9 lgZro u/]/
sbDkf u'?x¿;+u hfg] cg'dlt dfUg uP . cfˆgf hfoh]yf ;a} a]r]/
s]xL ;'g / lrof lsg] . o;/L Pshgf ;fyLsf] ;fydf pgn] cfˆgf]
ofqf k|f/De u/] .
lx8\bf lx8\b} u'df]{;Dd cfOk'Ubf pgsf] ;fyLn] c¿ cufl8 a9\g
g;Sg] s'/f u¥of] . To;}n] af6fdf e]6\g] ljleGg dflg;x¿l;t To;
7fpFsf af/] ;f]Wb} cl3 a9\g' eGb} uDkf]kfnfO{ PSn} k7fof] . hfFbf hfFb}
pgn] `fgddf a:g] bf;fª eGg] Pshgf Jofkf/LnfO{ af6}df e]6] . Tof]
Jofkf/Ln] eGof], æP of]u]Zj/ ldnf/]kf eGg'ePsf], h;sf] ;'k|l;4 1fg
;Dk"0f{ ltAatd} JofKt 5 . cr]n pxfF 5'jf/df a:g'x'G5 .Æ uDkf]kfnfO{
t ;fIfft\ ldnf/]kfs} bz{g ePh:tf] cg'ej eof] . v'zLn] ljef]/
eO{ cfFvfe/L cfF;' lnP/ Tof] Jofkf/LnfO{ c+ufnf] xfNgk'u] . To;af6
cfˆgf] uGtJo;Dd k'Ug] ;xL lbzfsf ljj/0fx¿ kfO;s]kl5 uDkf]kf
cfˆgf] af6f] nfu] .
389
Â
l8+u|L;Dd k'Ubf gk'Ub} uDkf]kf k|f0f jfo'sf] u8j8Ln] ubf{ c;fWo}

lj/fdL k/]/ emGg} dg}{ cfF6]sf lyP . kfgL ;d]t lkpg gkfO{ To;}
cj:yfdf pgL ;ft lbg;Dd kl//x] . o:tf] czQm cj:yfdf klg
pgn] cfkm" hfg'kg]{ lbzftkm{ x]b}{ cToGt} >4fsf ;fy ldnf/]kfnfO{
k|fy{gf ul/g} /x] .
TolQa]nf, ldnf/]kf 6f;Lufªdf cfˆgf lziox¿nfO{ wdf]{kb]z ub{}
x'g'x'GYof] . TolQs}df pxfF Wofgdf nLg x'g'eof] / cs:dft\ xfF:g
yfNg'eof] . of] b]v]/ lziox¿n] ldnf/]kfnfO{ ;f]w], æs] tkfO{n] pQd
lziosf dgdf s'g} To:tf] ljz]if 1fg jf k|ltklQ eO/x]sf] b]Vg'ePsf]
xf] jf cwd lziosf] dgdf s'g} ldYofb[li6 d8fl//x]sf] b]Vg'eof] <Æ
ldnf/]kfn] eGg'eof], æd}n] b'j} b]v]sf] xf]Og .Æ
pgLx¿n] km]l/ o:tf] ljGtL u/], æTo;f]eP tkfO{ lsg xfF:g'–
ePsf] <Æ
ldnf/]kfn] eGg'eof], ædWo ltAatsf d]/f] lzio clxn] l8+u|L
k'lu;s]sf 5g\ . ToxfF pgL c;fWo} lj/fdL k/] . To;}n] pgn] ?b}
?b} dnfO{ cufw >4fsf ;fy k'sf/] . pgsf] Toqf] >4f b]Vbf d df
pgLk|lt 7"nf] s?0ff hfu[t eof] / ;dflwdf d}n] pgnfO{ clwli7t
ul/lbPsf]n] pgsf] /f]u ;a} lgsf] eP/ uP . To;}n] cTolws v';L eP/
d xfF;s ] f] lyPF .Æ eGbfeGb} ldnf/]kfsf] cfFvfaf6 klg cfF;' emg{ yfn] .
:jf:ynfe eO;s]kl5, uDkf]kf cfkm"n] e]6]sf ;a}nfO{ ldnf/]kf sxfF
a:g'x'G5 egL ;f]Wb} lxl8/x]s} a]nf cs:dft\ Pshgf bfgklt :qLl;t
pgsf] e]6 eof] . bfgklt :qLn] elgg\, ætkfO{+ sxfFaf6 cfpg'ePsf] /
stf hfFb} x'g'x'G5 . æd dWo ltAataf6 cfPsf] x'F / ldnf/]kfsf] bz{g
ug{ hfFb}5' . To;kl5 tL :qLn] lgj]bg u/Lg, æP To;f]eP 7Ls} eof],
cfh d]/f] 3/df cfpg'e} ef]hg u|x0f ug'{xf];\ . tkfO{ cfpg'x'G5 eg]/
k"Ho u'? ldnf/]kfn] lxh} eljiojf0fL ug'{ePsf] lyof] . lxhf] tkfO{
c:j:y x'g'ePsf]n] pxfFn] ;dflwsf] cj:yfd} tkfO{nfO{ clwli7t klg
ul/lbg'ePsf] lyof] . pxfFn] of] klg eGg'ePsf] 5 ls h;n] tkfO{nfO{
390
Â
pxfF ;fd' NofO{k'¥ofp5 pm ;fFlRrs} df]Ifsf] efuL aGg]5 . To;}n] ef]

ln g} d tkfO{FnfO{ pxfFsxfF k'¥ofO{lbG5' x'Gg .Æ
of] ;a ;'g]/ uDkf]kfsf] dgdf cgfof;} clnstf cx+efj k;]5
/ cfkm" t cToGt} k'0ojfg /x]5' eg]/ ;f]FRgk'u] . of] s'/f ldnf/]kfn]
cfˆgf] of]uann] yfxf kfpg'ePsf] /x]5 . ctM uDkf]kfsf] cx+sf/–
nfO{ gfz ug{ !% lbg;Dd ldnf/]kfn] bz{g g} lbg'ePg . !% lbgkl5
uDkf]kfn] ldnf/]kfnfO{ 6fzLufËdf klxnf]rf]l6 e]6\g] cj;/ k|fKt u/] .
ToxfF cfkm"n] NofPsf lrof, ;"g / cGo ;fdu|Lx¿ ;a} r9fP/ u'?nfO{
cg]sf} rf]l6 b08jt u/] . 5fltsf] 7Ls cufl8 b'j} xft hf]8]/ pgn]
ljlGt r9fP, æd w]/} g} 6f9faf6 s]of}+ sl7gfO{ si6x¿ em]nL slxn]
;4d{ k|fKt ug{ kfpFnf eGg] tLj| v'Nb'nLsf ;fy aNn oxfF cfOk'u]sf]
5' . x] k/dk"Ho u'? Û s[kof dnfO{ lziosf] ¿kdf :jLsfg'{xf];\ .Æ
ldnf/]kfn] eGg'eof], æd]/f ef/taf6 cfPsf s]xL lziox¿ 5g\ .
pgLx¿ t ltdL eGbf klg 6f9faf6 cfPsf 5g\ .Æ To; ;do ldnf–
/]kf dBkfg ul//xg'ePsf] lyof] . skfndf clnslt /S;L afFsL g}
lyof] . ;a} uDkf]kfnfO{ g} lkpg eGg'eof] . Ps leIf' ePsf] gftfn]
uDkf]kf Toltsf dflg;x¿sf] cufl8 Tof] /S;L lkpg lxlRsrfP . Tof]
b]v]/ u'?n] eGg'eof], æHofFbf g;f]r, v'?Ss lkOxfn t ÛÆ uNtL xf]nf
ls eGg] 8/n] uDkf]kfn] skfndf ePsf] /S;L hDd} Ps} 3'6df lkP/
l;WofOlbP . Tof] /fd|} nIf0f lyof] h;n] ldnf/]kfl;t ePsf hDd} pk–
b]z s'g} g5'6fOsg k|fKt ug{df uDkf]kf of]Uo 5g\ eGg] hgfpFbYof] .
ldnf/]kfn] ;f]Wg'eof], æltd|f] gfd s] xf] <Æ
pgn] pQ/ lbP, ædnfO{ ;f]gfd l/G5]g -k'0o/Tg_ eg]/ af]nfOG5 .Æ
ldnf/]kfn] eGg'eof], æ;f]gfdsf] cy{ k'0o ;Def/ xf] / l/G5]g
eGgfn] ltdL ;a} ;™jx¿sf nflu /Tg;dfg b'n{e 5f} eGg] xf] .Æ
o;/L g} tLgk6s;Dd eGg'eof] . To;kl5 uDkf]kfn] u'?sf] hLjgL /
d'lQmsf syf eGg cg'/f]w u/] . u'? ldnf/]kfn] eGg'eof], ædk|lt cufw
>4f lnP/ ltdL oxfF cfof}, of] ;fFRr} g} cfZro{ Pj+ v'zLsf] s'/f] xf]
391
Â
t/ dnfO{ ltd|f] ;'g / lrof rfFlx rflxFb}g . kl5 ltd|} ;fwgfsf nflu
oL ;a ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ k|of]u ug"{ . d]/f] hLjgL / d'lQmsf af/]df d of]
uLt ufpFb}5', Wofg lbP/ ;'g M
lgik|k~r wd{sfo¿kL cfsfzdf

cljlR5Gg s?0ffsf] afbn Pslqt kf/ .
d d]/f clt s?0ffjfg
Pj+ ;+:sf/;DkGgx¿sf z/0f
k/dk"Ho u'? df/kfsf] r/0fsdndf b08jt u5'{ .
bfFlxg]tkm{ d]/f] cf}/; k'q /]R5'ª kf 5g\

/ afFoftkm{ lzjf cf] 5g\ .
b'j}hgfn] d]/f] of] uLtdf ;fy lbPsf 5g\ .
x] j}B, d]/f] uLt ;'g .
ef/tsf] k/d kfjg e"lddf

y'k|} To:tf u'?x¿ klg 5g\ hf] /jfkm b]vfpFb} lx8\5g\ .
t/ ToxLF b'O{hgf To:tf JolQm klg 5g\
hf] ;"o{ / rGb|sf ¿kdf lrlgG5g\ .
tL x'g\ gf/f]kf / d}qLkf .
oL b'j} dxfl;4sf cf}/; k'q, lqsfn a'4sf lgdf{0fsfo
dxf cg'jfbs -dxfnf]rfjf_ df/kf g} x'g'x'G5 .
pxfF d08nsf k|d'v b]j x'g'x'G5
/ ;+:sf/;DkGg ;™jx¿nfO{ -wd{lt/_ cfs[i6 ug{
pxfFsf] Voflt 8fs tyf 8flsgLx¿n] ;j{q km}nfpFb5g\ .
pxfFsf] gfd ;'Gbf d cfkm"nfO{ yfDg} ;lsg .
7"nf] kl/>dn] d pxfFsf] ghLs k'u]F .
pxfFnfO{ b]Vg] ljlQs} dleq 7"nf] k|Llt
392
Â
/ ;'vsf] cg'e"lt ;~rf/ x'gyfNof] .

clg tTsfn} pxfFsf] r/0fsdndf gtd:ts eP/
dnfO{ uDeL/ pkb]z k|bfg ug'{xf];\ egL ljlGt r9fPF .
a'4;dfg d]/f lktf u'?n] eGg'eof],
…gf/f]kfsf] s[kf Pj+ cg'sDkfn]
d cfh tnjf/;/L wfl/nf pkb]zx¿n] ;dlGjt ePsf] 5'F
h;n] o;} h"gLdf ;+;f/sf] ;GtltnfO{ r6Ss} sf6\g ;Sb5 .Ú
Psbd} u/La ePsfn] u'?blIf0ff lbgsf] nflu
klg d;Fu k};f lyPg .
t}klg sfo, jfs / lrQ oL lqåf/n]
e/dUb'/ kl/>d u/]/ d}n] pxfFnfO{ v';L kf/]F .
d]/f] pT;fx / >4f b]v]/
cfˆgf] ;j{bzL{ g]qn] x]/L pxfFn] dnfO{ s?0ffk"j{s eGg'eof],
rf/ of]usf pkb]zx¿ clxn] pko'Qm 5}gg\
s'g} Hofb} sfFrf 5g\ eg] s'g}df Hofb} kfsf 5g\ .
;a yfxf kfpFbf kfpFb} hf]lvd} p7fP/
cfˆgf] lzionfO{ tL pkb]zx¿ k|bfg ul/P klg
vfln 6fpsf] b'MvfO{ dfq x'g]5,
To;af6 nfe s]xL x'g]5}g .
…o; slno'udf If0f -km';{b ;do_ sd} dfq kfOG5
k"/} hLjg j[yf sfo{x¿ / Jo:ttfn] el/g hfG5 .
To;}n] vfln cWoogdf dfq cfˆgf] ;do v]/ gkmfn .
efjgfnfO{ g} cfˆgf] d"ne"t cEof; agfpm .Ú
d]/f u'?n] ddfly nufpg' ePsf] u'0fsf] abnf r'sfpg,
/ d[To'sf] eoaf6 cfkm" ;bfsf] nflu d'Qm x'g,
d}n] 7"nf] ;+sNksf ;fy s7f]/ kl/>d u/]/ Wofg u/]F /
cfˆgf cs'zn lrQnfO{ clwi7fgdf ablnlbPF .
lqljif -/fu, å]if / df]x_ sf jf:tljs :j¿knfO{ g}
393
Â
oyf{y¿kn] af]w ul/;s]kl5

dnfO{ ;j{qut lqsfo -lgdf{0fsfo,
;Def]usfo / ¿ksfo_ sf] cjaf]w x'gyfNof] .
;+:sf/;DkGg ePsfx¿nfO{ k/Dk/fsf
;a} clwi7fg, cg'e"lt -clwud_ / k|ltklQ
x:tfGt/0f ug{sf nflu,
d ltdLnfO{ uDeL/ df}lvs pkb]zsf] lzIff lbb}F5' .
To;}n] v'a cEof; u/]/ tL a'4sf
pkb]zx¿nfO{ oqtq km}nfpg" .
x] j}B, oL s'/fx¿nfO{ dgdf a;fO/fVg" .
clg zL3| g} ltdL jLt/fu ;'vsf] cj:yfdf k'Ug]5f} .
oxL+ d]/f] Ps of]uLsf] ;+lIfKt hLjgL / d'lQm xf] .
c¿ a9L 5nkmn kl5 ub}{ u/f}Fnf .
of] ;'g o; j[4 JolQmnfO{ k6Ss} ;'xfFpb}g .
/ lrof pdfNg d;+u s'g} efF8f] 5}g .
sfUo' k/Dk/fnfO{ wf/0f ug]{ xf] eg]
d]/f] hLjgnfO{ x]/ / d}n] h:t} cEof; u/ .
ltd|f] k|Zgsf] d]/f] pQ/ oxL+ xf] .
æltdLn] klxn] kfPsf cleif]s / pkb]z ckof{Kt 5g\ eGg vf]h–]

sf] xf]Og t/ ;xL sd{hGo ;DaGwnfO{ hf]8 lbg dfq vf]hs ] f] x'F .
To;}n] d ca ltdLnfO{ cleif]s lbFb}5' .Æ To;kl5 l;Gb'/ kf]t]/ jh|–
of]lugLsf] d08n agfO{ ldnf/]kfn] ;a} cleif]sx¿ / >'t k/Dk/fsf
;a} clwi7fgx¿ k|bfg ug'{eof] . lj:tf/} lj:tf/} qmda4¿kn] uDkf]–
kfnfO{ pxfFn] v';L;fy ;a} uDeL/ pkb]zx¿ / lzIffx¿ lbg'eof] .
To;kl5 Psjif{;Dd Wofgsf] cEof; u/]/ uDkf]kfn] gf8L / rqmsf
;a} u'0fx¿nfO{ l;4 u/] . o;n] ubf{ u'?sf pkb]zk|ltsf] pgsf]
ulx/f] ljZjf; Pj+ lglZrttf cem a9\g yfNof] .
394
Â
klxn] cfkm"n] klxn] kfPsf lzIff / pkb]zx¿k|lt pgsf] dgdf

y'k|} z+sf pkz+sf plAhg yfn] . kl5 tL ;a} z+sfx¿sf ljifodf
ldnf/]kfl;t 5nkmn u/]/ ;dfwfg u/] . clg ldnf/]kfn] pgnfO{
o:tf] pkb]z lbg'eof], æx] j}Bu'?, b[li6sf] kl5 gnfUg", a? efjgfnfO{
dfq k5ØfO/fVg" . z"Gotfsf] efjgf ubf{ e|ldt x'g] w]/} sf/0fx¿
5g\ . cfˆg} clwud -k|ltklQ, af]w_df klg e|ldt x'g;S5 dfG5] .Æ
o;/L ldnf/]kfn] lj:t[t¿kn] JofVof ug'{eof] . To;kl5 lgDg uLt
ufpg'eof] M
x] j}B Û cfˆgf] lrQnfO{ x]g'{ g} b[li6 xf] .

cjZoklg Tof] cu| b[li6 xf] .
cfˆgf] lrQeGbf aflx/ b[li6 vf]Hof} eg]
cGwf] wgLn] 3/ 5f]8L ;'gsf] vf]hLdf
otfptf a/flnP;/x x'g]5 .
x] j}B Û :Tofgld4 / cf}4TonfO{ x6fpg'kb}{g .

cjZoklg Tof] cu| efjgf xf] h;df
tL lgj/0fx¿nfO{ x6fOb}g .
tL gLj/0fx¿nfO{ x6fpg] sf]lz; u/]
pHofnf] 3fddf aQL afn] ;/x x'g]5 .
x] j}B Û pkfb]o / x]o aLr e]befj g/fv .
cjZoklg Tof] cu| efjgf xf] h;df
pkfb]o / x]o aLr e]befj /flvGg .
rof{ ubf{ pkfb]o / x]o aLr e]befj /fVg yfNof} eg]
x] j}B Û dfs'/fsf] hfndf df}/L clNemg k'u]sf] h:tf] x'g]5 .
x] j}B Û z'4fTd wd{f;Gb]x -confidence in the pure mind_

n] o'Qm eP/ ;defjdf /xg"
395
Â
cjZoklg Tof] cu| ;do xf]]

cGoq ;do vf]Hof} eg]
gbLnfO{ pN6f] lbzftkm{ aufpg' ;/x x'G5 .
x] j}B Û ltd|f] cfˆg} dgdf ePsf]

ulx/f] cgflb1fgl;t kl/lrt x'g" .
cjZoklg Tof] cfkm}df cu| kmn xf]]
:joDe" cgflb1fgsf] kmn cGt st} vf]Hof} eg]
Eofu'tf]n] pk|m]/ cfsfz 5'g vf]h] ;/x xf] .
x] j}B Û k/d u'? ltd|f] dgleq} 5, To;nfO{ lrg .

cjZoklg Tof] k/d u'? xf]]
u'?nfO{ aflx/ cGt st} vf]Hof} eg]
cfˆg} dgnfO{ Tofu]sf] ;/x x'g]5 .
x] j}B Û To;}n], ;+;f/ / lgjf{0fsf ;Dk"0f{ b[i6wd{x¿

vfln ltd|} dgsf pkh dfq x'g\ .
t;y{, uDkf]kfn] æu'?sf zAbx¿ ;fFrf /x]5g\Æ eGg] ;f]rL klxn]

eGbf Hofbf ldx]gt u/]/ Wofg ug{ k'u]5g\ .
s'g} a]nf uDkf]kfn] rf}lj;j6f j]Unf j]Un} nIf0fx¿ ePsf ;kgf

b]Vgk'u] . tL ;a}nfO{ pgn] uP/ ldnf/]kfnfO{ ;'gfPkl5 ldnf/]kfn]
uLtd} 9fn]/ ;a}sf] JofVof ul/lbg'eof] / eGg'eof], æx] k'q, x] ljgow/
leIf' j}B, ltdLn] kfPsf nIf0fx¿ ;a} ltd|} efjL k/Dk/fl;t ;DalGwt
5g\ . d}n] ev{/ eg]sf s'/fx¿nfO{ slxn]klg gljl;{sg dgdf ;fFr]/
/fVg", / kl5 tL ;a ;xL x'g of unt cfkm}n] klxNofpg" jf ltgsf]
;fIfL ltdL cfkm} aGg" . ltdLn] lrQsf] cs[lqd -cagfj6L_ :j¿knfO{
396
Â
;fIffTsf/ ug]{5f} . To;a]nf ltd|f] dgn] clxn] eGbf clws >4f

pTkfb ug]{5 h;sf] kmn:j¿k ltdLn] dnfO{ g} a'4 jh|w/sf] ¿kdf
b]Vg]5f} . oxL hGddf ltdL hGd / d/0faf6 d'Qm x'g]5f} .
;fdfGotof, >]i7 WofgL g} aGg rfxG5f} eg] o:tf ;kgf jf
cGo cg'e"ltx¿df cfzQm x'g' x'Fb}g . cGoyf ltdLnfO{ ;w+} df/n]
k5Øfpg]5g\ . æc¿n] h] eG5g\, tL ;a}nfO{ ;'Gb} g;'Gg", u'?sf pk–
b]z / ltd|f] cfˆg} clwi7fgdf dfq cfl>t x'g" . cGoyf ltd|f] dg
ljlIfKt x'g]5 . u'?nfO{ cfˆgf] sfo, jfs\ / lrQ r9fpg" .Æ
cfˆgf] dgnfO{ o; hGd / k'gh{Gdsf s'/fx¿df e6Sg glbO{
s]jn u'?sf pkb]zx¿nfO{ dfq cg'z/0f ul//fv . cGoyf u'Xo
dGqsf] k|yd d"nfklQdf km:g] 8/ x'G5 . h;n] o; hGd / k'gh{Gdsf
;a} ;'vsf d"nx¿nfO{ gi6 kfl/lbG5 .
sNof0fldqx¿sf bf]if vf]Hb} glx8\g" . sk6L gx'g" jf cs'zn
ljrf/x¿ dgdf gNofpg" Ù k/lrQ 1fg ge}sg o;/L bf]if vf]Hb} lx8\of}
eg] d"nfklQ x'g]5 .Æ OToflb y'k|} s'6 pkb]zx¿ -pith instructions_
ldnf/]kfn] uDkf]kfnfO{ k|bfg ug'{eof] .
To;kl5 pxfFn] eGg'eof], æltdL oxfF a:g'kb}{g . k"j{df cjl:yt
…uDkf]Ú eGg] kj{tlt/ k|:yfg u/ . Tof] kj{t l;Fxf;gdf al;/x]sf
/fhf ;/x xf] / To;sf] r'r'/f] d]/} 6f]kL ;/x xf] . Tof] le/fnf] kj{tdf
n6/Dd pd|]sf xl/of ¿vx¿ ;'j0f{ d08n;/L 5g\ . To:s} cufl8
ax'd"No /Tgx¿sf y'k|f h:tf b]lvg] ;ft kxf8x¿ 5g\ . tL cufl8sf
;ft} kxf8x¿n] Tof] d"n kj{tnfO{ dGqLx¿ /fhf;fd' gtd:ts ePem}F
em's]/ jGbgf ul//fv]sf] h:tf] efg x'G5 . Tot}tkm{ hfpm, ToxfF ltdLn]
y'k}| lziox¿ agfpg]5f} .Æ olt eGb}, ldnf/]kfn] o:tf] uLt ufpg'–
eof] M
d]/f] k'q, x] ljgow/ leIf',
397
Â
ltdL dWo ltJjt hfg] xf] ls xf]Og <

olb hfg] xf] eg] ToxfF slxn]sfxL
ltd|f] dgdf ef]hg ug]{ OR5f hfUnf .
ha ha o:tf /x/x¿ dgdf hfU5g\,
ta ef]hgsf] ¿kdf cgf>j ;dflwnfO{ g} u|x0f u/ .
;a} ld7f ld7f ef]hgx¿ e|flGt dfq x'g eg]/ hfg .
dgdf h:tf] ;'s} cg'e"ltx¿ pTkGg eP klg
ltgnfO{ wd{sfos} ¿kdf lng" .
slxn]sfxL lr;f] x'Fbf sk8fx¿k|lt df]x hfUnf .

sk8fk|lt df]x hfUbf r08fnLsf Gofgf]
;'vb cg'e"ltnfO{ g} sk8fsf] ¿kdf klxl/g" .
;a} g/d / /fd|f j:t'x¿ e|flGt dfq x'g\ eg]/ hfg .
slxn]sfxL cfˆgf] 3/k|lt df]x hfUnf .

3/k|lt df]x hfUbf wd{tfsf] lgTo :yfgnfO{
cfˆgf] 3/sf ¿kdf k|of]u u/ .
ltd|f] 3/ vfln e|flGt dfq xf] eg]/ hfg .
slxn]sfxL wgk|lt df]x hfUnf .

wgk|lt df]x hfUbf ;Kt/TgnfO{ g}
wgsf] ¿kdf k|of]u u/ .
ltd|f ;a} wg vfln e|flGt
dfq x'g\ eg]/ hfg dgdf h:tf] ;'s}
398
Â
cg'e"ltx¿ pTkGg eP klg

slxn]sfxL ;fyLx¿k|lt df]x hfUnf .

;fyLx¿k|lt df]x hfUbf :joDe"
1fgnfO{ g} cfˆgf] ;fyL agfpm .
;a} ;fyLx¿ eg]sf e|flGt dfq x'g\ eg]/ hfg .
slxn]sfxL u'?nfO{ e]6\g] 7"nf] /x/ dgdf p7\nf .

u'?nfO{ e]6\g] /x/ p7\bf u'? ltd|}
a|Xd/Gw| -zL/_ df ltdLaf6 cleGg e}
al;/xg'ePsf] 5 egL efjgf u/ .
ltd}| Åbodf u'? al;/xg'ePsf] 5 egL efjgf u/ .
pxfFnfO{ sbflk ge'Ng" .
cflv/ u'? klg vfln e|flGt afx]s s]xL xf]Ogg\ .
of] s'/f ltdL a'em .
;+If]kdf ;a} wd{ e|flGtdo 5g\ egL af]w u/ .
k"j{df cjl:yt uDkf] kj{t l;Fxf;gdf cf;Lg /fhf ;/x xf] .

Tof] kj{tsf] ;fd'Gg] ljgohgx¿ kv]{/ al;/x]sf 5g\ .
hfpm ToxfF uP/ ;™jx¿sf] lxt u/ .
hfpm, ltdL ;™jfy{ lqmofdf ;kmn x'g]5f} k'q .
cfhb]lv ltd|f] gfd leIf' jh|w[s hDa'åLksLlt{ x'g]5 . To;kl5

ldnf/]kfn] uDkf]kfnfO{ ;a} k"/fsf k"/} cleif]sx¿, clwi7fgx¿, s'6
pkb]zx¿, 8flsgL / wd{kfnx¿sf] tf]df{ cleif]sx¿ k|bfg ug'{eof] /
399
Â
eGg'eof], æk'q, ltdLn] c;+Vo ;™jx¿sf] lxt ug]{5f} . ltdL klxnf]–

rf]l6 oxfF cfpFbf w]/} cb\e"t lgldQx¿ b]vfk/]sf lyP . ltdL oxfF
5Fbf, xfdLn] Ps cfk;df bfFh]/ x]¥of}+, / ltdL dnfO{ pl5g]/ uof} .
d]/f] bfFhf]df ltdLn] w]/} g} Hofbf ;™jx¿sf] lxt ug]{5f} eGg] s'/fsf]
;+s]t d}n] ;kgfdf kfPF .Æ To;}n] u'? v';L ;fy uDkf]kfnfO{ s]xL
b'/L;Dd 5f]8\g hfg'eof] .
s]xL b'/L;Dd b'j} ;+u} lx8] . hfFbf hfFbf Pp6f k'nlt/ cfOk'Ubf
ldnf/]kfn] eGg'eof], æs]xL sf/0fjz\, d ltdLl;t of] k'n gfF3]/ hfg
;lSbg . Psl5gsf] nflu ltd|f] ef/L oxLF la;fpm, ca clGtd–
rf]l6 s]lxa]/ xfdL b'O{ lktfk'q oxfF a;L s'/f u/f}F .Æ olt eGb}
ldnf/]kfn] clwli7t ul/Psf] ;'gf}nf] /Ësf] c?/ / lktnsf] ;nfO{
uDkf]kfnfO{ ljbfOsf sf]z]nLsf ¿kdf lbg'eof] / eGg'eof], æha
dnfO{ clwud -Realization_ sf] cg'e"lt ug{ lgs} uf¥xf] kYof]{, To;–
a]nf oL ;fwgx¿af6 d cToGt} nfeflGjt ePF . cfˆgf] Wofg a9fpg
jf 36fpg g;sL ltdLn] klg Ps b'OkN6 sl7gfO{x¿ em]Ng ;Sg]5f},
To;a]nf oL ;fwgx¿n] ltdLnfO{ klg d2t g} ug]{5 .Æ t;y{ ldnf–
/]kfn] dxfd'b|fsf dgsf] cåo :j¿k / k|f0f ;DaGwL pkb]zx¿ k|bfg
u/]/ eGg'eof],
æx] dWo ltAataf6 cfPsf leIf', 3d08 / cx+sf/nfO{ Toflulbg",
:g]x / cf;lQmsf 8f]/Lx¿nfO{ r'F8fNg" / o; hLjgsf ;a} ;f+;fl/s
t[i0ff /fux¿nfO{ TofUg" . clg dfq ltdL ;Rrf af}4 ;fws x'g5 ] f} .
;a} pkb]zx¿nfO{ cEof;df ptf/ . ;w} dnfO{ k'sfg"{ Ù /fu, å]if
/ df]xsf] jzdf k/]sf b'i6 JolQmx¿l;t slxNo} ;+ut gu/ lsgls
ltgLx¿sf] kfksf] 5fofFn] ltdLnfO{ klg b'lift kfl/lbg ;Sb5 . s'g}
dflg;x¿ c¿sf] bf]if afx]s s]xL gb]Vg] x'G5g\ / ;a}nfO{ cfˆg} zq'
7fG5g\ . pgLx¿ c¿nfO{ xf]RofpFb} lx8\5g\, wd{s} cfnf]rgf ub}{ lx8\5g\
/ ;a}sf] dgdf g/fd|f] k|efj kfb}{ lx8\5g\ lsgeg] pgLx¿sf] Åbosf]
leqL ulx/fO{df å]if¿kL cfuf] ;w} blGs/fv]sf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu
400
Â
;k{nfO{ lncf}F . ;k{sf kv]6f, xft v'§f s]xL x'Fb}gg\ . ts{ g} ug]{ xf]
eg] ltgLx¿ Psbd sdhf]/ / lgl/x k|f0fL x'g\ . t}klg s;}n] ;k{
b]Vof] ls p;sf] dgdf å]if / 8/ k}bf eO g} xfN5 . lsgsL ;k{
cfkm}df klg å]if n'lsa;]sf] x'G5 . dgdf å]if /fVg]x¿n] ;a}nfO{ cfˆgf
zq' 7fGb5g\ .
csf]t{ km{ sf]xL sf]xL dflg;x¿ c;fWo} s~h'; x'G5g\ . t'R5 dg–
;fosf x'G5g\ – pgLx¿n] ;a j:t'sf] nf]e u5{g\ / ;a}yf]s y'kf5{g\
oxfF;Dd ls Ps 6'qmf sf7 / s]xL 9'Ëfx¿ ;Dd klg afsL /fVb}–
gg\ . ltgLx¿ eG5g\, æha xfdL a'9f] x'G5f}, xfdLnfO{ hLjg wfGg
oL ;fd|uLsf] vfFrf] knf{, ha xfdL d5f}{, d;fgdf xfd|f] gfddf >f4
ul/lbg oL vfg]s/' f rflxPnf .Æ o:tf] ;f]RF b} ;fdfgx¿ y'kfb}{ hfG5g\ .
k};f geO{sg wd{sf] cEof; klg ug{ ;lsGg / af]lw;™jnfO{ klg
k'0o;+ef/sf nflu k};f geO x'Gg eG5g\ ltgLx¿ . clg csf{sf] l5Gb}
;a} k|sf/sf nfe x'g] sfo{x¿ ug{df pgLx¿ tlD;G5g\ . ltgLx¿sf
/ut} nf]el;t ldl;P/ es es plDn/x]sf] x'G5 . cem sf]xL sf]xL
eG5g\, æxfdLn] dxfofgsf pkb]zx¿nfO{ cEof; ug]{ a]nf ePsf]
5}g . s?0ffsf] cEof; gug]{ oL dflg;x¿ lxgofgsf] dfu{df kmF:5g\ .
xfdLn] slxn]klg Ps} dfq pkb]zdf 6fFl:;P/ a:g' x'Gg . cGoyf xfd|f]
dg ;fFu'/f] / ;+sL0f{ x'g]5 . dfly elgPsf tL dflg;x¿ ;a} dxf
cljBfsf] cfj/0fn] 9flsPsf 5g\ – ltdLn] slxn]klg ltgLx¿l;t
;+ut gug"{, ltgLx¿sf] s'/fnfO{ jf:t} gug"{ . ltgLx¿l;t s'/f ug{
yfNof} eg] ltd|f u'? sf] x'g\, s] wd{ dfG5f} OToflb k|Zg t pl7–
xfNg]5 . ltd|f] hjfkmn] ubf{ cGttM ltgLx¿ qmf]lwt x'g]5g\ .
ltgLx¿sf] dgdf ;+sL0f{tf h/f uf8]/ a;]sfn] ltd|f] h:tf];'s} /
fd|f] ;Nnfx pkb]z klg ltgLx¿n] :jLsfb}{gg\, pN6} pgLx¿s} l/;
vKg'kg]{5 . kmn:j¿k pgLx¿n] b'u{ltdf ktg x'g] aLp /f]Kg]5g\ .
To;}n] csf]{ zAbdf eGbf pkb]z jf ;Nnfx /fd|} eP klg, s'zn}
eP klg pgLx¿nfO{ kfk ug{lt/ cu|;/ u/fpg] sf/0f aGb5 .
401
Â
To;}n] ;w} al9/xg] lqljifsf jz\df k/]sf tL dflg;x¿l;t ;+ut}

gug"{ j]z .
tflGqs ;dodf elgPsf] 5 M
>fjsx¿l;t ;ft lbg eGbf a9L a:of} eg]

s'g} tflGqs of]uLnfO{ nfe eGbf klg xflg w]/} x'G5g\ .
;fgf] rnfv, ;fjwfg eË]/fn] h:t}
cfˆgf] rof{k|lt lgs} ;fjwfgL x'g" .
x] k'q Û cfˆgf] ljgok|lt 3d08 gu/ . ;a} k|f0fLnfO{ s?0ff

efjn] x]g"{ / ;a}l;t ldn]/ a:g" . ;w} zfGt, s?0ffjfg, IfflGtjfg,
k'0ojfg eO a:g", ;w} a|Xdro{ hLjg lgjf{x ug"{ . cfˆgf ljlIfKt
lrQdf nufd nufpm . ;w} sd dfq af]Ng] u/ / ljIf]kaf6 cfkm" ;w}
hf]lug" . ;w} zfGt / PsfGt c/0o s'6Ldf /xg", / s]xL ljz]if kl/
l:yltdf afx]s cfˆgf] Wofg cf;g 5f]8\b} g5f]8\g" . lqlzIff -clwzLn,
clw;dflw / clwk|1f_ nfO{ a9fpg] sfo{df cfˆgf] ;Dk"0f{ ;do
JotLt ul/lbg" .
ltd|f] cfˆgf] lrQ g} a'4 xf], u'? xf] eGg] af]w eP tfklg ltd|f] u'?,
jh| cfrfo{nfO{ sbflk gTofUg" . ;a} sd{x¿ :jefj}n] z'4 x'G5g\ eGg]
af]w eP tfklg ;fgf eGbf ;fgf s'zn sd{ klg ul/xfNg" / ljz'l4
sd{ ul//xg" . sd{, x]t' / kmnx¿ z"Go 5g\ eGg] af]w eP tfklg
;fgf eGbf ;fgf cs'zn sd{ klg gug"{ . ;dfklQ / k[i7nAwaLrsf]
cleGgtfnfO{ k"0f{¿kn] af]w ul/P tfklg lbgsf] rf/} k|x/df u'?
of]usf] cEof; gla/fOsg ul/ g} /fVg" . cfkm" / c¿aLrsf] ;dtf
-k/fTd;dtf_nfO{ /fd|/L af]w ul/P tfklg c¿ wd{ jf k|f0fLx¿sf]
Tofu cyjf lgGbf gug{" . k'q Û v/fof] jif{, cZj dlxgfsf] rf}wf}
lbgleq dsxfF kms{g" . ca d]/f] of] uLt ;"g M
402
Â
ljsNk/lxt oyfe"t 1fgsf] pbo

ltd|f] dgleq eO;s]kl5
bz{g, s'/fx¿df gclNemg",
olb clNemof} eg] ltdLdf cledfg a9\g]5 /
ci6 nf]s wd{df kmF:g]5f} .
x] …pMÚ af6 cfPsf leIf', of] s'/f a'lemG5 ls a'lemFb}g <
x] bfSkf]sf j}B, of] s'/f a'lemG5 ls a'lemFb}g <
ltd|f] dg leq} :jo+ d'lQmsf] pbo eO;s]kl5

ts{, cg'dfg OToflbdf gclNemg" .
olb clNemof} eg] cgy{sf sfo{snfkdf ;do v]/ hfg]5 .
ljsNkn] /lxt cj:yfdf cfkm"nfO{ zfGtk"j{s /xgb]pm .
x] pM af6 cfPsf leIf', of] s'/f a'lemG5 ls a'lemFb}g <
ha ltdLn] lrQsf] z"Go :jefjnfO{ ;fIffTsf/ u5f}{

Ps jf cg]ssf wf/0ffx¿df gclNemg" .
olb clNemof} eg] ltdL pR5]b cGtdf kmF:g]5f} .
zAb eGbf k/ / ljsNkn] /lxt wd{wft'df
cfkm"nfO{ zfGtk"j{s /xgb]pm .
x] pM af6 cfPsf leIf', of] s'/f a'lemG5 ls a'lemFb}g <
ha ltdL dxfd'b|fsf] efjgf u5f}{,

cfkm"nfO{ sfo / jfs\n] ul/g]
ljleGg s'zn sd{sf lgTo sd{x¿df Jo:t x'g glbg" .
cGoyf ltd|f] cåo lgik|k~r 1fg lanfP/ hfg]5 .
dgsf] cs[lqd lgh cj:yf -;xh cj:yf_ df /xg"
403
Â

ha eljio;"rs ;+s]tx¿, lgldQx¿ b]vfkb{5g\

ltgdf u|fx jf cfzlQm /fv]/ cx+sf/L jf k|km'lNnt gx'g" .
cGoyf lgldQx¿ klg df/sf ;Gb]z x'gk'U5g\ .
cu|fx l:yltdf /xg",
lrQnfO{ x]/L Wofg ubf{ ub}{

ltdLn] Cl4 OToflb cle1fx¿sf] nf]e gug"{
cGoyf ltdL /fu å]if / df]x¿kL df/sf] k~hfdf kmF:g]5f} .
OR5f/lxt cj:yfdf /xg" .
To;kl5 dWo ltAatsf ljgow/ leIf' cfFvfe/L cfF;' kf/]/ uDkf]kf–

n] ldnf/]kfsf] r/0fsdndf b08jt\ u/]kl5 ldnf/]kfn] eGg'eof], æx]
dWo ltAatsf ljgow/ leIf', ca d ltdLnfO{ rf/}j6f cleif]sx¿
k|bfg ub}{5' . To;}n] k|;Gg x'g", v';L x'g" ÛÆ o;/L zAb, uLt / d'b|f
dfkm{t h]r'g\ ldnf/]kfn] uDkf]kfnfO{ rf/}j6f cleif]sx¿ k|bfg ug'{–
eof] . b]jfleif]såf/f uDkf]kfsf] sfonfO{ b]j d08ndf clwli7t ul/of] .
dGqfleif]såf/f pgsf] jfs\nfO{ clwli7t ul/of] / pgn] dGqsf] ¿kdf
jfs\ clwi7fg k|fKt u/] . wdf{leif]såf/f pgsf] lrQnfO{ clwli7t
ul/of] / wd{sfo¿kL cg'TkGg lrQ pgn] k|fKt u/] . To;kl5 ldnf–
/]kfn] cfˆgf] v'§f uDkf]kfsf] lz/sf] a|Xd/Gwdf /fv]/ jh| cfrfo{sf
cgGt u'0fx¿sf] ;~rf/ ul/lbg'eof] . To;kl5 ;dflw cleif]s klg
404
Â
lbFb} ldnf/]kf eGg'x'G5, æd;Fu cem} Pp6f uDeL/ s'6 pkb]z afFsL
5, t/ d To;nfO{ clxn] lbg] cfF6 ug{ ;lSbg, To;}n] ltdL clxn]
hfpm .Æ
uDkf]kfnfO{ PSn} k7fO{ cfkm" ToxL al;/xg'eof] . uDkf]kf k'n
gfF3]/ ;/f;/ s]xL b'/L;Dd lx8\g} kfPsf lyPgg\, ldnf/]kfn] km]l/
pgnfO{ af]nfP/ cfkm"sxfF kms{g c¥xfpg'eof] . clg uDkf]kf o;/L
kms]{kl5 ldnf/]kfn] eGg'eof], æx'g t of] pkb]z lbg] cfF6 t ddf
5}g t/ ltdLnfO{ glbP c¿ s;nfO{ lbg] t < o:tf] ;'Gbf uDkf]kfn]
cToGt} k|;Gg eP/ u'?nfO{ ;f]w], æTo;f] eP s] d d08n r9fpF
t <Æ
ldnf/]kfn] hjfkm lbg'eof], ækb}{g, d08n r9fO /fVg'kb}{g, t/
of] pkb]znfO{ rfFlx To;} v]/ gkmfNg" lg .Æ olt eGb} ldnf/]kfn]
k5fl8sf] tNnf] sk8fnfO{ dfly tfg]/ 7]n} 7]nf p7]/ 3f]8fsf] v'/ em}
s8f eO;s]sf] cfˆgf] rfs b]vfOlbg'eof] . w]/};do;Dd ljgf rs6L
To;/L Wofgdf a;]sf] a:o} u/]sfn] To:tf] x'g uPsf] lyof] . clg
u'?n] eGg'eof], æof] eGbf uDeL/ pkb]z ca dl;t 5}g . WofgeGbf
7"nf] pkb]z c¿ x'g} ;Sb}g . ca ltdLn] of] x]/]/} d}n] Wofg ubf{ ub}{
slt sl7gfO{ ;x]F xf]nf eGg] s'/fsf] rfn kfpg ;S5f} . d]/f clwud,
1fg jf l;l4 ;a}sf] >f]t oxLF xf] . To;}n] ltdLn] klg cToGt} 7"nf]
k|oTg u/]/ cfkm"nfO{ WofgfEof;df ;dlk{t ul/lbg" .Æ
of] pkb]z uDkf]kfsf] dgdf kl5;Dd Pp6f uDeL/ 5fk ag]/
/Xof] . To;kl5 u'?sf] cf1fnfO{ lz/f]k/ u/]/ pgL dWo ltAatlt/
k|:yfg u/] .
pgL uO;s]kl5 ldnf/]kfn] ;a} lziox¿nfO{ hDdf kf/]/ eGg'eof],
æo; ljgow/ j}B leIf'n] y'k|} ;™jx¿sf] lxt ug]{5g\ . lsgeg] cfh–
/flt d}n] o:tf] ;kgf b]v]sf] lyP, Pp6f lu4 d]/f] 7fpFaf6 dWo
ltAat;Dd p8\b} k'Uof] / ToxfF Pp6f ljzfn kj{tsf] r'r'/f]df uO–
a;]5 . cg]s lbzfx¿af6 ayfgsf ayfg ;'gf}nf /Ë ePsf xfF;x¿
405
Â
cfO{ ToxfF Pslqt eP5g\ . Ps}l5gkl5 tL xfF;x¿ ToxfFaf6 ufoa

eP t/ t'?Gt} ltgLx¿n] cfkm";fy c¿ kfFr;o xfF;x¿ klg NofP .
x'Fbf x'Fbf kl5 t k"/} b]z xfF;} xf+;n] el/g yfNof] . x'g t d of]uL g}
x'F . t/ klg d]/f] k/Dk/fdf cg]s leIf' lziox¿ x'g]5g\ . o; j}B
leIf'n] cg]s ;™jx¿nfO{ p4f/ ug]{5g\ . o;k|sf/n] a'4sf] pkb]zk|lt
d}n] ;]jf u/]F, / eujfg\ a'4sf] Jofs/0fnfO{ r/Ltfy{ kfl/lbPF .Æ o:tf]
pb\uf/ k|s6 u/L pxfF cf}wL v';L x'g'eof] .
ptf, uDkf]kf nfdf] af6f] lx8]/ dWo ltAat;Dd cfOk'u]5g\ . ToxfF
pgn] cfˆgf k'/fgf sbDkf u'?x¿l;t e]6] . ToxfF w]/} 5nkmnx¿
eP . uDkf]kfn] sd{sf08sf cEof;x¿df dfq hf]8 lbg yfn]sf]n]
xf]nf, pgsf] Wofgdf s'g} k|ult ePg, klxn] em}F pidfsf] klg cg'ej
x'g 5f]8\of] / s'g}klg ;dflwut nIf0fx¿ b]vfk/]gg\ . t;y{, uDkf]kf–
n] xtf]T;flxt eP/ ldnf/]kfnfO{ ;DemL s?0f :j/n] lelq Åbob]lv
k'sf/] . t'?Gt} pgn] cfˆg} cufl8 ldnf/]kf pkl:yt ePsf] cg'ej
u/] . To;} If0fdf pgn] lrQsf] cs[lqd :j¿k -lgh :j¿k_ bz{g
u/fpg] dxfd'b|fsf] k"0f{¿kn] ;fIffTsf/ u/] . To;kl5 pgn] of] uLt
ufP M
P df xf] Û -s:tf] cb\e"t Û_

