Are Traditional Midwives History ? පාරම්පරික වින්නඹු මාතාවන් ඉතිහාසයට එක්වේ ද? பாரம்பாpய மருத்துவ மாதா;கள் வரலாற்றில் இடம்பெறுவார்களா?

Sepali Kottegoda, D.
Phil
The Women and Media Collective
Paper presented at the Womens Studies Convention,
Centre for Womens Research
4-7 April 2008
Some Insights from Three Conflict Affected Districts in Sri Lanka
Are
Traditional
Midwives
History
?
Are Traditional Midwives History?
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Women and Media Collective
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ISBN 978-955-1770-14-3
Author Dr. Sepali Kottegoda
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Published by The Women and Media Collective
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Email : wmcsrilanka@gmail.com
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- ii -
Table of Content
Pg No.
1. Introduction............................................................................ 5
2. Basis of Skills acquired by Traditional Midwives .................... 9
3. Reasons for demand for services of Traditional Midwives ....11
4. Relation of Traditional Midwives to Institutional Care ......... 13
5. Traditional Midwives Treatment at Child Birth .................... 16
6. Blessings ................................................................................ 20
7. The work of Traditional Midwives during Conflict ................ 22
7. Support from the Family ....................................................... 25
9. Concluding Observations ...................................................... 28
Map of Sri Lanka .......................................................................... iv
- iii -
- 4 -
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- iv -
- 5 -
1. Introduction
In May 2003, when a Ceasefire Agreement (CFA) had been signed
between the Government of Sri Lanka and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil
Eelam, the Consortium of Humanitarian Agencies prepared The
Assessment of Needs in the Conflict Affected Areas which highlighted
immediate and long-term actions required in post-conflict
reconstruction and rehabilitation programmes.
1
The assessment
addressed some mainstream gender concerns as well as needs of
vulnerable groups. These vulnerable groups were identified as
Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) and returnees, children, single-
headed households and widows, women exposed to physical and sexual
abuse and exploitation, the disabled, elderly and isolated.
The Assessment noted that appropriate access to healthcare and
education and other basic services for IDPs and returnees was an
immediate need. In relation to health, the Assessm ent observes that
there is a general lack of family planning in conflict-affected areas which
has led to higher than average fertility rates. The evaluation pointed
out that health infrastructure had suffered heavy damages or
destruction
2
and that medical posts were vacant, particularly in skilled
and professional categories. The delivery of reproductive care had also
endured many obstacles. Where hospitals had been damaged, obstetric
care was impeded. Moreover, the assessment addressed the urgent
1
Asian Development Bank, United Nations and World Bank. Sri Lanka : Assessment of Needs in the
Conflict Affected Areas. Districts of Jaffna, Kilinochchi, Mullaitivu, Mannar, Vavuniya, Trincomalee,
Batticaloa and Ampara. May. Colombo. 2003. The report covered the districts of Jaffna, Kilinochchi,
Mullatitivu, Mannar, Vavuniya, Trincomalee, Batticaloa, Ampara, Polunaruwa, Anaradhapura,
Moneragala, and Puttalam.
2
Ibid. 45% of hospitals are either destroyed or non-functioning in the NE
Are Traditional Midwives History?
Some Insights from
Three Conflict Affected Districts in Sri Lanka
- 6 -
need to establish an STD/HIV/AIDS control and prevention programme.
It noted that inadequate facilities and shortages of drugs and suitable
equipment had been compounded by government imposed periodic
embargos on the transport of specified items to Jaffna during the period
of active conflict. The embargos on contraceptive drugs and devises
and womens sanitary needs had specific impact on womens
reproductive health and rights. The gendered consequences included
repeated pregnancies with insufficient spacing between births which
put immense strain on womens physical and psychosocial health as
well as their domestic work and economic responsibilities.
The report of the Sub Committee for Immediate Humanitarian Relief
Needs (SHIRN) clearly indicated that the health conditions in the conflict
affected districts were far below those that prevailed in the rest of the
country.
To explore this information from the perspective of women who were
living in a situation of conflict, the Women and Media Collective
undertook, during the period 2004-2005, a study on reproductive
health issues and concerns of women living in these areas in Sri Lanka.
Primarily because the CFA was in operation at this time, field research
was possible in many of these areas which had been largely inaccessible
for research of this nature for almost two decades. This situation made
it possible to physically access women living in 6 conflict affected districts
of Mannar, Puttlam, Jaffna, Border Villages of Polonnaruwa, Batticaloa
and Ampara.
One of the findings of the research was the reference to the significant
role played by Traditional Midwives in the reproductive health of women
living in conflict areas.
This finding was even more intriguing since over a period of 4 decades,
the Ministry of Health has established a 4000 strong trained and
equipped cadre of Public Health Midwives tasked specifically with
providing better quality and institutionally accountable services at the
ground level. The Traditional Midwife was expected to be effectively
replaced by the Public Health Midwife, who would ensure that women
at the village level would have access to institutionalized reproductive
health care.
- 7 -
A study on Traditional Midwives in conflict affected areas would have
seemed a useless exercise had it not been for the indications of their
active role in the context of conflict found in the WMC on research on
reproductive health concerns. WMC attempted to identify other studies
that focused on the role of Traditional Midwives in Sri Lanka and realized
that there was in fact a dearth of information on this topic.
In this light, WMC recognized that it was important to fill this lacuna in
the body of research on Traditional Midwives in Sri Lanka.
This paper presents some of the findings on aspects of the work of
Traditional Midwives from a study conducted in 3 districts affected by
conflict - Puttlam, Polonnaruwa and Batticaloa. By the time the research
cited in this paper was being conceptualized, the ground situation in
relation to the conflict had changed with the resurgence of active conflict
which had effectively made most of the areas in these districts difficult
to reach. Hence, WMC restricted the geographical area to the 3 districts
where it was still possible to conduct research of this nature. The field
researchers were drawn from those organizations based in these
districts which WMC had worked with in the earlier 6 district research
on reproductive health.
The research was conducted in two phases. In the first phase the field
researchers identified 30 women in each district who had worked or
were working as Traditional Midwives and administered a structured
questionnaire to those who were willing to be interviewed to obtain
basic personal information. The questionnaire attempted to obtain
information why they feel women sought their assistance, the type of
services they offer, whether they have had to deal with difficult child
birth situations and whether they would like to have formal training.
In the second phase, extended interviews were carried out in each
district with 10 women from among the initial group of interviewees to
obtain more detailed information on the experiences of TMs in meeting
the needs of women living in these conflict affected areas.
- 8 -
Ethnicity
Ethnicity Puttlam Polonnaruwa Batticaloa Total
Sinhala - 27 - 27
Tamil 1 2 30 33
Muslim 29 - - 29
Aadivaasi - 1 - 1
Total 30 30 30 90
In the cumulative sample, approximately 62% was married and 35%
were widowed. Almost half the TMs were between the ages 41-60 while
approximately 47% were above 60 years of age. Only 4 were below age
40.
In relation to level of education, 58% of the TMs had education between
Grades 1and 5, 17% between Grades 6-9 and 7% between Grades 10
and 11. It was found that 18% had no schooling.
This paper will highlight and attempt to analyse preliminary information
elicited from extended interviews with 27 Traditional Midwives from
the 3 districts. This constitutes 10 TMs from the Batticaloa and
Polonnaruwa districts respectively and 7 TMs from the Puttlam districts.
- 9 -
2. Basis of Skills acquired by Traditional Midwives
Skills learned from Batticaloa Puttlam Polonnaruwa Total
Institutional Linkages
PHM 1 3 - 4
Employment 1 1 - 2
Traditional Midwives (TM)
Mother 1 2 3 6
Sister/Cousin 1 - 1 2
Aunt 2 - 2 4
Grandmother - 1 2 3
Self - - 1 1
Non Relative TM 1 - 1 2
Not Available 3 - - 3
Total 10 7 9 27
As the Table above shows, in the Batticaloa and Puttlam samples, there
has been some linkages with the institutional structures either by the
women obtaining knowledge on midwifery through trained Public
Health Midwives, Midwives linked to government hospitals or through
being employed (as attendants). None of the sample from the
Polonnaruwa sample had such links.
