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MEC4252 MEC4252 MEC4252 MEC4252
Marine Engineering and Control
Diesel Engine and Gearing Diesel Engine and Gearing Diesel Engine and Gearing Diesel Engine and Gearing
Diesel engines
Transform chemical energy into mechanical energy for the direct drive system
The conversion process takes place in two steps:
(1) chemical energy is converted into thermal energy by means of a combustion reaction of the fuel,
with the working medium, air
(2) the thermal energy is converted into mechanical energy at the output shaft
Gearing for more complex power plant configurations such as in geared drive system.

Machinery Arrangement Machinery Arrangement Machinery Arrangement Machinery Arrangement

4 Principal Types of Machinery Installation:
http://www.marinediesels.info/index.html
Slow-speed Diesel Engine
30 to 300 rpm
Medium-speed Diesel Engine
300 1000 rpm
High-speed Diesel Engine
1000 - 3500 rpm
Gas Turbine
3500 12000 rpm
Steam Turbine
3000 15000 rpm

Diesel Engine Diesel Engine Diesel Engine Diesel Engine

Internal Combustion Engine
Two Stroke
The two stroke cycle is so called because it takes two strokes of the piston to complete the processes
needed to convert the energy in the fuel into work.
Four Stroke
The four stroke cycle is so called because it takes four strokes of the piston to complete the processes
needed to convert the energy in the fuel into work.
Applications
For marine propulsion
For electric power generation
Four Four Four Four- -- -stroke Cycle stroke Cycle stroke Cycle stroke Cycle
Induction
The crankshaft is rotating clockwise and the piston is moving down the cylinder. The inlet valve is open
and a fresh charge of air is being drawn.
Four Four Four Four- -- -stroke Cycle stroke Cycle stroke Cycle stroke Cycle
COMPRESSION
The inlet valve has closed and the charge of air is being compressed by the piston as it moves up the
cylinder. Because energy is being transferred into the air, its pressure and temperature increase.
Four Four Four Four- -- -stroke Cycle stroke Cycle stroke Cycle stroke Cycle
POWER
Fuel is injected into the cylinder by the fuel injector. The fuel is atomised into tiny droplets.
Because they are very small these droplets heat up very quickly and start to burn. The expanding gas
from the fuel burning in the oxygen forces the piston down the cylinder, turning the crankshaft.
Four Four Four Four- -- -stroke Cycle stroke Cycle stroke Cycle stroke Cycle
EXHAUST
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As the piston approaches the bottom of the cylinder, the exhaust valve starts to open. As the piston
now moves up the cylinder, the hot gases are expelled from the cylinder.
Mechanism in Details Mechanism in Details Mechanism in Details Mechanism in Details
Air
Compression ratio: between 15:1 and 22:1
Pressure: 40 bar (580 psi)
Temperature: 550C
Engine Efficiency
30 - 40%
Two Two Two Two- -- -stroke Cycle stroke Cycle stroke Cycle stroke Cycle
Compression
The crankshaft is revolving clockwise and the piston is moving up the cylinder, compressing the charge
of air. Because energy is being transferred into the air, its pressure and temperature increase.
Two Two Two Two- -- -stroke Cycle stroke Cycle stroke Cycle stroke Cycle
Injection
Fuel is injected into the cylinder by the fuel injector. The fuel is "atomised" into tiny droplets. Because
they are very small these droplets heat up very quickly and start to burn. The expanding gas from the
fuel burning in the oxygen forces the piston down the cylinder, turning the crankshaft.
Two Two Two Two- -- -stroke Cycle stroke Cycle stroke Cycle stroke Cycle
Power
As the piston moves down the cylinder, the useful energy from the burning fuel is expended. Then
exhaust valve opens and the hot exhaust gas begin to leave the cylinder.
Two Two Two Two- -- -stroke Cycle stroke Cycle stroke Cycle stroke Cycle
Scavenging and Exhaust
Pressurised air enters the cylinder via these ports and pushes the remaining exhaust gas from the
cylinder in a process known as "scavenging".
The piston now starts moving up the cylinder, closing off the scavenge ports. The exhaust valve then
closes and compression begins

2 22 2- -- -stroke Engine stroke Engine stroke Engine stroke Engine

Two Stroke Crosshead Engine

2 22 2- -- -stroke Engine stroke Engine stroke Engine stroke Engine

Advantages:
Simpler design and construction
Cheaper to maintenance
Power once every revolution
Lighter and cost less to manufacture
Potential for about twice the power in the same size
Disadvantages:
Less engines life
Parts of a two-stroke engine wear-out faster
Require a mix of oil in with the gas to lubricate the crankshaft, connecting rod and cylinder walls
Lube oil can be expensive
Produce more pollution