:joDe" cgflb 1fgsf] of] k|ef:j/
ej / cej -;t\ / c;t\_ b'j} cGteGbf k/ 5,
zf:jt / pR5]b cGtaf6 d'Qm 5, lgldQn] /lxt 5 .
pTkfb / lg/f]w gePsfn]
:joDe" cgflb 1fg lgik|k~r, ;'vdoL,
:jefj}n] k|ef:j/ / lg/fsf/ -lg/fnDa_ 5 .
clgldQ ;'vsf] cg'e"lt k|fKt ug"{,

k|ef:j/ z"Gotfsf] cg'e"lt k|fKt ug"{,
406
Â
ce]B cåosf] cg'e"lt k|fKt ug"{, u|x0f / Tofun]

/lxt k|ef:j/sf] cg'e"lt k|fKt ug"{,
clenfiff / eon] /lxt kmnsf] cg'e"lt k|fKt ug"{,
cxf] s:tf] cb\e"t, d]/f] dgn] oL
;a}sf] cy{ klxNofO;s]sf] 5 .
dgdf c;Gb]x :yflkt u/]sf]n] cGtå{Gb/lxt 5',

;a} wd{ dfofjt\ 5g\ eGg]
af]w u/]s]fn] cfzlQm eo 5}g,
;a} ljljw wd{ lrQ g} x'g\ eGg] af]w u/]sf]n]
Tofu / k|flKtaf6 d'Qm 5' .
;a} Sn]zx¿nfO{ g} 1fgsf ¿kdf

af]w u/]sf]n] k|ltkIfsf] h?/t} kb}{g .
lrQnfO{ o;/L af]w ul/;s]kl5
wd{sfosf] l;l4 x'G5 .
To;kl5 uDkf]kfn] !@! u]8f ePsf] af]lwlrQ dfnf Pp6f ¿vsf]

sf08df afFw]/ o:tf] 3f]if0ff u/], æolb d]/f] Jofs/0f lqsfn a'4x¿n]
u/]sf x'g\ eg] of] ;hLj ¿vaf6 of] af]lwlrQ dfnf knfP/ cfcf];\ .Æ
To;kl5 t'?Gt} xfFuf / xl/of kftx¿ knfpg yfn] h;sf] ;fIfL ToxL
af]lwlrQ dfnf g} lyof] . ToxL a]nf, uDkf]kfn] o:tf] pb\uf/ k|s6 u/],
æcg'TkGg :jefj ePsf] lrQsf] cl:tTj s'g} klg ¿kdf 5}g . t}klg,
o;n] ;':ki6¿kn] ;a} ¿kx¿df k|s6 ug{ ;Sb5, / o;af6 ;a}–
yf]s ;Dej 5 . s:tf] crDd ÛÆ To;kl5 pgn] lgDg uLt ufP M
of] k|ef:j/ / z"Go lrQ

b[li6 xf] h'g cfh d}n] a'em]F .
407
Â
of] cljlIfKt, …;fdfGo dgÚ

efjgf xf] h'g cfh d}n] a'em]F .
of] k|tLTo;d'TkGg, cu|fx 1fg

cg'ej xf] h'g cfh d}n] a'em]F .
of] lrQdf c;Gb]x 1fgsf] pbo

af]w xf] h'g cfh d}n] a'em]F .
of] :jtM:km"t{ cgf;lQm rof{ xf] h'g cfh d}n] a'em]F .
of] z"Go, ;':ki6 :j;+j]B 1fg

wd{sfo xf], h'g cfh d}n] a'em]F .
cu|x0fsf] of] z'4 dg

kmn xf] h'g cfh d}n] a'em]F .
cxf] s:tf] ljzfn /x]5 of] b'n{e lrQ Û

x]t's} cj:yfdf klg kmn k|fKt x'Fbf] /x]5 .
caf]w, cb[Zo cf>jo'Qm lj1lKtsf]

cfj/0f gePsf] lrQ xf] of] .
tTkZrft\ uDkf]kf jf]Nvf, `ª ud\ ;ªl//]kf OToflb 7fpFx¿df uO{

cg]s lziox¿nfO{ kl/kfs u/]/ d'lQm;Dd k'¥ofOlbP . To;kl5 pgn]
lgDg uLt ufP M
d dxf;'vbfos wd{wft'sf] uLt ufpFb}5',

k|1fdf l:yt e} d oL zAbx¿ eGb}5'
408
Â
/ cåo t™jnfO{ k|lti7flkt ub}{5' .

cf;lQmn] /lxt ;™jfg'nlDagL s?0ff,
o;nfO{ dxf]kfosf] ¿kdf wf/0f u/ .
o; ;xh 1fg, o;nfO{ 1fgsf] ¿kdf wf/0f u/ .
ljsNksf lj1lKtk|lt c;Gb]xsf] cg'e"lt,

o;nfO{ wd{sfosf] ¿kdf wf/0f u/ .
;fFlRrs} cg'ej} u/]kl5 dfq
ltdLn] o;sf] :j¿k yfxf kfpg ;S5f} .
o; jf;gfut -;+j[lt_ k|ltef; / kl/slNkt ;+1fsf zAbx¿,
lognfO{ k/dfy{sf ¿kdf wf/0f u/,
ha b[9 ljZjf; -c;Gb]x_ k|fKt x'G5,
ta t™jsf] ;fIffTsf/ x'G5 .
o;sf cy{ klxNofpg rfxG5f} eg]

clj/n k|jfxsf ;fy aUg] gbL h:t}
lg/Gt/ cEof; ul//fVg"
dgnfO{ cs[lqd -cagfj6L_ cj:yfdf
/xg lbO{ xf]nf] t'Nofpg"
dgnfO{ k|ljro -pT;'stfjz c¿ hfGg],
vf]hLgLlt ug]{ :jefj_ ug{ glbO{ lgh cj:yfdf /fVg" .
lgik|k~r, lglj{sNk Pj+ lg/fnDa cj:yfdf dgnfO{ /fVg" .
cg'ej / clwud -af]w_ nfO{ Pslqt kf/,

cljlR5Gg¿kn] eO/x]sf] cg'ej g} clwud -af]w_ xf] .
cfsfz h:t} ePsf x'Fbf oL ;d/;sf 5g\ .
ha lrQnfO{ a'4sf] ¿kdf x]l/G5
oL ;d/;sf aGg k'Ub5g\ .
409
Â
clxn] wd{tfnfO{ d}n] j:t'tM ;fIffTsf/ u/]sf] 5'F .

lj1lKt :jo+d'Qm ePsf] 5 .
lglj{sNk cj:yfd} dnfO{ cgfef]u
1fgsf] ;fIffTsf/ ePsf] 5 .
of] ;j{;fwf/0f -k[yUhg_ sf] ljifo xf]Og .

w]/} dxfg k|sf08 ljåfgn] klg o;nfO{ a'‰g ;Sb}gg\ .
a'l4dfgx¿sf] a'l4n] klg o;nfO{ a'‰g ;Sb}g .
of] ljsNkeGbf k/ 5 .
d clwi7fg dfu{df l:yt x'G5' .

u'?sf jrgnfO{ cg';/0f u5'{ .
>4fn] o'Qm ePsfx¿n] af]w u5{g\ oL s'/fx¿nfO{ .
s] ltdLx¿l;t o:t} >4f 5
x] dxfWofgL, dxf;fwsx¿ xf] Û
of] s;}nfO{ elglx8\g] s'/f xf]Og .
To;kl5 uDkf]kf rL/sfn;Dd ;dflw:y /x] / kl5 y'k|} lziox¿nfO{

pkb]zx¿ k|bfg ub}{ lxF8] . ldnf/]kfn] eljiojf0fL u/]adf]lhd jf]t
uª Uon eGg] :yfgLo b]jtf cfP/ pgnfO{ bfNvf uDkf]sf nflu
k|:yfg ug]{ s'/f ofb lbnfP . ;f]xL lgb]{zg cg';f/ uDkf]kf ToxfF
k'u] . Tot}lt/ s'g} u'kmfdf a;]/ !@ jif{;Dd l;4rof{ u/]/ latfpg]
lgwf] u/] . t/ s'g} 8flsgLn] cfP/ pgnfO{ o;/L ctL{ lbFb} elgg\ M
s'g} u'kmfleq 9f]sf aGb u/L a;]/ !@ jif{;Dd

l;4rof{ ug'{eGbf TolQ g} jif{ ;™jx¿nfO{
wdf]{kb]z ub}{ ljtfpg' g} j]z Û
410
Â
olt eGb} pgL cGtwf{g eOg\ .
o;sf] nuQ}, rfªsf nf]s So gfds clt g} cf8Da/L / ci6–

nf]swd{df r'n{'Dd 8'a]sf Ps JolSt ljgow/ leIf' uDkf]kfsxfF
cfOk'Uof] . tL leIf'åf/f pkb]zsf] nflu cg'/f]w ul/Fbf uDkf]kfn] o:tf]
uLt ufP/ ;'gfOlbP .
k~r :sGw a'4 x'g\ .

sfok|ltsf] cf;lQmn] afFlwPsf 5}gf} t ltdL <
cEoGt/ u'Xo dGqsf] rof{ –

xLg rof{af6 e|ldt ePsf 5}gf} t ltdL <
;do / ;+j/sf lhljt j[If –

Sn]z¿sf clUgn] To;nfO{ hnfPsf 5}gf} t ltdLn] <
dftf¿kL if8\ultsf ;™jx¿ –

cfˆgf] If'b| nfe jf :jfy{sf] nflu
ltgLx¿nfO{ Tofu]sf 5}gf} t ltdLn] <
cljlR5Gg ;dflw –ljsNkn] ltt/ljt/

t ePsf 5}gf} t ltdL <
cgfef]u / cljkl/0ffldt b[li6

b'O{ cGtdf kmF;]sf 5}gf} t ltdL <
cf;lQm/lxt dxf;'v / ;':ki6tfsf] o; efjgf –

cg'e"ltsf ;/];df 6fFl;Psf 5}gf} t ltdL <
411
Â
cgfef]u :joDe" rof{ –

s[lqd rof{af6 df]lxt ePsf 5}gf} t ltdL <
cg'Q/ ;+j/sf ljsfn rof{ –

u'Xo dGqsf ;donfO{ tf]8]sf 5}gf} t ltdLn] <
lelq ljZjf;sf] cefj –

sd{ / kmnsf] lgodnfO{ lj/f]w u/]sf 5}gf} t ltdLn] <
;a} of]Uotflxg ;fwsx¿ –

s] ltgLx¿ 3d08 -cx+sf/_ sf] kxf8d'lg lylrPsf 5}gg\ t <
s] ltdL ci6nf]s wd{sf] hfnf]leq kmF;]sf 5}gf} t <

o; ejsf] cÍ'zdf clNemPsf 5}gf} t <
;a} ;fwsx¿ xf], xf]; u/ Û
oxfF y'k|} eofjx / gb]lvg] eL/x¿ 5g\
hxfFaf6 ltdLx¿ v:g ;S5f} .
uDkf]kfn] o:tf] wd{uLt ufPkl5 nf]sSof leIf'n] To;sf] cy{

k"0f{¿kn] a'em]/ tbg';f/ dxtL >4fsf ;fy leqL Åbob]lv cEof;
ug{ yfNof] . kl5 pm Ps Vofltk|fKt of]uL eP/ lg:Sof] .
;do ljTb} hfFbf uDkf]kfn] dWo, blIf0f klZrdL, / k"jL{ ltAatsf
cgluGtL JolQmx¿nfO{ cfˆgf lzio agfP . cfrfo{ uDkf]kfn] sbDkf
/ dxfd'b|f k/Dk/fsf b'O{ wf/fx¿nfO{ Psfsf/ u/]/ g"tg k/Dk/fsf]
:yfkgf u/] . h; cg';f/ p;\, rª / vfd k|fGtsf c;+Vo lziox¿nfO{
cfˆgf] af}l4s :t/n] lgb]{z, JofVofg / pkb]z lbP . pgsf lzio
d08nLdf ;"q, tGq tyf cGo cGo ljBfx¿df kf/+ut, gf8L / laGb'of]u–
df bIftf k|fKt, af¥x w'tfË lzIffdf lgi0fft cg]s lziox¿ lyP . tL
412
Â
;a} lziox¿ kljq :ynx¿df PsfGtjf; ub}{ cf–cfˆgf ;fwgfdf

tNnLg /x] . o;/L k'/f b]z g} To:tf l;4 u'¿x¿n] vrfvr el/g
yfNof] .
v08 @ M Cl4k|fltxfo{
uDkf]kfn] clrGTo Cl4k|fltxfo{ u/]sf lyP h;sf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0f tn

lbOg]5 .
uDkf]kf klxnf] dlxgfsf] t]¥xf}+ lbgdf Nxf;f cfOk'u] . ToxfF pgL
cleif]ssf] nflu tof/L ug{lt/ nfu] . ef]lnkN6 cyf{t\ rf}wf}+ lbgdf
pgn] cleif]s k|bfg u/] . / u0frqm k"hfsf ;fy ;df/f]xsf] cGTo
ul/of] . of] 36gfsf af/]df Nxf;fsf y'k|} dflg;x¿n] Ps cfk;df
5nkmn ub}{ lyP . ohdfg u]a'd\n] o:t} s'/f ;'gfpFb} lyof], …u'?
t]¥xf} lbgd} d]/f] 3/df kfNg'eO{ cfjZos tof/L ug'e { of] / rf}wf} lbg–
df cleif]s k|bfg u/]/ kGw|f} lbgdf u0frqm k"hf ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
To;kl5 pxfF cfsfzdf p8]/ hfg'eof] . cxf] s:tf] cfZro{nfUbf]
36gf ÛÚ uDkf]kfs} d"n ljxf/df a:g] leIf'x¿ eGb5g\, æk"Ho uDkf]kf
u'? cfˆgf] k'/Zr/0f ;fwgf u[xaf6 t]¥xf}+ lbgdf aflx/ lg:sg'eof] .
rf}wf}+, kGw|f}+ / ;f]¥xf}+ lbgdf pxfFn] ltAatsf ;a} 7fpFx¿af6 cfPsf
lziox¿nfO{ Wofgsf af/]df k|jrg lbg'eof] . Tolta]nf;Dd ToxfFaf6
st} hfg'ePsf] lyPg .Æ t/ pgs} cg'r/ ;n\ Uoª\ eg] o;f] eG5g\,
æk/d k"Ho u'?n] k"/} tLg dlxgf;Dd cfˆgf] ;fwgfu[xd} latfpg'–
ePsf] lyof] . To;aLr pxfFn] pkb]z klg lbg'ePg s]jn df}g j|t
lnO{ k'/Zr/0f cEof;df tL ;Dk"0f{ lbgx¿ latfpg'eof] .Æ o; k|sf/
Ps}rf]l6 uDkf]kf rf/ 7fpFx¿df k|s6 ePsf lyP .
s'g} a]nf, pgs} lzio n]Uh]n] o:tf] k|Zg ;f]w]sf] lyof], æklxn]–
sf ;dodf >fjs tyf cGo af}4 cg'ofoLx¿n] jzLs/0f ;dflw
tyf ;j{qu ;dflw OToflb nfe u/]sf lyP . pxfFx¿n] To:tf ;dflw
413
Â
s;/L nfe ug'{eof] xf]nf <Æ clg uDkf]kfn] hjfkm lbP, æolb cEof;
u/]sf v08df ;fwsx¿n] To:tf ;dflwx¿ cfh klg kfpg ;S5g\ .
To;df s'g} z+s} 5}g .Æ ef]lnkN6 ljxfg u'?nfO{ bxL 6S|ofpg u'?sf]
sf]7f leq k:bf n]Uh]n] ToxfF u'?nfO{ b]v]g . ToxfF u'? ;'Tg] cf]5\ofgdf
t bg bg cfuf] aNb}lyof] . To;/L blng} 5'g] u/L eofgs tj/n]
blGs/fv]sf] cfuf]sf] nKsf b]Vbf 8/n] p;sf] ;ftf] k'Tnf] p8\of] . clg
xtf/ xtf/ sf]7faf6 x'lQP/ aflx/ lg:Sof] . oL ;a} s'/f p;n] 8/fO{
8/fO{ ;n Uoª\nfO{ ;'gfof] . To;kl5 bu'b}{ pgLx¿ ToxL sf]7fleq
k:bf leq t cfuf] sf] lrGx ;d]t klg lyPg, ToxfF t wd{ u'? uDkf]
kf cfˆgf] wdf{;gdf al;/x]sf lyP . o; tj/n] pgn] kfFr wft'nfO{
jzdf kf/]/ ;j{qu wd{wft'df kl/0ft ug]{ ;dflwsf] gd"gf k|bz{g
ul/lbP .
c¿ s'g} a]nf, lbpF;f] uDkf]kf aflx/ 3fddf ple/x]sf lyP . t/
cRrdsf] s'/f] Û To:tf] 3fddf pFlebf klg pgsf] t 5fofF g} b]lvPsf]
lyPg . To:t} /flt aQLsf] ;fd' pleFbf klg pgsf] 5fofF b]lvPg .
PskN6, uDkf nf] b|f] u'?nfO{ Psnfv sfkf{lifs kqx¿ r9fpg
cfPsf] lyof] . uDkf]kfsf] sf]7fleq k:g] cg'dlt kfPkl5 pm ;/f;/
leq k:of] . leq t p;n] ;fIfft\ ;x;|e'h nf]s]Zj/sf] ¿k b]Vof] .
sf]7faf6 aflx/ cfO{ uDkf]kfsf] cg'r/ n]Uh]nfO{ cfZro{ dfGb} ;f]Wof],
æx}g, To:tf] /fd|f] eAo ;x;|e'h nf]s]Zj/sf] k|ltdf s;n] agfPsf
x'g\ < u'?nfO{ t d}n] b]lvg, pxfF clxn] sxfF x'gx' 'G5 < o:tf] s'/f ;'g]
kl5 uDkf]kfsf] cg'r/nfO{ 3f]/ cfZro{ nfUof] . To;kl5 b'j}hgf uDkf]
kfsf] sf]7flt/ uP . uDkf]kf t leq ToxLF cf;gdf lj/fhdfg ePsf
lyP hxfF klxn] ;x;|e'h nf]s]Zj/sf] ¿k b]lvPsf] lyof] . t/ ToxfF
s'g} klg k|ltdf lyPg .
km]l/ PskN6, nfdf uf]D5'nn] uDkf]kfnfO{ eg]sf lyP, æpRr e"ld
k|fKt eO;s]sf af]lw;™jn] Pp6f Psbd} ;fgf] tf]/Lsf] u]8fleq tLg
xhf/ nf]swft'x¿ k|s6 ug{ ;Sb5g\ . tf]/Lsf] u]8f 7"nf] x'Fb} hfg] jf
414
Â
tLg xhf/ nf]swft'x¿ ;fgf] x'Fb} hfg] xf]Og . t}klg Tof] u]8fleq tL
;a} nf]swft'x¿ c65g\ . s:tf] cfZro{nfUbf] s'/f ÛÆ
uDkf]kfn] pQ/ lbP, æoxL wd{tfsf] :jfefljs cj:yf xf] . ;f+j[lts
cj:yfdf h] s'/f klg ;Dej 5 . dg'iosf b'O6f ;fgf cfFvfn] c¿sf]
k"/} z/L/ b]Vg ;lsG5 . hfaf] rf/ O~rsf] P]gfdf 3f]8f / xfQLsf
7"N7"nf hLpm k|ltlalDjt x'G5g\ . Pp6f ;fgf] srf}/fdf el/Psf] kfgL–
df k"/} rGb|dfsf] k|ltlaDj b]Vg ;lsG5 . n ca dnfO{ x]gx{' f];\ t <Æ
nfdf uDkfn] uDkf]kfnfO{ x]bf{ uDkf]kfsf] z/L/ t Pp6f ljzfn
a'4sf] sfodf kl/jlt{t ePsf] b]v] . Toqf] bfSnf uDkf]sf] kxf8
hlQs} cUnf] ljzfn a'4sf] sfo klg ToxL x]b{}df kfFrhgf dflg;
dfq c6fpg] sf]7fdf klg dhf;+u c6]sf] b]Vbf pgL ltg5Ss k/]
lsgls sf]7fsf] cfsf/ t a9]sf] lyPg h:tfsf] t:t} lyof] t/ tyfut
sfosf] cfsf/ klg 36]sf] lyPg ljzfn} lyof] .
uDkf]kfn] eg], æd}n] ;ª\ n'ª\df al;/x]sf] a]nf tLg sfo s;/L
k|s6 x'bf/x]5g\ eGg] s'/f yfxf kfPF . To;kl5 d cf}wL v';L ePF .
klxn] w]/} dGqx¿ hKbf klg d lkzfr, k|]tsf] k|efjaf6 k"0f{¿kn]
;'/lIft ePsf] lyOg . t/ ca eg], dGq} ghKbf klg tL k|]t lkzfrn]
d]/f] s]xL klg ljufg{ ;Sb}gg\ . klxn], lj1hgx¿, u]z]x¿nfO{ e]6\bf
dnfO{ c;'/lIft dxz'; x'GYof] . t/ clxn] h:tf];'s} 7"nf] ljåfg d]/f]
;fd' cfPklg ddf clnslt klg c;'/Iffsf] cg'ej x'Fb}g . lsgeg]
d]/f] dgleq k|1fsf] åf/ v'Nn} 5 .Æ
PskN6, uu{d\ sfkf]{n] t]¥x Oi6b]jtfx¿sf] bLIff -transmissions_
k|bfg ul/lbg u'? uDkf]kfnfO{ cg'/f]w u/] . u'?n] klg o;df :jLs[lt
hgfP, / dGq kf7 ubf{ ub}{ pgsf] d'vaf6 /ftf] /ZdL lg:s]/ uu{dsf]
z/L/df uO{ lalng eof] . To;kl5, uu{dn\ ] 7"nf] >4f pTkfb u/L u'?nfO{ cg]s
rf]l6 b08jt\ u/] . pgn] b08jt\ ul//x]sf] a]nf u'?n] cfkm}nfO{
rt'd'{vL af¥x xft ePsf ;fIfft\ rqm;Dj/ O{i6b]jsf] ¿kdf kl/–
jlt{t u/] .
415
Â
PskN6, cfˆgL lbj+ut cfdfsf] gfddf Sof]ud\n] k~rs"nsf

a'4x¿sf] Pp6f lrq tof/ kfg{ nufP . To;nfO{ lnP/ pgL u'?
uDkf]kfsxfF k|f0f k|lti7f u/fpg nu] . pgn] ljgd| cg'/f]w u/], æx] k/d–
k"Ho u'? Û kfly{j z/L/sf] t'?Gt} bfx ;+:sf/ ug'{kg]{ x'gfn] s[kof
o;nfO{ cltzL3| clwli7t ul/lbg'xf];\ . uDkf]kfn] hjfkm lbP, æx'G5
ul/lbpFnf . t'?Gt} w"k afnL d08n r9fpg'xf];\ t .Æ pgL cfkm} a'4sf]
¿kdf k|s6 eP . pgsf] pi0fLifaf6 OGb|]0fLsf ;ft /Ë ePsf /ZdL
lgl:sP/ ;f] lrqdf no eP . cfsfzaf6 cfZro{nfUbf] cTofb\e"t
Wjlgx¿ u'l~hg yfn] . clg nuQ} k'ikj[li6 eP . Sof]ud\n] cfsfzlt/
x]/]/ cfZro{rsLt eP/ eg]5g\, æzL3| k|f0f k|lti7f o;/L kf] ul/Fbf]
/x]5 .Æ
s'g}a]nf, uDkf]kfsf] gfd dfq ;'g]sf] e/d} Pp6f uf]7fn]sf] Wofg
cEof;df ck|Tofl;t k|ult ePsf] lyof] . To:t} Uonud\ bf]h]{ eGg]
;fwsn] uDkf]kfnfO{ slxNo} e]6]s} lyPg, t}klg pgnfO{ ;DemL cs[lqd
>4fsf ;fy d08n dfq} r9fPsf] e/df pgnfO{ ;dflwsf af]wx¿
ePsf lyP .
PskN6, `ª\ 6ª\ / z/ ud\ uDkf]kfaf6 Wofgsf pkb]zx¿ k|fKt
ug{ lxl8/x]sf lyP . t/ Tof] lbg, pgLx¿ uDkf];Dd s'g} xfntdf klg
k'Ug g;Sg] ePkl5 s'g} /d0fLo kxf8L ufpFd} af; a;] . pgLx¿sf]
dgdf 7"nf] >4f pln{/x]sf] lyof] . ToxL >4fn] ubf{ g} xf]nf, `ª\ 6ª\n]
dWo/ftd} dxfd'b|fsf] l;l4 nfe u/] . kl5 ljxfgkv pgsf] ldq z/
ud\n] klg dxfd'b|fsf] l;l4 nfe u/] .
s'g}a]nf jn\ vf sL Pshgf cfOdfO{nfO{ s'i7/f]un] c;fWo} Rofk]
sf] /x]5 . v'§f / xfte/L 3fj}3fp ePsfn] pgL lx8\g} g;Sg] cj:yfdf
lyOg\ . t}klg 7"nf] cs[lqd >4fsf ;fy uDkf]kf al;/x]sf] kxf8lt/
x]/L pgn] uDkf]kfnfO{ k|fy{gf u/Lg\ / af/Daf/ k'sf/Lg\ . kl5, pgsf]
/f]u t k"/} lgsf] eP/ uof] . To;kl5 pgL u'?nfO{ e]6\g uO{ u'?af6
y'k|} pkb]zx¿ k|fKt u/Lg\ . kl5 pgn] 7"nf] l;l4 nfe ul/g\ .
416
Â
PskN6 uDkf]kf lqlrlj/ klxl/P/ xftsf b'j} a'9L cf}+nfx¿ hf]8L

cd[td'b|f agfP/ tLg lbg;Dd ple/x]sf lyP . klxnf] lbgdf pgn]
;ftj6f z/L/x¿ k|s6 u/], bf]>f] lbgdf rf}wj6f ¿kx¿df pgL
k|s6 eP / t]>f] lbgdf pgsf ¿kx¿ olt w]/} eP ls k"/} ;fwgfu[x
ltgn] el/e/fpm x'g yfn] . To;kl5 km]l/, tL ;a} lgld{t ¿kx¿ Pp6}
z/L/df uO{ ljlng eP .
o;/L :jfdL uDkf]kfn] clrGTo Cl4k|fltxfo{ u/]/ b]vfP . oxfF t
s]jn s]xL c+zsf] dfq JofVof ul/of] .
v08 # M uDkf]kfsf] wdf]{kb]z ug]{ z}nL
u'? uDkf]kfn] cfˆgf] ;a}h;f] lziox¿nfO{ dfu{qmd -nfd\ l/d\_ sf

pkb]zx¿ dfkm{t ljlgt u/] . t/ s'g} s'g} Hofb} pRr >]0fLsf ;fws–
x¿ -pQd k'?ifx¿_ nfO{ eg] pgn] dxfd'b|f / gf/f]kfsf if8\of]usf
pkb]zx¿ klg lbg] uy]{ . o;/L pgn] cgluGtL j}k'No / uDeL/
pkb]zx¿ cfˆgf s}of}+ dxflziox¿nfO{ k|bfg u/] . oL pkb]zsf
;+u|xx¿ hf];'s}nfO{ klg rf;f]sf ljifo x'g ;Sb5g\ . ;fIfft\ s?0ffsf
lgdf{0fsfo ePsf u'? uDkf]kfn] e|d/lxt / b'Mvsf d"n/lxt 1fgtkm{
cfˆgf lziox¿nfO{ 8f]¥ofP/ n}hfg cg]sf} pTs[i6 pkfosf}zNox¿
k|of]u ub{y] . PskN6, pgn] cfˆgf lziox¿nfO{ o;/L pkb]z lbP M
clgTotfsf] efjgf ;kmn WofgfEof;sf nflu d"n h8

xf] . t;y{, cf;lQmaf6 cfˆgf] dgnfO{ d'Qm ug{ o;sf]
af/Daf/ efjgf ul//fVg" . x]t–' k|Too tyf sd{–kmnsf s'/f–
x¿df cfˆgf] dgnfO{ a;fO/fVg" clt h?/L 5 lsgeg]
logn] ubf{ g} xfdL wd{ cEof; / rof{df lelq Åbob]lv
g} ;dlk{t eP/ nfluk5f}{F . oL pkb]zx¿ dgdf a]:;/L
;dft]/ /flvPg eg] ltd|f] wd{ cEof; lkmQnf] x'g]5 .
417
Â
To;n] /fd|f] pQ/f]Q/ k|ultsf] ult lng ;Sb}g . lognfO{

Åbodf a;fO{ /fVg] JolQm g} Psbd >4fjfg\ lgisk6
;fws 7xg]{5g\ h;n] ;+;f/af6 d'Qm x'g ;w} dl/d]6\g]
u/L k|of; ug]{5g\ . d}qL, s?0ff / af]lwlrQdf cfˆgf]
lrQnfO{ cle;+:s[t kfg'{ lgQfGt cfjZos 5 . oL tLg
s'/f leqL Åbob]lv hfGof}, /fd|/L cfTd;ft u¥of} eg] ltd|f
x/]s lqmofsnfk k/fy{lqmofsf] x]t' aGg k'U5 .
logLx¿ geP b'O6f sfo cyf{t lgdf{0fsfo / ;Def]u–
sfo k|fKt ug{ ;lsGg . tL b'O{ sfo k|fKt gu/Lsg
wd{sfo nfe x'Gg lsgeg] tL ;a} Ps cfk;df cGof]Gof–
l>t ;DaGw /fVg] s'/fx¿ eP . wd{sfo g} af]w gePdf
k|f0fL ;+;f/af6 d'Qm x'g ;Sb}g . dfgf}+ cfsfzb]lv 8/fP/
efu]h:t} xfdL hxfF;'s} hlGdPklg ;w} oxL ;+;f/leq}
kg{]5f}F .
;aeGbf klxn] -cflb – z'?jftdf_ ;+j[lt af]lwlrQ
Psbd dx™jk"0f{ x'G5 lsgeg] ;+j[lt af]lwlrQsf] cefjdf
dxfofg uf]qleq k|j]z ug{ ;lsGg . dWodf klg of]
plQs} dx™jk"0f{ 5 lsgeg] o;sf] cefjdf k|f0fL >fjs jf
k|To]sa'4 uf]qdf ktg x'g ;Sb5 . cGtdf klg of] plQs}
cfjZos 5 lsgeg] o;sf] cefjdf b'O{ sfox¿ k|fKt ug{
;lsGg .
;aeGbf klxn] -cflb – ;'?jftdf_ clgTotfsf] efjgf
Psbd dx™jk"0f{ x'G5 lsgeg] clgTotfsf] efjgf ul/Pg
eg] dflg; o; ej -hLjg_ af6 lj/Qm x'g ;Sb}g . dWodf
klg of] efjgf cfjZos 5 lsgeg] o;sf] cefjdf j:t'
-wd{_ nfO{ lgTo 7flgg] x'Fbf d'lQm kfpg ;lsGg . cGtdf
klg TolQ g} cfjZos 5 lsgeg] clgTo / z"Gotfsf cy{
Pp6} x'g\ .
418
Â
sd{ / kmnsf] 1fg z'?df klg cfjZos 5 lsgeg]

o;n] ubf{ xfdLn] z'4 zLnsf] kfng u5f}{F / b'u{ltsf åf/–
nfO{ aGb u5f}{F . dWodf klg cfjZos 5 lsgeg] ;a}
wd{nfO{ :jKgjt\ jf dfofjt\ 7fGg] x'Fbf ;Def/ åo -k'0o
;Def/ / 1fg ;Def/_ ;~ro ug{ ;S5f}F . of] cGtdf klg
plQs} cfjZos 5 lsgeg] ;+j[lt jf cfjl:ys kmn:j¿k
xfdLn] b'O6f ¿ksfo -lgdf{0fsfo / ;Def]usfo_ kfpF5f}F .
dfu{sf ;a} qmdx¿ plQs} cfjZos 5g\, dx™jk"0f{
5g\ . oL pkb]znfO{ Åbo+ud ul/Pg eg] cfkmGt, O{i6ldq,
wg;DklQk|ltsf] cf;lQm ;w} /lx/xG5 / z"Gotfsf]
cljkl/0ffldt :jefj} hfg] jf af]w u/]klg s]xL nfe x'Gg,
;'ult tkm{ hfg' t b"/, o;n] xfdLnfO{ emg\ b'u{lttkm{
3r]l6/x]sf] x'G5 .
To;}n], o; ej -h'gL_ k|lt cf;Qm x'g'x'Gg . ;a}
wd{nfO{ :jKtjt\ jf dfofjt\ ¿kn] x]g{df cfˆgf] dgnfO{
cle;+:s[t t'Nofpm . cfˆgf] dgnfO{ d}qL, s?0ff / af]lw–
lrQdf cle;+:s[t t'Nofpm . oL ;asf] /fd|/L cEof;
ug{ ;Sof} eg] ltdL ;'ultd} hlGdg]5f} / b'u{ltdf ktg
x'g]5}gf} .
oL pkb]zn] pkfosf}zNosf] dx™jnfO{ hf]8 lbG5g\ . slxn]sfxL

pgn] o:tf] pkb]z klg lbG5g\ M
r08fnL cEof;åf/f z"Gotf af]w x'g' k|1fkf/ldtfdf s]Gb|L–

e"t x'g' xf] . z"Gotfsf] efjgf ug'{ g} wd{wft'sf] z/0f xf] . oxL
k/dfy{ af]lwlrQ xf] . of] cgf>j ;+j/ xf] . oxL+ k/dfy{–
tj/n] ;do–kfng xf] . oxL cgfnlDagL s?0ff OToflb xf] .
c¿ ;a} wdf{Eof;x¿ o;}df ;dflji6 x'G5g\ .
419
Â
wd{sf] z'4 / k/dfy{ 1fg k|fKt ug{ rfxG5f} eg]

wd{nfO{ wd{ cg';f/ g} cEof; ug'{k5{ . wdf{Eof;n] af]lw–
dfu{ cg'z/0f ul//x]sf] x'g}k5{ / dfu{af6 ;a} e|flGtx¿
x6fOg'k5{ . e|flGtnfO{ 1fgsf] ¿kdf af]w ul/g'k5{ .
d/0ffg':d[lt jf d[To'sf] efjgf ubf{, ;+;f/k|ltsf]
cf;lQm x6]/ hfG5 . ;+;f/sf cfbLgj, x]t'–k|Toosf] efjgf
ugf{n] cs'zn sd{af6 xfdL ljd'v x'G5f}F . d}qL, s?0ff /
af]lwlrQsf] efjgf ugf{n] cfˆg} dfq d'lQm, zflGtk|ltsf]
clwd'lQm -OR5f_ af6 xfd|f] dg ljd'v x'G5 . ;j{qu
z"Gotfsf] efjgf ugf{n] ljsNk / ljifonfO{ ;t\ jf efjsf
¿kdf u|fx ug{ 5f]8\5f}F .
oL Wofgsf ljlwx¿ af/] pkb]z k|1f / pkfo b'js

} f ¿kdf lbOGy] M
cfˆgf] lrQnfO{ g} a'4sf] ¿kdf af]w u/] tfklg jh| u'?nfO{

sbflk gTofUg" . ;a} k|ltef; dg} x'g\ egL af]w u/]
klg k'0o ;+ef/ ug{ slxNo} g5f]8\g" . g/sdf hlGdPnf
eGg] s'g} eo g/x] tfklg cs'zn -kfk_ af6 ;w} 6f9}
/xg" . a'4Tj} k|fKt eP tfklg wd{sf] lt/:sf/ jf ck–
x]ngf slxNo} gug"{ . cfkm";Fu ;dflwsf ljz]if u'0fx¿ eP
tfklg 3d08L -cx+sf/L_ gx'g" . ;+;f/ / lgjf{0fsf] cåo
:j¿k af]w eO;s] tfklg ;bf PsfGt c/0ojf; ul/–
/xg" . cfkm" / c¿aLrsf] cleGg :jefj af]w eO;s]
tfklg dxfs?0ffsf] cEof;nfO{ slxNo} gTofUg" .
oL pkb]zx¿ Hofb} 7"nf] l;l4 kfO;s]sf lziox¿nfO{ lbOGYof] .

dflysf ;a} pkb]zx¿ g/ gf/L, a'9f tGg]/L, ljåfg d"v{, OToflb
;a} leIf' tyf pkf;s pkfl;sfx¿nfO{ s'g} e]befj g/fvL lbOGYof] .
420
Â
;fwssf lrQnfO{ /fd|/L k9]/ a'em]/ uDkf]kfn] x/]s ;fwssf] dfgl;s

Ifdtf, clwd'lQm, cfzo / WofgfEof;sf] :t/ cg';f/ g} pkb]z
lbGy] . t;y{, :jfdL kmfUdf] 8«'Skfn] uDkf]kfnfO{ ;f]w]sf lyP, æslt
a]nf xfdL k"0f{¿kn] k/fy{ lqmof ug{ ;S5f}F <Æ uDkf]kfn] o;/L pQ/
lbGy],
dxf ;d/;tfsf] e"ld k|fKt eO;s]kl5 xfdLn] lziox¿nfO{

ljgLt ug{ ;S5f}F . Tof] e"ld k|fKt geP;Dd xfdL;Fu
cle1f -Cl4_ x'Gg h;sf] sf/0f xfdL csf{sf] lrQsf] :t/
hfGg c;Ifd x'g] dfq geO{ s'g pkb]z ;do ;fk]If 5g\
s'g 5}gg\ eGg] s'/f ;d]t ls6fgsf ;fy olsg ug{ g;Sg]
x'G5f}F . cefjgfsf] e"ld;Dd k'Ubf xfd|f] lrQdf dxf s?0ff
k}bf x'G5 / k/fy{ lqmofdf xfd|f] lrQ cgfof;} tTk/ eO–
/xG5 . ha xfdL cf;lQm / o; hLjgk|ltsf] df]x af6
d'Qm x'G5f}F, dxfs?0ff clj/n¿kn] pTkGg eO/xg] x'gfn]
c¿ ;™jx¿nfO{ k"0f{¿kn] p4f/ ug{ ;Ifd x'G5f}F .
;+If]kdf wd{ u'? uDkf]kfn] 7"nf] pkfosf}zNosf] k|of]u u/]/ wdf{]–

kb]z ub{y] . ljåfgx¿nfO{ cfud k|df0fs} cfwf/df pkb]z lbGy] .
clzlIft cgk9x¿nfO{ ljleGg pkdf b[i6fGtx¿ k|of]u u/]/ k|ToIf
tj/n] pkbz] lbGy] . nfdf] 5f]6f] h:tf];'s} k|jrg ljlw k|of]u ul/P
klg cflv/ ltgsf] Pp6} nIo k|f0fLx¿nfO{ k|1f / pkfosf] ;+ld>0fåf/f
af]lw;Dd k'¥ofpg' g} lyof] . ;a} >4fjfg\ tyf z'4 lrQ ePsf
;fwsx¿nfO{ ltgLx¿s} z'4 cfr/0fsf nflu lgDg pkb]z lbGy] M
zq'x¿k|lt 7"nf] å]if,

;fyL cfkmGtx¿k|lt 7"nf] df]x
/ wgk|lt 7"nf] cf;lQm—
421
Â
oL wd{ ;fwsx¿sf nflu nf]s wd{x¿ x'g\ .

olb z'4¿kn] wd{sf] cEof; ug]{ xf]
eg] oL tLg nf]s wd{nfO{ Toflug} k5{ .
olb lelq Åbob]lv wd{sf] cEof; ug]{ xf]
blIf0faf6 k"j{lt/ Jofkf/ ug{ lx8\g',
vfln otf ptf a/flnFb} ofqf ul//fVg',
7"n–7"nf 3/x¿ agfpFb} a:g',
oL wd{ ;fwsx¿sf nflu nf]s wd{x¿ x'g\ .
kfsf] pd]/sf ljgow/ leIf' u[x:y hLjgdf /dfpg',

j}/fuL eP/ klg wg y'kfb}{ hfg',
vfln cWoog dfq ug'{, af]w s]xL gx'g',
oL tLg wd{ ;fwsx¿sf nflu sn+s x'g\ .
y'k|} ljifo hfg]sf] 5'F eg]/ cfˆgf] ljåtfsf] wfs nufpg',

PsfGtdf a;]/ v'a} Wofg u/]sf] 5'F eg]/ wfs nufpg',
cfˆgf] d'lg rof{sf af/] wfs nufpg',
oL tLg nf]swd{n] ;fwsnfO{ Ift\ ljIft kfb{5g\ .
422
Â

jf];f]o'Qm df;', cs'zn cfxf/,

dft nufpg] dB,
/ 5nL t?0f z/L/–
oL tLg wd{ ;fwsx¿sf nflu ljif x'g\ .
c8\snjfhL u/]/ eljiojf0fL ug'{,

;j{;fwf/0f dflg;x¿sf d[t
;GtfgnfO{ hLljt kfg{ vf]Hg'
/f]uLsf] ;]jf ug{ g;Sg',
wd{ ;fwssf nflu oL tLg lxpFsf kq ;dfg x'g\ .
cgGt ;+;f/, wg cfh{g ug{ ul/g] cgGt sfd,

/ cgGt k}z'Go k|nfkx¿ -grflxFbf ukmx¿_ —
oL tLg wd{ lj?4sf s'/fx¿ x'g\ .
d}n] lognfO{ Toflu;s]sf] 5' .
ltdLx¿n] klg lognfO{ TofUof} eg] /fd|f] x'g]5 .
423
Â
lkzfrsf] aGwgfuf/ h:tf] 3/jf/, cToGt} b'Mv si6

em]n]/ y'kfl/Psf wg, csf{sf] slxNo} t[Kt
gx'g] OR5fsf cufl8 em'Sg',
oL tLgnfO{ d}n] Toflu;s]sf] 5' .
sfd gnfUg] k|]dL jf k|ldsfx¿k|lt sfd's dfofk|Llt,

cfˆg} zq' eP/ lg:sg] ;Gtfgx¿k|lt 7"nf] df]x,
/ otfptf ljgf s'g} sfd a/fFlnb} lx8\g',
oL tLgnfO{ d}n] Toflu;s]sf] 5' .
o; k|sf/ uDkf]kfn] kB / uB b'j} z}nLdf ;fwf/0f Pj+ ljlzi6

tj/n] pkb]z lbGy] . pgL eGy],
WofgfEof;df dnfO{ l;l4x¿ k|fKt ug{ c;fWo} sl7g

x'GYof] . t/ ltdLx¿n] To:tf] sl7gfO{x¿sf] ;fdgf ug{
gknf{ zfob lsgeg] oL pkb]zx¿ 7"nf] pkfosf}zNosf]
¿kdf lbOPsf 5g\ . olt dfq geP/, sfUo' k/Dk/f
c¿ k/Dk/f h:t} xf]Og . of] k/Dk/f cToGt} cb\e"t
clwi7fgx¿n] ;dlGjt 5 . lgs} sl7gfO{x¿ em]n]/ dgdf
c;Gb]x jf lglZrttf Nofpg ;s]sf] v08df of] dfu{
cjnDjg ug{ g;lsg] eGg] s'/} cfpFb}g . WofgfEof;df
;'wf/ Nofpg, dfu{sf jfwf c8\rgx¿nfO{ k~5fpg /
pkb]znfO{ cg'e"ltdf ptfg{ cfjZos cleif]sx¿ k|fKt
u/]/ r08fnL tyf dxfd'b|fsf Wofg ug'{sf ;fy ;fy}
424
Â
uDeL/ u'?of]usf] klg cEof; ubf{ c;fWo} k|efjzfnL

l;4 x'g]5 .
o;/L c;+Vo ljg]ohgx¿nfO{ c;Ld wd{rqm k|jQ{gx¿ u/] .