Most of the Traditional Midwives in all three districts had obtained skills
relating to midwifery through non-formal avenues. 15 out of the 27
women interviewed had learned their skills from their relatives,
mothers, sisters, aunts or grandmothers most of whom had/are
Traditional Midwives. Two reported that their mother or sister had been
a trained midwife working in a government hospital. Two others had
been taught by TMs who were not related to them and, one claimed
that her experiences of having birthed 2 of her children in hospital gave
her sufficient insights to administer to herself when she went into labour
alone in her home for subsequent deliveries.
In the Batticaloa sample, some of the interviewees reported that the
Red Cross had organized a 10 day training by medical professionals for
women who worked as Traditional Midwives followed by a 10 day stint
- 10 -
in a hospital. Two of the women interviewed said that they found this
training extremely useful and also that they were given some medical
instruments such as scissors and a type of ear phone (Doppler?) to check
on the heart beat of the baby.
- 11 -
3. Reasons for demand for services of Traditional
Midwives
While all the women were aware of the cadre of Public Health Midwives
(PHM) and their functions at the village level, they were very clear as
to why some village women continued to seek their services.
BATTICALOA
"Sometimes the family will decide that they want me to assist in
the child birth. Or, the PHM may get late to come to the house.
Then they call me. Sometimes, they may not have resources to
go to the hospital for the first child. Or, there may be no one in
the house at the time to take the woman to the hospital. Others
are close to me and have faith in me and so they ask me to come
and be there."
TM 60 years, Batticaloa
"In 1987 with the security problems, it was difficult for people to
get to the hospital and there wasnt a midwife in the area. That
is the context in which I began to work as a TM."
TM 50 years, Batticaloa
PUTTLAM
Many of the interviewees were Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) who
had had to leave their villages in 1990 and have been living in Puttlam
since that time.
"There was no clinic near our village. The Mullaitivu hospital was
3 km away. The road was full of big pot holes and in a very bad
state of repair. There were no street lights or any kinds of
illumination to the extent that it was very difficult to travel in the
night. Hence, women are reluctant to travel to the hospital for
child birth. Also, they feel ashamed and prefer not to go. These
are some of the reasons why they come to people like me."
62 year old Muslim Woman, Puttlam
- 12 -
"There were no clinics close to the camp. The transport facilities
were very poor. We had to travel either on bullock carts or
bicycles. Many Muslim women often went into labour traveling
between the home and the hospital. Some delivered their babies
in the vehicle they were traveling in. Also others were too
ashamed to go to the hospital and ended up having their babies
at home."
Muslim woman, Puttlam
"There was a Maternity Home in Jaffna for Muslim women.
I realized that despite this, many Muslim women were reluctant
to go to the hospital or the maternity home because they were
shy or they left it too late and delivered the baby on the way to
the hospital (in the vehicle etc.)."
POLONNARUWA
"Many poor women cannot afford to take the required clothes,
panel cloth and other things to hospital for child birth. It is mostly
because of economic hardship that women are prone to have
home births. The distance to the hospitals and maternity homes
is also a problem. When women come to Welikanda they are
asked to go to the Polonnaruwa hospital. This costs about
Rs. 1000."
51 year old Sinhalese woman, Polonnaruwa
"These are war affected very poor and under-resourced villages.
From here the nearest hospital is in Padaviya which is far for
these women to travel to. Often there are no vehicles to travel. If
it is an emergency in the night, there may be elephants on the
road and it would unsafe."
Sinhalese woman, Polonnaruwa
"One of the reasons why women prefer to have homebirths is
because in the hospitals they are not treated kindly. Sometimes,
however much the mother cries in pain, the nurses dont come."
- 13 -
4. Relation of Traditional Midwives to Institutional
Care
Discussions with TMs revealed that they are keenly aware about the
way their services are perceived by the formal official health
institutional structures. As can be seen from their own words, this
relationship could vary from extremely critical or hostile to an almost
amicable understanding and respect between the nurses and doctors
and the TMs for the work undertaken by each party.
BATTICALOA
"There is a doctor close by. After a child birth, we go and inform
him and he comes and gives the inoculations. If there is no sign
of movement of the baby in the womb, I tell them(the pregnant
women) to take a urine sample and go to the hospital. If there is
heavy bleeding, the doctors may do a D&C. We dont give any
medicines for such cases. We dont keep them at home and treat
them. If a woman is unable to conceive, we ask her to go to the
hospital. I dont tell her anything. Sometimes because of
carelessness, heavy bleeding, sexual contact can result in an
abortion. It is difficult for us to know why. They have to go to an
MBBS doctors."
60 year old Tamil woman, Batticaloa
"At one of our trainings (by the Red Cross) we were told that
however many births we may attend, the mother is always more
nervous with the first birth. Hence, we have to make sure that
the mother is taken to the hospital. Those days, I would be called
on to attend at least 4 births every month. Now it is less because
of family planning and the hospital.
I have taken two patients who were quite ill to the hospital. The
first one had tears when she birthed her baby. I quickly took her
to the Valaichchena hospital. I explained what the womans
situation was and that I was a TM. The nurse at once accused
me of cutting the woman with a blade. I told her that I know
how to stitch with a needle and that I didnt do it. There was a
midwife there who knew me and she told the nurse that I was a
good person and that I wouldnt do such a thing."
- 14 -
PUTTLAM
"When we were in an IDP camp, I was asked to help in many
child births. One day, when I was taking my daughter whose son
I had just delivered to the hospital, a nurse who used to visit one
house of a pregnant woman confronted me. She scolded me and
said that I should not be doing deliveries at home. That if any
accident happens I will have to go to jail. She asked me to go
with her and meet the DMO (District Medical Officer). I explained
to the DMO that the three wheeler that was to take my daughter
to the hospital got late and the girl went into labour and that
that was why I had delivered the baby. He said, you think you are
doing a big service, how many times have you done this?. I said
I had, many times. He asked me from whom I had learned to
deliver babies. I told him that it is at least 3 km from our village
to the hospital. It is difficult to travel in the night, we have to go
through the jungle and also the road is very bad. There are few
vehicles that pass through and mostly we have to go by bullock
cart. Hence I felt that it is important that someone from the village
should know how to attend to a child birth and wanted to learn
the skills. I said that I had learned this from the nurse who was
from our village. He smiled and patted me on the back. I now
provide this service to people from wherever they come."
62 year old Muslim woman, Puttlam
"The doctors and PHMs today are not like the ones in the past.
These days it seems like they work mainly for money. They dont
seem to have a commitment to their work. It is not as a service.
The way they relate to patients is not good. Those days when
nurses are trained they were taught to show love and kindness
to the patients. If you are show love to 90% of the patients, at
least 10% will get recover well. But these days, the doctors and
nurses do not behave like that. Even more than this, I have seen
the way they behave in the hospital, I am speaking from my
experiences in the hospital. I can say one thing. Even adults
acknowledge that labour pains are the most painful that a person
can suffer. In such a situation, nurses must talk very kindly to the
woman. They must show kindness and sympathy to her. The
woman must have faith in the nurses and doctors.
- 15 -
The language issue is a great barrier. People dont know to speak
each others languages. The PHM who comes to the village cannot
speak Tamil. This is a big problem."
POLONNARUWA
"The doctors are good but they dont speak to the mothers kindly.
I myself have heard them shouting Is this all you can do? to
the women. Women dont like to go to the hospital because of
these things as well. At the hospital we get scolded for bringing
in the pregnant woman saying she has been brought at the last
minute. People dont like that and thats why they prefer to have
home births. I would like to tell the people in the hospital that
they must show kindness to the mothers."
"I think that they do caesars these days saying that the baby is
late coming out. I think this is just a big hoax, this doing caesars
and stitching up the woman. Those days babies were born
naturally, so what do we need caesars for?"
"I think the medicine in the hospitals are better than some of the
medicines that we use. If it is a difficult birth, they will even do
an operation and save the mother and baby. That is why I think
treatment in the hospital is good. Because this is a conflict
affected area, I feel that there should be more support for the
work of TMs. Otherwise, hospital care is good."
69 year old woman, Polonnaruwa
"These days most women go to the hospital for childbirth.
Sometimes, even when they are taking the mother to the hospital,
they call me in case she goes into labour on the way. Because it
takes a long time to get to the hospital in a tractor, I go ready for
anything. It is 12 km to the Welikanda hospital. I dont get scolded
when I go with the mother to the hospital."
49 year old woman, Polonnaruwa
- 16 -
5. Traditional Midwives Treatment at Child Birth
There are strong similarities among the TMs in the three districts in the
range of plant based medicines that are prepared by them to use in the
course of their work. It is very clear that these medications are based
on the ayurvedic tradition of healing and, cuts across ethnic, religious
and language barriers of the Sinhalese, Tamil and Muslim communities.
