You are on page 1of 6

A Ar rc ch h 3 34 41 1 S Su up pp pl le em me en nt ta al l N No ot te es s

D De es si ig gn n H HE EA AT TI IN NG G L Lo oa ad d H Ha an nd d C Ca al lc cu ul la at ti io on n
IP/English Units
Main assumptions:
No solar, no internal gains (no heat additions that would assist the heating system)
Constant indoor and outdoor temperatures (steady state conditions)

Main equation:
Total heat loss via heat transfer through all of the surfaces of the zone and heat loss via
infiltration must be balanced by heat added by the system, or:
( ) ( )( )
outside inside
N
1 i
outside inside i i sys
T T V 08 . 1 T T A U q + =

=
&

U = overall heat transfer coefficient (see step 4)
A = area of each individual surface (windows treated as separate surfaces)
T
inside
= heating setpoint temperature (see step 1)
T
outside
= outside air temperature or other side/thermal zone temperature (see step 2)
CFM
infiltration
= the amount of infiltration in cubic feet per minute or CFM (see step 3)

Step 1: Determine T
inside
, the heating setpoint temperature
Determined by space and controls (68F typical assumption for occupied spaces)

Step 2: Determine T
outside
, the outside air (winter design day) temperature
See Table B.1 for 97.5% WDD or ASHRAE HoF for 99% WDD for T
outside
values (based on
location)
Together with T
inside
this determines the T for heat transfer through each surface
NOTE: For interior surfaces, the temperature difference between the two thermal zones
determines the T(=T
inside
-T
outside
) and T may be zerothis will affect the main equation.
For example, if adjacent interior zones are controlled to the same temperature, T will be
zero and this surface will not show up in the summation in the main equation.

Step 3: Estimate the infiltration and/or ventilation rate
See Table E.25 for ventilation and Table E.27 for infiltration ACH estimates
Use ACH value to calculate the total volumetric flow rate from:
( )( )( min 60 h 1 Volume ACH V =
&
) where Volume is the volume of the space
Use V
&
value in main equation above

Step 4: Determine overall heat transfer coefficient for all surfaces
Calculate the R-values for all of the building construction materials (Tables E.1, E.2, E.4)
Find inside and outside film coefficients (Table E.3)
Calculate the total R-value and U-value for each surface using:
R
i
= R
inside,film
+ R
surface
+ R
outside,film

U
i
= 1/R
i
for each surface

Step 5: Solve for the heating load (q
sys
) in Btu/h using the main equation

A Ar rc ch h 3 34 41 1 S Su up pp pl le em me en nt ta al l N No ot te es s
D De es si ig gn n H HE EA AT TI IN NG G L Lo oa ad d H Ha an nd d C Ca al lc cu ul la at ti io on n
SI/Metric Units
Main assumptions:
No solar, no internal gains (no heat additions that would assist the heating system)
Constant indoor and outdoor temperatures (steady state conditions)

Main equation:
Total heat loss via heat transfer through all of the surfaces of the zone and heat loss via
infiltration must be balanced by heat added by the system, or:
( ) ( )
outside inside air , p
N
1 i
outside inside i i sys
T T C V T T A U q + =

=
&

U = overall heat transfer coefficient (see step 4)
A = area of each individual surface (windows treated as separate surfaces)
T
inside
= heating setpoint temperature (see step 1)
T
outside
= outside air temperature or other side/thermal zone temperature (see step 2)
= the density of air (usually around 1.2 kg/m
3
)
V
&
= the mass flow rate of infiltration in kilograms per second (see step 3)
C
p,air
= the specific heat of air, approximately 1.0~1.1 kJ/(kg-K)

Step 1: Determine T
inside
, the heating setpoint temperature
Determined by space and controls (20C typical assumption for occupied spaces)

Step 2: Determine T
outside
, the outside air (winter design day) temperature
See Table B.1 for 97.5% WDD or ASHRAE HoF for 99% WDD for T
outside
values (based on
location)
Together with T
inside
this determines the T for heat transfer through each surface
NOTE: For interior surfaces, the temperature difference between the two thermal zones
determines the T(=T
inside
-T
outside
) and T may be zerothis will affect the main equation.
For example, if adjacent interior zones are controlled to the same temperature, T will be
zero and this surface will not show up in the summation in the main equation.