cfkm" hGd / d[To'sf ljsNkaf6 w]/} dfly pl7;s]tfklg, ;a} wd{
clgTo 5g\ eGg] tYo -ljz]if¿kn] hGd / d[To'sf] tYo_ k|:t't u/]/
b]vfOlbP/ cN5Lx¿nfO{ klg hfu?s kfg{] ;f]+r pgn] lnP . cfˆgf]
hLjgsf] cGTolt/ cfOk'Ubf uDkf]kfn] cfkm"n] ;DxfNb} u/]sf] wdf{;g
wd{u'? uD5'n nfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/]/ pkl:yt ;a}nfO{ o;/L ;Daf]wg
u/], æca d o; nf]sdf w]/} ;do;Dd /xg ;lSbg xf]nf zfob .
olb cem} s;}sf] dgdf z+sf jf k|Zgx¿ z]if 5g\ eg] cfP/ dnfO{
;f]w] x'G5 . dg nufP/ cEof; ug]{x¿nfO{ w]/} zAbx¿ elg/xg'
kb{}g, ltgLx¿n] dfq oL ;f/ pkb]znfO{ Åbodf ;fFr]/ /fv]k'U5 M s'6
pkb]zsf] ;f/ o:tf] xf] M
lqsfnsf ;a} a'4x¿sf lgdf{0fsfo,

s?0ffsf] Hof]lt km}nfO{ bz} lbzfdf JofKt x'g' ePsf,
d]/f] dgleqsf] cGwsf/nfO{ x6fOlbg'x'g]
lqsfnsf ;a} u'?x¿sf] r/0fsdndf d]/f] b08jt Û
clt dgf]x/ Û
cfB :j;+j]B 1fgdf /lx/xg] OR5f ePsfx¿ Û
lrQnfO{ skf;sf] 8Nnf] h:tf] lgh¿kdf /xgb]pm Ù
s'g} cfnDagdf lrQnfO{ g/fvL, ;a} sd{x¿nfO{ Toflub]pm Ù
lrQnfO{ ljgf lgoGq0f :jtGqk"j{s /xgb]pm Ù
k|ToIf¿kn] lrQnfO{ x]/ Ù
:Tofgld4 / cf}4Tosf}s[To pTkGg eP lrQnfO{ g} x]g{" Ù
lrQnfO{ ljlIfKt kfg]{ ;a} lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ Toflub]pm Ù
425
Â
OR5f cfzfx¿ knfpg yfn]df

df/sf] jzdf kmFl;G5, o;k|lt ;r]t /xg" Ù
cs[lqd dg g} a'4™j xf] .

k|k~rn] o'Qm dg a'4™j xf]Og .
lbg / /ft OToflb ;a} e]bn] /lxt

:jefljs lrQnfO{ o;/L g} lrlgG5 .
u|fx/lxt, cfsfz h:t} z"Go t/ ;':ki6 -k|ef:j/_ –

of] o:tf] b[li6 xf] h'g s'g} klg lbzfdf cjl:yt 5}g .
c;Gb]x ;xh¿kn] :jtM :km"t{¿kn] pTkGg x'G5
h'g :kml6s em}F z'4 / j]bfu 5 .
u|fx/lxt k|efZj/ -z'Gotf k|ef:j/sf] o'ug4_
of] lrQdf cljlR5Gg ;Gtltsf] k|jfx
;xh¿kn] eO/x]sf] x'G5 .
s'g} Ps lzz'h:tf] of] cs[lqd lrQ
cf;lQm/lxt rof{ xf] h;df cu|fx / cTofu
;xh¿kdf -cgfef]u¿kdf_ eO/fv]sf] x'G5 .
cd[t ;/x x]t' / kmn ;fy;fy} pTkGg eO/fv]sf] x'G5 .
cgfef]u :j;+j]B 1fg ;xh¿kn] k|jflxt eO/fv]sf] x'G5 .
o;/L, cfˆg} lrQnfO{ a'4sf] ¿kdf b]Vg ;Sb}gf} eg]
ltdLn] bz} lbzfdf jf ltg} sfndf vf]h]
klg a'4nfO{ e]§fpg ;Sg]5}gf} .
t;y{, ltd|f] cfˆg} lrQsf] b[li6nfO{
cle;+:s[t kfg]{ sf]lz; u/ .
o;/L, pgn] jh|jfs\ df oL pkb]zx¿ lbP .
426
Â
æoL afx]s,Æ pgL eGb} nUb5g\, æoL s'/fx¿ d efjL k':tfx¿sf]

nflu eGb}5' . ha d cåo wd{wft'df nLg x'G5', ltdLx¿n] o:tf]
g;f]Rg" ls æca u'? xfdL ;fd' /xg'ePg .Æ d]/f] lrQ ;a} sfn j0f{
/ ;+:yfgdf JofKt k/dk"Ho u'? / lqsfn a'4x¿ eGbf leGg 5}g .
d]/f] Wofg ug"{, dnfO{ k'sfg"{ jf d]/f] af/]df lrGtg ug"{, d]/f] clwi7fg
t ToxfF lgaf{w ltdLx¿nfO{ k|fKt eOg} /xg]5 .
æhf] ;fwgfdf w]/} dfly k'lu;s]sf 5g\, pgLx¿n] åofGtnfO{
5]bg ug]{ k|1f / s?0ff sf] cleGg :j¿ksf] af/]df Wofg ug'{–
k5{ . gf/f]kfsf if8of]usf] cEof; ug"{ . oL cEof; Wofgsf ;a}eGbf
uDeL/ cEof;df kb{5g\ . ltdLx¿nfO{ h:tf];'s} l;l4 xfl;n ePklg
cf;lQm/lxt eP/ cem dflysf] 1fgsf] nflu cu|;/ eO/xg" .
æltdLx¿sf] dgdf ;Gb]x jf afwf Jojwfgx¿ pTkGg ePdf tL
;Gb]x jf afwf Jojwfg x6fpg] pkb]z ePsf ljleGg u|Gyx¿ k9\g"
/ dxfg u'?x¿k|lt ;b}j >4f]Tkfb ul//fVg" . olb ltdLx¿ zflGt
/ ;'vsf] sfdgf u5f}{ eg] ;Gt'li6sf] cEof; u/]/ ;w} yf]/}sf] dfq
rfxgf u/ . olb ;Dos\ ;Daf]lw g} rfxG5f} eg] c/0ojf; jf PsfGt
7fpFdf cEof; u/]/ latfpm . ;+;f/sf] b'MvnfO{ af/+af/ ;+Dem]/ o;
h'gLk|ltsf] cf;lQmaf6 d'Qm x'g" . ;fFrf] u'? t ltd|f] cfˆg} dg xf] Ù
cGoq st} vf]Hg} kb}{g .
æljsNk/lxt eP/ cgflb k|tLTo;d'TkfbnfO{ :ki6;Fu af]w ug"{ .
ltdLx¿n] h] h:tf] k|l0fwfg u/]klg jf h] h:tf] kl/0ffdgf kf7
u/]klg tL ;a} k"0f{ x'g]5g\ . t;y{, To:tf k|l0fwfgx¿ ul//xg" .
c¿x¿sf] af]lw k|flKtsf nflu ljk'n / uDeL/ kl/0ffdgf ul//xg" .
æcg'TkGg e"ld wd{sfo xf] / cgGt dfu{ ;Def]usfo xf] / cgf–
ef]u kmn lgdf{0fsfo xf] . oxL d]/f ;a} pkb]zx¿sf] ;f/f+z xf],
To;}n] ltdLx¿n] o;/L a'‰g'k5{ .
æeljiodf …cxf] Û d}n] t pxfFnfO{ e]6\g} kfOgÚ egL ;f]+Rg] k|f0fLx¿n]
d}n] n]v]sf …;4d{lrGtfdl0fd'lQm/TgfnÍf/Ú, …dfuf]{Qd/TgdfnfÚ OToflb
427
Â
u|Gyx¿sf] cWoog u?g\ / tbg';f/ cEof; u?g\ . dnfO{ k|ToIf¿kn]

e]6\g' / d]/f oL s[ltx¿sf] cWoog ug'{df s'g} ljz]if cGt/ 5}g .
wd{nfO{ a'‰g / cEof; ug{ uf¥xf] eO/fv]sf k|f0fLx¿n] dnfO{ ;+em]/
>4fsf ;fy k'sfg'{ clwi7fg ;xh ¿kn] k|jflxt x'g]5g\ .
ækl5 ;™jx¿ cg]s clgi7sf/L s'/fx¿n] u|l;t x'g]5g\ /
pgLx¿nfO{ p4f/ ug{ sl7g x'g]5 . wdf{;gx¿ agfpg], k|ltdf, d"lt{
OToflb agfpg]lt/ dfq gnfuL wd{nfO{ wdf]{kb]z cg';f/ g} /fd|/L
cEof; ul//fVg" . oxL g} jf:tljs wdf{;g x'g]5, oxL g} u'?x¿sf
hLjgL / d'lQm x'g\ . t;y{, a'4sf pkb]zsf] ljkl/t guOsg wd{sf]
cEof; ug"{ . ;fdfGotof, u'?sf] k|fb'ef{j Ps ;kgf ;/x xf] . dnfO{
clxn] / kl5 cg'z/0f ug]{x¿nfO{ ;+;f/sf] b'Mvaf6 /Iff ug]{ d]/f] pQ/–
bflo™j xf] . To;}n] >4f]Tkfb / k|l0flw lrQ pTkGg ug{ glj;{g" .Æ
o;/L, c;+Vo pkb]z / ctL{x¿ TolQs} k|bfg ul/P .
;g\ !!%% df kRrxQ/f} jif{sf] pd]/df hn–zs'lg jif{sf] 5}7f}
dlxgfdf k"l0f{dfsf] lbg uDkf]kf lqlrj/ nufOsg} ko{+sa4 cf;gdf
dfly cfsfzdf x]/]sf] x]¥o} pTkfb, lg/f]waf6 d'Qm k|ef:j/ wd{wft'df
no eP . o;/L uDkf]kfsf] lgjf{0f eof] . To;a]nf cg]s k|sf/sf
cb\e't z'e lgldQx¿ b]vfk/] . k"/} cfsfz ljljw OGb|wg'if, k|sfzn]
JofKt lyof] . b]jtfx¿sf b'Gb'lesf Wjlgx¿ k|ltWjlgt eP . k'iksf]
jiff{ eof] . e'sDk / jh|kft eP . ;a} k"hfsf b]jLx¿ ;fIfft\ k|s6
eP/ k"hfx¿ r9fP OToflb== . b]jdg'iosf k"hfd]3n] ;a}yf]s o;/L
JofKt lyP h'g zAbåf/f JoQm ug}{ ;lsGg .
o; k|sf/, a'4s} lgdf{0fsfo dxf cfrfo{ uDkf]kf ;x]t'tM plrt
sfn / plrt ;dodf o; nf]sdf pTkGg eO{ a'4sf] pkb]znfO{
;Dk"0f{ ¿kdf :yfkgf u/]/ hfg'eof] . x'gtM a'4sf pkb]z ltAatdf
klxn] g} k'lu;s]/ s'g} s'g} 7fpFdf t km:6fO;s]sf klg lyP . t/
pxfF g} To:tf] JolQm x'g'x'GYof] h;n] ;"o{ pbfPem}F a'4sf pkb]znfO{
;j{;'ne / Jofks k|rf/k|;f/ ul/lbg'eof] . s'g} lj/f]wfef; ljgf g}
428
Â
cfh ;"q / tGqsf pkb]zx¿ Ps JolQmn] Plss[t ¿kdf jf ;fy;fy}

cEof; ug{ ;Sb5 . Tof] pxfFs} b]g lyof] .
7"nf 7"nf ;Dk|bfosf dxf cfrfo{x¿n] cfrfo{ uDkf]kfsf af/]df
w]/} n]lv;Sg'ePsf] 5 . of] pxfFsf] cyfx dxf;fu/¿kL hLjgLaf6
s]xL c+z dfq xf] .
429
Â
kl/lzi6 @
u|Gydf pNn]lvt dxfk'?ifx¿sf]
;+lIfKt hLjgL
!= ;'wg M t]>f] kl/R5]bdf sNof0fldq ;+>osf] JofVof ubf{ uDkf]kfn]

;'wgsf] b[i6fGt k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] . ;'wgn] s;/L sNof0fldqx¿–
l;t ;T;+ut u/] eGg] ljifodf u08Jo"x ;"qdf lj:t[t¿kn] JofVof
u/]sf] kfOG5 . k|frLg sfndf wGofs/ gfds gu/df ;'wg gfd
u/]sf >]i7Lbf/s k'qsf] hGd ePsf] lyof] . elgG5, ;'wgn] cfˆgL
cfdfsf] ue{df k|j]z ug]{ ljlQs} ljleGg k|sf/sf /Tgx¿sf] vfgL
3/sf] ghLs} e]l6Psf] lyof] .
;'wgn] cg]s sNof0fldqx¿l;t ;T;+ut u/] . ;"qsf cg';f/
pgn] Pszo bz sNof0fldqx¿sf] ;]jf u/]sf lyP . ;j{k|yd ;'wgn]
af]lw;™j d~h'>Lsf] ;fd'Gg] af]lwlrQf]Tkfb u/]sf lyP . d~h'>Ln]
;'wgnfO{ leIf' d]3xLsxfF uO{ pgsf] pkb]z u|x0f ug{ eGg'eof] . ;'wgn]
;fu/d]3 h:tf ljleGg sNof0fldqx¿sf] ;xf/f lnFb} pgLx¿sf] pk–
b]z u|x0f ub}{ cGtdf d}q]o af]lw;™jsf] bz{g k|fKt u/] . af]lw;™j
d}q]on] km]l/ d~h'>LsxfF hfg eGg'eof] . d~h'>Lsf] ;T;+utkl5
;'wgn] ;dGteb| af]lw;™jnfO{ e]6] . ;dGteb| af]lw;™jn] ;'wgnfO{
eb|rof{ k|l0fwfgsf] pkb]z lbg'eof] . o;/L ;'wgn] d~h'>LnfO{ g}
b'O{k6s e]6]/ pxfFaf6 pkb]z k|fKt u/]sf lyP . Pj+ /Ltn] ;'wgn]
hDdf lqkGg sNof0fldqx¿ ;T;+ut u/]sf lyP .
;'wgn] sNof0fldqx¿l;t ;T;+ut u/]sf] ljifodf >L;Dejljdf]
Ifdf o:tf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M bf/s >L;+ej / pxfFsL >Ldltn]
sNof0fldqaf6 x'g] cg'z+;f -nfe_ / sNof0fldq ;]jgsf pkfox¿
jf ljlwx¿sf] ;lj:tf/ JofVof ub}{ ;'wgnfO{ d}q]osf] bz{g ug{
k7fpg'eof] .
431
Â
pko'{Qm k|sf/n] ;'wgn] sNof0fldqx¿nfO{ jGbgf / nfvf}+ k|b–

lIf0ff u/] . sNof0fldq vf]Hg] qmddf ljleGg b'Mv si6x¿ cfOk/] .
t/ tL ;a} b'Mv si6nfO{ jf:tf gu/L Psbd cfb/k"j{s ;'wgn]
sNof0fldqx¿sf] ;]jf u/] / cGtdf af]lw;™jrof{, k|l0fwfg, an, 1fg
cflbdf ;dGteb| h:t} g} x'g ;kmn eP .
;'wgsf] ;Gbe{df pkfl;sf crnfsf] pNn]v hf]8\g' klg ;fGble{s}
xf]nf . pkfl;sf crnf l:y/f gfds /fhwfgLdf a:blyg\ / ToxL+,
cfˆgf] 3/df cfˆgf dftf–lktf / cGo cfkmGtx¿sf ljzfn ;d'bfonfO{
wdf]{kb]z ul//xlGyg\ . ToxL avt ;'wg pgsf] 3/sf] åf/df cfO–
k'u] . ToxfF k'Ug]ljlQs} pgsf] lrQ ;GtlQdf cg]s ;dflwx¿ pTkGg
eP . ;'wgn] pkfl;sf crnfaf6 cg]s pkb]zx¿ k|fKt u/]sf lyP .!
@= ;bfk|?lbt M t]>f] kl/R5]bdf sNof0fldq ;+>osf] JofVof ubf{ uDkf]

kfn] ;bfk|?lbtsf] b[i6fGt k|:t't ug'e
{ Psf] lyof] .
;bfk|?lbtn] s;/L sNof0fldqsf] ;+>o u/] eGg] af/]df ci6–
;fxl;|sf k|1fkf/ldtf OToflbdf j0f{g kfOG5 . ci6;fxl;|sfsf]
;bfk|?lbt kl/jt{sf cg';f/ k|1fkf/ldtfsf] vf]hL ubf{ ub}{ ;bfk|?lbt
h+unleq k;] . To;a]nf o:tf] cfsfzjf0fL eof] M
æk"j{ lbzftkm{ kfFr;o of]hgk/ uGwjtL gfds Pp6f gu/ 5 .
ToxfF af]lw;™j wdf]{b\ut k|1fkf/ldtfsf] pkb]z lbFb} x'g'x'G5 . ToxfF
uP/ pxfFaf6 k|1fkf/ldtfsf] pkb]z ;'Gg" .Æ
Tof] cfsfzjf0fL ;'g]/ ;bfk|?lbt c;fWo} v';L eP . t}klg pgn]
Pp6f ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf ug'{k¥of] . ctM cfˆgf] z/L/} a]r]/ ePklg
k};f ;+sng ug'{k¥of] eg]/ k0o :yn k'u] . ædnfO{ lsGg] dfG5]
sf] 5Æ eg]/ a]:;/L s/fpFbf klg df/n] lj£g k'¥ofPsf sf/0fn]
pgsf] Tof] lrTsf/ s;}n] ;'g]g . ToxL avt ;bfk|?lbtsf] cfzo
s:tf] /x]5 egL hfFRgsf] nflu b]j/fh OGb| a|fXd0fsf] e]if abn]/
pgL;fd' k|s6 eP . To;/L e]if abn]/ cfPsf OGb|n] ;bfk|?lbtnfO{
432
Â
pirizò 2 : ¢Nwma %‘eiot mhapué;hêkae s<i]Ý jIvnI
;Daf]wg ub}{ eg], ædnfO{ dfG5]sf] cfjZostf 5}g . a? o1sf]

nflu dnfO{ dg'iosf] df;', /ut / xf8x¿sf] vfFrf] 5 . OGb|sf]
o:tf] s'/f ;'g]/ clt k|;Gg eO{ ;bfk|?lbtn] Psbd tLvf] xltof/n]
cfˆgf] bflxg] v'§fsf] lkmnfsf] df;' sf6]/ lbP / xf8 6'S|ofpg kvf{n
tkm{ uP . of] ;a} dxnsf] dflyaf6 >]i7LsL k'qLn] x]l//x]sL lyOg\ .
tn cf]n/{] pgn] o:tf] s7f]/ sfo{sf] sf/0f ;bfk|?lbt;+u ;f]lwg\ .
wdf]{b\utnfO{ r9fpg] k"hf ;fdu|Lsf] cfjZostf ;bfk|?lbtnfO{ ePsf]
s'/f pgn] yfxf kfOg\ . To;kl5 >]i7Lk'qLn] rflxg] ;a} ;/;fdu|Lx¿
;bfk|?lbtnfO{ lbOg\ . ;bfk|?lbt ;+u} kfFr;o JolQmx¿sf ;fydf
>]i7Lk'qL /ydf a;]/ kb\dfjtL gfds gu/tkm{ k|:yfg ul/g\ . ToxfF
k'Ug]ljlQs} ;bfk|?lbtn] wdf]{b\utsf] bz{g k|fKt u/L af]lwlrQf]Tkfb
u/] . ;bfk|?lbtn] wdf]{b\utnfO{ o;/L ljgd| lgj]bg u/], æklxn]sf
a'4x¿ sxfFaf6 cfpg'eof] / sxfF hfg'eof] <Æ o; k|Zgsf] hjfkmdf
wdf]{b\utn] a'4x¿sf cfjfud0fsf] wf/0ffnfO{ lj:t[t¿kn] v08g
u/] . ;bfk|?lbtn] ;ft jif{;Dd ;dflwi7 /x]/ k|1fkf/ldtf u|Gyx¿sf
nflu cEor{gf u/] .
;ft jif{kl5 ;dflwaf6 p7\bf, Tof] 7fpFe/L w"n} w"nf] hldPsf]
lyof] . kfgL 5s]{/ ;kmf ug'{ k¥of] egL ;f]+Rb} ;bfk|?lbt hn vf]Hg
aflx/ lg:s] . t/ df/n] hn / k'iknfO{ cb[io agfOlbPsf lyP .
To;kl5 ;bfk|?lbt, >]i7LsGof / pgsf u0f ;a}n] cf–cfˆgf] z/L/
sf] gf8L sf6L /ut lgsfn]/ ToxL /ut 5s]{/ Tof] 7fpFnfO{ ;kmf u/] /
u'?nfO{ lj/fhdfg u/fpg Pp6f cf;gsf] klg lgdf{0f u/] . To;kl5
wdf]{b\utn] Tof] 7fpFdf cfP/ k|1fkf/ldtfsf] b]zgf u/] . To; avt
;bfk|?lbtn] w]/} ;dflwx¿ k|fKt u/] / c;+Vo a'4x¿sf] bz{g klg
u/] .@
#= g/f]kf -gf8kfb_ M t]>f] kl/R5]bdf sNof0fldq ;+>osf] JofVof

ubf{ uDkf]kfn] g/f]kfsf] b[i6fGt k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] . dxfkl08t
433
Â
g/f]kf -!)!^–!!)) O{=_ l;4frfo{ ltnf]kfsf k|d'v lzio lyP . pgsf

lktf sfZdL/sf /fhf s'znjdf{ lyP . jfNosfnd} g/f]kfn] j}lbs
k/Dk/fsf ;a} ljBfx¿sf] cWoog u/]sf lyP . kl5 pgL lhgldqsxfF
uP . pgL lhgldqaf6 af}4 zf;gdf k|j|Hof lnP/ lqlk6sw/ ag] .
To;kl5 gfnGbf ljZjljBfnodf k|:yfg u/L ToxfFsf :ylj/ gfu–
;]g, cfsf/ zflGt h:tf cfrfo{x¿af6 pRr af}4 lzIff xfl;n u/] .
pgL cfud / o'lQmdf k|sf08 ljåfg lyP . pgsf] ;f]xL ljåtfsf] cGo
ljåHhgx¿n] d'Qm s07n] tf/Lkm ub{y] . g/f]kf gfnGbf dxfljxf/sf
pkfWofo klg ePsf lyP . pgn] sfnrqm, x]jh| cflbl;t ;DalGwt
u|Gyx¿sf] 6Lsf klg n]v]sf lyP .
Psrf]l6 cWoog ul//fv]sf a]nf g/f]kfsf] cufl8 Psbd eofgs
s'¿k cfOdfO{ k|s6 eOg\ . tL cfO{dfO{n] g/f]kfnfO{ ;f]lwg\, æs] tkfO{
u|Gysf zAbx¿ a'‰g'x'G5 < g/f]kfn] …a'‰5'Ú egL hjfkm lbPkl5
cfOdfO{ v';L eP/ unn xfl;g\ . km]l/ tL cfO{dfO{n] ;f]lwg\, æs]
tkfO{+nfO{ ltgsf] cy{ klg yfxf 5 <Æ g/f]kfn] …yfxf 5 .Ú egL eGbf
cfOdfO{ ?g yflng\ . g/f]kfn] o:tf] crDdnfUbf] Jojxf/sf] sf/0f
hfGg vf]Hbf cfOdfO{n] elgg\, …ltdL Ps kl08t xf} / zAb zAb /fd|}
a'‰5f} – Tof] ltdLn] ;fFrf] af]Nof} . To;}n] k|;Gg eP/ d xfF;]sL . t/
ltdLn] To;sf] cy{ klg hfg]sf] 5' egL em'7f] af]n]sf lyof}, To;}n]
To:tf] em'7f] s'/f ;'g]/ d /f]PsL lyO{ . To;kl5 g/f]kfn] ;f]w], …To;f]
eP, o;sf] cy{ s;nfO{ yfxf 5 t <Ú tL cfO{dfO{n] hjfkm lbO{g\,
…ltnf]kfÚ . olt eGb} pgL cGtwf{g eOg\ . To;kl5 g/f]kfn] ljrf/ u/],
…tL cfOdfO{ s'g} 8flsgL x'g'k5{ .Ú o; 36gfkl5 g/f]kfn] rqm;Dj/–
sf] efjgf / hk ug{ yfn] . ;ftf}+ lbgkl5 pgnfO{ k"jLo{ ef/tdf
ltnf]kfnfO{ e]6\g5] f} egL cfsfzjf0fLn] ;Gb]z lbof] .
To;kl5, g/f]kfn] l;4frfo{ ltnf]kfsf] vf]hL ug]{ lgwf] u/] . of]
s'/f gfnGbfsf /Tgjh| OToflb cfrfo{x¿n] yfxf kfPkl5 pgnfO{
/f]Sg x/;+ej k|of; u/] . t/ s]xL ;Lk nfu]g . cfˆgf] lg0f{oaf6
434
Â
g/f]kf clnslt klg kl5 x6]gg\ . To;kl5 gfnGbf dxfljxf/sf] pkfWofo

kb /Tgjh|nfO{ ;'Dk]/ ltnf]kfnfO{ vf]Hg g/f]kf uf}8\ b]ztkm{ k|:yfg
u/] . pQm b]zsf /fhfn] cfˆgf] b]zdf dxfkl08t g/f]kfsf] pkl:yltaf/]
yfxf kfpgf;fy} g/f]kfnfO{ cfdlGqt u/]/ ljåt lz/f]dl0fsf] kbaf6}
;Ddflgt u¥of] .
To;kl5 ;kgfdf …ltd|f] ;ft hGdb]lvsf] u'? ltnf]kf o; avt
a+ufndf x'g'x'G5 . ltdL ToxL uP x'G5 .Ú egL 8flsgLx¿n] ;+s]t
lbP .
o:tf] ;+s]t kfO;s]kl5 g/f]kf a+ufndf uP/ cfˆgf] u'?sf]
vf]hL ug{ yfn], vf]Hbf vf]Hb} pgL cf]bGtk'/L ljxf/df k'u] . To;
ljxf/sf leIf';+3n] g/f]kfsf] xflb{s :jfut–;Tsf/ u/] . g/f]kfn] ToxfF
ltnf]kfsf] af/] hfGg] sf]lz; u/] . t/ leIf'x¿n] ltnf]kf eGg] s'g}
l;4sf] hfgsf/L cfkm"x¿;+u gePsf] t/ ToxL gfd u/]sf] Pshgf
duGt] ToxL ljxf/df cjZoklg a:b5g\ egL atfP . ToxL duGt]–
nfO{ vf]Hbf vf]Hb} efG5f3/leq nfdf] h6f kfn]sf, wf]tL h:tf] dfq
klxl/Psf JolQm wdfwd df5f tfb}{ lyP . To:tf] sfo{ dfG5]n] b]v]–
kl5 ufnL ub}{ Tof] duGt]nfO{ lk6\g yfNof] . To;kl5 duGt]n] …n' xL
h hÚ dGqsf] pRrf/0f ug]{ljlQs} ToxL If0fdf tfl/Psf ;a} df5f
k'ghL{ljt eP/ cfsfzdf p8]/ uP . o:tf] rdTsf/ cfˆg} cfFvfn]
b]v]kl5 leIf'x¿n] dfkmL dfFu] . Tof] duGt] jf:tjdf Ps l;4 k'?if
g} /x]5 egL ;a}nfO{ yfxf eof] . of] 36gf b]lv;s]kl5 …Tof] JolQm g}
ltnf]kf x'g'k5{Ú eGg] s'/fdf g/f]kfnfO{ ljZjf; eof] . To;kl5 pgL
ltnf]kfsf] kl5 kl5 nflu g} /x] . Ps jif{;Dd pkb]z kfpg' t k/}
5, ltnf]kfsf] Ps jrg ;'Gg' klg uf¥xf] lyof] .
af¥x jif{;Dd g/f]kfn] cfˆgf] u'? ltnf]kfsf] lgb]{zgnfO{ kfngf
u/L lgs} 7"nf] k/LIff, b'Mv si6x¿ -!@ j6f b'is/ rof{_ em]Ng'k¥of] .
klxnf] k/LIff:j¿k u'?sf] cf1f kfng u/]/ ljxf/sf] sf}zLaf6 tn
xfDkmfn] . bf]>f] k/LIff:j¿k To:t} si6 ;xg'k¥of] . t]>f] k/LIff:j¿k
435
Â
bg bg aln/x]sf] cfuf]df cfkm" xf]ldP . rf}yf] k/LIff:j¿k, cz'lr

-kmf]x/_ kbfy{, dn OToflb vfg'k¥of] Ù kfFrf}, pT;j eO/x]sf] 7fFpaf6
ef]hgf rf]bf{ d/0ff;Gg x'g]u/L s'6fO{ vfg'k¥of] Ù 5}7f}F, /fgLsf] z/L/df
:kz{ ubf{ 7"nf] b'b{zf em]Ng'k¥of] Ù ;ftf}+, dGqLsL a'xf/LnfO{ ha/h:tL
ckx/0f ug{ vf]Hbf xft v'§f eflrg] u/L s'6fO{ vfg'k¥of] Ù cf7f}+,
:qL u|x0f ug{ nufOof] Ù gjf}+ cfˆg} lnËdf x7f}8fn] a]:;/L xfg]/
IftljIft eP Ù bzf}, u'?nfO{ cfˆgL :qL ck{0f u/] Ù P3f/f}+, sL/fx¿
;NanfO/fv]sf] lxnf]df cfkm" k"n h:t} nDk;f/ ;'ltlbP . af¥xf}F, kfgL
gePsf]n] cfˆg} g;f sf6]/ /ut lgsfnL 5s]{/ pkb]z:yn ;kmf
u/] / km"n OToflb gePsfn] cfˆg} sfg OToflb c+u sf6]/ d08ndf
/fv]/ u'?nfO{ r9fP . o;/L af¥x jif{;Dd g/f]kfn] s7Lg k/LIffx¿sf]
;fdgf ug'{k¥of] .
To;kl5 ltnf]kfn] cfˆgf] rKknn] lxsf{P/ g/f]kfnfO{ a]xf]z kfl/
lbP . g/f]kfsf] xf]z kms]k{ l5, ltnf]kfn] pgnfO{ cfˆgf] cf}n F fn] dfly
cfsfztkm{ b]vfpFb} eg], æj:t'tM, t™j o; cfsfz ;dfg :joDe"
1fg xf] . To;nfO{ zAbdf JoQm ug{ ;lsGg . of] dgsf] uf]r/j:t'
klg xf]Og . To;}n], d ltnf]kfl;t ltdLnfO{ pkb]z lbg jf atfpg
s]xL klg 5}g . cfkm}n] lgl/If0f u/]/ t™jnfO{ hfGg] k|of; u/ .Æ
l;4 ltnf]kfsf] pko'{Qm pkb]z ;'g]kl5 g/f]kfnfO{ t™jsf] 1fg
eof] . To;kl5, ltnf]kfn] cfˆgf ;a} 1fg g/f]kfnfO{ k|bfg u/], Pp6f
ef8f]Fsf] kfgL k"/} csf]{ efF8f]df vGofP ;/x g} . sfnfGt/df ltnf]kf
u'?sf] cg'dlt lnP/ g/f]kf ljqmdzLn dxfljxf/df uO{ ToxfFsf] åf/–
kfn kl08t ag] . Tof] kb klxn] cfrfo{ lhtf/Ln] ;DxfNb} cfPsf lyP .
t/ lhtf/Lkl5 Tof] kb l/Qm x'g uof] . g/f]kf ljqmdzLn dxfljxf/
sf] pQ/ åf/sf] k|wfg kl08t ag]sf lyP . To;a]nf, ljqmdzLn dxf–
ljxf/sf] k"j{ åf/sf k|wfg kl08t zflGtkf, blIf0f åf/sf jfuLZj/,
klZrd åf/sf k|1fs/dlt tyf dWosf sfZdL/L kl08t /Tgjh| /
1fg>Lldq lyP .
436
Â
tTsfnLg sfZdL/L /fhf g/f]kfsf ljåbtf / l;l4x¿af6 Psbd

k|efljt eP/ cfˆgf] /fHodf k'ikx/L gfds ljxf/ lgdf{0f u/fP/
g/f]kfnfO{ ;;Ddfg r9fP . cfˆgf] hLjgsf] clGtd sfndf g/f]kf
Ps ljz]if k|sf/sf] l;4rof{df nLg eP / cGttM ;z/L/ v]r/–
nf]sdf k|:yfg u/]sf lyP .
g/f]kfsf c;+Vo lziox¿ lyP . ltgdWo] s]xL k|l;4 lziox¿ o;
k|sf/ lyP M zflGteb|, zflGtkfb, d}qLkfb, 8f]DaLkfb, :ylj/ af]lweb|,
:d[lt1fg, ctLz bLk+s/ >L1fg, sfZdL/sf cfsf/l;4, ltAatsf
dxfg cg'jfbs dfkf{ 5\of]sL nf]b|f] OToflb lyP .#
$= cgn M t]>f] kl/R5]bdf xfdLn] sNof0fldqk|lt ldYofb[li6 /fVg'

x'Gg eGg] lzIffsf] b[i6fGt:j¿k cgnsf] pNn]v ePsf] lyof] .
>]i7Lbf/s k'q ;'wgsf] gjf}+ sNof0fldq hof]idfotg lyP . pgn]
;w} jl/k/L cToGt} tLvf wfl/nf tnjf/x¿n] 3]/]/ aLrdf /flvPsf]
clUgs'08df cfuf] afNg] ub{y] . pgL x/]s lbg rLg rf]6L k~rflUg
tk ub{y] . ;'wgn] pgnfO{ e]6L af]lw;™j rof{sf] lzIff lbg'xf];\
egL cg'/f]w u/] . hjfkmdf hof]idfotgn] eg], æo; tnjf/–
sf] 3]/f gf3]/ clUgleq k|j]z ug"{ . To;n] af]lw;™jrof{sf] ljz'l4
x'g5
] . o:tf] hjfkm ;'g/] ;'wg cndNn eP / uDeL/ låljwfdf
k/] .
To;kl5 bz xhf/ a|Xdnf]s jf;Lx¿sf] cfjfh ;'lgof], æhof]–
idfotgn] …jh|flr{ ;dfWojef;Ú k|fKt ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf] k~rfË
tkn] cg]s /ZdL lg:s]sfn] xfdL a|Xdnf]s jf;Ln] klg ltgnfO{ vKg
;s]gf}F . To;}n] xfdL a|Xdnf]sjf;Lx¿ pxfFsxfF cfof}F . hof]idfotgn]
cfdLnfO{ a'4Tj k|flKtl;t ;DalGwt pkb]zx¿ lbg'x'G5 .Æ o:tf w]/}
jf0fLx¿ ;'g]kl5 ;'wgsf] b'ljwf x6]/ uP / o:tf] dxfg u'?sf] rof{df
z+sf u/]sf]df pgnfO{ 7"nf] kZrftfk klg eof] . u'?;+u Ifdf dfu]/
pgL tnjf/sf] wf/dfly r9] .
437
Â
r9\g]ljlQs} pgnfO{ ce"tk"j{ ;'v cfgGbsf] cg'e"lt eof] . clg

clUgleq k|j]z ugf{;fy pgnfO{ …k|zd ;'vfle1Ú gfds ;dflw k|fKt
eof] .
To;/L g} pgL sNof0fldq /fhf cgnsxfF klg k'u] . /fhf cgnn]
ck/fwLx¿sf 6fpsf] sf6\g], 5fnf sf9\g], cfFvf lgsfNg] OToflb
uy]{ . /fhfsf] To:tf] ja{/ / qm"/ Jojxf/ b]v/] ;'wgsf] dgdf km]l/
z+sf plAhg yfn] . To;}a]nf cfsfzdf b]jtfx¿n] eg], æs] ltdLn]
hof]idfotg sNof0fldqsf] pkfosf}zNo lj:of}{ <Æ o:tf] jf0fL ;'lg;s]
kl5 ;'wgn] klxn]sf ;a} s'/fx¿ ;Dem] / /fhf cgnl;t Ifdf
dfu]F . To;kl5 /fhf cgnn] /fhb/jf/ nu]/ æklxn]sf ;a} s]jn
dfof lyP .Æ eGb} lzIffx¿ lbP .$
%= df}b\uNofog M kfFrf} kl/R5]bdf ;+;f/sf] b'Mv ;DaGwL JofVof ug{]

qmddf df}b\uNofogn] k|]t bz{g u/]sf] ljj/0f pNn]v ePsf] lyof] .
df}b\uNofogn] k|]tx¿ b]v]sf] ;DaGwdf bdIfd"sf]gfd ;"qdf o;/L
atfOPsf] 5 – æcfkm} k|j|lht x'g' / c¿nfO{ klg k|j|lht u/fpg'df
w]/} cg'z+;f x'g] s'/f eujfg\ a'4n] atfpg'ePsf] 5 . /fhu[x gu/df
>Lhft gfd u/]sf Ps ;o jif{ k'lu;s]sf Pshgf u[xklt a:bYof] .
pm cfˆgf cfkmGtx¿sf] Jojxf/b]lv Psbd kLl8t / b'MvL lyof] .
Pslbg, cfkmGtx¿nfO{ cfkm"n] bLIff lng hfg] / k|j|Hof lng]
s'/f ;'gfof] . o;df pgLx¿n] :jLs[lt hgfPF . zfl/k'q ;a}eGbf >]i7
>fjs x'g\ eGg] s'/f p;nfO{ yfxf lyof] . t;y{ pgLaf6} k|j|Hof u|x0f
ug]{ ;f]+rfO{ dgdf lnO{ ;f] sf] nflu zfl/k'q;+u lgj]bg u¥of] . t/
zfl/k'qn] Tof] a'9f] JolQm tLgj6} rqm, >'t, lrGtg, ;dflw / sd{sf
nflu cIfd ePsf] 7fgL p;nfO{ bLIff lbPgg\ .
clg Psbd lg/fz eP/ p;n] ljrf/ u¥of], æca d a'4zf;gdf
klg k|j]z ug{ g;Sg] ePF .Æ o; 36gfnfO{ /fd|/L x]l//xg'ePsf zf:tf
eujfg\ a'4n] df}bu\ Nofog dfkm{t Tof] j[4 JolQmnfO{ k|jl| ht u/f–
438
Â
pg'eof] . >'lt jf ;'Ggdf lgs} 7"nf] cle?rL lyof] >Lhftdf . To;}n]

pm lqlk6sw/ g} eof] . t}klg pm cfˆgf jl/i7 ;xkf7Lx¿sf] /fd|/L
;]jf ug{df c;dy{ g} lyof] . To;} sf/0fn] pgLx¿n] >LhftnfO{ x]nf
ug]{ / pkxf; ug]{ uy]{ . æ3/df cfˆg} cfkmGtn] b'Mv lbP/ ToxfF a:g
g;sL d oxfF cfPF . t/ oxfF klg d}n] o:t} b'Mv ;xg'k¥of] .Æ egL
;f]+Rb} pgn] kfgLdf xfDkmfn]/ cfTdxTof ug]{ k|ofz u/] . of] ;a} df}
b\uNofogn] cfˆgf] cle1fanåf/f yfxf kfP . t'?Gt} pgL >LhftsxfF
uP . df}bu\ Nofog ToxfF k'Ubf;Dd >Lhft ;d'bd| f xfDkmfln;s]sf] /x]5 .
t}klg cfˆgf] rLj/sf] s'gf ;dfTg nufO{ df}b\uNofogn] >LhftnfO{
kfgLaflx/ tfg]/ lnP . o;/L >Lhftsf] Hofg aRof] .
To;kl5 df}b\uNofogn] >LhftnfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf k|]tx¿nfO{
b]vfpg nu] . hfFbf hfFb} s'g} 7fpFdf pgLx¿n] Ps ;'Gb/ :qLsf]
nf; b]v] . nf;sf OlGb|ox¿ h:t} gfs, d'v OToflbdf ;k{ kl//x]sf]
lyof] . To:t} csf]{ 7fpFdf k'u] . ToxfF Ps cfOdfO{n] ef8f]Fdf kfgL
vGofP/ To;nfO{ pdflng\ / Tof] plDnPsf] tftf] kfgL ePsf] 7"nf]
ef8f]Fdf cfkm} xfDkmflng\ . PsIf0fkl5 p;sf] z/L/sf] df;' / xf8
cnu cnu x'g] u/L 5'l§P . ;a} xf8 hlt aflx/ lg:sg yfn] /
;a} Ps 7fpFdf Pslqt eP/ cfO{dfO{sf] ¿k lnP / To;/L xf8af6
kl/0ft ePsL cfOdfO{n] ef8f]F leq /x]sf] df;' vfg yfnL . km]l/ csf{]
k6s pgLx¿n] Pp6f eofjx ¿v h:t} cfs[ltsf] hGt'nfO{ b]v] .
p;sf] k"/} z/L/ ljleGg k|sf/sf hgfj/x¿n] el/Psf] lyof] . tL
hgfj/x¿ -sL/fx¿_ n] Tof] hLjnfO{ 6f]s]/ vfFb} lyP . c;Xo kL8f
;xg g;sL pm 7"nf] s?0f :j/n] ljnfk ub}{ lrRofpFb} lyof] .
df}b\uNofog / >Lhft cem} ofqf ub}{ lyP . Pp6f 7fpFdf Pp6f
JolQmnfO{ lx+;s hgfj/x¿sf 6fpsf ePsf k|f0fLx¿n] 3]l//fv]sf]
b]v] . tL ;a} hgfj/x¿n] Tof] JolQmlt/ jf0f k|xf/ ub}{ lyP . h;n]
p;sf] z/L/ k|Hjlnt eO/fv]sf] lyof] . kL8fn] Tof] JolQm a]:;/L
lrRofO/fv]sf] lyof] . To:t} u/L, Pshgf JolQm ljleGg k|sf/sf
439
Â
c:qz:qx¿ dfly a]tf]8n] bu'l//fv]sf] lyof] . tL c:q -xltof/_