BATTICALOA
"I boil fenugereek seeds, garlic and give the mother to drink once
she goes into labour. If there is gas in the stomach this reduces it.
If not, then she will deliver the baby. After that I cut the umbilical
cord and bathe the mother. Because the baby is covered with
kili kunu I first cover/roll (peralanava) it in rice dust (nivudu).
The baby is not bathed the first day."
"I boil fenugereek, garlic and give the woman to drink. Bees honey
mixed with pounded dried ginger is also good to make the body
strong. Those days, when the woman gets labour pains, the baby
is born. Nowadays there are so many problems. If the delivery is
late by 5 minutes, they do a caesarian on the woman and take
the baby out and sew up the mother."
"One night a woman went into labour. The midwife lived far away.
Because of the security situation, it was difficult for her to come.
So they asked me to attend to the birth. I was not scared, I had
been to these houses before when I visited with the government
midwife. But because it was my first delivery, I was nervous.The
placenta didnt come out immediately. Everyone was watching.
So I poured some water into a nambiliya (an earthernware bowl)
and gave it to the woman to drink. Then I made her sit up and
told her to retch. The placenta came out.
After the birth, the mother has to be given a mixture of ground
pepper, garlic and ginger. Any other medicine has to be taken
- 17 -
after that. After that I clean up everything and go home. From
that time, people have asked me to come to help at deliveries.
When we attend to a childbirth, we also feel empowered."
"One day my aunt (her teacher, the TM) had gone to pick some
fruit. A woman went into labour. So I took her to the station for
the train to Eravur hospital. We waited a long time but the train
didnt come. It was very late and the woman was in great pain. A
crowd of curious people had also gathered. The woman started
to bleed. I said we cant keep her here we have to take her to the
house. There was no other midwife around. I went back to my
house and got some cloth and some medicines and went back to
her house. Almost as soon as I made her lie down I saw the babys
head coming out. I asked for the blessing of Kali Amma. That
was my first experience as a midwife."
PUTTLAM
"One day the nurse who was in the village had gone to Jaffna.
That night, a relative of mine went into labour. The others came
woke me up. I had earlier helped the nurse at deliveries. Now I
had to attend to this by myself. I put my faith in God. I made the
woman lie down, she was shouting in pain. I got her to lie down
and bend her knees and I told her sister to hold them up. The
babys head started to emerge slowly. As it was her first child
birth, the birth canal was very narrow. I immediately soaked a
clean piece of cloth in endaru oil and wrapped it around my hand
and gently applied it to her birth canal opening and eased the
baby out. I took the pair of scissors which had been submerged
in boiling water and cut the umbilical cord and tied it with a
thread. I cleaned the baby and handed it over to the mother.
After that I attended to many child births in the village."
"Because the baby was born in 7 months, I wrapped it carefully
in a clean cloth so that it would not be exposed to too much air.
- 18 -
I gave the baby to the mother and told her to keep the baby close
to her all the time as it needed extra warmth. Some 7 month
babies survive. Others dont. But thanks to God, I have delivered
many 7 month babies and nothing has happened to them."
"I stay with the new mother for 3 days after child birth and I
prepare all the medicines there itself. With my care, the mother
is able to get up and do her normal work within 3 days of the
delivery. I prepare my medicines with ingredients that can be
easily found. I prepare an oil as soon as the baby is born and
apply it to the birth canal (Udiraya). I grind together murunga
pothu, 10 garlic pods, a piece of fresh ginger and strain this
through a clean piece of cloth. I warm this and then mix it with a
little margosa oil and bees honey and give 3 teaspoons twice a
day, in the morning and evening to the mother. After 15 days, I
bathe her in water which has been boiled with medicinal leaves,
and she no longer has any pain after that."
"After child birth, I instruct the mother on how to protect herself
(from repeated pregnancy), how to feed the baby, how to bathe
the baby etc. I tell her how to use family planning methods, how
to be clean and how to make sure the baby is healthy."
POLONNARUWA
"I chose to learn this skill because I believe that child birth is like
a tussle between life and death. I am also a mother of 9 children.
I am not afraid of doing this work. I think to myself that I will
meet any challenge and triumph.
All my children were born at home. Within about 5 minutes after
I got labour pains, the baby would come out. Then I cut the
umbilical cord with a pair of scissors. kuna othala (wiping the
baby clean) I give the baby to the childs father to hold. I tell him
to boil water and I bathe the baby."
- 19 -
"One day I was called urgently as a woman had gone into labour.
Someone had gone to get a trishaw but it hadnt come. I had to
deliver the two babies. By the time the trishaw came, everything
was over, I had even bathed the babies.
As the baby comes out, I ask if there is a pair of scissors or a
blade. I boil these in water and cut the umbilical cord. I tie it with
a piece of cloth or thread. If the placenta does not drop, I squeeze
the stomach and it comes out. There is no problem. After the
baby is born, I make small guli (tablets) made of garlic, ginger,
pepper, asamoda seeds (heeniyata hondata badala) mixed with
margossa oil and give it to the mother to swallow. I give her coffee
to drink. This is all that is given for 3 days. This helps to heal the
wound in the stomach. Our people know that they should not
touch or drink cold water.
The day after the birth, I bathe the mother in water which has
been boiled with endera leaves, nika leaves and margossa
leaves and, sponge her down as well so that her body feels better
and there will be a good flow of breast milk. After wiping her
down, I apply warmed margossa on her arms and legs and give
some margossa oil to drink."
I boil garlic, babilla and give the mother to drink. I tell the woman
how she should be careful and how she must look after the baby
carefully. If there is no one to help her, I go and cook her food
after the baby is born. If I feel that this is going to be a difficult
birth, I ask them to go to the hospital. I have taken some women
close to delivery to the hospital.
If the mother has no one to help, I boil together pavatta leaves,
enderu leaves, guava leaves, keta kola bark and bathe the mother
for two days. I put garlic skin and margossa oil together and
fumigate (dum gahanava) the area where the mother is lying. If
the mother has bleeding I advice her to go to the hospital and
get medicine.
- 20 -
6. Blessings
The close dependence on the blessings of Goddesses and Gods was
evident from the women in all three districts.
BATTICALOA
"I feel empowered at a child birth. When I have to go out to assist
in a delivery in the night, I invoke the blessings of goddess Dhurga
before I leave the house. Then I know that my mission will
invariably be successful. When I return home I dont go directly
to the shrine room of the goddess Dhurga. I first bathe and then
sprinkle turmeric water all around the house before I enter the
shrine room."
"In my first delivery, I asked for the blessing of Kali Amma to help
me through.
When we have a difficult birth to assist in we ask for the blessing
of Kali Amma. She is the one who is our strength. She is the one
who helps us when our work means we have to touch blood. I
make a vow to Kali Amma by taking a coin in my hand and moving
it in a circular motion above my head 3 times and immediately
the baby comes out. When I go to a delivery, I feel as though I am
going with Kali Amma. There is an extraordinary feeling of
strength. At one minute I feel shaky the next very empowered.
At that moment, I feel like I can debate with Kali Amma about
anything. If I feel any sense of challenge, I can shout to her, You
are the one I want and the baby comes out with no problem. I
am conscious that I need Kali Amma with me and she comes to
me. I feel very courageous."
"When I am attenending to a childbirth, I invoke the blessings of
Kali Amma.. If I say, 'come, come mother', everything will be
alright. By thinking of her when I am anointing oil on the pregnant
womans belly half my work is done."
- 21 -
PUTTLAM
"I pray to Allah before beginning starting on assisting childbirth.
I am the one who instructs girl children on Islam."
"Before the delivery, I pray to Allah and then I start my work."
"I pray to Allah, Allahmdu Lilllah before I start attending to a
child birth."
POLONNARUWA
"Before I go to attend a delivery, I make a vow and tie a Rs.1 coin
to Kali Amma. After child birth I fumigate (dum allanava) and
purify the house."
"I believe in the rituals that are performed for child birth. These
have to be done secretively. I believe I have the blessing and
strength from Kali Amma."
"I dont do any rituals. I only invoke the blessings of Kali Amma.
As soon as the baby is born I give a red sari and a basked of fruit
to the Kovil. I have her blessing so nothing goes wrong. When I
am going to assist in a delivery, I come out of the house and
wash my face and ask for the blessing of Kali Amma.