Step 3: Estimate the infiltration and/or ventilation rate
See Table E.25 for ventilation and Table E.27 for infiltration ACH estimates
Use ACH value to calculate the total volumetric flow rate from:
( )( )( s 3600 h 1 Volume ACH V =
&
) where Volume is the volume of the space
Use V
&
value in main equation above

Step 4: Determine overall heat transfer coefficient for all surfaces
Calculate the R-values for all of the building construction materials (Tables E.1, E.2, E.4)
Find inside and outside film coefficients (Table E.3)
Calculate the total R-value and U-value for each surface using:
R
i
= R
inside,film
+ R
surface
+ R
outside,film

U
i
= 1/R
i
for each surface

Step 5: Solve for the heating load (q
sys
) in W using the main equation
A Ar rc ch h 3 34 41 1 S Su up pp pl le em me en nt ta al l N No ot te es s
D DE ET TD D/ /D DC CL LF F S Se en ns si ib bl le e C CO OO OL LI IN NG G L Lo oa ad d H Ha an nd d C Ca al lc cu ul la at ti io on n
IP/English Units
Main assumptions:
Full solar and internal gains (assume gains are 100% convective)
Variable or constant indoor and variable outdoor temperatures (transient conditions)

Main equation:
Total heat gain via heat transfer through all of the (non-window) surfaces of the zone, heat gain
through windows (solar and conduction), heat gain from internal sources, and heat gain via
infiltration must be balanced by heat removed by the system, or:
( ) ( ) ( )( ) Gains Internal T T V 08 . 1 DCLF A DETD A U q
inside outside i i i i i sys
+ + + =

&

U = overall heat transfer coefficient for non-windows (see step 1)
A = area of each individual surface or window
DETD = Design Equivalent Temperature Difference for non-windows (see step 1)
DCLF = Design Cooling Load Factor for windows (see step 2)
V
&
= the amount of infiltration/ventilation in cubic feet per minute or CFM (see step 3)
T
inside
= heating setpoint temperature (see step 3)
T
outside
= outside air temperature or other side/thermal zone temperature (see step 3)

Step 1: Determine heat transmission gains through surfaces
Calculate the R-values for all of the building construction materials (Tables E.1, E.2, E.4)
Find inside and outside film coefficients (Table E.3)
Calculate the total R-value and U-value for each surface using:
R
i
= R
inside,film
+ R
surface
+ R
outside,film

U
i
= 1/R
i
for each surface
Find DETD values for each surface in Table F.5 noting that the maximum temperature and daily
range for a particular location can be found in Table B.1
NOTE: For interior surfaces, the temperature difference between the two thermal zones
determines the DETD value which may then be zero in the main equation. For example, if adjacent
interior zones are controlled to the same temperature, DETD will be zero for that interior surface.
Sum up U
i
A
i
(DETD
i
) for each surface that is not a window

Step 2: Determine window gains
Find DCLF values for each window type and orientation in Table F.6 noting that the maximum
temperature for the location can be found in Table B.1
Sum up A
i
(DCLF
i
) for all windows

Step 3: Estimate the infiltration/ventilation rate
See Table E.27 for ACH method based on type of construction and temperature difference between
T
inside
and T
outside

T
inside
is the control setpoint temperature; T
outside
is maximum outdoor temperature from Table B.1
Use ACH value to calculate the volumetric flow rate from:
( )( )( min 60 h 1 Volume ACH V =
&
) where Volume is the volume of the space
Use V
&
value in main equation above

Step 4: Estimate internal gains
People gains depend on the number of people from Table E.25 and activity level from Table F.8
Lighting gains can be determined using DF and Table F.3B
Equipment gains can be determined using Table F.3A

Step 5: Solve for the cooling load (q
sys
) in Btu/h using the main equation
A Ar rc ch h 3 34 41 1 S Su up pp pl le em me en nt ta al l N No ot te es s
D DE ET TD D/ /D DC CL LF F S Se en ns si ib bl le e C CO OO OL LI IN NG G L Lo oa ad d H Ha an nd d C Ca al lc cu ul la at ti io on n
SI/Metric Units
Main assumptions:
Full solar and internal gains (assume gains are 100% convective)
Variable or constant indoor and variable outdoor temperatures (transient conditions)
Main equation:
Total heat gain via heat transfer through all of the (non-window) surfaces of the zone, heat gain
through windows (solar and conduction), heat gain from internal sources, and heat gain via
infiltration must be balanced by heat removed by the system, or:
( ) ( ) ( ) Gains Internal T T C V DCLF A DETD A U q
inside outside air , p i i i i i sys
+ + + =