x¿sf] wf/n] p;sf] z/L/ IftljIft eO;s]sf] lyof] . >Lhft /
df}b\uNofogn] ;ft zo of]hg cUnf] xf8} xf8n] ag]sf] Pp6f ljzfn
kj{t klg b]v] . Tof] kj{t 7LFu plePsfn] ;d'b|df cFWof/f] 5fPsf]
lyof] . >Lhftn] æoL ;a} s] x'g\ <Æ egL df}b\uNofognfO{ ;f]4f df}b\
uNofogn] …;do cfPkl5 atfpFnfÚ eg]/ hjfkm lbP . To;kl5 pQm
kxf8sf] k5fl8kl§sf] km]baf6 pgLx¿ ;/f;/ lxF8] .
s]xL ;do -lbg_ kl5 df}b\uNofog lj>fd ul//x]sf] a]nf oxL
plrt ;do xf] eG7fgL >Lhft df}b\uNofogsxfF e]6\g uP . df}b\–
uNofogn] klg plrt ;do g} 7fg]/ >Lhftsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg
yfn] . tL :qL h;nfO{ ;a}eGbf klxn] e]l6Psf] lyof], k"j{sfndf /fh–
u[x gu/df a:g] dxf;j{ gfds JolQmsL kTgL lyO{ . PskN6 pgsf
kltn] pgnfO{ ;fd'lb|s ofqfdf nUof] . pm k6s k6s Pgfdf cfˆgf]
¿k lgofn]/ x]b{yL . cfˆgf] ¿kk|lt Psbd 7"nf] cf;lQm lyof] tL
:qLdf . t/ Pp6f s5'jfsf] sf/0fn] pgLx¿ ofqf ul//x]sf] hxfh
kfgLdf 8'aL b'3{6gfu|:t x'Fbf klt–kTgL b'j}sf] d[To' eof] . To;kl5
tL cfOdfO{n] ;k{ eP/ hGd lnO{ / k"j{ hGddf cfˆgf] ¿kk|lt 7"nf]
cf;lQm ePsf] sf/0fn] o; hGdf klg cfˆgf] Tof] k"j{hGdsf] d[t
z/L/sf OlGb|ox¿df jf; ug{ yfNof] . To;}n] elgG5, dg]{ a]nf dflg;
h'g rLhk|lt cf;Qm eof] To;}df pTkGg x'G5 . >Lhftn] ;f]w], æk|f0fL
b'u{ltdf lsg hGd lng k'U5 <Æ df}b\uNofogn] hjfkm lbP, æk|f0fL
cfˆg} b'isd{sf] kmn:j¿k g/s, OToflb b'u{ltdf hGd lng k'U5 .Æ
ha pm zLt g/ssf] cToGt} lr;f]n] 56kl5g yfN5, ta tftf] 7fpF
vf]Hb} piif g/sdf hlGdG5 . km]l/, k|r08 tfk ;xg g;sL pm zLt
g/sd} hlGdG5 . ha s'g} JolQmn] w]/} ef]hg vfPkl5 c3fpF5, ta
ef]hg jf k]ok|lt ljt[i0ff x'g yfN5 / p;n] To;a]nf ;f]R5, æof]
ef]hg / k]o -lkpg] j:t'_ t slxNo} b]Vg} gk/f];\ .Æ To;sf] kmn:j¿k
pm k|]tnf]sdf hlGdG5 . wd{–pkb]z ;'g]/ qmf]wn] r'/ r'/ eO{ s;}n]
440
Â
o:tf] ;f]+R5, æo:tf] t d}n] slxNo} ;'Gg} gk/f];\ .Æ To:tf] k|f0fL lto{s\
nf]sdf hlGdg]5 .
cfˆg} df;' vfg] cfOdfO{ k"j{hGddf Pp6L gf]sgL{ lyO{ . Ps
u[x:yLsf] 3/df sfd uyL{ . Tof] u[x:yLn] Pshgf leIf'nfO{ tLg dlxg]
jiff{jf;sf nflu cfˆgf] 3/df cfdGq0f u/]sf] lyof] / tbg';f/ aGbf]–
j:t klg ldnfPsf] lyof] . To;sf] nflu leIf'nfO{ lbglbg} :jflbi6
ef]hg tL gf]sgL{nfO{ lbP/ k7fOGYof] . Pslbg u[x0fL -dflnsgL_
n] gf]sgL{nfO{ ;f]lwg\, æleIf'nfO{ eg]/ nu]sf] ef]hg ltdL cfkm} t
vfFlbgf} <Æ o:tf] s'/f ;'g]/ gf]sgL{n] klg t'?Gt} hjfkm lbO{, æTo:tf]
lsg uy]F / d}n] < ddf klg leIf'k|lt >4f 5 . xf] d leIf'n] vfO;s]/
ar]sf] ef]hg dfq lnG5' . Tof] eGbf klxn] d}n] slxNo} vfPsL 5}g .
olb vfPsL eP d cfˆg} df;' vfg]5' .Æ o;/L lqmof vfPsLn] gf]
sgL{sf] o:tf] cj:yf x'gk'Uof] .
¿v cfs[ltsf] k'?if k"j{ hGddf lnt gfd u/]sf leIf' lyP . Tof]
leIf' ;+3–Joj:yfks lyof] . To;a]nf p;n] ;+3sf ;DklQx¿sf]
b'?kof]u u/]/ cfkm}n] lnGYof] / u[x:yLx¿ / cfkmGtx¿nfO{ afF8Y\ of] .
tL ;DklQsf] To;/L pkef]u ul/GYof] . ;+3sf] ;Dklt lxgfldgf u/]sf]
kmn:j¿k cfh Tof] JolQmsf] of] ¿k eof] .
Tof] JolQm h;nfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf lx+;s hgfj/x¿sf 6fpsf
ePsf hLjn] jf0f k|xf/ ub}{ lyP, Tof] k"jh{ Gddf Pshgf Jofwf lyof] .
ljleGg k|sf/sf lx+;s hgfj/x¿sf 6fpsf ePsf hLj ToxL k|f0fL
lyof] h;nfO{ Tof] Jofwfn] df/]sf] lyof] .
wfl/nf xftxltof/dfly bf}8\g] dfG5] k"j{hGddf /fhfsf] ;]gfklt
lyof] . p;sf] d[To'kl5 Tof] ¿kdf hlGdPsf] xf] . tL ;a} ;™jx¿
d[To'kl5 dxfg/sdf hlGdg]5g\ . xf8x¿sf Tof] ljzfn kj{t rflxF
ltd|f] cfˆg} k"j{hGdsf xf8x¿ x'g\ . k"j{hGddf ltdL Ps ljzfn sfo
ePsf] nfdv'§] lyof} . ltdL ;of} jif{;Dd cfˆgf] d'v v'Nnf /fv]/
;'TbYof} . PskN6 Pshgf pkf;s kfFr ;o Jofkf/Lx¿sf] ;fydf
441
Â
;fd'lb|s ofqf ub}{lyof] . ofqf ubf{ ub}{ hxfh Tof] 7"nf] nfdv'§]sf]
v'Nnf d'vleq l5g]{ nfu]sf] lyof], ToxL If0f ;a}n] Ps} :j/df …a'4nfO{
jGbgfÚ eGg yfn] . olt pRrf/0f x'g] ljlts} nfdv'§n] cfˆgf] d'v
aGb u¥of] / ToxL d¥of] . kl5 Ps /fIf;n] Tof] nfdv'§sf] d[t z/L/
nfO{ aflx/ lgsfnL ToxfF /flvlbof] . Tof] ljzfn nfdv'§]sf] /ut, df;'
hDd} gi6 eP/ uP, vfnL xf8x¿ dfq afFsL /x] . o:tf] s'/f ;'g]/
a'9f] >Lhftsf] dgdf 7"nf] ;+j]u pTkGg eof] . To;kl5 p;n] klxn]
cfkm"n] ;'g]sf pkb]zx¿sf] efjgf ug{ yfNof] / tTsfn} cx{tkb k|fKt
u¥of] .%
^= ;+3/lIft M kfFrf} kl/R5]bdf ;+;f/sf] b'Mv ;DaGwL JofVof ug{]

qmddf ;+3/lIftn] k|]t bz{g u/]sf] ljj/0f pNn]v ePsf] lyof] .
>fj:tL gu/sf Ps ;DkGg u[xklt a'4/lIftsf k'q lyP ;+3/lIft .
pgn] zfl/k'qaf6 pk;Dkbf k|fKt u/]sf lyP / kl5 lqlk6sw/ klg
ag]sf lyP . To; ;do, pgsf kfFr;o ldqx¿sf] ;d"x ;fd'lb|s
ofqfdf hfgsf] nflu tof/ eP/ a;]sf lyP . tL ;fyLx¿sf] hdftn]
;+3/lIftnfO{ klg cfkm"x¿;+u} k7fpgsf] nflu eujfg\ a'4;+u ljgd|
cfu|x u/] . eujfg\ a'4n] …;a} eo / cfkb\ljkbx¿nfO{ ;x]/ ofqf
ug"{Æ eg]/ ;+3/lIftnfO{ hfg] cg'dlt lbg'eof] . ha ;+3/lIft hxfhdf
r9]/ cfˆgf ;fyLx¿;+u ofqf ub}{ lyP, To;a]nf ;fu/df gfux¿n]
eg], æ;+3/lIft xfdLnfO{ lbg'xf];\ .Æ ;fyLx¿n] gfux¿sf] cfu|xnfO{
:jLsf/ u/]gg\ . t/ ljbfO{sf] avt eujfg\ a'4n] eGg'ePsf] s'/f
;DemL ;+3/lIft ;/f;/ gfux¿l;t} uP / ltgLx¿nfO{ wdf]{kb]z
lbP/ wfGo t'NofP . ;fyLx¿ ;fd'lb|s ofqf k"/f u/]/ kmls{/fv]sf
a]nf, gfux¿n] ;+3/lIftnfO{ nuL ToxLF hxfhdf /flvlbP . ;fd'lb|s
ofqf ;dfKt u/L ;a}n] s'g} 7fpFdf lj>fd ug]{ lgwf] u/] / lj>fd
u/] . ef]lnkN6 ;+3/lIft p7\g' cufj} pgsf ;fyLx¿ ;a} pgnfO{
Tot} PSn} 5f]8]/ lxFl8lbP . Ao"em]/ otfptf x]bf{ ;+3/lIftn] s;}nfO{
442
Â
klg b]v]gg\ . pgnfO{ 3/ kms{g] af6f] klg yfxf lyPg . o;/L af6f]
la/fP/ otf ptf ef}tfl/Fb} lx8\bf lx8\b} ;+3/lIft Pp6f ljxf/df
cfOk'u] . ToxfF ;+3/lIftn] leIf'x¿n] ef]hg ug{ nflu/fv]sf] b[Zo
b]v] . w]/} ef]hgsf kl/sf/x¿ ;hfP/ /flvPsf lyP . ha ef]hg
kl:sg yflnof], ta Tof] ljxf/ cb[Zo eof], yfn / vfg]s'/f klg
xyf}8f / tnjf/ cflbdf kl/0ft eP . klxnf vfg a;]sf dflg;x¿n]
ToxL xyf}8f / tnjf/n] Ps csf{nfO{ k|xf/ ug{ nfu] . ef]hgsf] ;do
lat]/ lbpF;f] ePkl5, Tof] ljxf/ klxn] em} b]vfk¥of], ToxfF klxn]h:t}
leIf';+3 lyof] . o; 36gfsf] sf/0f ;f]4f æxfdLx¿ k"j{hGddf sfZok
a'4sf] wd{ zf;gdf leIf' lyof}F . xfdL ef]hg ug]{ ;dodf emu8f
uYof}{F . To;}sf] kmn:j¿k cfh xfd|f] of] bzf eof] . To:tf] sd{ ug{
gx'g] /x]5 .Æ egL hjfkm lbOof] .
Tof] ljxf/ 5f]8]/ ;+3/lIft cl3 a9\b} uP . pgn] km]l/ klxn]s}
h:t} csf]{ ljxf/ b]v] . ljxf/df a:g]x¿n] ;+3/lIftnfO{ ef]hgsf]
nflu af]nfP . klxn]sf] ljxf/df 36]sf] 36gfsf] ;+emgf tfh} lyof],
To;}n] ;+3/lIft ltgLx¿ sxfF hfg dfg]gg\ . leIf';+3 ef]hg u|x0f
ug{ a;] . ef]hg kl:sg] ljlQs} ljxf/ t Ps ljzfn cfuf]sf] Hjfnfdf
kl/0ft eof] h;df hn]/ ;a} eid eP . ef]hgsf] ;do lat]/
lbpF;f] x'gf;fy km]l/ ;a} klxn] h:t} eP . o; ljlrq 36gfsf] af/]
klg ;f]4fv]/L æxfdL sfZok a'4sf] wd{zf;gdf leIf' lyof}+ . To;–
a]nf ;j{;fwf/0f eQmhgx¿n] r9fPsf bfgb|Jox¿sf] xfdLn] b'?–
kof]u u¥of}F . To;}sf] kmn:j¿k cfh xfdLx¿ oxfF pTkGg eof}F .Æ
eg]/ Pshgfn] pQ/ lbof] .
ToxfFaf6 klg ;/f;/ cl3 lx8]kl5 ;+3/lIftn] :tDe, leQf, kvf{n,
s'Frf] OToflb cfs[ltsf k|f0fLx¿nfO{ b]v] . Pp6f hL0f{ Pj+ kftnf]
g;fn] dfq hf]l8Psf] z/L/sf] dflyNnf] / tNnf] efu g;f r'l8gf;fy
cnu cnu 5'l§P . To;af6 c;fWo} kL8f ePsfn] pgLx¿ ?Fb}
s/fpFb} lyP .
443
Â
To;kl5 ;+3/lIft To; 7fpFdf k'u] hxfF kfFr ;o Clifx¿ a:by] .

;+3/lIft Ps >d0f ePsfn] tL Clifx¿n] æ>d0fx¿ s'/f}6] x'G5g\Æ
eGg] ;f]+rL p;nfO{ a:g] 7fpF glbg] lgwf] u/] . pgLx¿ dWo] Pshgfn],
æs]xL gaf]nL r"krfk a;Æ eGb} efG5f sf]7fdf ;+3/lIftnfO{ a:g
lbof] . /ftsf] klxnf] k|x/ / dWo/ftdf ToxfF al;/x]sL Pshgf b]jL–
n] cfP/ ;+3/lIftl;t wdf]{kb]zsf] nflu ofrgf ul/g\ . æTo;f] u/F]
eg] d o; 7fpFaf6 lgsflng]5'Æ eGb} ;+3/lIftn] pkb]z lbg dfg]–
gg\ . /ftsf] clGtd k|x/df æca t laxfg x'g} nfUo], pkb]z lbP klg
s]xL km/s kg]{5}gÆ egL ;f]Rb} ;+3/lIftn] wdf]{kb]z lbP . kfFr
zo Clifx¿ klg wd{ ;'Gg ToxfF cfP . tL b]jLsf] zlQmn] ubf{ tL
Clifx¿ Psn] csf{nfO{ b]Vg g;Sg] ePsf lyP . pkb]z ;'Gbf ;'Gb}
pgLx¿n] cgfufdL e"ld k|fKt u/] . To;a]nf km]l/ Psn] csf{nfO{
b]Vg ;Sg] ePkl5 pgLx¿n] ;fw'jfb eGg yfn] . To;kl5 pgLx¿sf]
dgdf eujfg\ a'4nfO{ e]6\g] clenfif hfu[t eof] . pgLx¿n] ;+3–
/lIftl;t ;f]w], æxfdL cf–cfˆgf] Cl4anåf/f eujfg\ a'4sxfF hfcf}F
ls tkfO{ g} xfdLnfO{ cfˆgf] Cl4anåf/f ToxfF nUg'x'G5 <Æ Tof] ;'g]/
;+3/lIft lg/fz eP lsgeg] To;a]nf;Dd pgL k[yUhg g} lyP .
ætkfO{x¿ Psl5g oxfF kv{b} ug'{xf];\ x} . d]/f] ToxfF s]xL sfd 5 .Æ
eGb} ;+3/lIft Pp6f ¿vsf] 5xf/L tkm{ uP . ToxfF a;]/ pgn] klxn]
;'gs
] f pkb]zx¿sf] uDeL/ efjgf u/] / Ps} If0fdf pgL cx{t eP .
To;kl5 ;a} Clifx¿n] ;+3/lIftsf] rLj/sf] s'gf ;dft]/ ;+u;+u}
eujfg\ a'4sxfF cfOk'u] . a'4af6 pk;Dkbf k|fKt u/]/ kl5 ;a} cx{t
eP .
Knfi6/, kvf{n h:tf gf/sLo ;™j ToxfF lsg b]vfk/] eGbfk"j{hGddf
logLx¿n] ;+3 a:g] ljxf/nfO{ kmf]x/ u/]sf lyP . logLx¿n] vDaf,
leQf hxfFtxLF y"s, l;ufg OToflb kmfn]/ jf k'5]/ kmf]x/ u/]sf sf/0fn]
ToxfF To;/L pTkGg ePsf x'g\ . s'Frf] h:tf k|f0fLx¿n] klg k"j{hGddf
;+3sf] s'Frfx¿ cfˆg} sfddf k|of]u u/]sf lyP . Pp6f g;f dfqn]
444
Â
z/L/sf] dflysf] / tnsf] efu hf]l8Psf] k|f0fLn] To:tf] b'Mv lsg

ef]Ug'k¥of] eGbf k"j{hGddf logn] udL{ Ct'df k|fKt ePsf] ;+3sf]
cfDbfgL, bfg ;a} ToxL a]nf ;+3nfO{ ga'emfO{ lxpb Ct'df dfq
a'emfpg] uYof]{ / lxpbdf k|fKt ePsf rLh jiff{ ofddf a'emfpFYof] .
To;}n] ubf{ To:tf] sd{sf] kmn ef]Ug'k¥of] . To;}n] To:tf sd{x¿
ug'{x'Gg . d'v s'Nnf u/]/ hyfefjL kfgL lkRr u/L ôfNbf ubf{ klg
To:tf] eofgs gf/sLo b'Mv ef]Ug'kbf]{/x]5 .^
&= >f]0fsf]6Ls0f{ M kl/R5]b % df k|]tx¿sf] af/]df JofVof ul/Fbf

>f]0fsf]6Ls0f{sf] gfd pNn]v ePsf] lyof] . ljgo–cfudsf] cg';f/
dWob]zdf >jg gIfqsf] lbgdf /Tg–s'08nn] o'Qm Pshgf afnssf]
hGd eof] . pgsf] gfd >f]0fsf]6Ls0f{ /flvof] .
pd]/ a9\b} uP/ jo:s o'jf eO;s]kl5 Pslbg >f]0fsf]6Ls0f{n]
dfly sf};Ldf a;L sfd ul//x]sf a]nf 6f9f v]tdf cfˆgf] a'jfn]
Psbd kl/>d u/L sfd ul//vsf] b]v] . pgsf] a'jfn] To:tf] k|r08
6G6nfk'/ 3fddf kl;gf r'xfpFb} sfd ul//fv]sf] lyof] . pgsf] a'jf
3/ kms]{kl5 >f]0fsf]6Ls0f{n] ;f]w], ælsg To:tf] s7Lg kl/>d ub}{
sfd ul//fVg'ePsf] cl3 < tkfO{ lsg oqf] ldx]gt ug'{x'G5 <Æ
pgsf] a'jfn] hjfkm lbof], ældx]g gu/]/ s] ug]{, 5f]/f . xfdLn]
h'g ;DklQ pkef]u ub}{5f} clxn], Tof] To;} cfPsf] eG7fGof}F ltdLn] .
udL, hf8f] s]xL gegL cg]s si6 s7LgfO{ ;x]/, alnbfg u/]/ sfd
u/]/ aNn tL ;a hf]8\g ;kmn ePF .Æ olt elg;s]kl5, wg;DklQsf]
sf]i7fuf/} vf]n]/ lktfn] >f]0fsf]6Ls0f{nfO{ b]vfOlbof] . cfˆgf] lktfn]
cfkm"nfO{ klg Jofkf/ ug{sf] nflu k|:yfg ug{ oL ;a rLhx¿ b]vfO{–
/xg'ePsf] t xf]Og < eGg] ljrf/ dgdf lnO{ >f]0fsf]6Ls0f{n] cfkm"
klg aflx/ uO Jofkf/ u/]/ wg sdfP/ Nofpg] lg0f{o u/] . x'g t
pgsf dftflktfn] pgnfO{ /f]Sg] x/;+ej k|ofz t u/]sf lyP . t/
cfˆgf] 5f]/fsf] c6n lg0f{osf] cufl8 pgLx¿sf] s]xL rn]g .
445
Â
To;kl5 >f]0fsf]6Ls0f{ cfˆgf s]xL gf]s/rfs/x¿, b'O{6f uwf /

s]xL ;/;fdfu|Lsf ;fy y'k|} cGo Jofkf/Lx¿l;t ;d'b| kf/L Jofkf/
ug{ k|:yfg u/] . >f]0fsf]6Ls0f{nfO{ ;a} Jofkf/Lx¿sf] gfOs]sf ¿kdf
r'lgof] . Jofkf/ lgK6\ofP/ ;d'b| dfu{ af6} logLx¿ ef]lnkN6 3/
kmls{g tof/ eP/ al;/x]sf lyP . To; /flt ;a} cf/fdk"js { lgbfP .
t/ ef]lnkN6 >f]0fsf]6Ls0f{ ljxfg ePkl5 klg lgs} cj]/;Dd ;'ltg}
/fv] . pgsf ;a} ;xofqLx¿ klxNo} pgnfO{ 5f]8/] uO;s]sf lyP .
pgsf gf]s/x¿ klg ToxfFaf6 uP . dfq ;fydf NofOPsf b'O{6f
uwf lyP . cfˆgf ;fyLx¿nfO{ af6}df e]6\g >f]0fsf]6Ls0f{ uwf r9]/
a]:;/L s'b] . t/ lgs} cQflnPsfn] pgn] af6f] g} la/fP . ef}tfl/Fbf
ef}tfl/Fb} pgLPs kmnfd] gu/df cfOk'u] . ToxfF c;fWo} eofgs åf/–
kfnx¿ ple/fv]sf lyP . ef]s / Kof; b'j} nfu]sfn] >f]0fsf]6Ls0f{n] …
dnfO{ s]xL vfg]s'/f lbg'x'G5 lsÚ eg]/ cfu|x u/] . æxfdLn] t ef]hg–
sf] gfd ;Dd klg ;'g]sf 5}gf}Æ eg]/ åf/kfnx¿n] hjfkm lbP .
æk"j{hGddf xfdLx¿ tIflznfsf lgjf;L lyof}F . c;fWo} s~h'z eP/
xfdLn] To;a]nf bfg lbPgf}F . To;s} kmn:j¿k cfh xfdL o; k|]tnf]
ssd pTkGg ePsf 5f}F . olb tkfO{ dg'io nf]sdf kms]{/ hfFb} x'g'x'G5
eg] s[kof xfd|f] nflu Pp6f sfd ul/lbg'xf];\ x} . xfd|f] efG5fsf]
r"nf] leq Pp6f ;'gsf] r"0f{n] el/k"0f{ efF8f] /flvPsf] 5 . To;nfO{
xfdLn] n'sfP/ /fv]sf lyof}F . of] s'/f tkfO{+n] xfd|f cfkmGtx¿nfO{
;'gfOlbg'xf];\ / Tof] ;'gn] el/Psf] efF8f] lgsfn]/ cfo{ sfTofognfO{
r9fP/ xfd|f] nflu bfg lbg" egL klg eGg'xf];\ .
ToxfFaf6 cl3 a9\b} hfFbf >f]0fsf]6Ls0f{ Pp6f lbJo dxn ghLs}
cfOk'u] . To; dxnleq Ps b]jsGof / b]jk'q /ltlqm8f ub}{ lyP . ha
;"of{:t eof], Tof] dxn klg cb[Zo eof] . b]jk'q Pp6f lx+;s hgfj/–
df kl/0ft eof] / b]jsGofnfO{ vfg vf]Hof] . km]l/ ;"of]{bo x'gf;fy
Tof] dxn km]l/ b]vfk¥of] / ;a} klxn]s} h:t} eP . >f]0fsf]l6s0f{n]
o; ljlrq 36gfsf] sf/0f s] /x]5 egL ;f]w] . tL cfO{dfO{n] hjfkm
446
Â
lbO{, æk"j{hGddf d jf;j ufpFsL j]Zof lyPF . d}n] cfo{ sfTofogaf6

…lbgdf s'g} sfdldYofrf/ ug]{ 5}gÚ egL zLn u|x0f u/]sL lyPF .
To;} sf/0f lbgdf d}n] lbJo ;'vef]u u5'{ t/ /flt g/ssf] b'Mvef]u
u5'{ . clxn] d]/L 5f]/L klg j]Zofj[ltdf nflu/x]sL 5] . …r"nf]d"lg ;'g}
;'gn] el/Psf] Pp6f ufu|L 5, To;nfO{ lgsfn]/ cfo{ sfTofognfO{
d]/f] tkm{af6 r9fpg" / cfkm"n] klg j]Zofj[lt TofUg" egL tkfO{+n] d]/L
5f]/LnfO{ uP/ elglbg'k¥of] . s[kof tkfO{n] d]/f] nflu Tolt s[kf ul/
lbg'xf];\ .
>f]0fsf]l6s0f{n] To:tf] Pshgf k'?ifnfO{ klg b]v] h;n] lbgdf
gf/sLo b'Mv ef]u uYof]{ eg] /flt lbJo ;'v ef]UYof] . To;nfO{
;f]4fv]/L s] a'lemof] eg] Tof] JolQm k"j{hGddf jf;j gu/df a:g] Ps
s;fO{ lyof] . p;n] cfo{ sfTofogaf6 sd;]sd /flt xTof gug{] zLn
lnPsf] lyof] . To;} sf/0fn] p;n] /flt lbJo ;'v ef]u uYof{] / lbgdf
gf/sLo b'Mvef]u . Tof] k'?ifn] >f]0fsf]6Ls0f{nfO{ eGof], æd]/f] 5f]/fn]
klg s;fO{s} sfd ul//fv]sf] 5 . p;nfO{ uP/ Psrf]l6 elglbg'xf];\
ls tnjf/ /fVg] 7fpFd'lg ;'g} ;'gn] el/Psf] Pp6f ef8f]F 5 . To;nfO{
lgsfn]/ cfo{ sfTofognfO{ bfg:j¿k r9fpg" . p;nfO{ cab]lv
k|f0ffltkft Toflulbg" eg]/ klg elglbg'xf];\ .
>f]0fsf]l6s0f{ ToxfFaf6 klg cl3 a9\b} hfFbf Pp6f dxn ghLs}
k'u] . To; dxndf Pp6L ;'Gb/L b]jL cf;gdf al;/x]sL lyO . To;
cf;gsf rf/ v'§fdf rf/} k|]tnfO{ af+lwP/ /flvPsf lyP . tL b]jLn]
>f]0fsf]l6s0f{nfO{ oy]i6 dfqfdf ef]hg 6S|ofOlbO{ / o:tf] eGb} pm
aflx/ uO{, æoL k]|tx¿nfO{ s]xLklg glbg'xf];\ x} .Æ k|]tx¿n] æxfdLnfO{
klg vfg] / lkpg] s'/f lbg'xf];Ú\ egL >f]0fsf]l6s0f{;u+ dfu ug{ yfn] .
>f]0fsf]l6s0f{n] s]xL ef]hg pgLx¿nfO{ klg lbP . rf/hgf k|]tdWo]
Pshgfn] Tof] ef]hg u|x0f ug]{ ljlQs} klUnPsf] lk6ndf kl/0ft eof],
csf]{n] lng vf]Hbf w"nf]df kl/0ft eof], To:t} csf{ b'O{hgfn] lng
vf]Hbf qmdzM kTy/ / v/fgLdf kl/0ft eP . ha tL ef]hg pgLx¿sf]
447
Â
k]6leq uof], pgLx¿nfO{ c;fWo} 7"nf] vKg} g;lsg] kL8f eof] .

Psl5g kl5 tL b]jL km]l/ kmls{g\, To;/L ;xg} g;Sg] u/L kL8f
ef]lu/x]sf tL k|f0fLx¿nfO{ b]v]/ elgg\, æd}n] tkfO{+nfO{ logLx¿nfO{
s]xL gv'jfpg' eg]/ uPsL x}g . tkfO{n] lsg v'jfpg'eof] < s] ddf
dfq logLx¿k|lt clnslt klg bofs¿0ff 5}g eG7fGg'ePsf] tkfO{+–
n] < pgLx¿ o;/L kL8fn] 56kl6g] ePsfn] g} d}n] logLx¿nfO{ s]xL
klg vfg]s'/f lbPsL lyOg .Æ To;kl5 >f]0fsf]l6s0f{n] …To:tf] s:tf]
cs'zn sd{ u/]sf sf/0f cfh logLx¿n] of] b'Mv ef]Ug'k¥of]Ú egL
b]jLl;t ;f]w] . b]jLn] hjfkm lbO{g\, æk"j{hGddf xfdL kfFr hgf, cyf{t
d, d]/f klt / d]/f tLg ;Gtfgx¿sf] kl/jf/ lyof}F . Pslbg d]/f] klt /
d]/f 5f]/fx¿ aflx/ uO/x]sf] a]nf d pgLx¿nfO{ :jflbi6 ef]hg tof/
u/L pgLx¿sf] af6f] ?FUb} al;/x]sL lyPF . pgLx¿ kmls{g'eGbf cufl8
Pshgf k|To]sa'4 d]/f] 3/sf] b}nf]df leIff dfUb} cfOk'u] . k|To]s–
a'4nfO{ bfg lbg d;+u ef]hg h'g d}n] d]/f klt / 5f]/fx¿sf nflu
ksfPsf lyP, ToxL lbOlbPF . Psl5gkl5 d}n] km]l/ 3/sf dflg;x¿sf
nflu ef]hg ksfpg yfn] . pgLx¿ ef]hg kfSb}ubf{ PSsf;L cfOk'u]
/ cfpgf;fy …xfdLnfO{ ef]s nfUof], vfgf Nofpg'k¥of]Ú eGb} vfgfsf]
nflu dfu u/] . d}n] pgLx¿sf] cg'kl:yltdf ePsf ;a} 36gf
atfO{lbPF / ToxL eP/ clnstf ef]hg tof/ x'gdf clnslt l9nf]
x'guof] eg]F . pgLx¿ of] ;'g]/ lbSs eP / Tof] leIf'l;t Psbd
l/;fP klg . Pshgfn] /L;sf] emf]+sdf eGof], æTof] leIf'nfO{ xfd|f
vfgf lbg'sf] ;§f kUn]sf] lk6n lbg'kg]{ .Æ csf{]n] eGof], …w"nf] lbP/
k7fpg'kg]{Ú, csf]{n] …9'Ëfx¿ lbP/ k7fpg'kg]{Ú / clGtdsf rflxFn]
eGof], …p;nfO{ t tfTtftf] v/fgL lbP/ k7fpg'kg]{Ú .
oL ;a ckzAbx¿ logLx¿n] /L;sf] emf]Fsn] af]ln/xFbfv]/L
g} dnfO{ yfxf lyof] ls k'0ofg'df]bg ug'{kg]{ 7fpFdf Ps leIf'k|lt
o:tf ckzAbx¿ af]n]sf] kmn:j¿k cjZoklt logLx¿n] eo+s/
b'Mv kfpg]5g] . d}n] clg dgdg} k|0f u/]F, …pgLx¿ b'Mv ef]lu/x]sf]
448
Â
d]/f] cfFvfn] k|ToIf b]Vg kfpmF .Ú ToxL k|0f jf k|fy{gfsf] ann] d}n]
logLx¿nfO{ cfh of] cj:yfdf b]lv/fv]sL 5' . d}n] k|fy{gf gu/]sL eP
d qfol:q+z b]je'jgdf hlGdg] lyPF . o;/L xfdLx¿ oxfF k|]t eP/
hlGdof}F . k|To]sa'4nfO{ bfg lbPsf] kmn:j¿k d oxfF klg an;DkGg
g} 5' .Æ olt eGb} tL cfOdfO{n] cGo k|]tx¿nfO{ elgg\, æn, ltdLx¿n]
ca Cl4anåf/f >f]0fsf]l6s0f{nfO{ pxfFsf] 3/;Dd k'¥ofP/ cfpg" .Æ
o;/L Psl5gd} >f]0fsf]l6s0f{ cfˆgf] 3/df k'u] .
o;/L !@ jif{;Dd k|]tnf]sdf >f]0fsf]l6s0f{ rfxfb}{ a;] . 3/ k'u]
kl5 pgn] ;fyLx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ lgGb|faf6 gAo"emfPsfn] To;/L cnkq
k/]sf] s'/f s;}nfO{ eg]g . s;}n] >f]0fsf]l6s0f{ klxn] g} 3/ kmls{;Sof]
eGof], s;}n] pm cfpFb}5 eGof], s;}n] pm kl5 cfpFb}5 egL eGof] .
t/ >f]0fsf]l6s0f{sf cfdfafa'n] s;}nfO{ kTofPgg\ .
ha pgL cfˆgf] zx/df cfOk'u], k|]tx¿sf cfkmGtx¿nfO{
cfkm"n] e]6]sf k|]tx¿sf] ;Gb]z ;a} k'¥ofOlbP . :jfefljs¿kn]
;'?df ltgLx¿n] >f]0fsf]l6s0f{nfO{ ljZjf; u/]gg\ t/ ha pgLx¿n]
;'gsf 38f kfP, To;kl5 dfq pgLx¿ ljZj:t eP . >f]0fsf]l6s0f{
kms{]/ cfPsfn] pgsf cfdfafa' klg cToGt} v';L eP . t/ w]/} lbg
laTg gkfpFb}, cfˆgf cfdfafa'sf] d[To' ePkl5 >f]0fsf]l6s0f{n] cfo{
sfTofog eGt]sxfF uP/ k|j|Hof u|x0f u/] . sfnfGt/df >f]0fsf]l6s0f{n]
cx{Tj klg xfl;n u/] .&
*= :ylj/s M kl/R5]b % df hGd b'Mvsf] af/]df JofVof ul/Fbf :y–

lj/ssf] gfd pNn]v ePsf] lyof] . /fhu[x gu/df a:g] Ps wgf9Ø
Jofkf/LsL kTgL klxnf]rf]6L ue{jtL eO . :ylj/s cfˆgf] cfdfsf]
k]6leq ;f7L jif{;Dd /Xof] elgG5 . :ylj/s ue{df /xFbf/xFb} pgsL
cfdfn] Ps Ps ub}{ bz ;GtfgnfO{ t hGdfO;s]sL g} /lx5] . t}klg
:ylj/s ue{d} lyP . kl5 tL cfOdfO{nfO{ 7"nf] 3fts /f]u nfu]/ dg}{
nfu]sL lyO . p;n] cfˆgf] kltnfO{ egL, æcemklg d]/f] ue{df lzz'
449
Â
5 . d d/]kl5 p;nfO{ lgsfNg'xf];\ .Æ olt eGb} kTgLsf] b]xj;fg

eof] . Tof] Jofkf/Ln] hLjs j}BnfO{ af]nfP/ zLtjg Zdzfgdf tL
cfOdfO{sf] ue{af6 aRrfnfO{ lgsfNg nufOof] . Tof] lgsflnPsf]
aRrf gjhfn lzz' g} ePklg rfp/L k/]sf] a'9f] JolQm h:t}
b]lvGYof] . To;}n] p;sf] gfd} :ylj/s -Old Born_ /flvof] . eujfg\
a'4n] p;nfO{ ;f]Wg'eof], æs] ltdL a'9f] JolQm xf} <Æ :ylj/sn] hjfkm
lbof], æxf], eujfg\, d a'9f] g} x'F .Æ
bz jif{;Dd :ylj/s 3/d} a:of] . To;kl5 ;Q/L jif{sf] kfsf]
pd]/df pm k|j|lht eof] . Psrf]l6 cGo kRrL; hgf leIf'x¿l;t
u[4s'6 kj{tdf jiff{jf; al;/x]sf a]nf, :ylj/s afx]s cGo ;a}
leIf'x¿n] cx{Tj kmn k|fKtu/] . o;n] ubf{ :ylj/ssf] dgdf 7"nf]
g}/fZo 5fof] . o;/L Joy{df afFlr/xg' eGbf dg'{ g} j]z egL ;f]+Rb}
p;n] cfTdxTof ug{] k|of; u¥of] .
eujfg\ a'4n] ljrf/ ug'{eof], æca :ylj/snfO{ ljgLt ug]{ ;do
cfof] .Æ clg cfˆgf] Cl4ann] pxfF :ylj/ssxfF k'Ug'eof] / wdf]{kb]z
lbg'eof] . To;kl5 :ylj/sn] klg cx{Tjkb nfe u¥of] .
leIf'x¿n] eujfg\ a'4l;t :ylj/s eGt]sf sd{–ljkfssf af/]df
cfˆgf lh1f;f JoQm u/] . To;sf] hjfkmdf a'4n] eGg'eof], æklxn]
klxn], eujfg\ sfZok a'4sf] zf;gsfndf Ps >]i7Lk'q lyof] . p;n]
Ps cx{taf6 k|j|Hof u|x0f u¥of] . PskN6 Tof] 7fpFdf 7"nf] pT;j
eof] . ToxfF x]g{ hfg Tof] >]i7Lk'qn] cfˆgf] cfrfo{;+u cg]s rf]6L
ofrgf u¥of] . cx{tn] eGYof], …s]xL a]/ kv{g", o; aLr s'zn sd{
ug{lt/ nfUg"Ú . o:tf] hjfkm ;'g]/ >]i7Lk'qnfO{ 7"nf] /L; p7\of] /
/L;s} emf]+sdf p;n] …7Ls 5, p;f]eP, oxLF 3/af6 aflx/ glgl:sg
oxL cFWof/f] sf]7fdf ;f7L jif{;Dd To;} kl//xg" .Ú o:tf] s6' jrgsf]
ljkfskmn:j¿k o; hGddf p;n] ;f7L jif{;Dd cfdfsf] ue{df
a;]/ b'Mv ef]lu/fVg'k¥of] . k"j{hGddf pgn] :sGw, cfotg, wft',
k|tLTo;d'Tkfb cflbdf kf/+uTj xfl;n ul/;s]sf lyP . t/ Tof]
450
Â
cs'znsd{sf] sf/0fn] pgnfO{ o; hGddf cx{Tj k|fKt ug{df lgs}

7"nf] sl7gfO eof] .Æ*
(= /fhf s[lssf ;ft k'qL M cfˆg} zd;'vdf dfq rf;f] /fVg] dWod
k'?ifsf] b[i6fGtsf] ¿kdf sd{–kmn ;DaGwL 5}7f}F kl/R5]bdf /fhf s[ls
/ pgsf ;ft k'qLx¿sf] pNn]v eof] . lj:t[t j[tfGt o; k|sf/ 5 M
klxn] klxn] sfZok a'4sf] zf;gsfndf s[ls gfd u/]sf Pshgf
bfgklt /fhf lyP . pgsf ;fthgf o'jtL 5f]/Lx¿ lyP . pgLx¿sf]
dgdf ;+;f/k|lt j}/fUo efjgf pTkGg eof] . cfˆgf dftf–lktfnfO{
jGbgf ub}{ dw'/ :j/df pgLx¿n] o; k|sf/ ;+;f/k|lt cfˆgf] j}/fUo
efjgf JoQm u/] M æof] ;+;f/ kfgLdf b]lvg] rGb|dfsf] k|ltlaDj ;dfg
Ifl0fs / ;f/xLg 5 .Æ o;/L pgLx¿n] dWod k'?if -s]jn cfˆgf] dfq
d'lQmsf] cfsf+Iff /fVg] JolQm_ sf lrQ pTkfb u/] . t/ pgLx¿sf
dftflktfn] o:tf] eg], æltdLx¿ clxn] t?0fL 5f} . clxn] ;'vef]u
ug{] ;do xf] . cfˆg} OR5fk"lt{ geOsg klg ltdLx¿nfO{ tkf]jg hfg]
cf1f s;/L lbpmF <Æ
o;/L ;Gtfgsf] jfT;Non] ubf{, cToGt} b'MvL dgn] cfˆgf 5f]/L–
x¿nfO{ k|j|Hof u|x0f ug{af6 /f]Sg vf]h] . t}klg dftflktfsf] s]xL
;Lk nfu]g . tL ;ft sGofx¿ tkf]jg uP/} 5f8] / tkZrof{af6 o;
ej;fu/af6 d'Qm eP .(
!)= dxfbQ -dxfbfg_ M d}qL pTkfbsf b[i6fGtsf ¿kdf a|fXd0f

dxfbfgsf] pNn]v kl/R5]b & df b'O{rf]l6 ePsf] lyof] . pgsf] syf
o; k|sf/ 5 M
k|frLg sfndf dxfbfg gfd u/]sf Pshgf a|fXd0f lyP hf] snf
cflb ;a} ljBfx¿df kf/+ut lyP . Psrf]l6 gu/af6 aflx/ uPsf
a]nf pgn] bl/b|, /f]uL OToflb x¿nfO{ b]v] . ltgLx¿nfO{ b]v]/ pgsf]
dgdf 7"nf] ;+j]u pTkGg eof] . pgL ;/f;/ cl3 a9\b} hfFbf Ps
451
Â
7fFpdf s;fO{ / lzsf/Lx¿n] k+IfL, d[u OToflb hgfj/x¿nfO{ dfb{}

u/]sf] b]v] . 3/ kms]{/ dxfbfgn] cfkm"n] b]v]sf s'/fx¿ / s;/L
k|f0fLx¿n] cs'zn sd{ ul//x]sf lyP ;a} cfˆgf cfdfafa'nfO{ atfP .
Tof] 36gfn] dxfbfg cToGt} b'MvL eP . pgn] cfˆgf cfdfafa'nfO{
eg]/ bz xhf/ of]hg;Ddsf] kl/lwdf /xg] ;a} k|f0fLx¿nfO{ cGg,
wg cflb oy]i6 dfqfdf af8\g nufP . o; k|sf/ k|f0fLx¿nfO{ ;Gt'i6
kfl/of] . t/ bfg lbFbf lbFb} cfdfafa'sf] w's'6L g} l/lQof] . ca lbgnfO{
s]xL afFsL /x]g . To;kl5 s;/L wg sdfpg ;lsG5 eGg] ;f]+rdf
8'aL dxfbfgn] cGtdf /Tgx¿sf] vf]hL ug{ ;fd'lb|s ofqf ug]{ lgwf]
u/] .
cfdfafa';+u cg'dlt dfFu]/ pgL kfFr;o ;fyLx¿l;t ;fd'lb|s
ofqfdf lg:s] . ;ftlbg;Dd ;fd'lb|s ofqf ul/;s]kl5 pgLx¿
dl0fåLkdf cfOk'u] . pgLx¿n] Tof] åLkdf ljleGg k|sf/sf ax'd"No
dl0f /Tgx¿nfO{ hDdf kf/] . 3/ kmls{g] a]nf ePkl5 dxfbfgn] cfˆgf
ldqx¿nfO{ eg], æltdLx¿ hfFb} u/ . gfu/fhsf] dxnaf6 lrGtfdl0f
/Tg glnOsg d 3/ kms]{/ hfGg . Tof] dl0fn] d ;™jx¿nfO{ cIfo
bfg ug]{5' .Æ
To;kl5 dxfbfgn] k'gM ;fd'lb|s ofqf ;'? u/] . ;d'b|df /xg] b'i6
;k{ / /fIf;x¿ ;a}nfO{ d}qL–efjgfåf/f zfGt kf/] . ltgLx¿ ;a}n]
dxfbfgk|lt 7"nf] >4f JoQm u/] . ltgLx¿n] dxfbfgnfO{ cfsfzaf6
p8fO{ nu]/ t'?Gt} rf/;o of]hg 6f9f;Dd k'¥ofO{lbP .
ToxfFaf6 klg cl3 a9\b} uPkl5 dxfbfg rfFbLn] ag]sf] Pp6f
ljzfn ejgg]/ k'u] . Tof] ejg jl/kl/ ;k}{ ;k{ lyP . d}qL efjgf
u/]kl5 tL ;k{x¿ zfGt eP / jzdf cfP . tTkZrft dxfbfg
lgle{sk"j{s Tof] ejgleq k;] . ;Kt/Tgåf/f lgld{t l;Fxf;gdf
lj/fhdfg ePsf gfu/fhn] dxfbfgnfO{ Psbd eJo¿kn] :jfut
u/]/ …oxfF lsg cfpg'ePsf]Ú egL ;f]Wof] . hjfkmdf dxfbfgn] eg],
æhDa'åLksf k|f0fLx¿ clxn] bl/b|tf / ef]sd/Ln] 56kl6/fv]sf 5g\ .
452
Â
pgLx¿sf] Tof] b'Mv lgjf/0f ug{sf nflu d oxfF lrGtfdl0f /Tg lng
cfPsf] x'F .Æ dxfbfgsf] Toqf] 7"nf] cWofzob]lv k|;Gg eP/ gfu–
/fhn] pgnfO{ Ps dlxgf;Dd cfltYo ;Tsf/ u/L ToxL gfunf]sd}
/fVof] . ToxfF al;/x]sf a]nf dxfbfgaf6 /fhfn] rf/ :d[To'k:yfgsf
lzIff k|fKt u¥of] . gfu nf]sdf w]/} ;do;Dd al;;s]kl5 dxfbfgn]
/fhfsf] dg lhTg ;kmn eP/ kl5 dl0f klg k|fKt u/] . dxfbfgn]
…of] lrGtfdl0f /Tgsf] k|efj slt 5 <Ú egL ;f]4f /fhfn] hjfkm lbof],
æb'O{ xhf/ of]hgsf] kl/lw h] rflxPsf] xf] tL ;a}, cyf{t OR5fg';f/
cGg, wg OToflb jiff{ u/fOlbg ;S5 of] dl0fn] .Æ …d]/f OR5fx¿ o;
dl0fn] k"/f ul/lbg g;Sg] /x]5 To;f] eP, oxfFaf6 cGt} st} vf]Hg
hfg'k¥of] egL ;f]+Rb} dxfbfg ToxfFaf6 k|:yfg u/] .
cl3 ofqf ubf{ ub}{ dxfbfg Pp6f j}b"o{n] lgld{t 3/sf] ghLs
k'u] . ToxfF klg klxn]sf] ejgdf h:t} eofgs ;k{x¿sf] kx/f
lyof] . klxn] h:t} d}qL efjgf u/L logLx¿nfO{ klg zfGt kfl/;s]
kl5 dxfbfg ejg leq k;] . ToxfF klg gfu/fhn] klxn] h:t} eJo
:jfu/ u/L cfpgfsf sf/0f ;f]Wof] .
;a} dxfbfgn] k"j{jt\ atfP . ToxfF dxfbfg b'O{ dlxgf;Dd a:bf
/fhfnfO{ rf/ Cl4kfb;DaGwL pkb]z lbP / cGtdf /fhfaf6 dl0f
klg xfl;n u/] . klxn] h:t} dxfbfgn] Tof] dl0fsf] k|efjsf] af/]df
hfGg vf]Hbf gfu/fhn] eGof], æof] dl0fn] rf/ xhf/ of]hg;Ddsf]
kl/lwleq o]y]i6 cGg, wg cflb jiff{pg ;S5 .Æ dxfbfgnfO{ Toltn]
klg lrQ a'em]g . km]l/ Tof] 7fFp 5f8L cGt} vf]hL ug]{ p2]Zon] k|:yfg
u/] .
hfFbf hfFb} pgn] ;'gn] ag]sf] Pp6f b]bLKodfg ejg b]v] .
klxn]h:t} ToxfF kx/f lbFb} a;]sf ;k{x¿nfO{ d}qL efjgfn] zfGt
kfb{} ejgleq k|j]z u/] . ToxfFsf gfu/fhn] klg v'a eJosf ;fy
:jfut–;Tsf/ u/L dxfbfgnfO{ cfpgfsf sf/0f ;f]Wof] / dxfbfgn]
;a} k"j{jt\ atfOlbP . ToxfF pgn] ;kl/jf/ gfu/fh u0fnfO{ rf/
453
Â
dlxgf;Dd cgGt wd{ kof{ox¿sf] pkb]z lbP . cGtdf dl0f lbOFbf