Power Output Limitations Power Output Limitations Power Output Limitations Power Output Limitations
Maximum amount of air ingested
Engine size
Volumetric efficiency
Power losses
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Air-to-fuel ratio
Calorific value of the fuel
Oxygen content of air
Engine speed
4 44 4- -- -stroke Engine stroke Engine stroke Engine stroke Engine
Advantages:
Better power-to-weight and size ratio
Higher speed
Simple construction of cylinder liners
No scavenge fires
Shorter engine height
Disadvantages:
Use of gearbox and flexible couplings
Cylinder heads are more complicated
Lube oil consumption is higher
More parts for maintenance
Better quality fuel is necessary
High Speed Diesel Engine High Speed Diesel Engine High Speed Diesel Engine High Speed Diesel Engine
Marine Gas Turbine Marine Gas Turbine Marine Gas Turbine Marine Gas Turbine
Marine Steam Turbine Marine Steam Turbine Marine Steam Turbine Marine Steam Turbine
Gas Exchange Process Gas Exchange Process Gas Exchange Process Gas Exchange Process
Supercharging
Increases the power output limits of an internal combustion engine relative to its displacement.
Gas Exchange Process Gas Exchange Process Gas Exchange Process Gas Exchange Process
Turbocharging
This is a supercharger but is driven by the engines exhaust gases.
Supercharging Systems Supercharging Systems Supercharging Systems Supercharging Systems
Turbocharging allows for more efficient engine operation because it is driven by exhaust pressure that
would otherwise be (mostly) wasted
Scavenging Scavenging Scavenging Scavenging
Efficient scavenging ensures effective gas exchange process and a sufficient supply of fresh air for
combustion.
Scavenging Fire Scavenging Fire Scavenging Fire Scavenging Fire
Unburned fuel and carbon blows into the scavenge space
Defective piston rings
Cylinder liner wear
Faulty timing
Loss of engine power
Exhaust temperature increase
Engine speed reduce
Funnel smoking
Scavenging box heat up
Scavenging box drain cock (smoke or sparking)
Turbocharger may surge

Fuel Fuel Fuel Fuel

Marine Diesel Oil
Heavy Fuel Oil
Medium to low speed
Pre-cleaning
Pre-heat > 120C

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HFO Viscosity
Lube Oil
Detergent oil TBN 25
Cylinder oil TBN >70

Fuel Oil Supply System Fuel Oil Supply System Fuel Oil Supply System Fuel Oil Supply System
Lubricating Oil System Lubricating Oil System Lubricating Oil System Lubricating Oil System
Central Cooling System Central Cooling System Central Cooling System Central Cooling System
Starting Air System Starting Air System Starting Air System Starting Air System
Speed Governor Speed Governor Speed Governor Speed Governor
ECM/ECU ECM/ECU ECM/ECU ECM/ECU
Crankcase Explosion Crankcase Explosion Crankcase Explosion Crankcase Explosion
High operating temperature
Movement of Engine Parts
Increase in bearings temperature
Sparks in crankcase
Fires in the adjacent scavenge trunks
Lube oil vapourise
Contacted with cooler part of engine
Condensed to white mist (flammable gas)
Travelled to hot spot area
Over the flash point of lube oil > 200C
Leading to crankcase explosion
Crankcase Relief Valve Crankcase Relief Valve Crankcase Relief Valve Crankcase Relief Valve
Operation of Crankcase Relief Valve Operation of Crankcase Relief Valve Operation of Crankcase Relief Valve Operation of Crankcase Relief Valve
Oil Mist Detector Oil Mist Detector Oil Mist Detector Oil Mist Detector
Turning Gear Turning Gear Turning Gear Turning Gear
Marine Clutches Marine Clutches Marine Clutches Marine Clutches
Operations of the Clutch Operations of the Clutch Operations of the Clutch Operations of the Clutch
Marine Gearboxes Marine Gearboxes Marine Gearboxes Marine Gearboxes
Reversing Gear Box Reversing Gear Box Reversing Gear Box Reversing Gear Box
Indicator Cock Indicator Cock Indicator Cock Indicator Cock
Standby Engine Standby Engine Standby Engine Standby Engine
Pre-heat Engine
Check tanks, filters, valves and drains
Start lube oil and circulating water pumps
Examine all control equipment and alarms
Indicator cocks opened, turning gear engaged,
start turning gear to complete 2 revolutions
Check fuel oil supply and oil heating systems
Remove turning gear
Check air pressure, open starting air valve
Blow engine with compressed air
Close all indicator cocks
The engine is at the standby

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Engine Starting Engine Starting Engine Starting Engine Starting
1. The direction handle is positioned ahead or astern
2. The manoeuvring handle is moved to start A separate air start button may be used
3. When engine reaches firing speed, the manoeuvring handle is moved to the running position.
4. Check all engine parameters when passage full away
Engine Reversing Engine Reversing Engine Reversing Engine Reversing
At manoeuvring speeds
1. Where manually operated auxiliary blowers are fitted they should be started.
2. The fuel supply is shut off and the engine will quickly slow down,
3. The direction handle is positioned astern.
4. Compressed air is admitted to the engine to turn it in the astern direction.
5. When turning astern under the action of compressed air, fuel will be admitted. The combustion
process will take over and air admission cease.
Engine Reversing Engine Reversing Engine Reversing Engine Reversing
At full speeds
1. The auxiliary blowers, where manually operated, should be started.
2. Fuel is shut off from the engine.
3. Blasts of compressed air may be used to slow the engine down.
4. When the engine is stopped the direction handle is positioned astern.
5. Compressed air is admitted to turn the engine astern and fuel is admitted to accelerate the engine. The
compressed air supply will then cease.
Finish with Engine Finish with Engine Finish with Engine Finish with Engine
Open main engine indicator cocks
Close starting air distributor
Close main starting air valve
Open turbocharger drain valves (normal closed)
Engage turning gear and turn few revolutions
Open jacket cooling water, keep 80C
Stop HFO storage tank steam heating
Stop turning gear and keep engaged
Lock E/R control room door for security awareness
Thank You Thank You Thank You Thank You
Questions are welcome.
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