I have done rituals for Sinhala women who were not able to
conceive. I made a vow at the kovil and tied a pandura. Many
women got pregnant after that."
- 22 -
7. The work of Traditional Midwives during Conflict
The experiences of Traditional Midwives in situations of military conflict
were common in all three districts. These illustrate the challenges faced
by these women in attending to pregnant women unexpectedly going
into labour in locations which had neither the basic facilities nor physical
security.
BATTICALOA
"Because it is difficult to travel in the nights, the army is there. It
is not good for the mother or the child. There is shelling. If we
dont light a lamp when we travel in the night we may get shot."
"In 1990 in the middle of a conflict situation I helped in the birth
of 7 children. We were all taking refuge in a kovil as the army
had chased us away. That evening, at 6pm a baby girl was born,
at 7pm a baby boy was born, at 9pm another baby girl was born.
I had to attend to all these births since I was the only midwife
among them. Each time I would take the baby out, cut the
umbilical cord, washed the baby and then turned to the next
delivery. Like this I delivered 7 babies that night.
During the conflict time, we had to face many difficulties. I have
been caught by the soldiers while trying to go quietly to attend
to a birth. So, after that, I would ask a Sinhala speaker to
accompany me so that when we are stopped by the army, that
person would explain that we are going to a child birth. Then we
are allowed to proceed. In the same way, there have been times
when the army has accompanied us home. They tell us to take a
lamp with us when we go in the night for our safety."
"During times of conflict, it is better for women to birth their
children in their home. I have assisted in child birth during
conflict."
- 23 -
PUTTLAM
"In 1990 when we were displaced we were walking through a
jungle in the night. A pregnant woman who was with us went
into labour. I was in despair as to what could be done. There was
a kovil in the jungle. We also found a candle there which I lit. I
told another woman to take off the cloth (because we always
wear long skirts as undergarments) she was wearing and cover
the pregnant woman. I prayed to Allah and delivered the baby.
There was nothing to cut the umbilical cord with. I found a bottle
in the kovil. I broke the bottle and with a piece of glass, I cut the
umbilical cord. I drew out a thread from the cloth and tied the
remains of the umbilical cord. When it was daylight, we saw men
traveling in lorries. We put the woman and the baby in the lorry
next to the driver and took her to the hospital. There were no
complications with the birth. With the blessings of God, both
mother and child were ok."
"When I had only a little bit of training, the situation in Jaffna
became very bad. One day, a woman who was living much further
away from my house went into labour but I couldnt leave the
house because at that time, the Army was in control. With great
difficulty, I managed to slip out of my house and go to assist her.
After the child birth, when I was returning home, the army caught
me. I dont know Sinhala. I tried to explain through sign language.
They didnt understand me. They took me into the house and
only then they understood and let me go. I have assisted in child
birth even in such situations."
"One day during the conflict time, a woman who was living about
5 km away went into labour in the night. There was no means of
transport. A curfew was in place. We couldnt travel on the main
road. In the middle of the night, we couldnt even see to go
anywhere. Couldnt even go on a bicycle. While I was walking
along the banks of the paddy fields with the relative of the
woman, I heard shouting coming from the house where the
- 24 -
woman was. When we got there, the baby had been born. Others
in the house didnt know what to do. They were all crying. I was
also scared but I attended to the woman and baby.
I have assisted in many deliveries in IDP camps amidst a lot of
difficulties."
POLONNARUWA
"We have to travel on this road at night very carefully. Even more
than the paitent, we are quite terrified because there may an
attack by the terrorists. Also because there may be wild elephants
crossing the road. We are very afraid until we get to the town."
"These are difficult areas. Often people say there are LTTE coming
on this side, or the other side. Sometimes I am afraid that
something would happen to the mother or child. Then I am the
one who will be in most trouble. That is when I do everything
possible to save the mother and child."
"I have attended to 4 births in an IDP camp. The Red Cross and
Sarvoday helped us to separate a small space with cadjan leaves
for women to delivery their babies in the camp. Sarvodaya helped
a lot. They made a separate room with a cement floor."
"When I was in Batticaloa, I went often to help women in child
birth. I was in a village called Koduva Maduva. It was a very under-
resourced village and many women had their babies in their
homes. Although I am a Sinhalese, I can speak Tamil so I had no
language problems.
If I am called I go. I know there is the threat of the LTTE or wild
elephants but if I can be of service I go to the women."
- 25 -
7. Support from the Family
For many Traditional Midwives, given the lack of support or security of
employment by the government or any other institution, family
becomes key to their ability to engage in their occupations.
BATTICALOA
"My husband didnt object to my work. He was sympathetic and
used to tell me to go and do what I can."
"My family is very supportive of me and my work. They say it is a
meritorious thing that I am doing. I am made strong by their
support."
"My relatives objected saying that no one in our caste does this
type of work. I told them that I do not look at things like caste
and ethnicity. This is social service. Also, at least when I die, some
people will remember that I was there to help them in an
emergency.
My husband doesnt like my doing this type of work. I told him
that if he doesnt like it, to mind his own business. Then he told
me, You are making food for me with those hands that get
covered in blood. After he said that, others also started scolding
me. My husband is also afraid that something will go wrong in a
delivery. I have worked in this field since I was 20 years old and
nothing like that has happened. I asked a nurse I know for a pair
of gloves to use when I deliver babies. Now my husband doesnt
trouble me."
PUTTLAM
"My husband gave me permission to do this work. But my brother
said that this is not the type of work a Muslim woman should do
and has refused to have anything to do with me now."
- 26 -
"My family has no objections to my work. My husband, children
and other family members encourage me. Because we are a
family of TMs there is no problem."
"I have the full support from my husband and my family for this
service I perform."
"My family (husband) does not like me to engage in this work.
Because of this, I used to feel scared. Now after delivering so
many babies, I dont feel scared. But my family is afraid that
something might go wrong and I will be arrested by the police."
65 year old Muslim woman, Polonnaruwa
POLONNARUWA
"My husband doesnt object to my work. But when the children
were small, I used to not cook for 3 days after attending to a
child birth because he felt uncomfortable about it. Now the
children are big and they dont tell me not to work. I am not
afraid of this work. I call someone else to help me when I go to
attend a birth the pregnant womans mother will help boil
water. But I am the one who delivers the baby and washes it."
"My husband is not happy that I go out to work in the nights. He
is also afraid that there can be problems with my work. But I
never had any problems. I can't be listening to what this one and
that one says."
"My husband comes with me to drop me wherever my services
are needed."
- 27 -
"All my 9 children were born in the house. My husband helped
me to bury the placenta after I had cut the umbilical cord, to boil
water etc."
"Those days my husband didnt object. But nowadays because
of the clinic he does. There is a Midwife at the clinic and my
husband is afraid that she will make trouble for me. But I feel
that I must help women so I carry on with my work."
"When the father of my children was alive, he used to accompany
me when I went for a delivery. He would sit and talk with the
people of the house till I finished my work."
"My husband helps me. Sometimes, if I am asked to come to a
house, he drops me on his bicycle. At other times, he stays there
until I finish my work and brings me back home."
- 28 -
9. Concluding Observations
In this paper, I have taken direct quotations from TMs to highlight their
own concerns and challenges. So, we go back to the question, Are TMs
history? It seems not. TMs have and continue to play a supportive role
in relation to social rituals as well as in relation to womens health and
well being in conflict affected areas in this country. Their role becomes
particularly significant when military conflict becomes intense and the
delivery of government health services disrupted or weakened. During
such times, there is active involvement of TM in assisting women in
child birth, in the practical care of new mothers and their babies. They
fill the gap where the services of government appointed Public Health
Midwives are not immediately available or cannot be accessed due to
restrictions on physical mobility because of military operations.
Many of the women who work as TMs are from an older generation
with few younger women joining their ranks. This can be linked to the
decades of institutional health care that has been mostly available
around the country. The low numbers of younger women joining the
ranks of TMs could also be related to the changing intensity and nature
of the conflict at that time and, the rebuilding/re-establishing of the
government health care delivery to the areas that were being affected
by conflict. There is a keen awareness among the TMs interviewed of
the importance of institutional/hospital care to meet the reproductive
needs living in these areas.