km]/L ToxL k|Zg ;f]w] . hjfkmdf gfu/fhn] eg], æo;n] cf7 xhf/
of]hg;Ddsf] kl/lwleq cfˆgf] k|efj b]vfpg ;S5 .Æ
To;kl5 dxfbfgn] ljrf/ u/], æof] hDa'åLk t ;ft xhf/ of]hg–
;Dd dfq km}lnPsf] 5, hals of] dl0fn] cf7 xhf/ of]hg;Dd sfd
ug{ ;S5 eg]kl5 o;n] aNn d]/f] OR5f k"/f x'g] eof] .Æ
kl5 s'g}a]nf dxfbfg ;d'b|sf] lsgf/fdf a;]/ lj>fd ub}{ lyP,
pgL ulx/f] lgb|fdf 8'a]sf lyP . lrGtfdl0f /Tg gfunf]saf6 nluPsfn]
s]xL gfux¿ b'MvL lyP . To;}n] dxfbfg lgbfO/fv]sf] df}sf 5f]k]/ tL
gfux¿n] Tof] dl0f rf]/]/ nu] . dxfbfgn] lgb|faf6 Ao'lemP/ x]bf{v]/L
ToxfF dl0f lyPg . Toqf] ldx]gt u/]/ NofPsf] dl0f To;/L cb[Zo
x'Fbf pgnfO{ 7"nf] ;+tfk eof] . æca d of] ;d'b|sf] kfgL ;a} lgsfnL
;'Vvf hdLgdf kl/0ft ul/lbg]5'Æ eGg] ;f]rfO{ lnP/ s5'jfsf] vf]ndf
;d'b|sf] kfgL vGofpFb} c¿ 7fpFlt/ kmfNb} u/] .
pgsf] Tof] ;fx; / kl/>d b]v]/ b]jtfx¿ klg pgnfO{ d2t ug{
cfP / cfˆgf j:q kfgLdf lehfP/ csf]{ 7fpFdf j:q lgrf]/]/ kfgL
kmfn] . x'Fbfx'Fb} ;d'b|sf] kfgL 36\b} hfg yfNof] . gfux¿ Psbd 8/fP/
dxfbfg;+u dfkmL dfu] / dl0f klg kmsf{OlbP .
To;kl5 lrGtfdl0f /Tg lnP/ dxfbfg 3/ kms]{ . cfˆgf] 5f]/f–
sf] ljof]udf ljnfk ub}{ ub}{ pgsf dftflktfsf cGwf eO;s]sf
lyP . lrGtfdl0f /Tgsf] k|efjn] pgLx¿sf] cfFvf 7Ls eP . dxfbfgn]
lktfsf] w's'6L /Tg} /Tgn] 6Gg el/lbP . To;kl5 hDa'åLkjf;Lx¿nfO{
To;dl0fsf] k|efjn] o]y]i6 dfqfdf cGg, j:q, ;'g, rfFbL OToflb bfg
lbg pgL ;kmn eP . ;a} ;™jx¿nfO{ bl/b|tfaf6 5'6sf/f lbnfO{ bz
s'zn sd{sf] af6f]df nufOlbP .!)
!!= d}qLan M d}qL pTkfbsf b[i6fGtsf ¿kdf a|fXd0f d}qLansf]

pNn]v kl/R5]b & df ePsf] lyof] . pgsf] syf o; k|sf/ 5 M
454
Â
af]lw;™j l;4fy{ -zfSod'lg a'4_ s'g} ;dodf ;a} k|f0fLx¿k|lt

d}qL efj /fVg] d}qLan gfds /fhfsf ¿kdf lyP . ;+;f/sf] sNof0f /
lxt rfxfg] s?0ffjfg /fhf ePsf sf/0f pgsf] dlxdf lbulbuGw;Dd
km}lnPsf] lyof] . /fhf d}qLan bfg, s?0ff, ;fxl;stf, ;bf cfr/0f
/ ljgok"j{s /xg] tyf wd{k|]dL, wdf{r/0fn] o'Qm, cTolws ;b\u0' fL
ePsf sf/0f nf]ssNof0fsf/L sxlnPsf lyP .
k|hfjT;n /fhf ePsf sf/0fn] k|hfsf] x/]s ;'v / b'Mv b'j}sf]
Vofn /fhfdf x'g] ub{Yof] . h;/L Ps lktfn] cfˆgf ;Gtltx¿k|lt
lg:jfy{¿kdf dfof k|bfg u/]sf] x'G5 To;/L g} /fHosf] ;+rfng ePsf
sf/0f /fHo ;+rfngdf s'g} jfwf c8\rg cfPsf] lyPg .
/fhf o; k|sf/ ;To, Tofu, zflGt, k|1f cflb u'0fn] ;DkGg eO{
;j{;™jsf] sNof0f dfu{df nflu af]lwk|flKtsf] af6f]df pGd'v eO
/x]sf a]nfdf % hgf oIfx¿ d}qLansf] /fHodf cfP . oL oIfx¿nfO{
pgLx¿sf] :jfdLn] s'g} k|sf/sf] ck/fwsf sf/0f b]z lgsfnf u/]sf
lyP . oL oIfx¿ d}qLan /fhfsf] /fHosf hgtfx¿sf] k|;Ggtf,
zflGt / ;d[l4 b]vL OZof{n' eO{ hgtfsf] v'zL, zflGt, cdgrognfO{
eË ug]{ of]hgf agfpg yfn] .
/fhf d}qLansf] ckl/ldt k'0o tyf d}qLsf] k|efjn] hgtfsf]
t]h x/0f ug{ pgLx¿ c;dy{ eP . d}qLansf] /fHosf s'g}klt k|hfsf]
zflGteË ug{ g;s]sfn] oIfx¿ cfZro{rlst eP . pgLx¿nfO{ /fhf–
sf] ljBf, tk:of, l;l4sf] sf/0faf6 s'g}klg lj£g jfwf ug]{ c;dy{
ePsf sf/0fn] tL oIfx¿n] a|fXd0fsf] ¿k wf/0f u/L 3'Dg yfn] .
oIfx¿ 3'Dg] qmddf Ps uf]kfns hf] agdf 3'Dg] ub{y] p;nfO{
Pp6f ?vsf] km]bdf xl/of] b'jf]df al;/x]sf] b]v] . p;n] h'gf nufPsf]
tyf hËnL km"nkftsf] dfnf nufPsf] lyof] . pm 8f]/L jf6\gdf tNnLg
lyof] ;fydf uLt klg ufO/x]sf] lyof] . ;f] Ujfnfsf] ghLs k'uL
oIfx¿n] ;f]w], æo; PsfGt lgh{g 7fpFdf PSn} a:bf s] ltdLnfO{ 8/
nfUb}g <Æ Ujfnfn] hjfkm lbof], æd s];Fu 8/fpF <Æ
455
Â
ta a|fXd0f e]ifwf/L oIfx¿n] ;f]w], æs] ltdLn] 8/nfUbf k|s[ltsf

oIf, lkzfr /fIf;sf af/]df s;}af6 s]xL ;'g]sf5}gf} <Æ
o:tf k|Zgx¿ ;'gL Ujfnfn] eg], æh'g JolQm ;+odL, w}o{, ljBf,
;dflwn] ;DkGg 5 pm ;j{bf /fIf;L eoaf6 d'Qm ePsf] x'G5 .
Ujfnfn] k'gM yk], æo; b]zsf x/]s gful/s /fhf d}qLanaf6 /lIft
5g\ h;sf sf/0f ;fIfft OGb|n] t eo pTkGg u/fpg ;Sb}gg\, /fIf;,
k|]t, oIf OToflbsf t s] s'/f < To;}sf/0f d o; lgh{g hËndf lg8/
eP/ 3/df h:t} ljr/0f ub{5' . d]/f nflu /ft klg lbg ;/x g} xf] .
To;}sf/0f dnfO{ s'g} k|sf/sf] eo 5}g .Æ
tTkZrft oIfx¿n] UjfnfnfO{ ;f]w], æx] eb|k'?if Û ltd|f /fhf s:tf
5g\ t <Æ Ujfnfn] pQ/ lbP, æxfd|f /fhf :j0f{kj{tsf] lznf;dfg
ljzfn 5flt ePsf, z/b Ct'sf] lgd{n rGb|df ;dfg d'vfs[lt
ePsf, alni7 xftx¿, ;fF9]sf] ;dfg b[li6 ePsf k/fqmdL 5g\ . xfd|f
/fhf d}qLansf] k|efj ;j{q k|sflzt 5 . s] ltdLx¿n] xfd|f /fhfsf
af/]df ;'g]sf 5}gf} <Æ
Ujfnfn] /fhfsf af/]df yk hfgsf/L lbb} eg], æxfd|f /fhfsf]
jf:tljs zlQm g} d}qL xf] . pgsf ;]gfx¿sf vfln Pp6f cfwf/dfq
s] x'g\ eg] pgLx¿ qmf]wL 5}gg\, eod'Qm 5g\ / s7f]/ jrg af]Nb}gg\ .
oL ;]gfx¿ ;d'lrt tj/af6 b]zsf] /Iff ub{5g\ . xfd|f] b]zdf wd{åf/f
g} b]zsf] g]t[Tj x'G5, lgDg:t/sf] /fhlgltaf6 xf]Og . o; b]zsf wg
;Hhgx¿sf] ;Tsf/sf lglDt x'g\ . o; b]zsf /fhfn] b'h{gsf wg /
cledfgsf] ;xf/f slxNo} klg lnb}gg\ . o;k|sf/ xfd|f /fhf d}qLan
cul0ft u'0fx¿n] el/k"0f{ 5g\ . ctM oIf /fIf;n] pgsf] /fHodf s'g}
vfnsf] c;/ k'¥ofpg ;Sb}gg\ . d /fhfsf ;b\u'0fsf af/]df s]–s]
dfq atfpF < a? ltdLx¿ cfkm} gu/df k|j]z u/]/ a'‰g ;S5f} <
xfd|f /fhf cfo{ dof{bfn] afFlwPsf 5g\ . lgTo s'zn sd{x¿ ;DkGg
ug]{ x'gfn] cGgsf] k|r'/tf / ;d[l4jfg 5 xfd|f] b]z . zLnjfg, ljgd|,
cltlynfO{ ljz]if¿kdf k|]d ug]{ x'gfn] xfd|f /fhfsf] oz :t'tLof]Uo
456
Â
5 .Æ o:tf /fhfsf] ;b\u'0fsf] aofg ;'g] tfklg tL kfFrhgf oIfx¿sf]

dg klUnPg .
tL oIfx¿n] /fhfsf] bfgkf/ldtfsf] clwstd kmfObf p7fpg]
dg;fon] /fhfnfO{ cToGt sl7g dfgl;s cj:yfdf k'¥ofpg] rfn–
:j¿k /fhf;dIf uO{ ef]hg dfFu] . cltyL ;Tsf/sf nflu h'g ;'s}
g} d'No r'sfpg tTk/ /fhfsf nflu bfg ug{ of] Pp6f :j0f{ cj;/
g} lyof] . pgLx¿nfO{ lbOPsf] zfsfxf/L ef]hg c:jLsf/ ub}{ h;/L
Ps af3sf nflu xl/of] 3fF; of]Uo 5}g To;}u/L xfdL oIfx¿sf nflu
zfsfxf/L ef]hg of]Uo 5}g eg]/ eg] . pgLx¿n] /fhfnfO{ cfkm"x¿n]
dg'iosf] tfhf /ut / df;' dfq vfg] s'/f JoQm ub}{ cfˆgf] eoÍ/
ljs[t ¿k k|s6 u/] . ljs/fn cf;'/L z/L/ nfdf–nfdf bf¥xf ePsf
cfuf] ;dfg 6lNsPsf cf+vf ePsf /fIf;x¿ b]lv /fhf cToGt} 7"nf]
s?0ffn] b|jLe"t eP .
af/Daf/ lgb{otfk"j{s kfksd{ u/]sf sf/0f ltgLx¿ oIf ag]sf
lyP . /fhf logLx¿sf] b'MvnfO{ s;/L df]rg ug{] egL ;f]+Rg yfn] .
/fhfn] ef]hg bfgsf nflu c¿ dg'ionfO{ v8f ug{ lsl~rt klg
rfx]gg\ / oIfx¿nfO{ ef]hg g} glbO lg?T;flxt kfg{ klg rfxGgy] .
To;}n] pgn] cfˆg} z/L/sf] df;' / /ut lbg] afx]s c¿ s'g} ljsNk
b]v]gg\ .
/fhfn] ;f]+r] æof] d]/f] z/L/ 3fp g} 3fpn] el/Psf], kL8fn] el/–
Psf], /f]usf] e08f/ xf] . ctM o; k'l0ft cj;/df d cfˆgf] z/L/
bfg u/L lsg k'0o ;+ef/ gu?F <Æ o:tf ljrf/x¿ /fhfsf] dgdf
k|an¿kdf p7] .
d]/f] /utn] el/Psf] of] zl// nf]ssNof0fsf/L cltyL ;Tsf/
h:tf] dxfgsfo{sf nflu ck{0f ub{5' egL /fhfn] cfˆgf] j}BnfO{
cfˆgf] gzf sf6\g] cg'dlt lbP . o; sfo{nfO{ oIfu0fn] v'zL;fy
cg'df]bg u/] . of] s'/f ;'g]/ /fhfsf] dGqL zf]s cfj]uåf/f Aofs'n
eP . dGqLn] oL ;f/f k|hfx¿sf] lxt sNof0fnfO{ Tofu]/ csf]{ JolQmsf]
457
Â
hLjg x/0f u/L To;df ;+tf]if cg'ej ug]{ ;fx;sf] s'/fnfO{ gdfGg
cfu|x u/] .
dGqLn] …tkfO{sf] jL/tfsf] kmn:j¿k ;'/lIft oL k|hfu0fx¿n]
tkfO{sf] of] b'is/ / cgy{sf/L a'l4n] k/flht dfgl;ssf] b'is/
rof{nfO{ ;xg ;Sg] 5}ggÚ eg] . æoL % hgfsf nflu ;f/f ;+;f/sf]
cgy{ ug'{ dxf/fhsf] of] s:tf] vfnsf] wd{ xf] . oL ;f/f hgtfx¿
k|ltsf] :g]x z"Gotfsf] k/fsfi7f t ePg .Æ
oL s'/fx¿ ;'lg;s]kl5 /fhfn] eg], ædfu]sf] j:t' h'g cfkm}
;u+ ljBdfg 5 To;}nfO{ 5}g, d lbGg o:tf] vfnsf] pQ/ d h:tf]
bofn' -s?0ffjfg_n] s;/L lbpF < wd{sf] cfr/0fn] rln/x]sf] /fHosf]
cu|hn] klg o;/L s'dfu{df rn] eg] d]/f] cfr/0fsf] cg'z/0f ug]{
d]/f k|hfx¿sf] s] bzf xf]nf < To;sf/0f k|hfx¿sf] sNof0fsf vflt/
/ of] k|efj cfˆgf k|hfx¿df lr/sfn ;Dd /xgfsf nflu d}n] d]/f]
z/L/ bfg ug'{ ;j{yf hfx]h 5 .Æ
o; bfgsfo{sf] k|of]hgsf nflu dGqLn] cfkm"n] z/L/ bfg lbg
tof/ x'bfF /fhfn] eg], æd c¿sf] kL8fnfO{ slt klg b]Vg ;lSbg ca
tkfO{sf] z/L/ bfg lbbf+sf] k|ToIfbzL{sf ¿kdf x]g{ d sbflk ;lSbg .
clg csf]{ s'/f z/L/sf] df;' / /ut oL oIfu0fn] tkfO{;+u dfu]sf
xf]Ogg\ d ;+u dfu]sf x'g\ To;}sf/0f d g} bfg u5'{Æ o:tf] pQ/ /fhf–
n] dGqLnfO{ lbP . clg /fhfn] dGqLnfO{ ;DemfP, æTo;sf/0f ltdL
o:tf vfnsf cfu|x gu/, d}n] elg/x]sf s'/fx¿nfO{ Gofof]lrt kf/f–
af6 a'‰g] k|ofz u/ . d]/f] dGqL x'gfn] ltdLn] d]/f oL s'/fdf ;dy{g
u/ gls Aofs'n ag]/ d]/f oL s'/fx¿sf] lj/f]w .
æo:tf] vfnsf] c;fdfGo ofrgf ug]{ ljlzi6 cltly ;f}efUoaf6
k|fKt x'G5 . o:tf] z'e cjz/df bfgdf z+sf ug'{;d]t kfk x'G5 eg]
bfgnfO{ lgif]w ug'{ t dxfkfk x'ghfG5 .Æ o:t} s'/fx¿ ub}{ /fhfn]
cfˆgf] dGqL kl/ifbnfO{ af]nfP / j}Bsf] ;xof]uaf6 cfˆgf] z/L/sf]
kf+r /QmwdgLsf sf6\g nufP/ oIfx¿nfO{ o:tf] eg] ætkfO{x¿n]
458
Â
o; bfg sfo{nfO{ :jLsf/ u/]/ o; sfo{df dnfO{ ;xof]u u/L dnfO{

k/d cfgGb k|bfg ug'{xf]; .
oIfn] /fhfsf] tftf] /ut lkpg yfn] . o; cj:yfdf /fhfsf]
z/L/ cTolws k|]d, w}o{tf tyf ;bu'0fn] o'Qm ePsf sf/0f g d'l5{t
g} eof] gt /ut g} aGb x'g 5f]8\of] .
oIfx¿n] Kof; / ysfj6af6 k/d ;Gt'li6 kfO{ ;s]kl5 /fhfdf
cem k|;Ggtf 5fof] . ca cgn] cfˆgf] z/L/sf] df;' sf6]/ oIfx¿nfO{
lbg yfn] . tnjf/sf rf]6x¿sf] b'vfO{ ckl/ldt k|]dsf] sf/0faf6
rf]6 h:t} nfUb}gYof] . /fhf cfˆgf] z/L/sf] df;'sf 6'qmfx¿ lbFb}
pgLx¿nfO{ t[Kt kfb}{ lyP pgdf k|;Ggtfsf nx/x¿ hudufpFb}
lyof] . o;af6 oIfx¿sf] dg ;d]t kUng yfNof] .
…cfZro{ Û cb\e"t Û s] ;fFRr} ;To xf] jf c;To xf] <Ú kb}{ cfgGbn]
cfTdljef]/ eP oIfu0fx¿ . /fhf k|lt å]if efjgf k"0f{¿kdf lgd{n
eof] Ù clg pgLx¿sf] x[bo Psbd zfGt aGg k'Uof] . pgLx¿n] /fhf–
sf] :t[ltufg, d+unufg ub}{, /fhfsf] r/0fsdndf b08jt u/] . ca
pgLx¿n] …dxf/fh Û cj eof], xfdL k"0f{tof ;Gt'i6 eof}+Ú eGg yfn] .
pgLx¿n] /fhfnfO{ cToGt cfb/efj ;fy}, ;Ddfgk"j{s bfg sfo{nfO{
/f]Sg cfu|x u/] . pgLx¿ tkfO{ ;dfg dxfk'?if kfP/ dg'ionf]s
cToGt zf}efUozfnL ePsf] 5 . tkfO{sf] kL8fdf tkfO{nfO{ ls+lrt
klg b'Mv 5}g . t/ tkfO{sf] kL8fn] xfdL hln/x]sf 5f}+ . h:tf pb\–
uf/x¿ JoQm ug{yfn] . pgLx¿n] …/fhfsf] dgf]sfdgf k"0f{ xf];Ú eGg
yfn] .
/fhfn] o; bfgsfo{sf] k|of]hg s] xf] eg]/ a'emfpFb} eg], æd o;
bfg k'0oåf/f ;j{bzL{ a'4 ag]/ /fu, å]if, df]xnfO{ lht]/ h/f–Joflw
/ d[To'¿kL dxf;fu/af6 ;Dk"0f{ hutsf ;j{;™jx¿nfO{ påf/ ug{
rfxfG5' .
of] s'/f ;'g]/ k|;Ggtfk"j{s /f]df~rstf k|s6 ub}{ oIfx¿n]
tkfO{sf] o; dxfg clei6 nIo k"/f x'g] s'/f JoQm u/] .
459
Â
oIfx¿n] cfˆgf] c1fgtfsf] sf/0faf6 /fhfnfO{ o:tf] si6 lbPsf]–

df Ifdf ofrgf u/] . k|To'Q/df /fhfn] eg], æoIfx¿ Û tkfO{x¿n]
dnfO{ si6 xf]Og pksf/ ug'{ ePsf]df Ifdf dfUg' kg]{ s'g} sf/0f g} 5}
g .Æ oIfx¿n] /fhfn] a'4Tj k|fKt ul/;s]kl5 af]lw wd{ cfkm"x¿n] klg
;'Gg] OR5f JoQm u/] . æo:tf] wd{dfu{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] tkfO{x¿nfO{
d slxNo} lj;{g] 5}g . a'4Tj k|fKt ul/;s] kZrft\ df]If¿kL cd[t wd{
d ;j{k|yd tkfO{x¿nfO{ lbpFnfÆ eg]/ jrg lbP /fhfn] . pgLx¿
-oIfu0f_ cToGt k|Lltk"j{s /fhfsf] k|blIf0ff ub}{ cGt{Bfg eP .
h'g ;dodf /fhfn] cfˆgf] df;' / /ut bfg ub}{ lyof] To;
a]nf k[YjLdf sDkg cfpgfsf;fy} :j0f{kj{t ;d]t slDkt ePsf] lyof] .
ToxfFsf b]jx¿n] afhf ahfP/ :jfut ul//x]sf lyP . k'ik ntfx¿n]
k'0o jiff{ ul//]xsf lyP . dxf;fu/sf t/Ëx¿ t/ËLb} cfj]zdf cfP/
/fhfnfO{ /f]Sg rfFxb} lyP . o:tf] s'/f OGb|n] rfn kfP . /fhflwsf/–
sf] ljgfz x'g] 8/n] t'?Gt /fhejgdf cfP . o; cToGt hl6n /
sf?l0fs cj:yfdf klg /fhfdf k|;Ggtf b]v]/ dgf]x/ jf0fLn] OGb|n]
/fhfsf] bfgkf/ldtfsf] k|z+;f u/] . OGb|n] /fhfsf 3fpx¿df lbJo
cf}ifwL nufO{ lbP . /fhfsf] z/L/ klxnfsf] ;/x j]bgf z"Go eof] .
/fhfaf6 labf eO{ OGb| cGt{Wofg eP .
oL g} % oIfu0f kl5 ClifkQg d[ubfjgdf klxnf] wd{ rqm
k|jt{gsf a]nfsf k~r elb|o leIf'x¿sf ¿kdf wd{ >j0f ug{ cj;/
k|fKt u/]sf lyP .!!
!@= c+u'lndfn M rf/ ansf] dfWodn] kfkb]zgf ug]{ ;DaGwdf kl/–

R5]b ( df lj:t[t¿kn] JofVof ul/Psf] lyof] . ToxfF c+u'lndfnnfO{
b[i6fGtsf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] lyof] . >fj:tL gu/df /fhf k|;]ghLtsf
Ps Psbd ljåfg / ;DkGg dGqL lyof] . p;sL kTgLn] Ps ;'Gb/
afnsnfO{ hGd lbO{ h;nfO{ clx+;s eGg] gfd /flvof] . clx+;s 7"nf]
eO;s]kl5 Pshgf ljåfg a|fXd0fsxfF k9\g k7fOof] . Tof] a|fXd0fsf
460
Â
kfFr ;o lziox¿ lyP . x'g] lj?jfsf] lrNnf] kft eg]em}F, ;fg] pd]/–
b]lv g} clx+;s Psbd a'l4dfg / d]wfjL lyP . cGo lziox¿n]
Ps jif{ nufP/ l;Sg] kf7 pgn] Ps} lbgdf l;Sby] . To;sf/0f,
cfrfo{n] clx+;snfO{ c¿nfO{ eGbf cln a9\tf g} dfof ub{y] . o;/L
cfrfo{;+u} a;]/ clx+;sn] cfˆgf] cWoog hf/L /fv] .
cfrfo{sL kTgLn] klg clx;+snfO{ w]/} g} dfof uly{g\ . t/ pgL
clx+;ssf] ;f}Gbo{k|lt a9L df]lxt ePsL lyOg\ / cfˆgf] dgsf]
s'/f clx+;snfO{ atfpg kfO/x]sL lyOg . Pslbg s'g} bfgkltsf]
lgdGq0ffdf p;sf] 3/df lziox¿;lxt tLg dlxgfsf] nflu k"hf–kf7
ug{ cfrfo{ k|:yfg u/] . 3/df w]/} sfd ePsfn] clx;+snfO{ ;fydf
nluPsf] lyPg . cfrfo{sL kTgL klg s'6Ld} al;/x]sL lyO{ .
ToxL df}sf 5f]k]/ sfdn] kLl8t ePsL cfrfo{sL kTgLn] cfˆgf]
s'/f clx+;snfO{ eGg yfnL . t/ …of] a|fXd0f wd{sf] lj?4 x'g]5 .
o:tf] 5nk"0f{ cfr/0f ug'{eGbf a? dg'{ hflt .Ú eGg] ;f]+rfO{n] clx+;s
cfrfo{sL kTgL ghLs} uPgg\ . o;/L cfrfo{sL kTgLsf] dgf]sfdgf
k"/f ePg . To;kl5 clx+;sb]lv pgL cToGt} l/;fOg\ . ToxL /L;sf]
emf]Fsdf lzio d08nLsf ;fydf cfrfo{ s'6Ldf kms]{kl5 tL cfOdfO{n]
cfrfo{nfO{ eP gePsf s'/fx¿ agfP/ clx+;sdfly ldYof cf/f]k
nufO{ cfˆgf] b'Mv];f] kf]lvg\ .
of] ;'g]kl5 cfrfo{ klg c;fWo} qmf]lwt eP . clx+;s dGqLsf]
5f]/f ePsf] sf/0fn] / cToGt} t]hZjL klg ePsfn] cfrfo{df pgsf]
;fd' s]xL eGg] cfF6} lyPg . To;}n] cfrfo{n] pgnfO{ Pp6f s'l6n
rfn /r]/ b08 lbg] lgwf] u/] . pgnfO{ af]nfP/ cfrfo{n] o:tf] eg],
æd}n] ltdLnfO{ dfq To:tf] uDeL/ pkb]z lbPF h'g d}n] c¿ s;}nfO{
lbPsf] lyPg . ca d]/f] s'/f /fd|/L ;'g . olb ltdLn] Ps xKtfleq
Ps xhf/ dfG5] df/]/ ltgLx¿sf cf}Fnfx¿sf] dfnf agfpg ;s]df
;fIfft\ a|Xdfsf] bz{g kfpg]5f} . To;kl5 ltd|f] hGd klg b]jnf]sd}
x'g]5 .Æ o:tf] s'/f ;'g]/ clx+;ssf] dgdf 7"nf] z+sf pTkGg eof] .
461
Â
pgn] cfrfo{nfO{ hjfkm lbP, ædfG5] df/]/ klg sf]xL s;/L a|Xdnf]
sdf hlGdg ;S5 .Æ
cfrfo{n] t'?Gt} hjfkm lbP, æltdL d]/f] lzio xf} . d]/f] s'/f dfGb}–
gf} / d}n] eg] cg';f/ ub}{gf} eg] 7Ls} 5 . ltdLdf dk|lt cf:yf g}
/x]g5 egL 7fg'Fnf . dk|lt ljZjf;} 5}g eg] oxfF lsg al;/fv]sf] .
kms]{/ uP x'G5 .Æ
ToxL avt cfrfo{n] tnjf/ lemsL hdLgdf ufl8lbof] . Tof]
cledlGqt ul/Psf] tnjf/ b]Vg] ljlQs} clx;+sdf klg qmf]w
hfu]5 . To;kl5 Tof] tnjf/ clx+;snfO{ lbOof] . To;sf] k|efjn]
clx+;s cToGt} qmf]w / å]ifn] u|l;t eO{ otfptf kfun h:t} bu'g{
yfn] . hf] hf] af6f]df cfpFy], clx+;sn] ;a}nfO{ df/]/ pgLx¿sf cf}nf
sf6\by] . ToxL s'sd{n] ubf{ pgsf] gfd} c+ul' ndfn /xg uof] . PskN6
pgsL cfdf cfˆgf] 5f]/f ef]sfPsf] xf]nf egL ef]hg lnP/ pgnfO{
vf]Hg lxl8g\ . cfˆg} cfdf eg]/ klg lrGg 5fl8;s]sf lyP c+u'ln–
dfnn] . pgnfO{ klg dfg{ c+u'lndfn bf}8] .
ToxL jvt c+u'lndfnn] eujfg a'4nfO{ b]v]/ pxfFsf] kl5 kl5
bu'/] . eujfg\ a'4n] æca c+u'lndfnnfO{ ljlgt ug]{ plrt cj;/
cfof]Æ eg] ljrf/ lnP/ pgnfO{ g} e]6\g hfg'ePsf] lyof] .
eujfg\ a'4sf] Cl4 ann] ubf{ c+u'lndfnn] hlt bf}8]klg eujfg\
a'4nfO{ e]6\g ;s]sf lyPgg\ . cGtdf ysfO{ nfu]/ pgn] eujfg\
a'4nfO{ eg], æToxL /f]Sg'xf];\, cufl8 ga9\gx' f];\ .Æ a'4n] eGg'eof],
æd sxfF lxl8/x]sf] 5' / . d t ;bf l:y/ g} 5', lsgls d]/f OlGb|ox¿
zfGt 5g\, d;+u ;dflw jl;tf 5 . cfrfo{sf] unt / grflxFbf pk–
b]zsf sf/0f ltd|f] lrQ e|ldt eof] . To;}n] ltdL l:y/ 5}gf} .
kfkdfly kfk ub}{5f} ltdL .Æ
a'4sf] o; jrgsf] cy{ a'em]/ c+u'lndfnn] tnjf/ e"O{df kmfn]/
cfˆgf] s'sd{sf] k|folZr ug{ yfn] . c+u'lndfnn] kfk b]zgf u/] /
rt'{an:j¿k a'4sf] z/0fdf uP/ cGttM cx{Tj k|fKt u/] .!@
462
Â
!#= pbog M rf/ ansf] dfWodn] kfkb]zgf ug]{ ;DaGwdf kl/R5]b

( df lj:t[t¿kn] JofVof ul/Psf] lyof] . ToxfF pbognfO{ b[i6fGtsf]
¿kdf lnOPsf] lyof] . >fjl:tdf Pshgf ;fy{jfx u[xklt /xGYof] .
p;sL kTgLn] Pp6f k'qnfO{ hGd lbOg . h;sf] gfd pbog /flvof] .
klt cs}{ 7fpFdf Jofkf/ ug{ uof] . p;sL kTgL PSn}n] Tof] 5f]/fnfO{
/fd|/L :ofxf/ ;';f/ u/L x'sf{Og\ . PskN6 pbog / pgsf ;fyLx¿n]
sf}zLdf al;/x]sL Pp6L o'jtLnfO{ b]v] . pbogsf] Wofg cfkm"lt/
tfGg tL o'jtLn] Pp6f km"nsf] dfnf pgLlt/ ôflnlbO{ . pbogsf
;fyLx¿n] x:tIf]k ug{ grfx]sfn] pbognfO{ ToxL 5f]8L cf–cfˆgf
3/tkm{ nfu] . pbogsL cfdfnfO{ pgLx¿n] ;a} s'/f atfO{lbP .
pbogsL cfdf / ;fyLx¿ ldn]/ o;af/] Jofks 5nkmn u/] .
;fyLx¿n] eg], æpbogn] Tof] s]6LnfO{ e]6\g uof] eg] w]/} b'Mv
kfpg]5 . To;}n] xfdLn] p;nfO{ /f]sf}F . cfdf, tkfO{n] /flt p;nfO{
hfgaf6 /f]Sg'k5{ x} .Æ cfdfn] cfˆgf] 5f]/fsf] nflu ;'ljwfo'Qm /
cf/fdbfoL knË, ;f}rfno ePsf] Pp6f sf]7f agfP/ lbOg\ / Tof]
sf]7fsf] 9f]sfdf aflx/af6 tfNrf nufO{ cfkm" 9f]sf 5]p d} ;'ltg\ .
/flt pbogsf] lgb|f v'Nof] . To;kl5 cfdf;+u cg'/f]w ub}{ eg],
æcfdf, dnfO{ zf}rfno hfg' 5, Psl5g 9f]sf vf]Ng'xf]; g .Æ To;kl5,
s]xL a]/ pbog r'krfk sf]7fleq al;/fv], Psl5gkl5 pgL km]l/
s/fP, æcfdf, ljlGt 5, 9f]sf Psrf]6L vf]Ng'xf];\ . dnfO{ aflx/ hfg'
5 .Æ cfdfn] hjfkm lbOg\, æolta]nf /flt klg sxfF aflx/ hfg] s'/f
u5{;\ . leq cf/fdbfoL knË 5Fb}5 . ;'t v'?Ss .Æ km]l/ Psl5gkl5
pbog lrRofpg yfn], æcfdf, d aflx/ hfg ;S5' ls ;lSbg . v'?Ss
9f]sf vf]Ng' eg]sf] .Æ cfdfn] elgg\, ætF lsg To;f] eGb}5;\ dnfO{
/fd|/L yfxf 5 . tFnfO{ aflx/ k7fpg grfx]sLn] g} t]/f] sf]7fsf] 9f]sf
5]p o;/L ;'lt/x]sL 5' .Æ
To;kl5 pbognfO{ c;fWo} 7"nf] l/; p7\of] . Tof] l/;sf] emf]+sn]
pgn] s]xL b]Vg ;s]gg\ . pbog cfˆg} cfdfnfO{ v's'/L k|xf/ u/L
463
Â
xTof u/]/ Tof] s]6L;+u e]6\g uP . s]6Ll;t s'/f ubf{ cfkm"n] u/]sf]
eofgs kfk ;DemL y/ y/ sfFKb}lyP . Tof] s]6Ln] To;sf] cs}{ cy{
lgsfn]/ pbognfO{ ;+emfpg] sf]lz; u/L, æltdL o;/L 8/fpg' kb}g{ .
of] 3/leq sf]xL klg 5}g xfdL b'O{hgf afx]s .Æ pbogn] ;lj:tf/
eg], æTo;f] x}g, s'/f cs}{ 5 . d}n] ltd|f] nflu cfˆg} cfdfnfO{ xTof
ug{ k'u]F .Æ
s]6Ln] dgdg} ljrf/ u/L, æof] t b'i6 kfkL kf] /x]5 . pm l/;fof]
eg] dnfO{ klg dfg{ ;S5 p;n] .Æ To:tf] ;f]+r]/ s]6Ln] egL, æltdL
Ps}l5g oxfF a:b} ug'{ x} . d sf}zLdf Psrf]6L uP/ cfpF5' .Æ sf}zL–
df uP/ o'jtLn] 7"nf] :j/n] …rf]/ cfof], oxfF rf]/ cfof]Ú eg]/ s/fpg
yfnL . o;/L s/fPsf] ;'g]/ pbog a]tf]8n] bf}8]/ cfˆgf] 3/tkm{ uP .
ToxfF cfˆgL cfdfsf] nf;sf] 5]pFdf /utn] n6kl6Psf] tnjf/ kmfn]/
…rf]/n] d]/f] cfdfnfO{ df¥of]Ú eGb} lrRofpFb} pbog efu] .
To;sf] kmn:j¿k pbogn] w]/} b'Mv si6 kfP / kl5 pgnfO{
cfˆgf] s's[Tok|lt 7"nf] kZrftfk eof] . o:t} ef}tfl/Fbf ef}tfl/Fb}
Ps lbg pgL h]tjg dxfljxf/ ghLs} k'u] . ToxfF Pshgf leIf'n]
ljgofudaf6 lgDg Znf]s kf7 ub}{ u/]sf] ;'g] M
h;n] kfk u/]sf] 5

s'zn sd{ u/]/ To;sf] k|ltsf/ u5{ .
of] Znf]s ;'g]/ pgL k|j|lht eP / lj:t[t cWoog / ldx]gt

ul/;s]kl5 lqlk6sw/ ag] . pgn] o:tf] kl/>d u/]sf] b]v]/ c¿
leIf'x¿n] …tkfO{ lsg olt w]/} ldx]gt ug'{x'G5Ú egL ;f]w] . pbogn]
hjfkm lbP, æd tkfO{+x¿ h:tf] x}g . d}n] cfˆg} cfdfsf] xTof u/F],
To;}n] d dxfkfkL x'F . ToxL kfk zf]wg ug{ d oltsf ldx]gt u5'{ .Æ
of] va/ eujfg a'4sxfF k'Uof] . eujfg\ a'4n] leIf'x¿nfO{ eGg'eof],
æxf], pbog c;fWo} ldx]gtL 5g\ / w]/} 1fg klg xfl;n ug{ ;Ifd
464
Â
ePsf 5g\ . t/ pgn] cfˆg} cfdfnfO{ df/]/ cfPsf 5g\ . Tof]

dxfkfkn] ubf{ pgn] s'g} kmn xfl;n ug]{5}g . To;}n] eujfg\ a'4n]
a8f] gd|k"j{s pbognfO{ cGt} hfgsf nflu cf1f lbg'eof] .
To;kl5 pbog cs}{ 7fpFdf uP . ToxfF pgn] Pp6f ljxf/sf]
lgdf{0f u/] / pgsf w]/} lziox¿ klg eP . cGtdf Pp6f kf7zfnf
lgdf{0f ul//xs} avt pgsf] b]xj;fg eof] . To;kl5 pgL cjLlr
g/sdf ktg eP . ToxfF pgn] cfuf]sf Hjfnfx¿ b]v]/ eg], æ;+3
kf7zfnfsf] of] cfuf]sf] /fk Psbd tftf] 5 .Æ of] ;'g]/ g/skfnx¿n]
eg], æx] kfkL, of] ;+3 kf7zfnf xf]Og, of] t g/s xf] .Æ olt eGb}
pgLx¿n] ljleGg z:qx¿n] pbogsf] 6fpsfdf lxsf{P . ToxL If0f
pgsf] d[To' eof] / ljxf/, kf7zfnf agfPsf], / wd{bfg u/]sf] k'0on]
ubf{ pgsf w]/} cs'zn sd{x¿ zf]wg eO;s]sf lyP . To;}n] pgL
rt'd{xfhsflos b]jnf]sdf hGd lng k'u] .
To;kl5 ;a} b]jk'qx¿ a'4sf] bz{g / pkb]z k|fKt ug{ o;
k[YjLnf]sdf cfP / pbog b]jk'q klg y'k|} k'iksf u'R5fx¿ lnP/
cfP / a'4sf] k"hf / jGbgf u/] . a'4n] cg]s wd{kof{ox¿sf] pkb]z
lbg'eof] . pbogn] lgs} s7f]/ kl/>d u/]/ cWoog, lrGtg / efjgf
u/]/ ;|f]tcfkGg kmn k|fKt u/] .!#
!$= gGb M gjf}+ kl/R5]bdf k|TofklQ ansf] JofVof ug]{ qmddf gGbsf]
gfd plNnlvt ul/Psf] lyof] . gGb cfˆgL kTgL ;'Gb/Lsfk|lt c;fWo}
cf;Qm lyP . PskN6 eujfg\ a'4 pgsf] 3/df leIffsf] nflu hfg'–
eof] . eujfg a'4sf] p2]Zo gGbnfO{ jLlgt ug'{ lyof] . eujfg
a'4sf] ;'gf}nf] k|sfzn] k"/} 3/leq b]lbKodfg kfl/lbof] . o;n] ubf{
gGbnfO{ 3/df eujfg\ a'4 cfpg'ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/f yfxf eof] . pgL
a'4sf] ;fd'Gg] pkl:yt eP / pxfFsf] leIffkfq cfˆgf] xftdf lnP .
leIffkfqdf :jflbi6 ef]hg e/]/ To;nfO{ eujfg a'4nfO{ kmsf{pg
nUbf pgsL kTgLn] pgsf] lgwf/df cfˆgf] y'sn] l6sf nufOlbOg\
465
Â
/ elgg\, æltdLof] y's ;'Sg gkfpFb} oxfF kms]{/ cfpg'k5{ x} .Æ olb

y's ;'Sof] eg] gGbn] kfFr zo sfiff{k0f -d'b|f_ b08:j¿k cfˆgL
kTgLnfO{ lbg'kYof]{ . t/ eujfg\ a'4n] leIffkfq glng] ;+st] lbg'eof] .
gGbn] klg eujfg\ a'4nfO{ s/ ug{ plrt 7fg]gg\ . To;}n] Tof] kfq
cfgGbnfO{ lbg vf]h] . t/ cfgGbn] æh;af6 of] leIffkfq lnPsf] xf],
pg}nfO{ cfˆg} xftn] kmsfO{lbg"Æ eGb} leIffkfq lnPgg\ . To;kl5
gGb leIffkfq lnP/ a'4sf] kl5 kl5 uP . ljxf/df k'u]kl5 a'4n]
ef]hg u|x0f ug'{eof] / kfqdf ar]sf s]xL ef]hg gGbnfO{ lbg'–
eof] . To;kl5 cfrdg ub}{ eujfg\ a'4n] gGbnfO{ æk|j|Hof u|x0f
u/Æ eGg'eof] . gGbn] eujfg\ a'4sf] cf1fnfO{ cj1f ug{ ;s]gg\ .
leIf' eO;s]kl5 t 3/ kmls{g] cg'dlt kfOPnf lg eGg] ;f]+Rb} gGbn]
k|j|Hof u|x0f u/] . To;kl5 gGbnfO{ ljxf/sf] ;'/Iff ug]{ bfloTj ;'Dk]/
eujfg\ a'4 leIff6gsf] nflu lgSng'eof] .
gGbn] s'rf] nfP/ Psbd kl/>dk"j{s ljxf/sf] x/]s 7fpF a9f/]/
;kmf ug{ vf]h] . t/ eujfg\ a'4sf] pkfosf}zNosf] k|efjn] ubf{,
hlt;'s} a9f/] klg pgn] ;kmf ug{ ;s]sf lyPgg . …xf];\, d 9f]sf
aGb u/L 3/ hfg]5'Ú, eGg] ljrf/n] 9f]sf aGb ug]{ sf]lz; u/] . t/
Pp6f 9f]sf aGbf ubf{ csf]{ To;} v'NYof] . To;a]nf gGbn] ;f]+r], æ7Ls}
5 . ha d /fhf x'G5', ta of] ljxf/nfO{ /fd|f] t/Lsfn] k'glg{df0f ug{
nufpg]5' .Æ o:tf] ;f]+rfO{ lnP/ pgL kms]{/ uP . af6f]df pgn] a'4nfO{
e]6] . pxfFsf] b[li6af6 aRg Pp6f 7"nf] ¿vsf] xfFufd"ld\g gGb n'Sg
uP . a'4sf] cfudg x'gf;fy ¿v cfkm} p8]/ xfjf em'lG8g nfUof]
/ To;kl5 gGb st} n'Sg ;s]gg\ . eujfg\ a'4n] æd]/f] kl5 kl5
cfpg"Æ eg]/ km]l/ ljxf/d} nUg'eof] .
PskN6 Pp6f kTy/df cfˆgL kTgLsf] lrq sf]/]/ gGbn] To;}–
l;t s'/f ul//fv]sf lyP . To;kl5 pgnfO{ Pp6f h+undf lnP/ uO{
ToxfF Pp6f sfgf] afb/gLnfO{ b]vfpFb} eujfg\ a'4n] eGg'eof], æltd|L
kTgL ;'Gbl/sf / of] afb/gLdf sf] clws /fd|L l5g\ <Æ gGbn] pQ/
466
Â
lbP, æ;'Gbl/sf clws /fd|L l5g\ . pgL t o; ;+;f/s} k/d ;'Gb/L

cfOdfO{ x'g\ .Æ To;kl5 eujfg\ a'4n] gGbnfO{ qfolZq+z b]je'jgdf
lnP/ hfg'eof] . ToxfF cfkm" Pp6f 7fpFdf a:g'e} gGbnfO{ b]jnf]s
3'd]/ cfpgsf nflu cf1f lbg'eof] . Pp6f ljdfgdf r9L gGb b]j–
nf]s 3'Dg uP . pgn] ToxfF b]jk'q / b]jsGofx¿sf j}ej b]v] . Pp6f
ljdfgdf Pp6L b]jsGof PSn} al;/x]sL lyOg\ . b]jsGofnfO{ b]v]/
gGbn] ;f]w], ætkfO{ lsg o;/L PSn} al;/xg'ePsf] <Æ b]jsGofn]
hjfkm lbOg\, …gGb o; ;do a|Xdro{ kfng ub{}5g\ . olb o; h'gLdf
pgnfO{ kfpg ;lsPg eg] csf]{ h'gLdf t cjZo kfOPnf lg eg]/
d pgs} k|tLIffdf al;/x]sL x'F .Æ To;kl5 eujfg\ a'4n] gGbnfO{
;f]Wg'eof], æca eg t gGb, ;'Gb/Lsf / b]jsGofdf sf] Hofbf /fd|L
l5g .Æ gGbn] hjfkm lbP, æcl3 b]v]sf] Tof] sfgf] afb/gL / ;'Gb/Lsf
p:t} p:t} 5g\ .Æ ta a'4n] eGg'eof], æof] dfq xf]Og, a|Xdrof{sf
c¿ klg w]/} nfex¿ 5g\ . To;}n] a|Xdro{sf] kfngf ug"{ .Æ of] ;a}
b]v/] , ;'g/] b]jsGof kfpg] clenfiffn] gGbn] a|Xdro{sf] kfngf u/] .
gGbsf] dfgl;s cj:yf a'em]/ eujfg\ a'4n] leIf'x¿nfO{ eGg'eof],
ætkfO{x¿ gGbl;t ;+ut gug'{xf];\, pgLl;t s'/f klg gug'{xf]nf .Æ
;a}af6 pk]lIft eP/ gGb cfgGbsxfF uP . cfgGb klg s]xL gaf]nL
h'?Ss p7] . To;kl5 gGbn] ;f]w], æcGo leIf'x¿ t dl;t ;+ut ug{
rfxFb}gg\, 7Ls} 5 < tkfO{+x¿ t jl/i7 leIf' x'g'x'G5 . tkfO{+x¿ klg
db]lv lsg 6f9f 6f9f efUg'x'G5 .Æ cfgGbn] eg], …xf], ;fFRr} . ltdL
b]jsGofsf] nflu a|Xdrof{ kfng ub}{5f} . hasL xfdLx¿ o; ;+;f/–
af6 d'Qm x'g a|Xdrof{sf] kfngf u5f}{ . o:tf] hjfkm ;'g]/ gGb
Psbd nlHht eP .
gGbnfO{ ;Gdfu{df nufpg a'4n] cfˆgf] Cl4anåf/f Pp6f g/s
lgdf{0f ug'{eof] . kmnfdsf] ljzfn efF8f]df k|f0fLx¿nfO{ ksfO–
/fv]sf] eofjx b[Zo gGbn] b]v] . To:t} csf]{ 7fpFdf Pp6f 7"nf]
efF8f]df klUnPsf] wft' eses pDng] u/L ttfO/fv]sf] lyof] . To;
467
Â
efF8f]df gGbn] sf]xL klg kfkL b]v]g . gGbn] g/skfnnfO{ ;f]w],