&

U = overall heat transfer coefficient for non-windows (see step 1)
A = area of each individual surface or window
DETD = Design Equivalent Temperature Difference for non-windows (see step 1)
DCLF = Design Cooling Load Factor for windows (see step 2)
= the density of air (usually around 1.2 kg/m
3
)
V
&
= the mass flow rate of infiltration in kilograms per second (see step 3)
C
p,air
= the specific heat of air, approximately 1.0~1.1 kJ/(kg-K)
T
inside
= heating setpoint temperature (see step 3)
T
outside
= outside air temperature or other side/thermal zone temperature (see step 3)
Step 1: Determine heat transmission gains through surfaces
Calculate the R-values for all of the building construction materials (Tables E.1, E.2, E.4)
Find inside and outside film coefficients (Table E.3)
Calculate the total R-value and U-value for each surface using:
R
i
= R
inside,film
+ R
surface
+ R
outside,film

U
i
= 1/R
i
for each surface
Find DETD values for each surface in Table F.5 noting that the maximum temperature and daily
range for a particular location can be found in Table B.1
NOTE: For interior surfaces, the temperature difference between the two thermal zones
determines the DETD value which may then be zero in the main equation. For example, if adjacent
interior zones are controlled to the same temperature, DETD will be zero for that interior surface.
Sum up U
i
A
i
(DETD
i
) for each surface that is not a window

Step 2: Determine window gains
Find DCLF values for each window type and orientation in Table F.6 noting that the maximum
temperature for the location can be found in Table B.1
Sum up A
i
(DCLF
i
) for all windows

Step 3: Estimate the infiltration/ventilation rate
See Table E.27 for ACH method based on type of construction and temperature difference between
T
inside
and T
outside

T
inside
is the control setpoint temperature; T
outside
is maximum outdoor temperature from Table B.1
Use ACH value to calculate the volumetric flow rate from:
( )( )( s 3600 h 1 Volume ACH V =
&
) where Volume is the volume of the space
Use V
&
value in main equation above

Step 4: Estimate internal gains
People gains depend on the number of people from Table E.25 and activity level from Table F.8
Lighting gains can be determined using DF and Table F.3B
Equipment gains can be determined using Table F.3A

Step 5: Solve for the cooling load (q
sys
) in W using the main equation
A Ar rc ch h 3 34 41 1 S Su up pp pl le em me en nt ta al l N No ot te es s
H HE EA AT TI IN NG G L Lo oa ad d H Ha an nd d C Ca al lc cu ul la at ti io on n W Wo or rk ks sh he ee et t

Step 1: Heating setpoint temperature, T
inside
= ___________

Step 2: Outside air (winter design day) temperature, T
outside
= ___________

Step 3: Infiltration/Ventilation
ACH = __________
V
&
= __________

Step 4: Overall heat transfer coefficient
Surfaces R
surface

Film
coefficients
(inside|outside)
U-value
(1/R
tot
)
Area T UAT
Walls
|

|

|

|

|

|

|
Windows
|

|

|

|
Roof
|

|
Floor
|

|
TOTAL

Step 5: Calculate heating load (sum of all UAT values and infiltration)
( ) ( )(
outside inside
N
1 i
outside inside i i sys
T T V 08 . 1 T T A U q + =

=
&
) (IP/English units)

( ) (
outside inside air , p
N
1 i
outside inside i i sys
T T C V T T A U q + =

=
&
) (SI/Metric units)
A Ar rc ch h 3 34 41 1 S Su up pp pl le em me en nt ta al l N No ot te es s
D DE ET TD D/ /D DC CL LF F C CO OO OL LI IN NG G L Lo oa ad d H Ha an nd d C Ca al lc cu ul la at ti io on n
W Wo or rk ks sh he ee et t
Step 1: Heat transmission through surfaces (non-windows)
Surfaces R
surface

Film
coefficients
(inside|outside)
U-value
(1/R
tot
)
Area DETD UA(DETD)
Walls
|

|

|

|

|

|

|
Roof
|

|
Floor
|

|
TOTAL
Step 2: Heat Transmission through windows
Window Orientation Area DCLF A(DCLF)












TOTAL
Step 3: Infiltration/Ventilation
ACH = __________
V
&
= __________
Cooling setpoint temperature, T
inside
= ___________
Outside air (summer design day) temperature, T
outside
= ___________
Step 4: Internal Gains
Internal Gain Amount/area Area Gain/person Heat Gain
People

Lights

Equipment

TOTAL
Step 5: Calculate cooling load (sum of UA(DETD), A(DCLF), infiltration, internal gains)
( ) ( ) ( )( ) Gains Internal T T V 08 . 1 DCLF A DETD A U q
inside outside i i i i i sys
+ + + =

&
(IP/English)

( ) ( ) ( ) Gains Internal T T C V DCLF A DETD A U q
inside outside air , p i i i i i sys
+ + + =

&
(SI/Metric)

You might also like