The tension between the government trained and legally sanctioned
status and role of Public Health Midwives and the village based TMs is
well articulated by women from all three districts. It is also clear that
PHMs wield more institutional power and have the authority to report
a TM to the relevant authority. At the same time, it is also evident that
there is a recognition by the TMs of how hospital services can serve
women better, especially in addressing complications in pregnancy,
infertility and general standards of hygiene. For the TM, one of the
main concerns that remain, however, is the increasing use of caesarian
section for birthing.
In a context where the Traditional Midwife is actively discouraged by
the government from undertaking any reproductive health care, family
support becomes crucial to her ability to engage in her chosen vocation.
- 29 -
While most TMs declared that they do have this support, some pointed
to family objections to their work on the grounds of pollution (associated
with blood in child birth) and caste.
The level of education of TMs from these 3 districts which have
experienced very specific aspects of conflict, was relatively low and
institutional/formal training was poor while reliance on informal
instruction on midwifery, together with hands on experience was high.
While the cadre of Public Health Midwives use their formal institutional
training to guide them in their work, the TM depends heavily on the
informal level instructions from other TMs or from those who have had
some formal training. It is possible to argue that worship of Goddesses
and Gods and of fertility related rituals are an integral part of the support
network of TMs as can be seen by their strong sense of belief in the
blessings of the Goddess Kali (among Tamil and Sinhalese TMs) and of
Allah (among the Muslim TMs). In the world of these TMs, tradition,
i.e. passing on knowledge and experience from one generation to the
next and, the rationale of rituals that invoke the blessings of the
Goddesses and Gods, take the place of the modernizing form of
knowledge generation through text books and the use of medical
instruments which form the basis of the knowledge of PHMs.
There is a uniformity in the types of herbal remedies that are used by
TMs across these three districts. There is a use of local plants such as
murunga pothu (bark of drum stick tree), kohomba (margosa) oil,
fenugereek seeds and pepper, all of which are basic ayurvedic medical
ingredients that are commonly used in many parts of South Asia. This
knowledge strongly indicates the close connection TMs have with the
Ayurvedic tradition of health care in this country. Most importantly, it
points to the status of that women have and continue to play within
the Ayurvedic tradition of healing. This is particularly significant since
in the current mainstream discourse on ayurvedic medicine is notably
silent on the integral role that has been generationally undertaken by
indigenous women ayurvedic healers in the field of reproductive health.
The experiences of Traditional Midwives living and working in conflict
affected areas, perhaps, can be seen as the strongest argument for
recognizing the specific grounded realities of the dependence of
communities on their locally based, socially acceptable reproductive
- 30 -
health care skills. The combination of factors such as the lack of safe
and regular transport, the frequent military operations and the lack of
resources among these poor communities most often prevent women
from being able to reach government health service personnel or
institutions. In addition, many of these women living in Tamil speaking
communities are often not served by Tamil speaking Public Health
Midwives at the village level. In such a context, one is compelled to
acknowledge the need to re-examine ways in which women living in
diffcult areas can be served better.
- 31 -
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- 35 -
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- 36 -
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.Oe. o3.. Ouc <rc_. euO.. ou --. oce.u ee._.
eueu .. ..
- 56 -
.. o c.eu e3 eeO.OO .uO.O .e. e,3.. r,.u u,:,.
e3 O,:O_u .O rcc.r e3 r._u o.. -... ou .O
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uu eer.Or uuO.. .e. e,3.. -.. o.. .O e..rr
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ec.e_.uuc,e3 + :, eu.r ec.e_.uuc,e3 + :, eu.r ec.e_.uuc,e3 + :, eu.r ec.e_.uuc,e3 + :, eu.r ec.e_.uuc,e3 + :, eu.r
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orr e.c ouO..
ec.e_.uuc,e3 ! :, e:_ eu.r ec.e_.uuc,e3 ! :, e:_ eu.r ec.e_.uuc,e3 ! :, e:_ eu.r ec.e_.uuc,e3 ! :, e:_ eu.r ec.e_.uuc,e3 ! :, e:_ eu.r
- 57 -
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e.. cur.O ere re3 .. c.c3cr uu ..u.Oue. cr..
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r. e:. .. u oc c.u. eOu o.ce ... c.c3cr uur.
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e3-u.e.u o...cr .3r.Or O r_ ouc o. .O. oee Ou
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ce.O_ ee-. eeO.Ou u,Ou c:O.O cee.u c.Oc .,u.u
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ec.:_ drOc<e. oO..u.O. c_-O oOe-...r cOu.
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eer.Ou e: c.c3cr uu ..u.Ou ouc o,u .,O. e..
eurr ueu. eu: c,:,_O. oO..c<. r_:. .:eu ee-.
u u ee r.Ou O O:.u o..uu r -_.r o,u u e. .O u O,
c.c3cr uu ..u.Ou e3-u.e.u o._ -_..uO 'O.cu.`
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O..O. e: ec.q euc.cre.O O,u rc,< e3-u.e.u cee.
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c.c3cr u u ..u.Ou ouc c _ .,u .r cOu . c.c3cr u u
..u.Ou e. r<e__O e:uOr Oueu c, cuO_ O,: O,:e.u
eee.u ._.rc.. e... .,u...
- 58 -
r e .3 c euu ee-. ee O.Or _-. e3 c.c3cr u u ..u.Ou
e. ..ru O. eu. .,u .O cee. c u cu u .r cOu u uu u O.r
u_ c.c3cr uu ..u.OuO e. O-uu. cOuO.e.u .e3
cOe_ oeur o.e.u _,e-u e:.. ou.e.u O,.u .. c.c3cr
uu ..u.Ou e-.e:. eeur u. cO_O_u o. e:.. _,e-u
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u,O. O,u) e: r_. O,u e:u .u cO c,. eOu.
.,O 3 -: _O c,Ou e.. e u r r u eu: c.c3cr u u
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(e:_ e: e._ c.c3cr uu ..u.Ou ouc) o__.e. (.e_3
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eOu.Oue. o..cO.. cu. c ce. c,O,ue3 c.uu eu.u,e
cOuueu ec_ ec.uO_u u. _-. .,ue3 uuu o.r.c.u
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eu_ Oc. e3 e:. e....u _-.. .:c< e_e .c,.. ec.u,
er.e:. eu_, c:._ e: .33e .u.. e... .u _-u ouc
oO. r< o.e..e3 e-.e:. cOO_O ec.q o.ce3 .e. Oc. e3.
e.. u e.u ecu u 3 rcu eu c.c3cr u u r .. e: o. ce3
eeO. r.. ouc o,u : e3-u.u.O... O:.u O,.u Oueu
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uO cOuu rur.O u_ e.. euu cc3cc. .<u.Or ueee
- 59 -
c euu ee-. e.e u e. ..u. rcu _-u o. ce3 c u r.c
e3-u.e.u reu e:u eu.. ..
.,O3 c,Ou ce.O_ O,: rcu e: 5OuOu c.c3cr uu
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qccu ce.OuO e3cu eu..,u. O,u e..r .u .OuO cee.
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euc..r u_ qerc ce..u : 5OuOu euuO O:.u e:.
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_r re3 oO..u.O. c_.,u.O eq e3.
- 60 -
- 61 -
ghuk; ghpa kUj; Jt khjh; fs;
tuyhw; wpy; ,lk; ngWthu; fsh?
,yq;ifapy; cs;s Nkhjypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
%d;W khtl;lq;fspypUe;J rpy cs;Nehf;Ffs;
Nrghyp Nfhl;nlnfhl> Nrghyp Nfhl;nlnfhl> Nrghyp Nfhl;nlnfhl> Nrghyp Nfhl;nlnfhl> Nrghyp Nfhl;nlnfhl> b.gpy; b.gpy; b.gpy; b.gpy; b.gpy;
ngz;fs; Clff; $l;likg;G ngz;fs; Clff; $l;likg;G ngz;fs; Clff; $l;likg;G ngz;fs; Clff; $l;likg;G ngz;fs; Clff; $l;likg;G
ngz;fs; Muha;r;rp epiyaj;jpd; ngz;fs; Ma;Tfs; rkthaj;jpy;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;l fl;Liu
4 - 7 rpj;jpiu> 2008
- 62 -
nghUslf;fk; nghUslf;fk; nghUslf;fk; nghUslf;fk; nghUslf;fk;
gf;fk;
1. mwpKfk; ............................................................................................................. 63
2. ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jt khjh;fspdhy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l
jpwd;fspd; mbg;gil.................................................................................... 68
3 ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jt khjh;fspd; Nritf;fhd fpuhf;fpapd;
fhuzq;fs; ......................................................................................................... 70
4. epWtd hPjpapyhd guhkhpg;Gf;F ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jt khjh;fspd;
njhlh;G ................................................................................................................ 73
5. gpurtj;jpy; ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jt khjh;fspd; rpfpr;iraspg;G ....... 77
6. mUs;fs; ............................................................................................................. 62
7. Nkhjypd; NghJ ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jt
khjh;fspd; gzp ............................................................................................... 85
8. FLk;gj;jpypUe;J MjuT............................................................................. 89
9. Kbj;Jitf;Fk; mtjhdpg;Gfs; ............................................................... 92
Ma;T elhj;jg;gl;l khtl;lq;fs; .................................................................. iv
- 63 -
ghuk; ghpa kUj; Jt khjh; fs;
tuyhw; wpy; ,lk; ngWthu; fsh?