æoxfF sf]xL klg b]lVbg lsg xf]nf <Æ g/skfnn] hjfkm lbP, ægGb
o; ;do b]jsGof k|fKt ug]{ OR5fn] a|Xdrof{ kfng ub}{5 . d/]kl5
pm tL b]jsGofsf] klt aGg]5 . ToxfFaf6 klg Ro"t eO;s]kl5 pm
g/sdf cfpg]5 . p;}nfO{ ksfpg of] pDnbf] lktnsf] emf]n ttfO–
/fv]sf] x'F .Æ of] ;'g]/ gGb Psbd eoeLt eP . pgsf] dgdf ;+;f/
k|lt j}/fUo pTkGg eof] . To;kl5 a'4sf pkb]znfO{ cg'z/0f u/]/
cx{Tj k|fKt u/] .!$
!%= chftzq' M gjf}+ kl/R5]bdf cf>oansf] JofVof ubf{ uDkf]kfn]

chftzq'sf] b[i6fGt lbg'ePsf] lyof] . To;df yf]8\bg gfd pNn]v
ePsf] lyof] ;'ÅNn]vsf 6Lsfsf/ dxfdltsf cg';f/ yf]ª\b]g g} /fhf
chftzq' lyP . chftzq'n] b]jbQsf] nxnx}df nfu]/ cfˆg} lktf wd{–
/fh lalDa;f/nfO{ j]0f'jgsf] jGbLu[xdf y'g]/ df/]sf lyP . Tolt dfq
xf]Og, pgn] b]jbQ;+u ldn]/ …a'4 / pxfFsf cg'ofoLx¿nfO{ s;}n] leIff
glbg"Æ eGg] cfb]z hfx]/ u/]sf lyP . a'4 cfˆgf lziox¿;+u gu/df
k|j]z u/]sf a]nf chftzq'n] b]jbQs} s';Nnfx dfgL wgkfns gfds
ax'nfxf xfQL 5f]8]sf lyP . t/ a'4n] p;nfO{ jLlgt ul/lbg'eof] .
o:tf w]/} kfkx¿ u/]kl5 pgsf] dgdf a'4k|lt >4f pTkGg eof] .
a'4sf] pkb]z cg'z/0f u/L pgn] cfˆgf] kfksf] zf]wg u/] .!%
468
Â
kl/lzi6 #
u|Gydf p4/0f ul/Psf u|Gyx¿sf] ;"rL
!= cWofzo;+rf]bg;"q
@= cgGtd'v;fwsgfdwf/0fL
#= cgflb;+;f/;"q
$= cgjtKtgfu/fhkl/k[R5f;"q
%= ck|ltli7ttGq
^= clewd{sf]z
&= clewd{sf]zefio6Lsf
*= clewd{;d'Rro
*= cle;dofnÍf/
(= cd[tu'XotGq/fh
!)= cjt+;s;"q
!!= cfo{u08Jo"x;"q
!@= cfo{bzwd{s;"q
!#= cfo{b|'d;"q
!$= cfo{a|Xdkl/k[R5f;"q
!%= cfo{eb|rof{k|l0fwfg/fh
!^= cfo{/Tgs"6;"q
!&= cfo{nÍfjtf/;"q
!*= cfo{nlntlj:t/;"q
!(= cfo{jh|Wjh;"q
@)= cfo{ljdnsLlt{lgb]{z;"q
@!= cfof{Ifodltkl/k[R5f;"q
@@= cfof{i6;fxl;|sf k|1fkf/ldtf
469
Â
@#= cfsfzue{;"q
@$= cfsfz/Tg;"q
@%= pbfgju{
@^= pkfl;sfrnfljdf]If
@&= s?0ffk'08/Ls;"q
@*= sd{zts;"q
@(= sdf{j/0fljz'l4;"q
#)= lIfltue{;"q
#!= sfZokkl/jt{;"q
#@= uofzLif{;"q
##= uef{jqmflGt;"q
#$= u[xklt–pu|kl/k[R5f;"q
#%= u[xklt>LbQkl/k[R5f;"q
#^= rt'w{d{lgb]{z;"q
#&= lhghggL
#*= 1fgfnf]sfnÍf/;"q
#(= tyfutsf]if
$)= tyfutk|ltdfkl/R5]b
$!= tyfutflrGTou'Xolgb]{z
$@= t™jrof{
$#= t™jk|sfz;"q
$$= lq;doJo"x/fh
$%= bzrqmlIfltue{;"q
$^= bze"lds;"q
$&= bf]xfsf]z
$*= wd{tf:jefjz"Gotfrnk|lt;jf{nf]s;"q
$(= wd{wft'k|s[To;|e]blgb]{zgfddxfofg;"q
%)= wd{;+uLlt;"q
470
Â
pirizò 3 : ¢Nwma %Ïr[ gir@ka ¢Nwhêkae sUcI
%!= gf/fo0fkl/k[R5f;"q
%@= lktfk'q;dfud;"q
%#= k'iks"6wf/0fL
%$= k"0f{kl/k[R5f;"q
%%= k|sL0f{s;"q
%^= k|1fkf/ldtf;~ro ufyf jf /Tgu'0f;~ro ufyf
%&= k|tLTo;d'TkfbÅbosfl/sf
%*= k|df0fjflt{s
%(= a'4fjt+;s;"q
^)= af]lwrof{jtf/
^!= af]lwkyk|bLk
^@= af]lw;™jlk6s
^#= af]lw;™je"ld
^$= a|Xdljz]iflrlGtkl/k[R5f;"q
^%= eb|slNks;"q
^^= efjgfy{l;l4
^&= d~h'>LljqmLl8t;"q
^*= dWodsn3';To
^(= dWodsfjtf/
&)= dWofGtljefu
&!= dxflrQf]Tkfb;"q
&@= dxflwudkl/k'li6;"q
&#= dxfkl/lgjf{0f;"q
&$= dxfdf]If;"q
&%= dxfofg;"qfn+sf/
&^= dxf;+j/f]botGq/fh
&&= dxf;lGtkft/Tgs]t'wf/0fL
&*= dxfl;+xgfb;"q
471
Â
&(= dxf]i0fLif;"q
*)= d"ndWodssfl/sf
*!= /Tguf]qljefudxfofgf]Q/tGq -dxfofgf]Q/tGq÷pQ/tGq_
*@= /Tgr"8kl/k[R5f;"q
*#= /TgfjnL
*$= /Tgf]Nsfgfdwf/0fL
*%= /fhfjjfbs;"q
*^= /fx'ndflqsf:t"lt
*&= n3':d[To'k:yfg
**= jh|R5]lbsf k|1fkf/ldtf ;"q
*(= jh|z]v/dxfu'Xoof]utGq
()= jh|;dflw;"q
(!= jd{Jo"xlgb]{z;"q
(@= ljgofud
(#= ljlgZro;+u|x
($= jL/bQkl/k[R5f;"q
(%= lj+zltsfk|s/0f
(^= zt;fxl;|sfk|1fkf/ldtf ;"q
(&= zfln:tDa;"q
(*= lzIff;d'Rro
((= lzion]v
!))= zLn;+o'Qm;"q
!)!= >4fanfwfgfjtf/d'b|f;"q
!)@= >LbQkl/k[R5f;"q
!)#= >L;+ejljdf]If
!)$= ;dflw/fh;"q jf rGb|k|bLk;"q
!)%= ;+ef/kl/syf
!)^= ;+j/lj+zs
472
Â
pirizò 3 : ¢Nwma %Ïr[ gir@ka ¢Nwhêkae sUcI
!)&= ;4d{kl/u|x;"q
!)*= ;lGwlgdf]{rg;"q
!)(= ;Ktzltsfk|1fkf/ldtf
!!)= ;Doufd
!!!= ;j{a'4;dfof]u8flsgLhfn;+j/
!!@= ;j{wdf{k|j[lQlgb]{z;"q
!!#= ;fudltkl/k[R5f;"q
!!$= ;'afx'kl/k[R5f;"q -tGq_
!!%= ;'/tkl/k[R5f;"q
!!^= ;'j0f{k|ef;f]Qd;"q
!!&= ;'ljqmfGtljqmfldkl/k[R5f;"q
!!*= ;'l:ytdltb]jk'qkl/k[R5fkl/jt{
!!(= ;'l:ytdltb]jk'qkl/k[R5f;"q
!@)= ;'ÅNn]v
!@!= lbJofjbfg – ;"sl/sfjbfg
!@@= ;"qfn+sf/6Lsf
!@#= :d[To'k:yfg;"q
!@$= x]jh|tGq
473
Â
;Gbe{, l6Kk0fL / p4/0fx¿sf] ;+:s[t d"n
jGbgf
!= lq/Tgdf z/0f lnP/ af}4 u|Gysf] ;'?jft ul/Psf] x'G5 . lq/Tg eGgfn]
a'4, wd{ / ;+3 eGg] a'lemG5 . lxgofgdf a'4 Ps dfgj u'?, wd{
lzIff / ;+3 leIf' tyf leIf'0fLx¿sf ;d'bfosf ¿kdf lnOPsf] x'G5 .
dxfofgfg'ofoL ePsfn] uDkf]kfn] oxfF lq/Tgsf] cem ulx/f] cy{ k|:t't
ug'{ePsf] 5 . h;cg';f/ a'4 lqsfosf] ce]B o'ug4tf xf] . lqsfo
eGgfn] wd{sfo, ;Def]usfo / lgdf{0fsfo x'g\ . wd{sfon] a'4 lrQnfO{
hgfpF5 eg] ;Def]usfo / lgdf{0fsfon] qmdzM a'4 jfs\ / a'4 sfo
-jf sd{_ nfO{ hgfFpb5g\ . oL tLg}j6f sfosf] ;+ld>0f jf o'ug4tfnfO{
:jfefljssfo elgG5 . To;}n] :jfefljs sfo csf]{ 5'§} sfo xf]Og .
;+3nfO{ af]lw;™jx¿n] u/]sf x'G5g\ . t}klg cf7 dxfaf]lw;™j ;+3sf
¿kdf k|Voft 5g\ M != d~h'>L, @= jh|kfl0f, #= cjnf]lst]Zj/, $=
lIfltue{, %= ;j{gLj/0flj:sDeL, ^= uugu~h, &= d}q]o, *= ;dGteb| .
t/ g]kfnL af}4 wd{df ;+3 d08nsf ¿kdf /x]sf cf7hgf af]lw;™jx¿
qmdzM != d~h'>L, @= jh|kfl0f, #= lIfltue{, $= d}q]o, %= uugu~h, ^=
cfsfzue{, &= ;dGteb| / *= ;j{gLj/0flj:sDeL x'g\ / cjnf]lst]Zj/
d08nsf k|d'v af]lw;™j x'g\ .
@= nIf0fo'Qm of]Uo -Perfect & Qualified_ u'?n] zfSod'lg a'4sf] ;4d{nfO{
;+/lIft ul//fv]sf x'Fbf ;Dk"0f{ a'4, wd{ / ;+3sf] k|ltlglwTj u'?n] g} u/]
sf] x'G5 . lsgeg] u'?n] lzionfO{ ;4d{sf] lzIff glbP a'4 zf;g lbuf]
/xg] lyPg / ;+3sf] klg lgdf{0f x'g] lyPg . To;}n] of] Znf]s oxfF p4[t
ug'{ ;fGble{s 5 M u'?a'{4f] u'?w{df] u'?M ;+3:ty}j r . u'?j{h|w/M >Ldfg\
t:d} >Lu'/j] gdM .. & .. -af}4:tf]q;+u|xM k[= ^^_
475
Â
ljifo k|j]z
!= lqwft' M sfdwft', ¿kwft' / c¿kwft'

@= if8\ult M g/s, lto{s, k|]t, dg'io, b]j / c;'/ ult
#= ;kgf b]lv/x]sf] dfG5] e|ldt x'G5 / ;kgfnfO{ g} ;fFlRrs} 7fG5 Ù
t/ Jo"lemPkl5 Tof] t vfln ;kgf dfq} xf] / e|d t'?Gt} rfn kfOG5 .
To;/L g} tytf;DaGwL jf t™j;DaGwL xfd|f] e|d klg Tof] a]nf /fd|/L
b]Vg ;lsG5 ha xfdL cljBf jf c1fgtfaf6 Ao"lemG5f}F .
kl/R5]b ! M tyfut ue{
!= ;j]{iffdljlzi6flk tytf z'l4dfutf .

tyfuTj+ t:dfRr tb\uef{M ;j{b]lxgM ..
-dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ M (÷#&_
@= ;+a'4sfo:km/0fft\ tytf˜Jolte]btM .
uf]qtZr ;bf ;j]{ a'4uef{M z/Ll/0fM ..
-dxfofgf]Q/tGq zf:q M !÷@*_
#= P]sflGtsf] b'Zrl/tf]˜l:t slZrt\ slZrt\ ;d'b\3flttz'Snwdf{ .
cdf]IfefuLoz'ef]˜l:t slZrg\ lgxLgz'Snf]˜:Tolk x]t'xLgM ..
-dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ M #÷!!_
$= ty}j >fjsfM ;j]{ k|fKtlgjf{0f;+l1gM .
lhgf]˜y b]zo]Q:d} lj>fdf]õ+ g lgj[{ltM ..
-;4d{k'08/Ls ;"q M %÷&$_
%= ttf] j]b]ld cxdB leIfjf] hg]y jLo{ k/dd\ pbf/d\ .
;j{11fg]g s[t]g o"o+ g}tfjtf lgj{[ltM sflr ef]lt ..
;j{11fg+ t' obf :k[lzioy ..
-;4d{ k'08/Ls ;"q M &÷!)&–!)*_
^= t] >fjsfM ;lj{ g PlGt lgj{[ltd\ .
r/lGt Pt] j/ af]lwrfl/sf+
a'4f eljiolGtld ;j{>fjsfM .. -;4d{ k'08/Ls ;"q M %÷$$_
476
Â
sNdÉR, iqPp[I r %Ïr[hêkae s<Sk«t mUl
&= w"d]g 1fot] jlXgM ;lnn+ r anfsof .

lgldQ}1f{ot] uf]q+ af]lw;™j:o wLdtM .. -bzwd{s ;"q_
*= sf?0odlwd'lQmZr IfflGtZrflbk|of]utM .
;dfrf/M z'e:oflk uf]q] lnË lg¿Kot] .. -dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ #÷%_
kl/R5]b @ M b'n{e dg'io z/L/
!= g/sk|]tlto{~rf] Dn]R5f bL3f{o'iff]˜d/fM .

ldYofb[Ua'4sfGtf/f} d"stfi6fljxfIf0ffM ..
pko'{Qm Znf]s k|1fs/dltlj/lrt af]lwrof{jtf/ kl~hsfdf …af]lw–
lrQfg'z+;fÚ gfds k|yd kl/R5]bdf p4[t ul/Psf] xf] . x]g'{xf];\ M lk= Pn=
j}B -;++_, zflGtb]jlj/lrtM af]lwrof{jtf/M, b/e+uf M ldlynf ljBfkL7,
!(^), k[= % .
@= s'g\;fª\nfd]Zofn'+df atfOP cg';f/ bL3f{o'if b]jtfx¿sf lj1fg l/Qm
jf z"Go x'G5 . d'lQm To:tf] cj:yf xf] h;df s'zn cs'zn s'g}klg sd{
x'Fb}g eGg] ljZjf; lnP/ ;f]xL cg';f/ ;fwgf u/]sf] kmn:j¿k c;+1L
b]j eP/ hGd lnG5g\ . w]/} dxfsNk;Dd To;} cj:yfdf ;dflw:y /xFbf
/xFb} pgLx¿sf s'zn sd{ klg IfL0f x'Fb} uO/x]sf] x'G5 . ;a} ljkfs kmn
IfL0f eO;s]kl5 cfˆgf ldYofb[li6sf sf/0fn] pgLx¿ km]l/ b'u{lt d} hGd
lng k'U5g\ . To;}n] pgLx¿ klg wd{ cEof; ug]{ cj;/af6 jl~rt g}
/xG5g\ .
x]g'{xf];\ M The Padmakara Translation Group (tr.), The Words of My Perfect
Teacher – kunzang lama’i shelung, New Delhi: HarperCollins Publishers
India, 1994, p . 21
#= u'0ff]˜k/Zr b'Mv:o oT;+j]ufGdbRo'ltM .
;+;fl/if' r sf?0o+ kfkfb\eLltlh{g] :k[xf .. -af]lwrof{jtf/ M ^÷@!_
$= af]lw;™jlk6ssf] ;+:s[t d"n pknAw u/fpg ;s]gf}F . o;sf] 6Lsf;lxt
cg'jfb pN/Ls kfh]nn] ;g\ !((% df ug'{ePsf] lyof] . pxfFn] klg o;sf]
;+:s[t d"nnfO{ k|fKt ug{ ;Sg'ePg . To;}n] pxfFn] ;f] u|Gysf] ltJjtL jf
rLlgof cg'jfbaf6 c+u|]hLdf cg'jfb ug'{ePsf] x'g;S5 .
477
Â
u'0ff]˜k/Zr b'Mv:o oT;+j]ufGdbRo'ltM .

;+;fl/if' r sf?0o+ kfkfb\eLltlh{g] :k[xf .. -af]lwrof{jtf/ M ^÷@!_
%= b'n{ef ci6fIf0fljlgj[lQM . b'n{ef] dg'iok|ltnfeM . b'n{ef If0f;+dlå–
z'l4M . b'n{ef] a'4f]TkfbM . b'n{ef cljsn]lGb|otf . b'n{ef] a'4wd{>jM . b'n{e+
;Tk'?if;djwfgd\ . b'n{eflg e"tsNof0fldqfl0f . b'n{ef] e"tgofg'zf;gf]
k;+xf/M . b'n{e+ ;DouhLljt+ dg'ionf]s] . b'n{ef wdf{g'wd{k|ltklQM .
-u08Jo"x ;"q M !@_
^= If0f;+klbo+ ;'b'n{ef . -af]lwrof{jtf/ M !÷$_
&= ct Pjfx eujfg\ – dfg'iodltb'n{ed\ .
dxf0f{jo'ulR5b|s"d{u|Ljfk{0ff]kdd\ .. -af]lwrof{jtf/ M $÷@)_
*= k|ltnAwf k'?iffy{;fwgL . -af]lwrof{jtf/ M !÷$_
(= k'?iffl:qljwf 1]of pQdfwddWodfM . -af]lwkyk|bLk M Znf]s ;+= @_
!)= pkfo]g t' s]gflk s]jn+ ;+;[t]M ;'vd\ .
:j:o}jfy]{ oO{x]t 1]oM ;f] k'?iff]˜wd -af]lwkyk|bLk M Znf]s ;+= #_
!!= kfksd{lgj[QfTdf ej;'vft\ k/fª\d'vM .
cfTdlgjf{0fdfqfyL{ of] g/f] dWod:t' ;M .. -af]lwkyk|bLk M Znf]s $_
!@= :j;Gtfgut}b{'Mv}b{'Mv:ofGo:o ;j{yf .
;j{:o oM Ifo+ sfª\If]b'QdM k'?if:t' ;M ..
-af]lwkyk|bLk M Znf]s ;+= %_
!#= cB}j d/0f+ g}lt g o'Qmf d]+ ;'vfl;sf .
cjZod]lt ;f j]nf g eljiofdx+ obf .. -af]lwrof{jtf/ M $÷@)_
!$= dfg'io+ gfjdf;fB t/ b'MvdxfgbLd\ .
d"9 sfnf] g lgb|fof Oo+ gf}b'{n{ef k'gM .. -af]lwrof{jtf/ M &÷!$_
!%= sdf]{s/0f+ TjtGdg'iof0ff+ z/L/sd\ .. -af]lwrof{jtf/ M %÷^^_
!^= c>f4:o dg'io z'Snf] wdf]{ g /f]xlt .
aLhfgfdlUgbUwfgfdÍs'/f] xl/tf] oyf ..
!&= csf]{ zAbdf eGg'kbf{ rt'/fo{ ;TodWo] t[i0ffn] ubf{ g} x/]s lsl;dsf]
b'Mvsf] pTklQ x'G5 eGg] ;Todflysf] c6n ljZjf; g} ;+k|Too >4f xf] .
!*= tq >4f r]t;M k|;fbM . ;To/Tgsd{kmnfle;Dk|TooM ..
-clewd{sf]if efio M @÷@%_
478
Â
!(= 5Gbfb\ å]iffb\eofGdf]xfBf] wd{+ gfltjt{t] .

; >f4s Olt lj1]oM >]o;f] efhg+ k/d\ .. -/TgfjnL M !÷^_
kl/R5]b # M sNof0fldq ;+>o
!= t]xL ;'lziou'?uf}/j;+k|o'Qmf] sNof0fldq ;b ;]jlotJo lj1}M . ls+ sf/0f+

tt' t'0ffud' kl08tfgfd\ .. -/Tgu'0f;~ro ufyf ;"q M !%÷!_
k|1fkf/ldtf;d'Rroufyf nfO{ /Tgu'0f;~ro ufyf klg elgG5 .
x]g'{xf];\ M lk= Pn= j}B -;++_, dxfofg–;"q–;+u|x k|yd efuM, b/e+uf M
ldlynf ljBfkL7, !(^!, k[= #&!
@= eGgfsf] tfTko{ ;fdfGotof sNof0fldqsf] cfjZostf lsg k5{ eGg]
s'/f lqsfnsf a'4x¿sf b[i6fGtn] :ki6 x'G5 . csf{lt/ sNof0fldqlagf
lsg a'4Tj k|fKt ug{ ;lsGg eGg] s'/f k|To]sa'4sf b[i6fGtn] b]vfpFb5 .
k|To]sa'4sf af/]df kl/R5]b ! df x]g'{xf]nf .
#= Sn]zt:s/;+3f]õdjtf/uj]ifsM .
k|fKofjtf/+ d'i0fflt xlGt ;b\ulthLljtd\ ..
-af]lwrof{jtf/ M %÷@*_
$= sNof0fldq/lIftfM ;j{af]lw;™jk'0of]krofM .
-u08Jo"x ;"q M %# – >L;+ejM >LdltZr_
%= oyfe"tkl/1fg (Primordial Wisdom of actualizing reality as it is) /
oyfjt\ Joj:yfgkl/1fg (Primordial Wisdom of omniscience) . logsf]
af/] kl/R5]b @) df lj:t[t¿kdf JofVof ul/g]5 .
^= af]lw;™je"ld k[= !^#
&= oxfF b'O{ t™j eGgfn] csz'n / s'zn t™j cyjf Sn]z pTkfbs wd{
s'g s'g x'g\ / To;nfO{ s;/L kl/z'4 ug]{ eGg] a'lemG5 .
*= ljifbf ;+b]xhxf cfb]of t™jblz{sf låljwf .
;+kGgb]zg]o+ lj1]of af]lw;™jfgfd\ .. -dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ M !@÷%_
(= ;bf sNof0fldq+ r hLljtfy]{˜lk g Toh]t\ .
af]lw;™jj|tw/+ dxfofgfy{sf]ljbd\ .. -af]lwrof{jtf/ M %÷!)@_
!)= ;'wgsf] syf kl/lzi6 @ cGtu{t k[i7 $#! df x]g'{xf]nf .
479
Â
!!= g kl/t[lKt?TkfblotJof sNof0fldq;+bz{g]if' .

!@= ;bfk|?lbtsf] syf kl/lzi6 @ cGtu{t k[i7 $#@ df x]g'{xf]nf .
!#= g/f]kfsf] syf kl/lzi6 @ cGtu{t k[i7 $## df x]g'{xf]nf .
!$= /fhf cgnsf] syf kl/lzi6 @ cGtu{t k[i7 $#& df x]g'{xf]nf .
!%= oyfg'lzi6k|ltklQtZr ;+/fwo]l~rtdtf]˜:o wL/M ..
-dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ M !&÷!@_
!^= sNof0fldqf/fwgk|ltnAwf ;j{a'4af]lwM ..
!&= cy s'tf] ofjb]iff+ k|of]udf}nk[i7fgf+ Joj:yfgd\ ..
-clewd{sf]zefio M k[= ^&&_
!*= sNof0fldq;+wfl/tfM s'nk'q af]lw;™jf g ktlGt b'u{ltif' .
sNof0fldqkl/u[lxtf af]lw;™jf g lgjt{Gt] dxfofgft\ .
sNof0fldq:jf/lIftf af]lw;™jf g uR5lGt kfkldqjzd\ .
sNof0fldq;+u[xLtf af]lw;™jf cltqmfdlGt k[yUhge"ldd\ ..
kl/R5]b $M clgTo efjgf
!= ;Aa] ;+vf/f clgRrflt – wDdkb – dUu jUuf]÷%

@= ;j]{ Ifo cGtf lgrofM
ktg cGtfM ;d'R5«ofM .
;+of]uf ljk|of]u cGtf
d/0f cGtd\ lx hLljtd\ .. -pbfgju{ M !÷@@_
pbfgju{sf ;Dk"0f{ d"n ;+:s[t Znf]sx¿ /f]dg cIf/df ¿kfGtl/t u/]/ j]
a;fO{6df /flvPsf 5g\ . of] Znf]s klg j]a;fO6af6} p4[t ul/Psf] xf] .
x]g'{xf];\ M http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/ebene_1/fiindolo/gretil/1_
sanskr/4_rellit/buddh/udanav_u.htm
#= ;KtflUggflb\e/]s}j+ ut]˜lb\e ;Kts] k'gM .
t]h;f ;Kts kZrfb\ jfo';+jt{gL ttM .. clewd{sf]if M #÷!)@_
480
Â
$= g lgTo+ ;x ;™j]g tlådfgf]boJooft\ .

t]h;f ;Kts kZrfb\ jfo';+jt{gL ttM .. clewd{sf]if M #÷!)!_
%= ;a} wd{x¿ ;+:s[t ePsfn] clgTo 5g\ / If0f If0fdf kl/jt{gzLn
5g\ . o;/L ;bf kl/jt{gsf] k|jfxdf gkg]{ s'g} klg j:t' x'Fb}g . cfrfo{
j;'aGw'n] If0feË'/tfsf] l;4fGt (The Doctrine of Momentariness) JofVof
ubf{ If0fsf] kl/efiff o;/L lbg'ePsf] 5 M !@) tTIf0f ldn]/ Ps If0f
aG5 . Ps tTIf0f eGgfn] !÷&% cf}+ ;s]G8 xf] . t;y{ olt ;fgf] ;doleq
w]/} kl/jt{gx¿ eO/x]sf x'G5g\ . To;}n] a;'jGw'n] clewd{sf]zefiodf
If0fe+u'/nfO{ zL3| pTklt / zL3| eËsf] ¿kdf JofVof ug'{ePsf] 5 . oxfF
l:yltsf] s'/f cfpFb}g . em/gf jf gbLsf] k|jfx h:t} Pp6f If0f ;lsgf;fy
csf]{ To:t} k|sf/sf] If0f b'|t ultn] pTkGg x'G5g\ . Pj+ /Ltn] of] k|s[of
rln g} /xG5 . pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf xfdL gbL, rnlrq OToflbnfO{ lng
;S5f}F . klxnf] If0fdf gbLdf h'g kfgL lyof] kl5Nnf] If0fdf ToxL kfgL
/xFb}g, t/ xfdL Pp6} gbL b]V5f}F . xfdLn] ;f] gbLdf eO/x]sf] kl/jt{g
b]Vg ;Sb}gf}F . To:t} rnlrq klg w]/} lkmNdx¿ ldn]/ dfq ultdfg eO–
/x]sf] x'G5 t/ xfdLnfO{ Tof] ;fFlRrs} :jtGq¿kn] rln/x]sf] h:tf] nfU5 .
oL ;a xfdLn] rfn kfpg ;Sb}gf}F lsgls xfdLdf cem} ;a}yf]s lgTo
7fGg] u|fx efjgf xl6;s]sf] 5}g . af}4bz{gsf rf/ ljsfzqmd dWo] ;f}–
tflGqssf cg';f/ oL kl/jt{g :jtM eO/fv]sf x'G5g\ s'g} jfXo sf/s–
t™jn] To;f] u/fpg] xf]Og .
^= cw|'j+ lqej+ z/be|lge+ .
-nlntlj:t/ M ;+rf]bgfkl/jt{:qof]bzM÷Znf]s ;+= &)_
&= /flqlGbjdlj>fddfo'iff] jw{t] JooM .
cfo:o rfudf] gfl:t g dl/iofld ls+ Gjxd\ ..
-af]lwrof{jtf/ M @÷$)_
*= ;j{d'T;[Ho uGtJoldlt g 1ftdLb[zd\ .
-af]lwrof{jtf/ M @÷#%_
(= kfFr cle1fx¿ o; k|sf/ x'g\ M != lbJorIf' cle1f, @= lbJo>f]t
cle1f, #= k/lrQ cle1f $= Cl4 cle1f, %= k"jf{lgjf;fg':d[lt cle1f .
^= csf]{ cle1f jf 5}+6f} cle1f cf>jIfo1fg xf] .
481
Â
!)= j]a;fO{6sf] ;+:s/0fdf of] clgTo ju{sf] Znf]s g+ @% 5'6s

] f] b]lvG5 .
t/ ltJjtLefiffaf6 c+u|]hLdf cg'jflbt u|Gydf xfdLn] of] Znf]s e]§fpg
;S5f}F .
!!= h'g x]t' k|Toon] ag]sf] x'G5, To;nfO{ ;+:s[t wd{ elgG5 .
!@= OxflgotdGt] t' bzfAbfM cflbtf]˜ldtd\ .. clewd{sf]z – #÷&*
!#= Od+ rd{k'6+ tfjT:ja'4Ø}j k[ySs'? .
cl:yk~h/tf] df+;+ k|1fz:q]0f df]ro .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – %÷^#
!$= nAWjflk r ax"+Nnfefg= lr/+ e'STjf ;'vfGolk .
l/Qmx:tZr gUgZr of:ofld d'liftf] oyf .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – ^÷%(
kl/R5]b %M ;+;f/sf] b'Mv
!= :sGw kfFrj6f 5g\ h;nfO{ k~r:sGw klg elgG5 . tL x'g\ M != ¿k,

@= j]bgf, #= ;+1f, $= ;+:sf/ / %= lj1fg . oL kfFrj6f :sGwafx]s cs}{
leGg} cfTd 5 egL u|fx ug'{ pkfbfg :sGw xf] . h'g af:tjdf ldYofb[li6
xf] / To;}n] ubf{ b'Mvsf] ;'?jft x'G5 .
@= pm0f{kId oy}j lx s/tn;+:y+ g j]Bt] k'lDeM .
clIfut+ t' ty}j lx hgoTo/lt+ r kL8f+ r ..
s/tn;b[zf] afnf] g j]lQ ;+:sf/b'MvtfkId .
clIf;b[z:t' ljåf+:t]g}jf]å]Hot] uf9d\ .. -clewd{sf]z6Lsf M ^÷#_
#= cwM ;x;|}lj{+zTof tGdfqf]˜jLlr/:o lx .
tb"Wj{+ ;Kt g/sfM .. -clewd{sf]if M #÷%*_
$= z}nfdeLif0fljzÍ6d]ifo'Ud ;‹§r"l0f{tljzL0f{;d:tufq . $%
%= sfdb]jfo'iff t'Nof cxf]/fqf oyfqmdd\ .
;~hLjflbif' if6\;' cfo':t}:t]iff+ sfdb]jjt\ .. -clewd{sf]if M #÷%*_
^= cw{+ k|tfkg]˜jLrfjGtMsNkd\ . -clewd{sf]if M #÷%*_
&= ;j]}{˜i6f} iff]8zf]T;bfM ..
s's"n+ s'0fk+ rfy If'/dfuf{lbs+ gbL .
t]iff+ rt'lb{zd\ .. -clewd{sf]if M #÷%* / %(_
*= rf/j6f af}4bz{gsf r/0fx¿ 5g\ h:t}M j}eflifs, ;f}tflGqs,
482
Â
of]ufrf/ / dfWolds . j}eflifs / ;f}tflGqs lxgofg af}4 wd{ x'g\ eg]

of]ufrf/ / dfWolds dxfofg af}4 wd{ x'g\ . j}eflifs / ;f}tflGqs
dtfjnDjLx¿n] zfSod'lg a'4n] ug'{ePsf] k|yd wd{rqmk|j{QgnfO{ dfq
gLtfy{ dfGb5g\ . / logLx¿nfO{ ;jf{l:tjfb klg elgG5g\ . of]ufrf/
dtfjnDjLx¿ j}zfnLdf ePsf] t]>f] wd{rqm k|jt{gnfO{ gLtfy{ dfG5g\ /
k|yd / bf]>f] wd{rqmk|jQ{gnfO{ g]ofy{ dfGb5g\ . To:t} dfWoldsx¿ bf]>f]
wd{rqm k|jt{gnfO{ gLtfy{ dfG5g\ t/ k|yd / t]>f] wd{rqm k|jt{gnfO{
g]ofy{sf ¿kdf lnG5g\ . ;Dk"0f{ a'4 jrgnfO{ b'O{ cy{df lng ;lsG5,
g]ofy{ / gLtfy{ . g]ofy{ pkfo:j¿k ljg]ohg ;™j -p4f/ ul/g'kg{] ;™j_
x¿nfO{ ;4d{sf] dfu{df :yflkt ug{sf nflu k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5 eg]
gLtfy{ k|1f;+u ;DalGwt ePsfn] t™j ;fIffTsf/ ug]{ cy{df lnOG5 .
o;/L zfSod'lg a'4sf tLg wd{rqm k|jt{gnfO{ oL rf/ af}4 bz{gsf
cg'ofoLx¿ g]ofy{ / gLtfy{sf ¿kdf lnG5g\ . logdf k|yd, j}eflifsx¿
kbfy{ jf wd{sf] q}sflns -e"t, jt{dfg / eljio_ cl:tTjnfO{ dfGb5g\ .
/ clgTonfO{ pTklQ, l:ylt / eËsf ¿kdf x]b{5g\ . jfXo wd{sf] cl:tTj
dfGg] ePsfn] logLx¿nfO{ k/df0f'jfbL klg elgG5 . To:t} ;f}tflGqsx¿
wd{sf] Ps sflns cl:tTjnfO{ dfq dfG5g\ . pgLx¿ clgTonfO{ pTklQ /
eËsf ¿kdf x]b{5g\ . To;}n] e"t / eljiodf j:t'sf] cl:tTjnfO{ logLx¿
dfGb}gg\ . of]ufrf/sf sltko l;4fGtx¿ ;f}tflGqs;+u 7\ofSs} ldN5g\ . b'j}
:j;+j]bgsf] l;4fGtnfO{ dfG5g\ . t/ of]ufrf/ dxfofg bz{g xf] . logLx¿
lj1fgsf nflu jfXo wd{sf] cl:tTjsf] h?/L 5}g egL dfGb5g\ . of]uf–
rf/n] dg g} k/dfy{ ;To xf] jfXo wd{ kl/slNkt dfq x'g\ egL
dfG5g\ . o;/L j}eflifsx¿ / ;f}tflGqsx¿ jfXofy{jfbL ePsfn] g/s,
g/s–kfn OToflbsf] klg cl:tTj dfG5g\ eg] of]ufrf/n] klg jfXo;Qf
k6Ss} gdfGg] / vfnL lrQsf] dfq k/dfy{ ;Qf dfGg] ePsfn] tL ;a}
lrQsf dfq k|If]k0f x'g\ egL dfG5g\ . oL ;a} bz{g dWo] dfWolds ;a}
eGbf >]i7 / cg'Q/ o; sf/0fn] 5 ls o;n] o:tf s'g}klg ljsNkdo
l;4fGt /fVb}g / s'g} cGt -zfZjt jf pR5]b_ df 6fF;]/ a:b}g . wd{ ;a}
k|tLTo;d'TkGg ePsfn] lgMZjefj 5g\, z"Go 5g\, ltgsf cfˆg} :jsLo
;Qf x'Fb}g / t/ cfˆgf] ;Qfsf] nflu c¿ g} s'g} k|Too jf x]t'dfly lge{/
483
Â
x'g'kg]{ x'gfn] ;+j[lt cy{df cl:tTjdf /x]sf] h:tf] b]lvG5, k/dfy{¿kdf

ltgLx¿ z"Go 5g\ . dfWolds bz{g To;}n] efj -5_ jf cefj -5}g_
ljsNk eGbf dfly 5 h'g af]lwsf nflu geO gx'g] k"j{z{t xf] . g/s /
g/skfnx¿nfO{ klg dfWolds bz{gn] o;/L g} lnG5 .
(= z:qfl0f s]g g/s] 3l6tflg k|oTgtM .
kfklrQ;d'b\e"t+ tQT;j{+ huf} d'lgM .. -af]lwrof{jtf/ M %÷*_
!)= zLtf cGo]˜i6fjj'{bfboM .. -clewd{sf]if M #÷%* / %(_
!!= cGg jf kmn dfkg ug]{ kl/df0f zAb .
! vf/L Ö !^ b|f]0f
! b|f]0f Ö !)=& wfgL{
! vf/L Ö !^ Š !)=& Ö !&!=@ wfgL{
t;y{ *) vf/L Ö *) Š !&!=@ Ö !#^(^ wfgL{
!@= ;'Qlgkft, k[= !@^Ù ;+o'Qm lgsfo, !, !%@Ù c+u'Q/ lgsfo %, !&#Ù
clewd{sf]ifefio #, *$, k[= !&^ .
!#= jfxfb\ jif{zt]g}sltnf]4f/Ifofo'ifM .
ca'{bfb\ lj+zltu'0fk|ltj[4Øfo'ifM k/] .. -clewd{sf]if M #÷*$_
* df}b\uNofogsf] syf kl/lzi6 @ cGtu{t k[i7 $#* df x]g'{xf]nf .
** ;+3/lIftsf] syf kl/lzi6 @ cGtu{t k[i7 $$@ df x]g'{xf]nf ..
!$= k|]tfgf+ df;fXgf ztk~rsd\ .. -clewd{sf]if M #÷*#_
!%= sNk+ lt/Zrfd\ .. -clewd{sf]if M #÷*#_
!^= rf/ k|sf/sf hGdx¿ cGbh, h/fo'h, Zj]th, cf}kkfb's x'g\ . logsf
af/] clewd{sf]zdf lj:t[t¿kdf JofVof ul/Psf] kfOG5 . x]g'{xf];\ M
clewd{sf]z #, ====
!&= rf/ wft'x¿ k[YjL, cfk\, t]h, jfo' x'g\ .
!*=cTo'u|uGwdz'lrk|s/f]k?4d\ cToGt;Í6d'kf]93gfGwsf/d\ .
cfljZo ue{lgno+ lg/o+ oy}j b'Mv+ dxt\ ; ;xt] kl/kLl8tfËM ..
-lzion]v M #÷*#_
!(= h/ ¿k;'¿klj¿ks/L, h/ t]hx/L an:yfdx/L
;b -h/_ ;f}Vox/L kl/efjs/L h/ d[To's/L h/ cf]hx/L ..
-nlntlj:t/ M !#÷*%_
484
Â
@)= jx'/f]uzt} wgJoflwb'Mv}M pk;[i6 huHHjnt]j d[ufM .

-nlntlj:t/ M !#÷*^_
o; Znf]ssf] ltAatL cg'jfbdf clnslt leGgtf kfOG5 .
kl/R5]b ^ M sd{ / To;sf] kmn
!= sd{h+ nf]sj}lršod\ . clewd{sf]z – $÷!

@= r]tgf tTs[t+ r tt\ . tq}j
#= r]tgf r]tloTjf r sdf]{Qm+ k/dlif{0ff . dWodszf:q – !&÷@
$= r]tgf dfg;+ sd{ tHh] jfSsfosd{l0f . clewd{sf]z – $÷!
%= rf/j6f kf/lhsfdWo] Ps . pbfx/0fsf] nflu Cl4;+kGg geP/ klg
cfkm";+u Cl4 l;l4 5 eGb} lx8\g' .
^= nf]eft\ k]|tult+ oflt lIfKot] g/s] å]ifft\ .
df]xft\ lto{Uult+ k|foM .. /TgfjnL – #÷#)
&= oxfF ljifo eGbf a'4 cflb cf>o eGg] a'lemG5 .
*= nf]ef] å]ifZr df]xZr tHh+ sd]{lt rfz'ed\ . /TgfjnL – !÷@)
cz'efT;j{b'Mvflg ;j{b'u{to:tyf .. /TgfjnL – !÷@!
(= cnf]efdf]xfå]iffZr tHh+ sd]{t/R5'ed\ .. /TgfjnL – !÷@)
z'efT;'utoM ;jf{M ;j{hGd;'vflg r .. /TgfjnL – !÷@!
!)= Wofgfk|df0ff¿Ko}:t' a|XdfB;'vdZg't] . /TgfjnL – !÷@$
!!= sy+ k'g:t]iff+ sd{ :js+ ejlt . :jo+s[tsd{ljkfsk|lt;+j]bgtfd'kfbfo,
tl4 gfd :jsldTo'Rot] oTk/}/;fwf/0fd\ . clewd{sf]if efio – k[= &@
!@= sy+ sd{0ff bfofbTjd\ . t:of+ :jo+s[tljkfsk|lt;+j]bgfof+
s'znfs'znfgf+ sd0f{dGof]Gobfofbtfd'kfbfo .
clewd{sf]if efio – k[= &@
!#= Olt ;Tqktf} lhg:o k'q] sn'if+ :j] Åbo] s/f]lt oZr .
sn'iff]bo;+Voof ; sNkfg\ g/s]ijfj;tLlt gfy cfx ..
af]lwrof{jtf/ – !÷#$
!$= kfksd{lgj[QfTdf ej;'vft\ k/fª\d'vM .
cfTdlgjf{0fdfqfyL{ of] g/f] dWod:t' ;M .. af]lwky k|bLk – Znf]= $
485
Â
!%= /fhf s[lssf ;ft k'qLsf] syf kl/lzi6 @ cGtu{t k[i7 $%! df
x]g'{xf]nf .
kl/R5]b & M d}qL Pj+ s?0ff
!= tTs:o x]tf]M < Ptof lx jo+ hlgtfM b'is/sfl/s}iff, c:dfs+ hLljt:o

bfqL, nf]s:o r ;+bz{lolq . ci6;fxl;|sf k|1fkf/ldtf ;"q — k[= !@%
@= ofjt lgi7 ge:o ej]μof ;™j cz]ift lgi7 ty}j .
eb|rof{k|l0fwfg ;"q – $^
#= af]lw;™j:o ;™j]if' k|]d dHhut+ dxt\ .
oy}sk'qs] t:dfT;bf lxts/+ dtd\ . dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – !#÷@)
$= ofjlGt k"hf ax'ljw ck|d]of of If]qsf]6Lgo'tla+a/]if' .
tf+ k"h s[Tj k'?ifj/]if' lgTo+ ;+VofsnfkL g ejlt d}qlrQM ..
rGb|k|bLk ;"q – #@÷@&&
%= d}qL/Iff+ ljwf:olGt g/fZr b]jtf clk .
;f}dg:o+ dxf;f}Vo+ ljifz:q}Zr gf] IfltM .. /TgfjnL – #÷*%
^= cy{k|flKt/gfof;+ a|Xdnf]s] hlge{j]t\ .
ci6d}qLu'0f}w{d{}/fKtf] gf] olb d'Ro] .. /TgfjnL – #÷*^
&= d}qLansf] syf kl/lzi6 @ cGtu{t k[i7 $%$ df x]g'{xf]nf .
*= af]lw;™j jh|kfl0f .
(= dxfbQsf] syf kl/lzi6 @ cGtu{t k[i7 $%! df x]g'{xf]nf .
!)= :j;Gtfgut}b'{Mv:ofGo:o ;j{yf .
;j{:o oM Ifo+ sfª\If]b'QdM k'?if:t' ;M .. af]lwkyk|bLk – %
kl/R5]b *M z/0fudg
!= kl/R5]b ! df x]g'{xf];\ .
@= rf/ o'Ud k'b\un o; k|sf/ 5g\ M – != ;|f]tcfkGgkmnk|ltkGgs
Pj+ ;|f]tcfkGg, @= ;s[bfufdLkmnk|ltkGgs Pj+ ;s[bfufdL, #= cgf–
ufdLkmnk|ltkGgs Pj+ cgfufdL / $= cx{™jkmnk|ltkGgs Pj+ cx{t\ . cf7
486
Â
Psn k'b\un o; k|sf/ 5g\ M – != ;|f]tcfkGgkmnk|ltkGgs, @= ;|f]tcfkGg,

#= ;s[bfufdLkmnk|ltkGgs, $= ;s[bfufdL, %= cgfufdLkmnk|ltkGgs, ^=
cgfufdL, &= cx{™jkmnk|ltkGgs / *= cx{t\ . >fjse"ld, k[= !&@–!&#
#= huR5/0fd]sq a'4Tj+ kf/dfly{sd\ .
/Tguf]qljefudxfofgf]Q/tGq – !÷@!
$= d'g]w{d{z/L/Tjft\ tlGgi7Tjfb\ u0f:o r ..
/Tguf]qljefudxfofgf]Q/tGq – !÷@!
%= wdf]{ låwfo{;+3Zr gfToGt+ z/0f+ k/d\ .
/Tguf]qljefudxfofgf]Q/tGq – !÷@)
^= HofToTjfg\ df]ifwd{Tjfbefjft\ ;eoTjtM .
wdf]{ låwfo{;+3Zr gfToGt+ z/0f+ k/d\ ..
/Tguf]qljefudxfofgf]Q/tGq – !÷@)
&= zf:t[zf;glziofy}{/lws[To lqoflgsfg\ .
sf/qoflwd'Qmf+Zr k|1Kt+ z/0fqod\ ..
/Tguf]qljefudxfofgf]Q/tGq – !÷!(
*= pkb|j]EoM ;j]{Eof] ckfofbg'kfotM .
;Tsfof4LgofgfRr t:dfR5/0fd'Qdd\ .. dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – (÷*
(= ;f–;fgf df6f -terrocotta) sf :t"kx¿ h;nfO{ ;fFrf]df xfn]/ agfOG5g\ .
!)= oT;Ktg]sflos+ k|fltdf]If;+j/;dfbfg+ leIf'leIf'0fLlzIfdf0ff>fd0f]/–
>fd0f]o'{kf;sf]kfl;sfzLnd\ . tb]tb\ u[lxk|j|lhtkIf] oyfof]u+ j]lbtJod\ .
af]lw;™je"ld – k[= (^
!!= k|lti7fzLn;+j[ltM . dxfofg;"qfn+sf/ – $÷$
!@= ;Ktwfk|ltdf]If}Zr ;bf˜Go;+j/flGjtM .
efUo+ af]lw;™jfgf+ ;+j/:o g rfGoyf .. af]lwkyk|bLk – Znf]s= @!
!#= ls+ k|lti7M <====af]lw;™jzLn;+j/k|lti7M .
dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – k[= !%–!^
kl/R5]b (M af]lwlrQ kl/u|x
!= lrQf]TkfbM k/fyf{o ;DoS;Daf]lwsfdtf . cle;dofn+sf/ – !÷!(
487
Â
@= e"x]drGb|Hjng}lg{w/Tgfs/f0f{j}M .
jh|frnf}ifwLldq}lZrGtfd0os{uLltleM .. cle;dofn+sf/ – !÷@)
g[ku~hdxfdfu{ofgk|;|j0ff]bs}M .
cfgGbf]lQmgbLd]3}åf{lj+zltljwM ; r .. cle;dofn+sf/ – !÷@!
#= lrQf]Tkfbf]˜lwdf]Iff]˜;f} z'4fWofzolosf]˜k/M .
j}kfSof] e"ldif' dt:tyfj/0fjlh{tM .. dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – $÷@
$= ; r kf/dfly{slrQf]TkfbM k|d'lbtfof+ e"df} .
dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – $÷*
%= tb\af]lwlrQ+ låljw+ lj1ftJo+ ;df;tM .
af]lwk|l0flwlrQ+ r af]lwk|:yfgd]j r .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – !÷!%
^= uGt'sfd:o uGt'Zr oyf e]bM k|tLot] .
tyf e]bf]˜gof]1]{of] oyf;+Vo]g k+l8t}M .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – !÷!^
&= t:dfT; lrQf]Tkfbf] af]WofnDagM ;™jfyf{nDagZr .
af]lw;™j e"ld – k[= *
*= tH1fgko]{i6Øfsf/]0f tH1fgfnDagM . dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – k[= !^
(= ofjt lgi7 ge:o ej]μof ;™j cz]ift lgi7 ty}j .
sd{t' Sn]zt' ofjt lgi7f tfjtlgi7 dd k|l0fwfgd\ ..
cfo{eb|rof{k|l0fwfg/fh – Znf]s= $^
!)= lzIff;d'Rrosf] k[= * df x]g'{xf];\ .
!!= ldqanfb\ x]t'anfGd"nfanfR5'tanfR5'efEof;ft\ .
cb[9b[9f]bo pQmlZrtf]TkfbM k/fVofgft\ ..
dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – $÷&
!@= ;"kfl;t;+a'4] ;';+e[t1fgk'0o;+ef/] .
wd]{if' lglj{sNk1fgk|;jfTk/dtf:o . dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – $÷*
!#= ;+j/M ;b\u'/f]u|f{XoM ;DounIf0fo'QmtM .
oM ;+j/ljwf} bIfM :jo+ r ;+j/] l:ytM ..
s[kfn'M ;+j/] zQmM 1ftJo ;b\u'?:t' ;M . af]lwkyk|bLk – @#–@$
!$= ;xwfld{s:o af]lw;™j:o s[tk|l0fwfg:o lj1:o k|ltan:o jflUj1–
KToy{u|x0ffjaf]wfo . af]lw;Tje"ld – k[= !)%
!%= ;+d'v+ ljd'v+ k"hf a'4fgf+ rLj/flbleM .
488
Â
uf9k|;GglrQ:o ;+ef/åok"/o] .. dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – !&÷!

!^= dgM k"j{+udf wdf{ dgM >]i7f Olt >'t]M . /TgfjnL – $÷&#
!&= nf]ef] å]ifZr df]xZr tHh+ sd]{lt rfz'ed\ . /TgfjnL – !÷@)
cz'efT;j{b'Mvflg ;j{b'u{to:tyf . /TgfjnL – !÷@!
!*= Ood]j t' d] lrGtf o'Qmf /flqlGbj+ tbf .
cz'eflGgot+ b'Mv+ lgM;/]o+ ttM syd\ .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – @÷^#
!(= rt'le{ d}q]o Û wd}{ ;dGjfutf] af]lw;™jf] dxf;™jM s[tf]klrQ+ kfk–
dleejlt .
std}Zrt'le{< ob't ljb"if0f;d'bfrf/]0f, k|ltkIf;d'bfrf/]0f, k|TofklQ–
an]g, cf>oan]g ..
cfo{ rt'wd{lgb]{z ;"q, wLM -;f/gfyM s]Gb|Lo pRr ltAatL lzIff
;+:yf_, k[=$*
@)= lk|oflk|olgldQ]g kfk+ s[tdg]swf .
;j{d'T;[Ho uGtJoldlt g 1ftdLb[zd\ .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – @÷#%
clk|of g eljiolGt lk|of] d] g eljiolt .
cx+ r g eljiofld ;j{+ r g eljiolt .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – @÷#^
@!= Ox zμofut]gflk aGw'dWo]˜lk lti7tf .
do}j}s]g ;f]9Jof dd{R5]bflbj]bgf .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – @÷$!
@@= odb"t}u[{xLt:o s'tf] aGw'M s'tM ;'Åt\ .
k'0od]s+ tbf qf0f+ dof tRr g ;]ljtd\ .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – @÷$@
@#= cËR5]bfy{dKoB gLodfgf] ljz'iolt .
lkkfl;tf] bLgb[li6/Gob]j]Ift] hut\ .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – @÷$$
ls+ k'ge}{/jfsf/}o{db"t}/lwli7tM .
dxfqf;Hj/u|:tM k'/Liff]T;u{j]li6tM .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – @÷$%
@$= sy+ r lgM;/fDo:dft\ kl/qfot ;™j/d\ .
df ddfIfL0fkfk:o d/0f+ zL3|d]iolt .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – @÷##
@%= s[tfs[tk/LIff]õ+ d[To'lj{>De3ftsM .
:j:yf:jy}/ljZjf:o cfsl:dsdxfzlgM .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – @÷#$
@^= o]g sNk;x;|]if' s[t+ kfk+ ;'bf?0fd\ .
Psj]nf+ k|sfzGt' ;j]{ j|hGt' ;+Ifod\ .. ;'j0f{k|ef;f]Qd;"q – $÷#&
489
Â
* gGbsf] syf kl/lzi6 @ cGtu{t k[i7 $^% df x]g'{xf]nf .

** c+u'lndfnsf] syf kl/lzi6 @ cGtu{t k[i7 $^) df x]g'{xf]nf .
*** chftzq'sf] syf kl/lzi6 @ cGtu{t k[i7 $^) df x]g'{xf]nf .
**** pbogsf] syf kl/lzi6 @ cGtu{t k[i7 $^# df x]g'{xf]nf .
@&= cToodTooTj]g k|ltu[X0fGt' gfosfM .
g eb|sldb+ gfyf g st{Jo+ k'gd{of .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – @÷^^
@*= o] a'4+ z/0f+ oflGt g t] uR5lGt b'u{ltd\ .
k|xfo dfg'iffg\ sfofg\ lbJofg\ sfofg'kf;t] ..
lbJofjbfg M ;'sl/sfjbfg÷!
@(= s[Tjflk kfkflg ;'bf?0fflg obf>ofb'Q/lt If0f]g .
z"/f>o]0f]j dxfeoflg gf>Lot] tTsyd1;™j}M ..
af]lwrof{jtf/ – !÷!#
#)= af]lw;™jTja'4Tjdg'df]b] r tflogfd\ .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – #÷@
#!= ;jf{;' lbIf' ;+a'4fg\ k|fy{ofld s[tf~hlnM .
wd{k|bLk+ s'j{Gt' df]xfb\ b'Mvk|kfltgfd\ .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – #÷$
#@= lgjf{t'sfdf+Zr lhgfg\ ofrofld s[tf~hlnM .
sNkfggGtf+l:ti7Gt' df e"bGwldb+ hut\ .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – #÷%
##= Pj+ ;j{ldb+ s[Tjf oGdof;flbt+ z'ed\ .
t]g :of+ ;j{;™jfgf+ ;j{b'Mvk|zflGts[t\ .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – #÷^
#$= ofjtL k|ydf sf]l6M ;+;f/:ofGtjlh{tf .
tfjT;™jlxtfyf{o rl/iofDoldtf+ rl/d\ ..
pTkfbofld ;+af]wf} lrQ+ gfy:o ;+d'vd\ .. lzIff;d'Rro – k[= !!
#%= oyf u[xLt+ ;'ut}af]{lwlrQ+ k'/ftg}M .
t] af]lw;™jlzIffofdfg'k"Jof{ oyf l:ytfM ..
tåb'TkfbofDo]if af]lwlrQ+ hul4t] .
tåb]j r tfM lzIffM lzlIfiofld oyfqmdd\ ..
af]lwrof{jtf/ #÷@@–@#
#^= Pj+ u[xLTjf dltdfg\ af]lwlrQ+ k|;fbtM .
k'gM k[i7:o k'i6Øy{+ lrQd]j+ k|xif{o]t\ .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – #÷@$
#&= PjdgGtk|ef] gfd tyfutf] oqflr{idtf tyfut]g k|yd+ af]lwlrQd\
490
Â
pTkflbt+ t[0fk|bLk+ bTjf gu/fjnDase"t]g -eb|slNks;"qdf p4/0f ul/–

Psf]_ . lzIff;d'Rro – k[i7 *
#*= t:o r af]lwlrQ:o ;xf]Tkfbfb]jfjtL0ff]{ ejlt af]lw;™jf]˜g'Q/] af]lw–
dxfofg] . af]lw;™je"ld – k[= *
#(= ; lrQf]Tkfbf] af]lw;™jlzIffofM ;lGg>oM .
af]lw;™j e"ld – k[= (
$)= o'ufGtsfnfgnjGdxflGt kfkflg olGgb{xlt If0f]g .
af]lwrof{jtf/ – !÷!$
$!= t:dfbg'Q/fofM ;DoS;+af]w]M ; lrQf]Tkfbf] d"nd\ .
af]lw;™j e"ld – k[= *
$@= af]lwlrQfl4 oTk'0o+ tRr ¿lk ej]Blb .
cfsfzwft' ;+k"o{ e"oZrf]Ql/ tb\ej]t ..
af]lwkyk|bLk df p4/0f ul/Psf] – !÷@^
$#= uËfjflns;+Voflg a'4If]qfl0f of] g/M .
bBfT;b|Tgk"0ff{lg nf]sgfy]Eo Pj lx .
oZr}sM k|f~hlne{"Tjf lrQ+ af]wfo gfdo]t\ ..
Oo+ ljz]iot] k"hf o:ofGtf]˜lk g ljBt] .
af]lwkyk|bLk df p4/0f ul/Psf] – !÷@&
$$= ;dfbbflt tlRrQd\
ttM k|e[lt ;'Kt:o k|dQ:ofKog]szM .
cljlR5GgfM k'0owf/fM k|jt{Gt] geM;dfM .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – !÷!(
$%= o:t]iff+;'v/Íf0ff+ kLl8tfgfdg]szM .
t[lKt+ ;j{;'v}M s'of{t\ ;jf{M kL8flZ5glQ r .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – !÷@(
gfzoTolk ;+df]x+ ;fw':t]g ddM s'tM .
s'tf] jf tfb[z+ ldq+ k'0o+ jf tfb[z+ s'tM .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – !÷#)
$^= olb r}j+ k|lt1fo ;fwo]o+ g sd{0ff .
Ptfg\ ;jf{g\ lj;+jfB sf ultd]{ eljiolt .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – $÷$
$&= o:dfbfkBdfgf]˜;f} ;j{;™jfy{xflgs[t\ .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – $÷*
$*= PjdfklQantf] af]lwlrQan]g r .
bf]nfodfgM ;+;f/] e"ldk|fKtf} lr/fot] .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – $÷!!
491
Â
kl/R5]b !)M af]lwlrQsf] cEof;
!= Pj+ k|l0flwlrQ:o ;d'Tkfb] t' o] u'0ffM .

u08Jo"x] t' t] ;"q] d}q]o]0f k|efliftfM .. af]lwkyk|bLk — !@÷!#
@= k'0o1fg:j¿k:o ;+ef/:o k|k"/o] . af]lwkyk|bLk – #%
#= pTkfB af]lwk|l0fwfglrQ+ g}sk|oTg}M kl/jw{gLod\ ..
af]lwkyk|bLk — !*
$= a'4+ r wd{+ r u0ff]Qd+ r
ofjl4 af]lw+ z/0f+ utf]˜l:d .
bfgflb–s[To}Zr s[t}d{do}leM
a'4f] ej]o+ hutf] lxtfo .. lrQf]Tkfbljlw — ctLz bLk+s/>L1fg
%= hGdfGt/]˜lk :d/0ffy{d:o lzIff oyf]Qmf kl/kfngLof .
af]lwkyk|bLk — !*
kl/R5]b !!M k|:yfg af]lwlrQsf] cEof; Mif8\kf/ldtf
!= k|:yfglrQfTdodl:yt]g .
lqzLnlzIff kl/lzIot] r]t\ lqzLnlzIff;' dxfb/M :oft\ ..
af]lwkyk|bLk – ##
@= lzIffqodlws[To r if6\ kf/ldtf lhg}M ;dfVoftfM .
cfBf lt;|f] å]wf cGToåotl:t;[ij]sf .. dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – !^÷&
#= ef]ufTefj;+kTkl/rf/f/De;+kbEo'boM .. dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ — !^÷@
$= k"jf]{Q/lg>oZrf]TkQ]:tTqmd]0f lgb]{zM .
xLgf]Tsif{:yfgfbf}bfl/s;"IdtZrflk .. dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – !^÷!$
%= bfg+ ljkIfxLg+ 1fg]g ug+ r lglj{sNk]g .
;j]{R5fkl/k"/sdlk ;™jljkfrs+ q]wf .. dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – !^÷*
^= bfl/b|Ø:ofkgofR5}To:o r nDegft\ Ifoft\ qm'4]M .
j/of]udgf]wf/0fk/dfy{1fgZrf]lQmM .. dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – !^÷!%
&= bfgfbf} if8\ljw6\st]iff+ k|To]s+ ;+u|x]0f of .
;Ggfxk|ltkltM ;f if8\leM if}o{yf]lbtf .. cle;dofn+sf/ – !÷$#
492
Â
*= bfg+ zLn+ r k'0o:o k|1f 1fg:o ;+e[ltM .

qo+ rfGb\åo:oflk .. dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – !*÷#(
kl/R5]b !@ M bfg kf/ldtf
!= dfT;o{ k|]t ejt] pkkBoftL,

cyjf dg'io tb ef]lt bl/b|¿kf] .. /Tgu'0f;~ro ufyf – #!÷!!
@= >f]0fsf]6Ls0f{sf] syf kl/lzi6 @ cGtu{t k[i7 $^) df x]g'{xf]nf .
#= bfg]g k|]tult l5Gblt af]lw;™jf] bfl/b|s+ r l5gtL ty ;j{Sn]zfg\ .
ef]uf+ZrfgGtljk'nf+ net] r/Gtf] .. /Tgu'0f;~ro ufyf – #@÷!
$= bfg]g ;™j kl/kfrlo s[R5 k|fKtfg\ ..
/Tgu'0f;~ro ufyf – #@÷!
%= af]lw;™je"ldsf] d"n ;+:s[t kf7df km/s /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;f] kf7
ltAatL cg'jfb cg';f/ xf] .
^= g r af]lw;™j sLlt{zAbZnf]sldl>t+ bfg+ bbflt .
af]lw;™je"ld – k[= *%
&= g r af]lw;™jf] bfl/b|ØeoeLtf] bfg+ bbflt . af]lw;™je"ld – k[= *$
*= g zqmTjdf/Tjrqmjlt{Tj}Zjo{;lGgl>t+ -bfg+ bbflt_ .
af]lw;™je"ld – k[= *%
(= o:d} kYo+ t:d} ljif+ rflk k|bLotfd\ .
ckYo] r j/] ef]Ho] t:d} t' tGg bLotfd\ .. /TgfjnL – #÷^$
;k{u|:tfËljR5]bf] oyf kYo+ ;d'Rot] .
sQ'{+ rfKo;'v+ tåt\ pmr] k/lxt] d'lgM .. /TgfjnL – #÷^%
!)= Toh]Gg hLljt+ t:dfbz'4] s?0ffzo] .
t'Nofzo] t' t™ofHoldTy+ g kl/xLot] .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – %÷*&
ltAatL cg'jfbdf s]xL leGgtf kfOG5 .
!!= g af]lw;™j:o z/L/ef]uof]M k/]ijb]o+ k'g/l:t ;j{yf ..
dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – *÷!^
!@= lqrLj/alx:Toh]t\ .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – %÷*%
!#= u'0ff]ksfl/If]q] r . af]lwrof{jtf/ – %÷*!
493
Â
!$= ceobfg+ l;+xJof3|u|fx/fhrf}/f]bsflbeokl/qf0ftof j]lbtJod\ .

af]lw;™je"ld – k[= (@
!%= wd{ lg/fldif' huTog'zf;olGt . /Tgu'0f;~ro ufyf – !&÷#
!^= b]z]lt wd{ hutL b'Mv;+Ifofo] . /Tgu'0f;~ro ufyf – #@÷$
!&= wd{bfgdljk/Ltwd{b]zgf Gofof]kb]zM lzIffkb;dfbfkgf r .
af]lw;™je"ld – k[= (@
!*= cWo]io]o'o{lb Tjf+ t] wd{bfg:o sf/0fft\ .
k|yd+ jfr+ efif]μof gfx+ j}k'NolzlIftM ..
rGb|k|bLk ;"q – @$÷$$
!(= ;x;}iff+ g hNk]t t'nloTjf r efhgd\ .
olb efhg+ ljhfgLof cgwLi6f]˜lk b]zo]t\ ..
rGb|k|bLk ;"q – @$÷$^
@)= pbf/ k|1Kt sl/Tj cf;g+ rf}If] dgf]1] k[lyjLk|b]z] ..
;4d{k'08/Ls ;"q – !#÷@^
@!= ;kfbkL7l:d lgifB cf;g] ljlrqb"io]lx ;';+:t[tl:dg\ ..
;4d{k'08/Ls ;"q – !#÷@*
@@= g r j:t'lg>o' s/f]lt blbTj bfg+
ljb' kfs' g}j k|ltsfª\Iflt ;f] sbflrt\ ..
Pj+ TolhTj ejt] ljb' ;j{TofuL
cNk+ TolhTj net] ax' ck|d]od\ ..
/Tgu'0f;~ro ufyf – @@÷!$
@#= z"Gotfs?0ffue{r]li6tft\ k'0ozf]wgd\ .. lzIff;d'Rro sfl/sf @!
@$= Pj+ lx af]lw;™jM=== bfgkf/ldtf+ kl/k"/loTjf˜g'Q/f+ ;DoS;Daf]lw–
dle;Da'Wot] . af]lw;™je"ld – k[= ($
@%= bfg]g k|]tult l5Gblt af]lw;™jf] bfl/b|s+ r l5gtL ty ;j{Sn]zfg\ ..
ef]ufZrfgGtljk'nf+ net] r/Gtf] bfg]g ;™j kl/kfrlo s[R5«k|fKtfg\ ..
/Tgu'0f;~ro ufyf – #@÷!
@^= eLt]Eof]˜eobfgtM . ;j{df/}/gfxtM . /TgfjnL – #÷(@
@&= wd{:o >j0f] bfg]˜gfj[t+ s[t] ;lt .
a'4]g ;x ;+jf;f]˜lr/+ lx k|fK:ot]˜eLi6M .. /TgfjnL – #÷()
494
Â
kl/R5]b !# M zLn kf/ldtf
!= zLn]g tLo{ult jh{lo g]s¿kfdi6f] r

cIf0f If0ff+ net] ; lgtod\ .. /Tgu'0f;~ro ufyf – #@÷@
@= rt'le{u'{0f}o'{Qm+ ;df;tf] af]lw;™jfgf+ :jefjzLn+ j]lbtJod\ . std}Zr–
t'le{M < k/tM ;DoS;dfbfgtM ;'ljz'4fzotof JoltqmfGtf} k|Tofk™of˜–
Joltqmdfo rfb/hft:of]kl:yt:d[lttof . af]lw;™je"ld – k[= (%
#= tq ;+j/zLn+ af]lw;™j:o oT;Ktg}sflos+ k|fltdf]If;+j/;dfbfg+ leIf'
leIf'0fLlzIfdf0ff>fd0f]/>fd0f]o'{kf;sf]kfl;sfzLnd\ . tb]tb\ u[lxk|j|lhtkIf]
oyfof]u+ j]lbtJod\ . af]lw;™je"ld – k[= (^
$= /fhf sf kfFr d"n cfklQx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M 1. lq/Tgsf ;DklQx¿
l5g]/ jf rf]/]/ nUg', 2. ;4d{ TofUg', 3. leIf'sf] siffo j:q km'sfNg nufO{
p;nfO{ k|j|Hofd'Qm ug'{, s'6g' lk6\g' / h]ndf y'Gg', rfx] Tof] leIf' zLne|i6}
lsg gxf];,\ 4. kfFr cfgGto{ sd{dWo] s'g} Ps ug'{ / 5. ldYofb[li6 /fVg' .
%= dGqLsf kfFr d"n cfklQx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M 1. ufpF, 2. lgud, 3. zx/,
4. hgkb Pj+ 5. /fi6«nfO{ Wj:t ug'{
^= /Tqqo:jx/0ffbfkTkf/flhsf dtf .
;4d{:o k|ltIf]kfb\ låtLof d'lggf]lbtf ..
b'MzLn:oflk jf leIff]M sfiffo:t}Gotf8gft\ .
rf/s] jf ljlgIf]kfbkk|j|fhg]g r ..
k~rfgGto{s/0fflGdYofb[li6u|x]0f r .
u|fdflbe]bgfåflk d"nfklQlh{gf[lbtf ..
z"GotfofZr sygfT;™j]ijs[ta'l4if' .
a'4Tjk|l:ytfgf+ t' ;+af]w]lj{lgjt{gft\ ..
k|fltdf]If= kl/TofHo dxfofg] lgof]hgft\ .
lzioofg+ g /fuflbk|xf0ffo]lt jf u|xft\ ..
k/]iff+ u|x0ffåflk k'gM :ju'0fsfzgft\ .
k/;+;gtf] nfe;Tsf/Znf]sx]t'gf ..
uDeL/IfflGtsf]˜:dLlt ldYo}j sygfTk'gM .
b08fko]åf >d0ffg\ bBfåf z/0fqoft\ ..
495
Â
u[X0fLof2Lodfg+ jf zdyTofhgfTk'gM .
k|lt;+nLgef]u+ r :jfWofloif' lgj]bgft\ ..
d"nf cfkQof] Xo]tf dxfg/sx]tjM .. lzIff;d'Rro – k[i7 $!
&= af]lw;™je"ldsf] k[i7 !)* df x]g'{xf];\
*= af]lw;™je"ldsf] k[i7 !)(–!@$ x]g'{xf];\ .
(= af]lw;™jM zLn+ lgl>To zLn+ k|lti7fo >'t] of]u+ s/f]lt lrGtf–
of+====efjgfofd]sf/fdtfofd\ . ====u'¿0ff+ uf}/j]0ff]k:yfg:o stf{ e–
jlt . Unfgfgf+====Unfgf]k:yfg:o stf{ ejlt . ====;fw'sf/:o bftf
ejlt .===e"t:o j0f{:ofxtf{ ejlt .===k'0o:o====cg'df]lbtf ejlt . =====
Joltqmd+====k/]iff+ Ifldtf ejlt . ====s'znd\===af]wf} kl/0ffdlotf ejlt .
==== k|l0fwfgfgf+===stf{ ejlt . ====lq/Tgk"hfofM ===stf{ ejlt . ==== cf/–
AwjLo{M ===ck|dfbljxf/L=== lzIffkbfgf+ :d[lt;+k|hGorfl/sof rf/IfsM .
OlGb|o}Zr u'Ktåf/f] ef]hg] dfq1M k"j{/fqfk//fq+ hful/sfg'o'QmM ;Tk'?if–
;]jL sNof0fldq;lGgl>tM cfTd:vlntfgf~r kl/1ftf ejlt====kl/1fo
r===k|lt;+xtf{ ejlt . ==Pj+efuLofgf+===wdf{0ffdh{g/If0fkl/jw{gfo oR5Ln+
-tb\_===s'znwd{;+u|fxs+ zLnldTo'Rot] .
!)= ;™jfg'u|fxs+ zLn+ . tT;df;t Psfbzfsf/+ j]lbtJod\ . === std] < ;™j–
s[To]ijyf]{k;+lxt]if' ;xfoLefjM . ;™jfgfd\====b'Mv]if'====;xfoLefjM====nf}ls–
snf]sf]Q/]ijy]{if'===Gofof]kb]zM===s[t1tfdg'/Iftf]˜g'¿kk|To'k:yfgd\===
eo:yfg]EoM===cf/Iff === Jo;g]if' zf]sljgf]bgf . pks/0flj3fltif' ===
pks/0ff]k;+xf/M === wd]{0f u0fkl/sif{0ff === lrQfg'jt{gtf . e"t}Zr u'0f}M
;+k|xif{0ftf=== lxtfzofg'ut]g === lgu|xlqmof === Cl4an]g === på]hgf ===
cfjh{gf . af]lw;™je"ld – k[= (&
!!= Pj+ jzLs[t:jfTdf lgto+ l:dtd'vf] ej]t\ .
Toh]b\ e[s'l6;+sf]r+ k"j{efiffL huT;'Åt\ .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – %÷&!
!@= Ch' kZo]T;bf ;™jf+ZrIf'iff ;+lkalGgj .
Ptfg]j ;dfl>To a'4Tj+ d] eljiolt .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – %÷*)
!#= k|nDakfb+ gf;Lt g afx" db{o]t\ ;dd\ . af]lwrof{jtf/ – %÷(@
!$= d'vk"/+ g e'~hLt ;zAb+ k|;[tfggd\ . af]lwrof{jtf/ – %÷(@
!%= ;zAbkft+ ;x;f g kL7fbLg\ ljlglIfk]t\ .
496
Â
gf:kmfno]t sjf6+ r :oflGgzAb?lrM ;bf . af]lwrof{jtf/ – %÷&@

!^= gfylgjf{0fzμofjR5oLt]lK;tof lbzf . af]lwrof{jtf/ – %÷(^
!&= oB]iff+ :vlnt+ kZo]2f]iff+:t]iff+ g sLt{o]t\ .
ofb[z+ sflxtL sd{ nK:ot] tfb[z+ kmnd\ .. rGb|k|bLk ;"q – @$÷$!
!*= ljZj:tljGo:tkb+ lj:ki6fy{+ dgf]/d\ .
>'lt;f}Vo+ s[kfdn+ d[b'dGb:j/+ jb]t\ .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – %÷&(
!(= af]lw;™jM zLnkf/ldtf+ kl/k"/loTjfg'Q/f+ ;DoS;Daf]lwdle;Da'Wot] .
af]lw;™je"ld – k[= ($
kl/R5]b !$M IfflGt kf/ldtf
!= ;j{d]tT;'rl/t+ bfg+ ;'utk"hgd\ .

s[t+ sNk;x;|}o{t\ k|lt3M k|ltxlGt tt\ .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – ^÷!
@= dgM zd+ g lt+ oflt u[X0fflt g k|Llt;'vdZg't] .
g lgb|f+ g w[å]ifzNo] Ålb l:yt] .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – ^÷#
#= ;+If]kfGgfl:t olTs+lrt\ qmf]wgf] o]t ;'l:ytM .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – ^÷%
$= ;'Åbf]˜Ko'låhGt]˜:dfb\ bbflt g r ;]Jot] . af]lwrof{jtf/ – ^÷%
%= b'i6fg IfflGtljsnfg s'tf]˜l:t af]lwM .
/Tgu'0f;~ro ufyf – @$÷$
^= g r å]if;d+ kfk+ g r IfflGt;d+ tkM .
t:dft\ IfflGt+ k|oTg]g efjo]låljw}g{o}M .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – ^÷@
&= oM qmf]w+ xlGt lga{Gwft\ ; ;'vLx k/q r . af]lwrof{jtf/ – ^÷^
*= lg/fldif]0f r lrQ]g s]jnof s?0fof dif{0ff . co+ ;df;tf] af]lw;™j:o
IfflGt:jefjf] j]lbtJo M . af]lw;™je"ld – k[= !#)
(= hfb'u/ cflb n] bz{sx¿sf cfFvf 5n]/ agfPsf b[Zo OToflb
!)= Pj+ k/jz+ ;j{+ oåz+ ;f]˜lk rfjzM .
lgdf{0fjbr]i6]if' efj]ij]j+ Sj s'Kot] < .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – ^÷#!
!!= doflk k"j+{ ;™jfgfdLb[Zo]j Joyf s[tf .
t:dfGd] o'Qmd]j}tt\ ;™jf]kb|jsfl/0fM .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – ^÷$@
!@= tR5:q+ dd sfoZr åo+ b'Mv:o sf/0fd\ .
497
Â
t]g z:q+ dof sfof] u[xLtM s'q s'Kot] < .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – ^÷$#
!#= u08f]õ+ k|ltdfsf/f] u[xLtf] 3§gf;xM .
t[i0ffGw]g dof tq Joyfof+ s'q s'Kot] < .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – ^÷$$
!$= df]xfb]s]˜k/fWolGt s'KoGToGo] ljdf]lxtfM .
a|"dM sd]if' lgbf]{if+ s+ jf a|"df]˜k/flwgd\ .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – ^÷^&
!%= Ptfgfl>To d]+ kfk+ IfLot] Ifdtf] ax' . af]lwrof{jtf/ – ^÷$*
!^= af]lwrof{;xfoTjft\ :d[x0fLof] l/k'd{d . af]lwrof{jtf/ – ^÷!)&
dof rfg]g rf]kfQ+ t:dfb]tTIfdfkmnd\ .
Pt:d} k|yd+ b]od]tTk"jf{ Ifdf otM . af]lwrof{jtf/ – ^÷!)*
!&= ls+ r lgZ5b\daGw"gfdk|d]of]ksfl/0ffd\ .
;™jf/fwgd'T;[To lgis[ltM sf k/f ej]t < ..
af]lwrof{jtf/ – ^÷!!(
!*= Ptfgf/fWo axjM ;+kTkf/+ otf] utfM . af]lwrof{jtf/ – ^÷!!@
!(= k"j{hGd;'ÅT;+1f, wd{dfqfg';fl/0fL;+1f, clgTo;+1f, b'Mv;+1f, kl/–
u|x;+1f r . af]lw;™je"ld – k[= !#!
@)= af]lw;™jM ;j{j:t's+ b'Mvdlwjf;olt . ===tT;df;tM ci6fsf/+ j]lb–
tJod\ . ;lGg>oflwi7fgd\, leIffsj[Qflwi7fgd\, cleof]uSndflwi7fgd\,
;™jfy{lqmoflwi7fgd\, Olts/0fLoflwi7fg~r]lt . af]lw;™je"ld – k[= !#@
@!= Ob+ t' d] kl/ldt+ b'Mv+ ;Daf]lw;fwgd\ .
gi6zNoJoyfkf]x] tb'Tkf6gb'Mvjt\ .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – &÷@@
@@= p/;f/flt3ftfGo] k|tLR5Gtf] hoGTo/Lg\ .
t] t] ljhlogM z"/fM z]iff:t' d[tdf/sfM .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – ^÷@)
@#= tq stdf af]lw;™j:o wd{lgWofgflwd'lQmIfflGtM < === ci6ljw]
clwd'STolwi7fg] clwd'lQmM === /Tgu'0f]if' ;™jfy]{ a'4af]lw;™jfgf+ dxfk|ef–
j] x]tf} kmn] k|fKtJo]˜y]{ cfTdg:tTk|fKTo'kfo] 1]ouf]r/] r .
af]lw;™je"ld – k[= !#$
@$= IfflGt+ ljk'nfdk|df0ff+ dxfaf]lwkmnf]bof+ lgl>To af]lw;™jf]˜g'Q/f+
;DoS;+af]lwdl3;+a'Wot] . af]lw;™je"ld – k[= !#&
@%= k|f;flbsTjdf/f]Uo+ k|df]B+ lr/hLljtd\ .
rqmjlt{;'v+ :kmLt+ IfdL k|fKgf]lt ;+;/g\ . af]lwrof{jtf/ – ^÷!#$
498
Â
kl/R5]b !%M jLo{ kf/ldtf
!= jLo]+0f z'Snu'0f xflg g cEo'k}lt

1fg+ cgGt net] lhgsf]zu~hd\ .. /Tgu'0f;~ro ufyf – #@÷#
@= jLo]{0f ;TsfodtLTo d'QmfM . dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – !^÷^^
#= jLo{]0f af]lw+ k/df+ lja'4fM . dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – !^÷^^
$= …pT;fxM s'zn] ;Dos\Ú Olt :jefjM . dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – !^÷@#
%= cfn:o+ s'lT;tf;lQmlj{iffbfTdfjdGogf . af]lwrof{jtf/ – &÷@
^= ofjT;+e[t;+ef/+ d/0f+ zL3|d]iolt . af]lwrof{jtf/ – &÷&
&= ;GToHoflk tbfn:odsfn] ls+ sl/iold < af]lwrof{jtf/ – &÷&
*= s[tfs[tfk/LIff]õ+ d[To'lj{>De3ftsM .
:j:yf:j:y}/Zjf:o cfsl:dsdxfzlgM .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – @÷#$
(= t:dfb'T;Ëu] ;k]{ oyf]lQi7lt ;™j/d\ .
lgb|fn:ofud] tåTk|lts'jL{t ;Tj/d\ .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – &÷&!
!)= t]˜Kof;g\ b+zdzsf dlIfsfM s[do:tyf .
o}?T;fxjzfTk|fKtf b'/fkf af]lw?Qdf .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – &÷!*
!!= cxd]s;™j:oflk b'Mvljdf]Ifx]tf]d{xfsNk;x;|t'No}M====g/sjf;]g}j====
pT;x]od\====k|fu]j Go"gt/]0f sfn]g tg't/]0f r b'Mv]g . Obd]j+¿k+ af]lw–
;™j:o ;GgfxjLo{d\ . af]lw;™je"ld – k[= !#*
!@= ;+Sn]zkIfdWo:yf] ej]b\ b[KtM ;x;|zM .
b'of]{wgM Sn]zu0f}M l;+xf] d[uu0f}l/j .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – &÷^)
!#= t}nkfqw/f] oåbl;x:t}/lwli7tM .
:vlnt] d/0fqf;ft\ tTk/M :ofQyf j|tL .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – &÷&)
!$= t:dfTsf{j;fg]˜lk lgdHh]Qq sd{l0f .
oyf dWofXg;+tKt cfbf} k|fKt;/fM s/L .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – &÷^%
!%= sfd}g{ t[lKtM ;+;f/] If'/wf/fdw"kd}M .
k'0ofd[t}M sy+ t[lKtlj{kfsdw'/}M lzj}M .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – &÷^$
!^= af]lw;™jf jLo{kf/ldtf+ kl/k"o{ cg'Q/f+ ;DoS;+af]lwdle;+a'4f cle–
;+ef]T:oGt]˜le;+a'WoGt] r . af]lw;™je"ld – k[= !$@
!&= jLof{bjfKt+ ejef]uldi6d\ . dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – !^÷^^
499
Â
kl/R5]b !^M Wofg kf/ldtf
!= ljlIfKtlrQ:t' g/M Sn]zb+i6«fGt/] l:ytM . af]lwrof{jtf/ – *÷!