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1. mwpKfk;
2003 itfhrp khjj; jpy; ,yq; if murhq; fj; jpw; Fk; > jkpo; <o
tpLjiyg; GypfSf; Fk; ,ilapy; Aj; j epWj; j cld; gbf; ifnahd; W
ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;l NghJ> Nkhjypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gFjpfspy;
mtrp aq; fsp d; kjp g; gP L vd; w Mtzj; ij kdp jhgp khd
Kftuhz;ikfs; $l;likg;G (Consortium of Humanitarian Agencies)
jahhpj; jJ. ,t; thtzk; NkhjYf; F gpd; duhd kP s; -epu; khz kw; Wk;
Gduikg;G epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspy; mtrpag;gLk; cldbahdJk;>
ePz;l fhyj;jpyhdJkhd eltbf;iffis KidTgLj;jpaJ
1
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ftdj;jpw;F vLj;jJ. ,e;j CWglj;jf;f FOf;fs; cs;sfhPjpapy;
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tp jitfshfTk; > cly; hP jp ahd kw; Wk; ghyp ay; hP jp ap yhd
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cs; sf hP jp ahf ,lk; ngah; e; jth; fSf; Fk; kw; Wk;
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mbg; gilahd Nritfs; Mfpatw; Wf; fhd nghUj; jkhd miljy;
mtrukhd Njitnahd; nwd kjpg; gP L ftdj; jpw; F vLj; jJ.
1
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gFjpfspy; Njitfspd; kjpg; gP L. aho; g; ghzk; > fpspnehr; rp> Ky; iyj; jP T> kd; dhh; > tTdpah>
jpUNfhzkiy> kl;lf;fsg;G kw;Wk; mk;ghiw Mfpa khtl;lq;fs;. Nk. nfhOk;G. 2003. aho;g;ghzk;>
fp sp nehr; rp > Ky; iyj; jP T> kd; dhh; > tTdp ah> jp UNfhzkiy> kl; lf; fsg; G> mk; ghiu>
nghyd; dWit> mDuhjGuk; > nkhduhfiy kw; Wk; Gj; jsk; Mfpa khtl; lq; fis mwpf; if
cs; slf; fpapUe; jJ.
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- 64 -
Rfhjhuk; njhlh; gpy; Nkhjypdhy; ghjpf; fg; gl; l gFjpfspy; FLk; gf;
fl; Lg; ghl; Lf; F nghJthd gw; whf; Fiwnahd; W ,Ue; jjhfTk; > ,J
ruhrhp ia tp l cah; thd fUts tp fp jq; fSf; F
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Rfhjhu cl; fl; likg; ghdJ ghuJ}ukhd Nrjq; fSf; F my; yJ
mopTfSf; F cl; gl; Ls; sjhfTk;
2
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jp widf; nfhz; lJk; > tho; f; ifj; njhop y; hP jp ap yhdJkhd
gFjp fsp y; ntw; wp lkhf tp sq; fp ajhfTk; kjp g; gha; T
Rl;bf;fhl;bapUe;jJ. ,dg;ngUf;fg; guhkhpg;gpd; tpepNahfkhdJ
ngUksT jilfisAk; vjph;Nehf;fpapUe;jJ. itj;jparhiyfs;
Nrjkile; jjp dhy; > Foe; ij eyg; guhkhp g; Gf; F
jilNaw;gl;bUe;jJ. NkYk;> STD/HIV/AIDS fl;Lg;ghl;L kw;Wk;
jLg; G epfo; r; rpj; jpl; lnkhd; iwj; ]; jhgpg; gjw; fhd mtrukhd
Njitnahd; iw kjpg; gP L ftdj; jpy; vLj; Js; sJ. jP tpukhd Nkhjy;
fhyj; jp d; NghJ> aho; g; ghzj; jp w; F Fwp j; Jiuf; fg; gl; l
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Rkj; jg; gl; l jilfsp dhy; Nghjp a trjp fs; ,d; ikAk; >
xsljq; fsp dJk; > nghUj; jkhd rhjdq; fsp dJk;
gw;whf;FiwfSk; ,jpy; Nrh;e;Js;sd. fUj;jil kUe;JfspdJk;>
fUtpfspdJk; kw;Wk; ngz;fspd; MNuhf;fpaj; NjitfspdJk;
kP jhd jilfs; ngz; fspd; ,dg; ngUf; fr; Rfhjhuj; jpdJk; >
chpikfspdJk; kP J Fwpg; gpl; l jhf; fj; ijf; nfhz; bUe; jd.
gpwg;Gf;fSf;fpilapy; Nghjpa ,ilntspapd;ikAld; kPz;Lk;
kP z; Lk; epfo; fpd; w fhg; gq; fspdhy; ghy; epiyapyhd gpd; tpisTfs;
Vw;gl;Ls;sd. ,J ngz;fspd; cly;hPjpapyhd kw;Wk; csepiy
r%f hP jp ap yhd Rfhjhuj; jp Yk; mj; Jld; mth; fsJ tP l; L
NtiyapYk; kw;Wk; nghUshjhug; nghWg;Gf;fspYk; msg;ghpa
mOj;jj;ij Kd;itj;Js;sJ.
Nkhjypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l khtl;lq;fspy; Rfhjhu epiyikfs;
ehl; bd; vQ; rpa gFjpfspy; epytpatw; iw tpl kpfTk; Fiwthdit
vd cldb kdpjhgpkhd epthuzj; NjitfSf;fhd cg FOtpd;
[Sub Committee for Immediate Humanitarian Relief Needs (SHIRN)]
mwpf;if njspthf vLj;Jf;fhl;bAs;sJ.
Nkhjyp d; #o; ep iynahd; wp y; thOfp d; w ngz; fsp d;
kdTzh; tpypUe; J ,e; jj; jftiy Muha; tjw; fhf> 2004-2005
fhyj;jpd; NghJ ,yq;ifapy; ,g;gFjpfspy; tho;fpd;w ngz;fspd;
,dg;ngUf;f Rfhjhug; gpur;ridfs; kw;Wk; fhpridfs; Mfpad
gw; wpa Ma; nthd; iwg; ngz; fs; kw; Wk; Clff; $l; likg; G
(Women and Media Collective) nghWg; Ngw; Wf; nfhz; lJ.
3
Muk; gep iyahf> mt; Ntisap y; Aj; j ep Wj; j cld; gbf; if
nraw;ghl;bypUe;jjd; fhuzkhf> mNdfkhf ,U jrhg;jq;fSf;F
- 65 -
,j; jd; ikiaf; nfhz; l Muha; r; rp f; F nghp JNk mila
Kbahjjhf ,g;gFjpfspy; ngUk;ghyhdit tpsq;fpa NghjpYk;>
ntsp f; fs Muha; r; rp rhj; jp ag; gl; lJ. kd; dhh; > Gj; jsk; >
aho; g; ghzk; > nghyd; dWitap d; vy; iyf; fp uhkq; fs; >
kl;lf;fsg;G kw;Wk; mk;ghiu Mfpa Nkhjypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
MW khtl; lq; fsp y; tho; fp d; w ngz; fis cly; hP jp ahf
miltjw;F ,r;#o;epiy rhj;jpag;gLj;jpaJ.