@= zdy:ofGt/f l;l4dle1fofZr gf]boM . af]lwkyk|bLk – Znf]s #*
#= tyf˜le1fan}xL{gM ;™jfy{s/0f]˜cIfdM . af]lwkyk|bLk – Znf]s #%
$= Wofg]g sfdu'0f pT;[ht] h'u'K:ofg\
ljBf cle1 clelgx{/t] ;dflwd\ ..
/Tgu'0f;~ro ufyf – #@÷#
%= zdy]g ljkZogf;'o'QmM s'?t] Sn]zljgfzldToj]To .
af]lwrof{jtf/ – *÷$
^= Wofg]g}j r t]g ;j{tghf af]lwqo] /f]lktfM .
dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – !^÷$)
&= s'zn+ lrQ}sfU|ol~rQl:yltM . af]lw;™je"ld – k[= !$#
*= ljj]ssf] cy{ k[ys x'g', cnlUug', lj/lQmg', ?lr x6g' OToflb xf] .
(= sfolrQljj]s]g ljIf]k:o g ;+ejM . af]lwrof{jtf/ – *÷@
!)= :g]xfGg ToHot] nf]sf] nfeflbif' r t[i0fof . af]lwrof{jtf/ – *÷#
!!= g hft' sfdfg\ k|lt;]jdfgM k'q]if' bf/]if' hlgTj t[i0ffd\ .
u[x+ r ;]jGt' h'u'K;gLodg'Q/f+ k|fK:olt ;f]˜u|af]lwd\ ..
rGb|k|bLk;"q – %÷%
!@= g kZolt oyfe"t+===lk|o;+udsfª\Ifof .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – *÷&
!#= Pj+ t:oflk tT;Ëft\ t]gfgy{;dfudM .
afnfb\b"/+ knfo]t .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – *÷!$–!%
!$= k'q]if' bf/]if' hlxTj t[i0ffd\ .
pTq:t' u]xfblelgiqmdlGt g b'n{ef t]lijodu|af]lwM ..
rGb|k|bLk;"q – %÷^
!%= ;x nfeozf]le:t] g 1ftfM Sj utf Olt . af]lwrof{jtf/ – *÷@)
!^= oq oq /lt+ oflt .
tQt\ ;x;|u'l0ft+ b'Mv+ e"Tjf]klti7lt .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – *÷!*
!&= wg'M k~rztfGo]iff+ qmf]zf]˜/0o+ r tGdtd\ . clewd{sf]if – #÷*&
!*= cGg]lx kfg]lx r rLj/]lx k'ik]lx uGw]lx ljn]kg]lx .
500
Â
gf]kl:ytf ef]lGt g/f]Qdf lhgf oy k|j|lhTjf rof{0f wd{d\ ..

rGb|k|bLk;"q – %÷!)
oZr}j af]lw+ k|ltsfª\Ifdf0fM ;™jfy{ lglj{00f' s';+:s[tftM .
/0ofd'vM ;Kt kbflg k|qmd] co+ ttM k'0oljlzi6 ef]lt ..
rGb|k|bLk;"q – %÷!!
!(= zfln:tDadjnf]So====of] leIfjM k|tLTo;d'Tkfb+ kZolt, ; wd{+
kZolt . of] wd{+ kZolt, ; a'4+ kZolt . zfln:tDe ;"q – k[= !))
@)= cljBfk|ToofM ;+:sf/fM===hfltk|Toof h/fd/0fzf]skl/b]jb'Mvbf}d{g–
:of]kfof;fM ;+ejlGt . Pjd:o s]jn:o dxtf] b'Mv:sGw:o ;d'bof] ejlt .
zfln:tDe ;"q – k[= !))
@!= cljBflg/f]wft\ ;+:sf/lg/f]wM ==== hfltlg/f]wfHh/fd/0fzf]skl/b]j–
b'Mvbf}d{g:of]kfof;f lg?WoGt] . Pjd:o s]jn:o dxtf] b'Mv:sGw:o lg/f]
w ejlt . zfln:tDe ;"q – k[= !))
@@= k/fTd;dtfdfbf} efjo]b]jdfb/ft\ .
;db'Mv;'vfM ;j]{ kfngLof dofTdjt\ .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – *÷()
@#= b[ZotfldbdGt/d\ .
:jfyf{ly{gZr afn:o d'g]ZrfGofy{sfl/0fM .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – *÷!!#
@$= 1fTjf ;bf]ifdfTdfg+ k/fglk u'0ff]bwLg\ .
cfTdefjkl/Tofu+ k/fbfg+ r efjo]t\ .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – *÷!!#
@%= u0fgfg'udM :yfg+ nIf0ffy{ljjQ{gf .
kl/z'l4Zr if8]odfgfkfg:d[ltd{tf .. clewd{sf]if efio – ^÷!@
@^= tt\ -Wofgd\_ lqljw+ j]lbtJod\ . b[i6wd{;'vljxf/fo Wofgd\, af]lw–
;™j;dflwu'0flgxf{/fo Wofgd\, ;™jfy{lqmofo} Wofgd\ .
af]lw;™je"ld – k[i7 !$#
@&= tq ob\af]lw;™jfgf+ ;j{ljsNkfkut+ sflosr}tl;sk|;|lAwhgs+
k/dk|zfGt+ dGogfkutdgf:jflbt+ ;j{lgldQfkut+ Wofgd\ . Obd]iff+
b[i6wd{;'vljxf/fo j]lbtJod\ . af]lw;™je"ld – k[i7 !$#
@*= tq stdb\af]lw;™j:o ;j{tf]d'v+ Wofgd\ . tRrt'lj{w+ b|i6Jod\ .
;ljts{;ljrf/d\, k|Llt;xutd\, ;ft;'v;xutd\, pk]Iff;xut+ r .
af]lw;™je"ld – k[i7 !$$
501
Â
@(= tq ob\af]lw;™jfgf+ Wofg+ ljlrqflrGTofk|df0fbzanuf]q;+u[xLt–

;dflwlgxf{/fo ;+jt{t] . o]iff+ ;dfwLgf+ ;j{>fjsk|To]sa'4f clk gfdflk g
k|hfglGt s'tM k'gM ;dfkT:oGt] . af]lw;™je"ld – k[i7 !$#
#)= lrQ:o lrQ] :yfgfRr wd{k|ljrofblk .
;Dos\l:yltd'kfl>To zdyf]˜y ljkZogf ..
dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – !*÷^^
#!= af]lw;™jf Wofgkf/ldtf+ kl/k"o{ ;DoS;+af]lwdle;+a'4jGtf]˜le;+ef]T:oGt]–
˜le;+a'WoGt] r . af]lw;™je"ld – k[i7 !$%
kl/R5]b !&M k|1f kf/ldtf
!= hfToGwsf]l6lgo'tfGoljgfosfgf+ dfu]{ csf]ljb' s'tf] gu/k|j]z] .

ljg k|1 k~r Old kf/ldtf crIf'M cljgfosf g k|ejlGt :k[z]t'
af]lwd\ .. /Tgu'0f;~ro ufyf – &÷!
@= k|1fo wd{k|s[tL kl/hfgloTjf q}wft'sfGt ;dltqmdt] ckfofg\ ..
/Tgu'0f;~ro ufyf – #@÷$
#= pkfo/lxtf k|1f˜Ko'kfoM k|1of ljgf .
otf] aGw Olt k|f]Qmf} k|x]o gf]eo+ ttM . af]lwkyk|bLk – $$
$= tq aGwg+ lsd\ < lsDd'lQmM < pkfo]gfg'l2i6 k|1f lx aGwgd\ . pkfo]g
lgli7tk|1f d'lQmM . k|1f cg'l2i6f]kfof] aGwgd\ . k|1of lgli7tf]kfof] d'lQm ..
ljdnsLlt{lgb]{z;"q – k[= !!^
%= Od+ kl/s/+ ;j{+ k|1fy{+ lx d'lgh{uf} . af]lwrof{jtf/ – (÷!
^= k|f1]if' jt{gft\ lqljw]g r k|e]b]g . nf}lssf] xLgnf]sf]Q/f] dxfnf]sf]Q/–
Zr .. dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ 6Lsf – !*÷@*
&= k|s[tL c;Gt kl/hfgodfg wdf{+ Piff ; k|1j/kf/ldtfo rof{ ..
/Tgu'0f;~ro ufyf – !÷@*
*= :sGwfotgwft"gfdg'Tkfbfjaf]wtM .
:jefjz"Gotf1fg+ ;f k|1]lt k|sLlt{tf .. af]lwkyk|bLk – $&
(= gf]TkfbZr ;tf] o'Qmf] Xo;Rrflk vk'ikjt\ . af]lwkyk|bLk – $*
!)= cfTdlg ;lt k/;+1f :jk/ljefuft\ kl/u|xå]iff} ..
502
Â
cgof]M ;Dk|lta4fM ;j]{ bf]iffM k|hfoGt] . k|df0fjflt{s – !÷@@!–@@@

!!= c:Tox+ dd rf:tLlt ldYo}tTk/dfly{leM . /TgfjnL – !÷@*
!@= oyfe"tkl/1fgfGg ejTo'eo+ otM .. /TgfjnL – !÷@*
!#= :jk/f]eot:t:o q}sfNotf]˜Kok|flKttM . cxÍf/+ Ifo+ oflt .
/TgfjnL – !÷#&
!$= if6\s]g o'ukBf]ufTk/df0ff]M if8+ztf . if00ff+ ;dfgb]zTjft\ lk08M
:ofb0f'dfqsM .. lj+zltsfk|s/0f – sfl/sf !@
!%= lrQdfq+ ef] lhgk'qf, ob't q}wft'sd\ .
lj+lzsfj[lQdf p4/0f ul/Psf] M k[= !
!^= jf;g}n'{lnt+ lrQdyf{ef;+ k|jt{t] . n+sfjtf/ ;"q – !)÷!%%
!&= afXofy{bz{g+ ldYof gf:Toy{+ lrQd]j t' . n+sfjtf/ ;"q – !)÷!%#
!*= oyfGtf]˜l:t If0f:o}jdfbd{Wo+ r sNKotfd\ .
šofTdsTjft\ If0f:o}j+ g nf]s:o If0f+ l:yltM .. /TgfjnL – !÷^(
!(= k|sfzf jfk|sfzf jf obf b[i6f g s]glrt\ .
aGWofb'lxt[nLn]j sYodfgflk ;f d'wf .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – (÷@#
@)= 1]o+ lagf t' ls+ j]lQ o]g 1fg+ lg?Rot] . af]lwrof{jtf/ – (÷^!
@!= t]gf;+lglxt1]o+ 1fg+ gf:tLlt lgZroM . af]lwrof{jtf/ – (÷^@
@@= g afXoefj+ efjfgf+ g r lrQkl/u|xd\ .
;j{b[li6k|xf0f+ oQbg'TkfbnIf0fd\ . n+sfjtf/ ;"q – !)÷%(%
@#= j/+ vn' sfZok ;'d]?dfqf k'b\unb[li6/fl>tf, g Tj]j cefjflelg–
j]lzs:o z"Gotfb[li6M . -k|;Ggkbf –k= !)* df p4/0f ul/Psf]_
@$= ljgfzolt b'b{[i6f z"Gotf dGbd]w;d\ . dWodssfl/sf – @$÷!!
@%= o]iff+ t' z"Gotf b[li6:tfg;fWofg\ aeflif/] .. dWodssfl/sf – !#÷*
@^= gfl:tsf] b'u{lt+ oflt ;'ult+ oflt rfl:tsM . /TgfjnL – !÷%&
@&= c:tLlt zfZjtu|fxf] gf:tLTo'R5]bbz{gd\ . dWodssfl/sf – !÷!)
@*= d/Llrk|ltd+ nf]sd]jd:tLlt u[X0ftM .
gf:tLlt rflk df]xf]õ+ ;lt df]x] g d'Rot] .. /TgfjnL – !÷%^
@(= oyfe"tkl/1fgfGdf]Ifdåolgl>tM .. /TgfjnL – !÷%&
#)= df]Ifdåolgl>tM .. /TgfjnL – !÷%&
#!= t:dfbl:tTjgfl:tTj] gf>Lo]t ljrIf0fM . dWodssfl/sf – !%÷!)
503
Â
#@= gfKoGtg{ alxlZrQdGoqflk g nEot] .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – (÷!)#

##= g ld>+, g k[ys\ Sjlrt\ .
tGg ls+lrbtM ;™jfM k|s[Tof kl/lgj{[tfM .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – (÷!)$
#$= gfk/] g k/] tL/] gfGt/fn] tof]M l:ytf .
cWjgf+ ;dtf1fgft\ k|1fkf/ldtf dtf .. cle;dofn+sf/ – #÷!
#%= g rfefjf]˜lk lgjf{0f+ s't Pjf:o efjtf . /TgfjnL – !÷$@
#^= efjZr olb lgjf{0f+ lgjf{0f+ ;+:s[t+ ej]t\ . dWodssfl/sf – @%÷%
#&= gfefj:tq ljBt] .. dWodssfl/sf – @%÷&
#*= efjfefjk/fdz{Ifof] lgjf{0fd'Rot] . /TgfjnL – !÷$@
#(= obf g efjf] gfefjf] dt]M ;+lti7t] k'/M .
tbfGouToefj]g lg/fnDaf k|zfDolt .. af]lwrof{jtf/ – (÷#%
$)= eujfgfx – ;j{wd{;dtfjaf]wl4 sfZok lgjf{0fd\ .
;4dk'08/Ls ;"q – k[= (!
$!= ck|xL0fd;+k|fKtdg'lR5GgdzfZjtd\ .
clg?4dg'TkGgd]tlGgjf{0fd'Rot] .. dWodssfl/sf – @%÷#
$@= cfsfz/Tg;"q u|Gy pknAw gePsfn] o:t} sfl/sf cle;dofn+sf/–
af6 p4/0f ul/G5 h'g o; k|sf/ 5 M
gfkg]odtM lsl~rt\ k|If]tJo+ g ls~rg .
b|i6Jo+ e"ttf] e"t+ e"tbzL{ ljd'Rot] .. cle;dofn+sf/ – %÷@!
$#= of] u|Gysf] ;+:s[t d"n pknAw gePsfn] u|Gy–gfdsf] cufl8 * /flv–
Psf] xf] . u|Gysf] ltAatL gfd 8] r]g lzg\ lo o'd\ nf tf]b\ kf xf] nfO{
;+:s[tdf k'g/4f/ ul/Psf] xf] .
$$= cg'kfb'kfb' peo] cljsNkdfgf]+ .
Piff ; k|1j/kf/ldtfo rof{ .. /tgu'0f;~ro ufyf – !÷@^
$%= cfsfz b[i6' Olt ;™j k|Jofx/lGt .
gebz{g+ s't' ljd[ioy Ptdy{d\ .. /Tgu'0f;~ro ufyf – !@÷(
ty wd{bz{g' lglb{i6 tyfut]g .
$^= dfof]kdf+ o Ox hfglt k~r :sGwf+
g r dfo cGo g r :sGw s/f]lt cGofg\ .
gfgfTj;+1ljutf] pkzfGtrf/L
504
Â
Piff ; k|1j/kf/ldtfo rof{ .. /Tgu'0f;~ro ufyf – !÷!$

$&= ¿kfg\ oyf lgld{l0f dfofsf/f] x:tL/yfgZj/yfg\ ljlrqfg\ .
g rfq slZrb\ /y tq b[Zot] tyf]kdfg\ hfgy ;j{wdf{g\ ..
;dflw/fh ;"q – (÷!^
$*= g r dGot] cx' ;dflwt' Jo'lTytf] jf
s:dfy{ wd{k|s[lt+ kl/hfgloTjf ..
/Tgu'0f;~ro ufyf – !÷!!
$(= gfl:t efjsf] g efJof]˜l:t dGq+ gfl:t g b]jtf .
;+l:ytf} dGqb]jf} r lgik|k~r:jefjtM .. x]jh|tGq – !÷%÷!!
j}/f]rgfIff]Eofdf]Zr /Tgf/f]lnRr ;fl™jsM .. x]jh|tGq – !÷%÷!@
%)= Pj+ kZolt d'QmfTdf ;bfTdfg+ ge+ oyf ..
dxf;+j/f]botGq/fh – ##÷@
%!= ofjGt a'4;d >fjsk|ToofZr
d?tZr ;j{hutL ;'v;f}Vowdf{M
;j]{ lt k|1j/kf/ldtfk|;"tf . /Tgu'0f;~ro ufyf – @*÷$
kl/R5]b !*M kf“r dfu{
!= k|fKof]i0fTjflbs+ qmdft . af]lwkyk|bLk – ^)

@= net] k|d'lbTjflbd . af]lwkyk|bLk – ^)
#= rt'lj{w+ df]IfefuLod\ –cflwsfl/sdflwdf]lIfsdflwsfldsdfleuflds+
r – cle;dofn+sf/ efio – *^ v÷!!*
kl/R5]b !(M bz af]lw;Œj e"ld
!= k|d'lbtflbsdfKgf]lt . af]lwkyk|bLk – %(
@= k|d'lbtf r gfd af]lw;™je"ldM==== Odf ejGtf] lhgk'qf bz af]lw;™jfgf+
af]lw;™je"doM . bze"lds ;"q – k[= #
#= kZotf+ af]lwdf;Ggf+ ;™jfy{:o r ;fwgd\ .
tLj| pTkBt] df]bf] d'lbtf t]g sYot] .. ;"qfn+sf/ – @)÷#@
505
Â
$= nEot] k|ydf e"ldb{zwf kl/sd{0ff .. cle;dofn+sf/ – !÷$(

%= t:o bzEoM kf/ldtfEof] bfgkf/ldtf cltl/Qmtdf ejlt, g r kl/–
z]iff;' g ;d'bfuR5lt . bze"lds ;"q – k[i7= !#
^= c:of+ k|d'lbtfof+====e"df}===axjf] a'4f cfef;dfuR5lGt cf}bfl/sbz{g]
g k|l0fwfgan]g r . ax"lg a'4ztflg ax"lg a'4;x;|fl0f===ax"lg a'4sf]l6–
go'tzt;x;|f0ofef;dfuR5lGt===tb\ b[i6\jf pbf/fWofzo]g===dfgolt
k"holt===;+3u0f;Ddfgtf+ r s/f]lt . tflg r s'znd"nfGog'Q/fof+
;DoS;+af]wf} kl/0ffdolt -afFsL kf7 pknAw 5}g ._
bze"lds ;"q – k[i7 !@
&= tByflk gfd=== hft¿k+ s'zn]g sdf{/]0f oyf oyfUgf} k|lIfKot], tyf
tyf -pQKot]_ kl/z'4Ølt sd{0o+ r ejlt====Pjd]j===-k|yde"ldl:yt:o
af]lw;™j:o s'znd"nflg pQKoGt] kl/z'4ØlGt sd{0oflg r ejlGt_ .
bze"lds ;"q – k[i7 !#
*= k|d'lbtfof af]lw;™je"d]M ;xk|ltnDe]g ofgLdflg eoflg ejlGt,
olbbdfhLljsfeo+ jf cZnf]seo+ jf d/0feo+ jf b'u{lteo+ jf kif{R5f–
/Beo+ jf, tflg ;jf{l0f Jokutflg ejlGt .. bze"lds ;"q – k[i7 (
(= hfot]˜:o ljkfs]g bfgkf/ldtfk/M .
nf]swft'ztfsDkL hDa'åLkdx]Zj/M .. /TgfjnL – %÷$@
!)= cfsfª\If~r tyf¿k+ jLo{df/et] oyf¿k]0f jLof{/De]0f ;j{u[xsnqef]–
ufg'T;[Ho tyfutzf;g] k|j|lht . k|j|lhtZr ;g\ PsIf0fnjd'x"t]{g
;dflwzt+ r k|ltnet] ;dfkBt] r . a'4zt+ r kZolt, t]iff+ rflwi7fg+
;+hfgLt] . nf]swfg'zt+ r sDkolt . -a'4_ If]qzt+ rfqmdlt . nf]swft'zt+
rfjef;olt . ;™jzt+ r kl/kfrolt . sNkzt+ r lti7lt . sNkzt+
r k"jf{Gtfk/fGttM k|ljz-B_lt . wd{d'vzt+ r k|ljlrgf]lt . sfozt+
rfbz{olt . sfo+ sfo+ r af]lw;™jztkl/jf/dfbz{olt .
bze"lds ;"q – k[i7 !$
!!= bf}MzLNofef]uj}dNolådnf e"ld?Rot] . dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – @)÷#@
!@= zLn+ s[t1tf IfflGtM k|fdf]B+ dxtL s[kf .
uf}/j+ u'?z'>"iff jLo{+ bfgflbs]˜i6dd\ .. cle;dofn+sf/ – !÷%@
!#= k|d'lbtf e"ldsf] ljz]if ljz'l4 x]g'{xf]nf .
506
Â
!$= tb]j hft¿k+ sf;L;k|lIfKt+ e"o:of dfqof ;j{dnfkut+ ejlt, Pj–

d]j=======
!%= cu|fy]{ . dWofGtljefu – @÷!$
!^= dxfwdf{jef;:o s/0ffRr k|efs/L .. dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – @)÷##
!&= ct[Kttf >'t] bfg+ wd{:o r lg/fldifd\
a'4If]q:o ;+z'l4M ;+;f/fkl/v]lbtf ..
x|L/kqfKoldTo]tt\ k~rwf dggfTdsd\ . cle;dofn+sf/ – !÷%#
!*= tByflk gfd=== tb]j hft¿k+ s'zn:o sdf{/:o x:tut+ t'Now/0f–
d]j k|df0f]gfjlti6t] -afFsL kf7 ltAatLeGbf km/s 5 ._
!(= lgioGbf˜u|fy{ Pj r . dWofGt ljefu – @÷!$
@)= clr{e"tf otf] wdf{ af]lwkIffM k|bfxsfM .
clr{idtLlt tBf]ufT;f e"ldå{obfxtM .. dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – @)÷#$
@!= jgfzfNk]R5tf t'li6w"{t;+n]v;]jgd\ ..
lzIffof ckl/TofuM sfdfgf+ ljh'u'K;gd\ .
lglj{T;jf{l:t;GTofuf]˜gjnLgfgk]Ift] . cle;dofn+sf/ – !÷%$, %%
@@= tByflk gfd ejGtf] lhgk'qf:tb]j hft¿k+ s'zn]g sdf{/]0ff–
e/0fLs[td;+xfo{+ ejlt tbGo}/s[tfe/0f}hf{t¿k}M Pjd]j ejGtf] lhgk'qf af]lw–
;™j:o c:ofdlr{idTof+ af]lw;™je"df} l:yt:o tflg s'znd"nfGo;+xfof{l0f
ejlGt tbGo]iffdw/e"ldl:ytfgf+ af]lw;™jfgf+ s'znd"n}M .
bze"lds ;"q – k[i7 @%
@#= lgikl/u|xtf˜y]{ r . dWofGtljefu – @÷!$
@$= ;™jfgf+ kl/kfsZr :jlr:o r /If0ff .
wLdlb\ehL{ot] b'Mv+ b'h{of t]g sYot] ..
dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – @)÷#%
@%= ;+:tj+ s'ndfT;o{+ :yfg+ ;+ul0fsfjxd\ .
cfTdf]Tsif{k/fj1] sd{dfuf{g\ bzfz'efg\ ..
dfg+ :tDe+ ljkof{;+ ljdlt+ Sn]zdif{0fd\ .
ljjh{og\ ;dfKgf]lt bz}tfg\ k~rdL+ e'jd\ ..
cle;dofn+sf/ – !÷%^, %&
@^= tByflk gfd====tb]j hft¿k+ d';f/uNj;[i6+ e"o:of dfqof]QKot]
507
Â
kl/z'Wolt k|ef:j/t/+ ejlt, Pjd]j====c:of+ ;'b'h{ofof+ af]lw;™je"df}

l:yt:o tflt s'znd"nfGo'kfok|1fljrfl/tflg e"o:of dfqof]QKoGt} kl/–
z'WolGt k|ef:j/t/fl0f r ejlGt -;+:s[t d"n o; k|sf/ cln leGg 5 ._
@&= ;Gtfgfe]b Pj r . dWofGtljefu – @÷!$
@*= cfled'Vofb\ åo:o]x ;+;f/:oflk lgj{[t]M .
pQmf Xoled'vL e"ldM k|1fkf/ldtf>oft\ ..
dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – @)÷#^
@(= bfgzLnIfdfjLo{Wofgk|1fk|k"/0fft\ .
lziov8\u:k[xfqf;r]t;f+ kl/jh{sM ..
oflrtf]˜gjnLgZr ;j{Tofu]˜Kob'd{gfM .
s[zf]˜lk gfly{gf+ If]Ktf ifi7L+ e"ld+ ;dZg't] ..
cle;dofn+sf/ – !÷%*, %(
#)= tb]j hft¿k+ j}8"o{kl/;[i6+ e"o:of dfqof]Ktk|ef:j/t/+ ejlt, Pjd]j===
c:ofdled'Vof+ af]lw;™je"df} l:yt:o tflg s'znd"nfGo'kfok|1f1fgljrf–
l/tflg e"o:of dfqof]QKtk|ef:j/t/fl0f ejlGt, e"of] e"oZr k|zdf;+xfo{tf+
uR5lGt . bze"lds ;"q – k[i7 #%
#!= lg:;+Sn]zljz'4Øy]{ . dWofGtljefu – @÷!%
#@= PsfogkyZn]iffb\ e"ldb["/+udf dtf . .. dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – @)÷#&
##= cfTd;™ju|xf] hLjk'b\unf]R5]bzfZjtfM . lgldQx]Tjf]M :sGw]if' wft'ijf–
otg]if' r . q}wft's] k|lti7fg+ ;lQm/fnLglrQtf . /TglqtozLn]if' tb\–
b[li6Ølelgj]lztf .. z"Gotfof+ ljjfbZr tb\lj/f]wZr lj+zltM . snÍf
o:o ljlR5GgfM ;KtdLd]To;f} e'jd\ . lqljdf]Ifd'v1fg+ lqd08nljz'4–
tf . s?0ffdggf wd{;dt}sgo1tf .. cg'TkfbIfdf1fg+ wdf{0ffd]sw]/0ff .
sNkgfofM ;d'4ftM ;+1fb[SSn]zjh{gd\ .. zdy:o r lgWolKtM sf}zn+ r
ljbz{g] . lrQ:o bfGttf 1fg+ ;j{qfk|lt3flt r .. ;Q]m/e"ldo{q]R5+ If]qfGt/
ultM ;dd\ . ;j{q :jfTdefj:o bz{g+ r]lt lj+zlt ..
cle;dofn+sf/ – !÷^), ^^
#$= tb]j hft¿k+ ;j{/Tgk|To'Kt+ e"o:of dfqof]Ktt/+ ejlt, k|ef:j/t/+
ejlt, c;+xfo{t/+ r ejToGofEof] e"if0fljs[ltEoM, Pjd]j====-c:ofdled'Vof+
af]lw;™je"df} l:yt:o_ tflg s'znd"nfGo'kfok|1f1fgflelgÅ{tflg e"o:of
508
Â
dfqof]QKtt/fl0f ejlGt, k|ef:j/t/fl0f, ko{jbftt/fl0f, c;+xfo{t/fl0f r

ejlGt ;j{>fjsk|To]sa'4}M . bze"lds ;"q – k[i7 $)
#%= cgfgfTjfy{ Pj r . dWofGtljefu – @÷!%
#^= åo;+1fljrngfbrnf r lg?Rot] .. dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – @)÷#&
#&= ;j{;™jdgf]1fgdle1fqmL8g+ z'ef .
a'4If]q:o lgiklQa'{4;]jfk/LIf0f] ..
cIf1fg+ lhgIf]qz'l4df{of]kdf l:yltM .
;+lrGTo r ejfbfgldb+ sdf{i6wf]lbtd\ ..
cle;dofn+sf/ – !÷^&, ^*
#*= tb]j hft¿k+ ;'kl/lgli7t+ s'zn]g sdf{/]0f ;'kl/sd{s[t+ hDa"åLk:jfldgM
s07] lz/l; jf cfa4d;+xfo{+ ejlt ;j{hDa"åLksfgf+ ;™jfgfdfe/0flj–
s[t}M Pjd]j===c:ofdrnfof+ af]lw;™je"df} l:yt:o af]lw;™j:o tflg
s'znd"nfGo;+xfof{l0f ejlGt ;j{>fjsk|To]sa'4}of{jG;KtdLe"ldl:yt}Zr
af]lw;™j}M . bze"lds ;"q – k[i7 $)
#(= cxLgf˜glwsfy]{ r . dWofGtljefu – @÷!%
$)= k|lt;+ljGdlt;fw'Tjfb\ e"ldM ;fw'dtL dtf .
dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – @)÷#*
$!= k|l0fwfgfGogGtflg b]jfbLgf+ ?t1tf .
gbLj k|ltefgfgf+ uef{jqmflGt?Qdf ..
s'nhfTof]Zr uf]q:o kl/jf/:o hGdgM .
g}iqmDoaf]lwj[Iff0ff+ u'0fk"/] :j;DkbM .. cle;dofn+sf/ – !÷^(, &)
$@= tb]j hft¿kdfe/0fLs[t+ ;'kl/lgli7t+ s'zn]g sdf{/]0f /f1Zrqmjlt{g
pQdfË] s07] jf cfa4d;+xfo{+ ejlt ;j{sf]§/fhfgf+ rt'b\j|Lksfgf+ r
;™jfgfe/0fljs[t}M, Pjd]j====c:of+ ;fw'dTof+ af]lw;™je"df} l:yt:o -af]lw–
;™j:o_ tflg s'znd"nflg dxf1fgfnf]s ;'ljeQmfGo'QKoGt], c;+xfof{l0f
ejlGt ;j{>fjsk|To]sa'4}/w/e"ldl:yt}Zr af]lw;™j}M .
bze"lds ;"q – k[i7 %#
$#= t:o ;tt;dtd\===cg'k|jt{Gt] . stdfZrt;|M < ob't wd{k|lt;+ljt\,
cy{k|lt;+ljt\, lg?lQmk|lt;+ljt\, k|ltefgk|lt;+ljt\ .
bze"lds ;"q – k[i7 %!
509
Â
$$= wd{d]3f åoJofKt]w{df{sfz:o d]3jt\ ..

dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – @)÷#*
$%= of]õ+ ejGtf] lhgk'qf af]lw;™j Pjdk|df0f1]oljrfl/tof a'4Øf
ofjGgjdL af]lw;™je"ldl/lt ;'ljlrtljroM ;'kl/k"0f{z'Snwd{M cko{Gt–
;+ef/f]krof]klrQM ;'kl/u[xLtdxfk'0o1fg;+ef/M dxfs?0ffj}k'NoflwutM nf]
swft'ljelQmj}dfšosf]ljbM ;™jwft'k|lji6uxgf]krf/M tyfutuf]r/k|j]zf–
g'ut;+1fdgl;sf/M anj}zf/Ba'4wdf{WofnDagfg'utM ;jf{sf/;j{11fgf–
leif]se"ldk|fKt OTo'Rot] . bze"lds ;"q – k[i7 %!
$^= af]lw;™jf] otf] a'4}M k|efle/lelifRot] .. /TgfjnL – %÷^)
$&= lbJo-Jod_sdf{/s[t+ dxfe/0ff]krf/_ dxfdl0f/Tgk|To'Kt+ jzjlt{gf] b]j–
/fh:of]QdfË] s07] jf cfa4d;+xfo{+ ejlt tbGo}lb{Jodfg'ios}/fe/0flje"if–
0ff]krf/}M, Pjd]j====c:of+ bzdL+ wd{d]3f+ af]lw;™je"lddg'k|fKt:o t] af]lw–
;™j1fgf]krf/f c;+xfof{ ejlGt ;j{;™j}M ;j{>fjsk|To]sa'4}M k|ydfof+ af]lw–
;™je"ldd'kfbfo ofjGgjdL+ af]lw;™je"lddg'k|fKt}af]{lw;™j}M .
bze"lds ;"q – k[i7 ^$
$*= 1]ofj/0fkIodlk bf}i7'No+ lqljlw+ j]lbtJod\ – TjUutd\, kmNu'utd\,
;f/ut~r . af]lw;™je"ld – k== @$#
$(= t] t' ;j]{ ljxf/fl:qled{xfsNkf;+Vo]o}M ;d'bfuR5lGt . dxfsNkf;+Vo]
o]gflwd'lQmrof{ljxf/+ ;dltqmDo k|d'lbtljxf/f] nEot] . tRr JofoR5dfgf]
w|f}Jo]0f gfJofoR5dfgM . låtLo]g dxfsNkf;+Vo]o]g k|d'lbtljxf/+ ofjT;fef]
u+ lglg{ldQ+ ljxf/dltqmDofgfef]u+ lglg{ldQ+ k|ltnet] . tRr lgotd]j .
tyf lx ; z'4fzof] af]lw;™jf] lgot+ JofoR5t] . t[tLo]g dxfsNkf;+Vo]
o]gfgfef]u~rlglg{ldQ+ k|lt;+ljlåxf/~r ;dltqmDo k/d+ af]lw;™jljxf/+
k|ltnet] .=== o:Tjflwdfqflwdfq]0f jLof{/De]0f k|o'Hot] ttM slZrbGt/
sNkfg\ k|e"tfg\ Jofjt{olt slZrt\ ofjGdxfsNkfg\ . g Tj;+Vo]oJofj[lQM
s:olrb:tLlt j]lbtJod\ . af]lw;™je"ld – k[= @$@
kl/R5]b @)M ;Dos\ ;Daf]lw
!= a'4af]lwg{ j} lr/ft\ .. af]lwkyk|bLk – %(
510
Â
@= t:df x' >2wt Pj lhgfg dftf+ .

olb OR5yf :k[lzt' pQda'41fgd\ .. /Tgu'0f;+roufyf – &÷&
#= oy}s/lZdlgM;f/fT;j{/lZdljlgM;[ltM .
efgf]:ty}j a'4fgf+ 1]of 1fgljlgM;[ltM .. dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – (÷#!
$= cfbz{1fgdrn_ qo1fg+ tbfl>td\ .
;dtfk|Toj]Iffof+ s[Tofg'i7fg Pj r .. dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – (÷^&
%= cfsfz b[i6' Olt ;™j k|Jofx/lGt .
gebz{g+ s't' ljd[ioy Ptdy{d\ .
ty wd{bz{g' lglbi6 tyfut]g,
g xL bz{g+ el0ft' zSo lgbz{g]g .. /Tgu'0f;+roufyf – !@÷(
^= ;jf{sf/+ sf/0fd]s:o do"/rGb|s:oflk . gf;j{1}1]{o+ ;j{11fgan+ lx
tt\1fgd\ .. -clewd{sf]z sf] :km'6fy{JofVof df p4/0f ul/Psf], k[= *_
&= dxfs?0fof s[T:g+ nf]sdfnf]So nf]sljt\ .
/Tguf]qljefuf] dxfofgf]Q/tGqzf:q – @÷%#
*= df]Iff] e|ddfq;+IfoM . dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – ^÷@
(= a'4Tjdljlgef{uz'Snwd{k|efljtd\ .
cflbTofsfzjH1fgk|xf0fåonIf0fd\ ..
/Tguf]qljefuf] dxfofgf]Q/tGqzf:q – @÷$
!)= Sn]z1]oj[QLgf+ ;ttdg'ut{ aLhd'Ts[i6sfn+
ol:dGg:t+ k|oft+ ejlt ;'ljk'n}M ;j{xflgk|sf/}M .
a'4Tj+ z'Snwd{k|j/u'0fo'tf cf-rf_>o:ofGoyflKt:tTk|flKtlg{lj{snNkf
låifo;'dxtf] 1fgdfuf{T;'z'4ft\ .. dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – (÷!@
!!= lqleM sfo}:t' lj1]of] a'4fgf+ sfo;+u|xM . dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – (÷^%
!@= cgflbdWofGtdleGgdåo+ lqwf ljd'Qm+ ljdnfljsNksd\ .
;dflxtf of]lug:tTk|oTgfM kZolGt o+ wd{wft':jefjd\ ..
/Tguf]qljefuf] dxfofgf]Q/tGqzf:q – @÷#*
!#= ;dM ;"IdZr tlR5\ni6M sfoM :jfefljsf] dtM .
dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – (÷^@
!$= ;j{wft'if' ;f+ef]Uof] leGgf]+ u0fkl/u|xM} .
If]q}Zr gfdleM sfo}wd{;+ef]ur]li6t}M .. dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – (÷^!
511
Â
!%= åflq+zNnIf0ffzLltJo~hgfTdf d'g]/od\ .

;fDef]lusf] dtM sfof] dxfofgf]kef]utM .. cle;dofn+sf/ – *÷!@
!^= lzNkhGddxfaf]lw;bflgjf{0fbz{g}M .
a'4lgdf{0fsfof]õ+ dxf]kfof] lgdf]rg] .. dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – (÷^$
!&= lgdf{0f}lZrq¿lkleM ..
hftsfGo'kklQ+ r t'lift]if' Ro'lt+ ttM .
uef{jqmd0f+ hGd lzNk:yfgflg sf}znd\ ..
cGtMk'//ltqmL8f+ g}iqmDo+ b'Mvrfl/sfd\ .
af]lwd08f]k;+qmflGt+ df/;}Gok|db{gd\ ..
;+af]lw+ wd{rqm+ r lgjf{0fflwudlqmofd\ .
If]q]ijkl/z'4]if' bz{oTofejl:yt]M .. dxfofgf]Q/tGqzf:q – @÷%#–%^
!*= nf]s]if' oR5flGtkyfjtf/k|kfrgfJofs/0f] lgbfgd\ .
/Tguf]qljefuf] dxfofgf]Q/tGqzf:q – @÷$!
!(= s/f]lt o]g lrql0f lxtflg hutM ;dd\ .
cfejft\ ;f]˜g'klR5GgM sfof] g}df{l0fsf] d'g]M .
cle;dofn+sf/ – *÷##
@)= cf>o]0ffzo]gflk sd{0ff t] ;df dtfM . dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – (÷^^
@!= k|s[Tof˜;+|;g]gflk k|aGw]g}if' lgTotf . dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ – (÷^^
kl/R5]b @!M a'4 sd{ lgb]{z
!= zqmb'Gb'lejGd]3a|Xdfs{dl0f/Tgjt\ .
k|lt>'ltl/jfsfzk[lyjLjt\ tyfutM ..
/Tguf]qljefuf] dxfofgf]Q/tGqzf:q – $÷!#
@= ljz'4j}8"o{do+ oy]b+ :ofGdxLtnd\ .
:jR5TjfQq b[Zo]t b]j]Gb|M ;fK;/f]u0fM ..
/Tguf]qljefuf] dxfofgf]Q/tGqzf:q – $÷!$
-ltJjtL / ;+:s[t kf7df leGgtf kfOG5 ._
#= oy}j lblj b]jfgf+ k"j{z'Snfg'efjtM .
oTg:yfgdgf]¿kljsNk/lxtf ;tL ..
512
Â
clgTob'Mvg}/fTDozfGtzAb}M k|dflbgM .
rf]boTod/fg\ ;jf{g;s[2]jb'Gb'leM ..
/Tguf]qljefuf] dxfofgf]Q/tGqzf:q – $÷#!, #@
$= JofKo a'4:j/]0f}j+ lje'h{ubz]iftM .
wd{+ lbzlt eJo]Eof] oTgflb/lxtf]˜lk ;g\ ..
/Tguf]qljefuf] dxfofgf]Q/tGqzf:q – $÷##
%= k|fj[6sfn] oyf d]3M k[lyJofdlejif{lt .
jfl/:sGw+ lg/fef]uf] lgldQ+ ;:o;+kbM ..
/Tguf]qljefuf] dxfofgf]Q/tGqzf:q – $÷$@
^= s?0ffDa'bt:tåt\ ;4d{;lnn+ lhgM .
huTs'znz:o]if' lglj{sNk+ k|jif{lt ..
/Tguf]qljefuf] dxfofgf]Q/tGqzf:q – $÷$#
&= ;j{q b]jejg] a|fXdØfbljrng\ kbft\ .
k|ltef;+ oyf a|Xdf bz{oTok|oTgtM ..
tåGd'lg/gfef]uflGgdf{0f}M ;j{wft'if' .
wd{sfofbljrng\ eJofgfd]lt bz{gd\ ..
/Tguf]qljefuf] dxfofgf]Q/tGqzf:q – $÷%#–%$
*= lglj{sNkf] oyflbToM sdnflg :j/lZdleM .
af]woTo]sd'QmfleM kfroTok/f0olk ..
;4d{ls/0f}/]j+ tyfutlbjfs/M .
ljg]ohgkb\d]if' lglj{sNkM k|jt{t] ..
/Tguf]qljefuf] dxfofgf]Q/tGqzf:q – $÷%(–^)
(= otM z'lrlg ;j{q ljg]o;lnnfzo] .
cd]o;'utflbTok|ltlaDaf]boM ;s[t ..
/Tguf]qljefuf] dxfofgf]Q/tGqzf:q – $÷^@
!)= o'ukb\uf]r/:yfgf+ ;jf{lek|fok"/0fd\ .
s'?t] lglj{sNkf]˜lk k[ys\ lrGtfdl0fo{yf ..
a'4lrGtfdl0f:tåt\ ;d]To k[yufzofM .
z[0jlGt wd{tf+ lrqf+ g sNkolt tf+Zr ;M ..
/Tguf]qljefuf] dxfofgf]Q/tGqzf:q – $÷^&–^*
513
Â
kl/lzi6 @M u|Gydf plNnlvt dxfk'?ifx¿sf] ;+lIfKt hLjgL
!= x]g'{xf];\ – u08Jo"x ;"q k[= !–$#^ .

@= ci6;fxl;|sf k|1fkf/ldtfsf] ;bfk|?lbt / wdf]{b\ut kl/jt{ x]g'{xf]nf .
b]u] s+Uo'/, z]/l5g s, k[= @^! .
#= See: The Life and Teaching of Naropa by Herbert V. Guenther, pp.
1-109
$= u08Jo"x;"q, hof]idfotg–kl/jt{, k[= ()–(% . b]u] s+Uo'/, kmn5]g c,
k[= @@ .
$= cjbfgzts -df}b\uNofog), k[= !!#–!!% . b]u] s+Uo"/, bf]b] c, k[=
!&#
%= cjbfgzts -df}bu\ Nofog_, k[= !!#–!!% . b]u] s+Uo'/, bf]b] c, k[= !&# .
^= cjbfg sNkntf, låtLo efu, k[= $@*–$## . d"n;jf{l:tjfbljgoj:t',
låtLo efu, k[= *^–(^ . b]u] s+Uo'/, bn\jf s, k[= !)) .
&= cjbfg sNkntf, k|yd efu, k[= !#^–!$% . d"n;jf{l:tjfb ljgoj:t',
låtLo efu, k[= !%% . b]u] s+Uo'/, bn\jf s, k[= @%! .
*= cjbfgztsd\, :ylj/, k[= @##–@#* . b]u] s+Uo'/, bf]b] c+, k[= @%$
(= b]u] s+Uo'/, bn\jf ;', k[= @$$
!)= b]u] s+Uo'/, bf]b] c, k[= @@# .
!!= cfo{z/" s[t hftsdfnf, k[= $#—%$ . b]u] s+Uo'/, bf]b] c, k[= !%% .
!@= b]u] s+Uo'/, bf]b] c, k[= @%# .
!#= b]u] s+Uo'/, bn\jf s, k[= !@) .
!$= cjbfg sNkntf, k|yd efu, k[= *%–(% . b]u] s+Uo'/, sf]g5]u u,
k[= @)%
!%= cjbfg sNkntf, k|yd efu, k[= @*)–@*$ . b]u] s+Uo'/ bf]b] t,
k[= @((
514
Â
POTE
d'b|0f tyf bft[;+:yf
b skf]{/]6 alb ckm b a'4 Ph's]zg kmfp08]zg
!! cf}+ tNnf %%, xfª\ rfp P;= /f]8, ;]S;g !,
tfO{k]O{, tfOjfg cf/= cf]= ;L=
of] k':ts lgMz'Ns ljt/0fsf] nflu xf], ljqmLsf] nflu xf]Og .
tfOjfgdf d'lb|t
@))*, km]a|c/L, %,))) k|lt

Jewel Ornament of Liberation

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Jewel Ornament of Liberation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

cfrfo{ uDkf]kf lj/lrt

Copyright © 2008, Nagarjuna Institute of Exact Methods

Typesetting, Layout and Translated into Nepali by : Milan Shakya

Edited by : Min Bahadur Shakya

First Edition : 2008, February, 5000 copies

Cover Photo: Dharma Lord Gampopa

This book is for free distribution, not to be sold.

kl/R5]b !) M af]lwlrQsf] cEof;====================================== !&#

The present text called “Jewel Ornament of Liberation by Gampopa”

1. Jewel Ornament of Liberation translated by Herbert Guen-

Min Bahadur Shakya

THE JEWEL ORNAMENT OF LIBERATION

;fdfGotofM ;d:t wd{x¿ oxL ;+;f/ / lgjf{0f b'O{6f ju{df ;d]l6–

k|Zg M ;+;f/ gfds o; e|flGtdf sf] e|ldt 5g\ t <

k|Zg M of] e|flGt s'grfFxL cfwf/af6 pTkGg x'G5 <

k|Zg M e|d jf e|flGtsf] sf/0f s] xf] <

k|Zg M s;/L k|f0fLx¿ e|flGtdf km:5g\\ <

k|Zg M o;sf] pkdf s] xf] <

pQ/ M cgflbsfnb]lv g} k|f0fLx¿ e|ldt x'Fb} cfO/x]sf 5g\ .

k|Zg M o; e|flGtdf s] bf]if 5 <

k|Zg M of] e|flGt slxn] 1fgdf ablng ;Snf t <

x]t', cf>o, k|Too, pkfo, kmn / sd{ —

csf]{ zAbdf, af]lw x]t', k'b\un cf>o, af]lw k|flKtdf pTk|]/s

-s_ x]t' tyfut ue{ xf] Ù

oL ^ j6f ljifoj:t'x¿ u|Gysf] d'Vo c+z x'g\ . ca logsf

hetu twagtgÉR hae,

tyfutue{åf/f ;d:t hut\ JofKt 5 .

n3'kl/lgjf{0f;"q sf cg';f/, ;a} ;™jx¿ tyfutue{n] o'Qm 5g\ .

tytf ;a} k|f0fLdf ;dfg g} x'G5,

;a} ;™jx¿ tyfutue{n] o'Qm 5g\ lsgeg] wd{sfo¿kL z"Gotf

ljz]ifdf juL{s/0f ul/lbG5 . pQ/tGq df o;/L elgPsf] 5 M

;+a'4sfon] B"ltdfg -k|sfzdfg_ ePsfn],

klxnf] k+lQm …wd{sfo¿kL z"Gotf ;a} k|f0fLdf JofKt 5Ú sf] cy{

cuf]q, clgotuf]q, >fjsuf]q,

!= cuf]q M cuf]qs o:tf ;™jx¿ x'g\ h;df cfo{ c;Ësf] egfO{

;+;f/sf b'Mvx¿ b]v]/ klg ltgLx¿ clnslt klg ;+j]u x'Fb}g Ù

pgLx¿df nfhzd{ -x|L_, eo -ckqkf_ / clnslt klg s?0ff x'Fb}g Ù

s'g} lgtfGt b'Zrl/q -kfkL_ x'G5g\,

cfˆgf] lrQnfO{ bL3{sfn;Dd ;+;f/df ef}Ftfl/gd} k|j[t t'NofPsf

x] cfgGb Û lgjf{0f k|fKt ug]{ ;+:sf/ g} gePsf] s'g} ;™jn]

@= clgot uf]q M clgot uf]qs s'g} ljz]if k|Toosf] cwLgdf x'G5 .

#= >fjs uf]q M >fjsuf]qs To:tf ;™jx¿ x'g\ h;n] ej;+;f/b]lv

;+;f/sf] b'Mv b]v]/ ltgLx¿ eoeLt x'G5g\

$= k|To]sa'4 uf]q M k|To]sa'4uf]qsx¿df oL tLg} nIf0fx¿ x'g'sf] ;fy

;+;f/af6 plåUg -lg/fz_ eP/ pgLx¿ lgjf{0fsf] kl5 nfU5g\ Ù

>fjs / k|To]sa'4, oL b'O{ uf]qn] b'O{ cnu cnu hLjgk4ltnfO{

xf], lgDg sf/0fn] ubf{ pxfFn] oL b'O{6f dfu{x¿ b]vfpg'eof] . dfgfF}

;a} -k|To]sa'4_ / >fjsx¿n] …d}n] lgjf{0f k|fKt u/]FÚ egL ;f]+R5g\ .

tL ;™jx¿ >fjs tyf k|To]sa'4x¿sf cj:yfdf lj>fd ul/–

x] leIf'x¿ Û cfh d ltdLx¿nfO{ eG5' M

eujfg\ a'4sf] o:tf] k|]/0ffn] ubf{ >fjs tyf k|To]s a'4x¿n]

>fjsx¿n] lgjf{0f k|fKt ub}{gg\ .

%= dxfofg uf]q M dxfofg jf af]lw;™j uf]q s] xf] <

e]b, :j¿k, kof{o,

%=!= e]b M oxfF …e]bÚ b'O6f 5g\ M k|s[lt:y / ;d'bfgLt .

%=#= kof{o M aLh, wft' / k/d :jefj …uf]qÚ sf kof{ojfrL zAbx¿

%=^= lnË M uf]qsf] …lnËÚ eGgfn] dxfofg uf]qsf] ljz]if lrXgnfO{

h;/L w"jfFn] cfuf] ePsf] /

To;/L g} af]lw;™j uf]q To;sf lrGxx¿åf/f yfxf x'G5 .&

tL lrXgx¿ o:tf x'G5g\ . af]lw;™jsf sfo / jfs k|ltkIf lg/–

hf] s7f]/ / lgi7'/ x'Fb}g hf] 5n / dfof /lxt x'G5

csf]{ zAbdf, c1ftsfnb]lv g} af]lw;™jsf ;d:t sfo{ ;™jx¿–

;'¿b]lv g} s?0ffk"j{s sfo{ ug'{, clwd'lQm, IfflGt,

o; k|sf/ pQm kfFrj6} uf]qx¿dWo] dxfofg uf]qsf] ljBdfgtf