Nkhjy; gFjp fsp y; tho; fp d; w ngz; fsp d; ,dg; ngUf; fr;
Rfhjhuj; jpy; ghuk; ghpa kUj; Jt khjh; fspdhy; Mw; wg; gLk;
Fwpg; gplj; jf; f tfpgq; Ff; fhd Nkw; NfhNs Muha; r; rpapd; KbTfspy;
xd;whFk;.
ehd;F jrhg;jq;fisf; nfhz;l fhyj;jpw;F Nkyhf> nrayhw;Wk;
kl; lj; jp y; rp we; j juj; jp yhdJk; > ep WtdhP jp ap y;
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4> 000 nghJ Rfhjhu kUj; Jt khjh; fsp d; gykhd
gap w; Wtp f; fg; gl; lJk; > jahh; gLj; jg; gl; lJkhd Cop ah;
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ghuk; ghp a kUj; Jt khjh; fs; gaDWjp tha; e; jjhf gjp yP L
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$l; likg; gpd; Muha; r; rpapy; fz; lwpag; gl; l Nkhjypd; #oiktpy;
mth; fsJ jP tp ukhd tfp gq; fp d; vLj; Jf; fhl; L
,Ue; jpUf; fhtpl; lhy; > Nkhjypdhy; ghjpf; fg; gl; l gFjpfspy;
ghuk; ghp a kUj; Jt khjh; fs; kP jhd Xh; Ma; T gadw; w
mg; gpahrnkhd; whfNt njhpe; jpUf; Fk; . ,yq; ifapy; ghuk; ghpa
kUj; Jt khjh; fspd; tfpgq; F kP J Ftpag; gLj; jpapUe; j NtW
Ma; Tfis milahsq; fhz; gjw; F ngz; fs; kw; Wk; Clff;
$l; likg; G Kad; wJld; > cz; ikapy; ,f; fUg; nghUs; kP J
jftypd; gw;whf;Fiwnahd;W ,Ug;gijAk; czh;e;jJ.
,g;gpd;dzpapy;> ,yq;ifapy; ghuk;ghpakhd kUj;Jt khjh;fs;
kPjhd Muha;r;rpapd; cWg;gpy; ,e;j tpLgl;l gFjpia epug;GtJ
Kf; fp akhdJ vd ngz; fs; kw; Wk; Clff; $l; likg; G
milahsq;fz;lJ.
Nkhjypdhy; ghjpf; fg; gl; l Gj; jsk; > nghyd; dWit kw; Wk;
kl; lf; fsg; G Mfp a %d; W khtl; lq; ; fsp y; elj; jg; gl; l
Ma; nthd; wpypUe; J ghuk; ghpa kUj; Jt khjh; fspd; gzpapd;
- 66 -
mk;rq;fs; kPjhd rpy KbTfis ,f;fl;Liu Kd;itf;fpd;wJ.
,f; fl; Liuapy; Fwpg; gplg; gl; Ls; s Muha; r; rp fUf; nfhs; fpd; w
Neuj;jpw;Fs;> jPtpu Nkhjypd; Gj;Japh;g;Gld; Nkhjy; njhlh;gpyhd
nrayhw; Wk; ,lk; khw; wkile; jJ. ,jd; fhuzj; jp dhy; >
,k; khtl; lq; fsp y; cs; s ngUksT ,lq; fis
milaKbahjp Ue; jJ. vdNt> %d; W khtl; lq; fSf; F
Gtpapay; rhh; gFjpia ngz; fs; kw; Wk; Clff; $l; likg; G
kl;Lg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lJ. ,k;khtl;lq;fspy; ,j;jd;ikapyhd
Muha; r; rp ia elj; JtJ ,d; DNk rhj; jp akhftp Ue; jJ. ,k;
khtl;lq;fspy; jsj;ijf; nfhz;l ];jhgdq;fspypUe;J ntspf;fs
Muha; r; rp ahsh; fs; ngwg; gl; ldh; . ,k; khtl; lq; fsp y;
,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhuk; kPJ Kd;ida MW khtl;l Muha;r;rpapy;
ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Clff; $l;likg;G gzpahw;wpUe;jJ.
,U fl;lq;fspy; Muha;r;rp elj;jg;gl;lJ. KjyhtJ fl;lj;jpy;
ghuk; ghpa kUj; Jt khjh; fshf Ntiy nra; j my; yJ Ntiy
nra;fpd;w xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpYKs;s 30 ngz;fis ntspf;fs
Muha; r; rpahsh; fs; milahsk; fz; lJld; > mbg; gilapyhd
jdpg; gl; l jfty; fisg; ngWtjw; F Neh; Kfq; fhzg; gLtjw; F
,zf; fkhf ,Ue; jth; fSf; F fl; likg; gp yhd Nfs; tp f;
nfhj;njhd;W epu;tfpf;fg;gl;lJ. ngz;fs; Vd; mth;fsJ cjtpia
ehbdhh;fs; vd mth;fs; czh;fpd;whh;fs;> mth;fs; toq;Ffpd;w
Nritfspd; tif> f\; lkhd gpurt #o; epiyfis mth; fs;
ifahsNtz; bap Ue; jjh kw; Wk; Kiwikahd gap w; rp iaf;
nfhz; bUg; gjw; F mth; fs; tp Uk; Gfp d; whh; fsh Nghd; w
jfty;fisg; ngWtjw;F Nfs;tpf; nfhj;J Kad;wJ.
,uz; lhtJ fl; lj; jpy; > Nkhjypdhy; ghjpf; fg; gl; l gFjpfspy;
tho; fpd; w ngz; fspd; Njitfis epiwNtw; Wtjpy; ghuk; ghpa
kUj;Jt khjh;fspd; mDgtq;fs; kPJ mjpfsT tphpthd jftiyg;
ngWtjw; fhf Neh; Kfq; fhzg; gl; l Muk; gf; FOtp dh;
kj; jp ap yp Ue; J 10 ngz; fSld; xt; nthU khtl; lj; jp Yk;
ePbf;fg;gl;l Neh;Kfq;fhzy;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
,dj;Jtk;
,dj;Jtk; Gj;jsk; nghyd;dWit kl;lf;fsg;G nkhj;jk;
rpq;fsk; - 27 - 27
jkpo; 1 2 30 33
K];ypk; 29 - - 29
Mjpthrp - 1 - 1
nkhj;jk; 30 30 30 90
- 67 -
$l; Lr; Nrh; e; j khjp hp ap y; mz; zsthf 62 rjtP jj; jp dh;
jp Ukzkhfp ap Ue; jJld; > 35 rjtP jj; jp dh; tp jitfshth; .
mNdfkhf miuthrpapyhd ghuk; ghpakhd kUj; Jt khjh; fs;
41,w;Fk; 60,w;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l tajpduhf tpsq;fpa mNjNtis>
mz; zsthf 47 rjtP jj; jpdh; ; 60 taJf; F Nkw; gl; lth; fshth; .
ehd;F Ngh; kl;LNk 40 taJf;Ff; Fiwe;jth;fshth;.
fy;tpapd; kl;lk; njhlh;gpy; 58 rjtPjj;ijf; nfhz;l ghuk;ghpa
kUj; Jt khjh; fs; juk; 1,w; Fk; 5,w; Fk; ; ,ilapYk; > 17 rjtP jj; jpdh;
juk; 6,w; Fk; 9 ,w; Fk; ,ilapYk; > 7 rjtP jj; jpdh; juq; fs; 10 ,w; Fk; ;
11 ,w; Fk; ; ,ilap Yk; fy; tp mwp itf; nfhz; bUe; jdh; . 18
rjtP jj; jp dh; ghlrhiyf; F nrd; wp Uf; ftp y; iynadf;
fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.
%d;W khtl;lq;fspypUe;J 27 ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jt khjh;fSldhd
eP bf; fg; gl; l Neh; Kfq; fhzy; fspypUe; J ngwg; gl; l g+h; thq; fj;
jftiy ,t; twpf; if KidTgLj; JtJld; > gFg; gha; tjw; Fk;
Kay; fpd; wJ. ,J kl; lf; fsg; G kw; Wk; nghyd; dWit Mfpa
khtl; lq; fspypUe; J gj; J ghuk; ghpa kUj; Jt khjh; fisAk; >
Gj;jsk; khtl;lj;jpypUe;J VO ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jt khjh;fisAk;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
- 68 -
2. ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jt khjh;fspdhy;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l jpwd;fspd; mbg;gil
NkNyAs;s ml;ltizapy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW> kl;lf;fsg;G
kw; Wk; Gj; jsk; khjphpfspy; xd; wpy; gapw; Wtpf; fg; gl; l nghJ
Rfhjhu kUj;Jt khjh;fspdhy;> murhq;fj;Jld; ,izg;gpidf;
nfhz;l kUj;Jt khjh;fspd; Clhf kUj;Jt Nrit kPJ mwpitg;
ngWtjd; %yk; ngz; fsp dhy; my; yJ njhop yhw; wp ajd;
(ml;ld;ld;fshf) Clhf epWtd hPjpapyhd fl;likg;Gf;fSld;
rpy ,izg;Gf;fs; ,Ue;jd. nghyd;dWit khjphpapy; vJTNk
mj;jifa ,izg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy.
rfy %d; W khtl; lq; fsp YKs; s ngUk; ghyhd ghuk; ghp a
kUj;Jt khjh;fs; Kiwrhuh topKiwfs; Clhf kUj;Jt khjh;
Nrit njhlh; ghd jp wd; fisg; ngw; wp Ue; jdh; .
Neh;Kfq;fhzg;gl;l 27 ngz;fspy; 15 ngz;fs; jkJ jpwd;fis
jkJ cwtpdh;fs;> jha;khh;fs;> rNfhjhpkhh;fs;> rpwpa jha;khh;fs;
my; yJ ghl; bkhh; MfpNahhplkpUe; J fw; wpUe; jdh; . ,th; fspy;
ngUk; ghyhNdhh; ghuk; ghpa kUj; Jt khjh; fisf; nfhz; bUe; jdh; /
ghuk; ghpa kUj; Jt khjh; fshf tpsq; fpdh; . jkJ jha; my; yJ
rNfhjhp murhq; f itj; jparhiynahd; wpy; gapw; Wtpf; fg; gl; l
kUj; Jt khjhfg; gzpahw; wpajhf ,Uth; njhptpj; jdh; . NtW ,Uth;
vjpypUe;J
jpwd;fs;
fw;fg;gl;ld
epWtd hP jpapyhd ,izg; Gf; fs; epWtd hP jpapyhd ,izg; Gf; fs; epWtd hP jpapyhd ,izg; Gf; fs; epWtd hP jpapyhd ,izg; Gf; fs; epWtd hP jpapyhd ,izg; Gf; fs;
nghJ Rfhjhu
kUj; Jt khjhfs; ; 1 3 - 4
njhopy; 1 1 - 2
ghuk; ghpakhd kUj; Jt khjh; fs; ghuk; ghpakhd kUj; Jt khjh; fs; ghuk; ghpakhd kUj; Jt khjh; fs; ghuk; ghpakhd kUj; Jt khjh; fs; ghuk; ghpakhd kUj; Jt khjh; fs;
jha; 1 2 3 6
rNfhjhp/xd;Wtpl;l
rNfhjhp my;yJ
ikj; Jdp 1 - 1 2
rpwpa jha; /khkp 2 - 2 4
ghl;b - 1 2 3
ehd; - - 1 1
cwtpduw; w
ghuk; ghpakhd kUj; Jt
khjh;fs; 1 - 1 2
fpl;ltpy;iy 3 - - 3
nkhj;jk; 10 7 9 27
kl; lf; fsg; G Gj;jsk; nghyd;dWit nkhj;jk;
- 69 -
mth; fSf; F cwtp dh; fs; mw; w ghuk; ghp akhd kUj; Jt
khjh; fspdhy; gapw; Wtpf; fg; gl; bUe; jJld; > itj; jparhiyapy;
jdJ ,U gp s; isfisg; gp urtp j; jjp dhy; > mLj; J te; j
gpurtq;fSf;F jdJ tPl;by; jdpahf gpurtpj;j NghJ jhdhfNt
gpurtj; ijf; ftdpg; gjw; fhd Nghjpa mwpitf; nfhz; bUe; jjpdhy; >
jdf;F mDgtq;fs; ,Ue;jjhf xUth; typAWj;jpdhh;.
kl; lf; fsg; G khjp hp ap y; ghuk; ghp a kUj; Jt khjh; fshfg;
gzpahw;wpa ngz;fSf;fhf kUj;Jtj; njhopy; Ghpgth;fspdhy; 10
ehs; gapw;rpnahd;iwAk;> mjd; gpd;dh; itj;jparhiynahd;wpy;
10 ehs; gapw;rpnahd;iwAk; nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fk; xOq;F nra;jjhf
Neh; Kfq; fhzg; gl; l rpyh; njhptpj; jdh; . ,e; j gapw; rp kpfTk;
gaDs; sjhf ,Ue; jjhfTk; > fj; jphpf; Nfhy; kw; Wk; Foe; ijapd;
,jaj;Jbg;ig Nrhjpg;gjw;fhf xU tifapyhd Foy; Nghd;w rpy
kUj; Jt cgfuzq; fs; mth; fSf; F toq; fg; gl; ljhfTk;
Neh;Kfq;fhzg;gl;l ,U ngz;fs; njhptpj;jdh;.
- 70 -
3. ghuk; ghp a kUj; Jt khjh; fsp d; Nritf; fhd
fpuhf;fpapd; fhuzq;fs;
nghJ Rfhjhu kUj;Jt khjh;fspd; Copah;Nfhg;G kw;Wk; fpuhk
kl; lj; jp y; mth; fsJ njhop w; ghLfs; Mfp ad gw; wp rfy
ngz; fSNk mwpe; jpUe; j mNjNtis> jkJ Nritfis rpy fpuhkg;
ngz;fs; njhlh;e;JNk Vd; ehLfpd;wdh; vd;gijapl;L mth;fs;
kpfTk; njspthf tpsq;fpdh;.
kl;lf;fsg;G
rpy Ntisfspy; gpurtj; jpy; cjtpaspg; gjw; F vd; id
mtrpankd FLk;gj;jpdh; jPh;khdpg;ghh;fs; my;yJ nghJ
Rfhjhu kUj;JtkhJ tPl;Lf;F tUtjw;F jhkjpf;ff;$Lk;.
mr; rkaj; jp y; mth; fs; vd; id miog; ghh; fs; . rp y
Ntisfspy;> KjyhtJ gpurtj;jpw;fhf itj;jparhiyf;F
nry;tjw;F mth;fs; tsq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;fkhl;lhh;fs;
my;yJ itj;jparhiyf;F fh;g;gpzpg; ngz;izf; nfhz;L
nry; tjw; F tP l; by; xUtUNk ,Uf; fkhl; lhh; fs; . VidNahh;
vd;Dld; neUf;fkhf ,Ug;gJld;> vd;dpy; ek;gpf;ifAk;
nfhz; bUf; fp whh; fs; . ,jdhy; vd; id mq; F te; J
,Uf;FkhW mth;fs; vd;dplk; Nfl;Lf;nfhs;thh;fs;.
ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jt khJ> 60 taJ> kl;lf;fsg;G
1987,y; ghJfhg; Gg; gpur; ridfSld; itj; jparhiyf; F
nry; tjw; F kf; fSf; F f\; lkhf ,Ue; jJ. mj; Jld; >
,g; gFjp ap y; xU kUj; JtkhJ $l ,Uf; ftp y; iy.
mr; re; jh; g; gj; jpy; jhd; ghuk; ghpa kUj; Jt khjhf Ntiy
nra;tjw;F ehd; Muk;gpj;Njd;.
50 tajhd ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jt khJ> kl;lf;fsg;G
Gj;jsk;
Neh; Kfq; fhzg; gl; l ngUk; ghyhNdhh; cs; sfhP jp ahf
,lk;ngah;e;jth;fs; vd;gJld;> 1990,y; jkJ fpuhkq;fspypUe;J
ntspNawpath; fshth; . mj; Jld; > mf; fhyj; jpypUe; J Gj; jsj; jpNyNa
tho;fpd;wdh;.
vkJ fpuhkj; jpw; F mUfpy; rpfpr; ir epiyak; (fpspdpf; )
,Uf; ftpy; iy. Ky; iyj; jP T itj; jparhiy 3 fpNyh kP w; wUf; F
mg;ghy; ,Ue;jJ. tPjp KOtJk; nghpa Fopfs; ,Ue;jJld;>
jpUj;jg;gLtjw;fhd kpfTk; Nkhrkhd epiyapy; ,Ue;jd.
,utpy; gpuahzk; nra;tjw;F kpfTk; f\;lkhd msTf;F
tP jptpsf; Ffs; my; yJ VjhtJ tifapyhd xspNaw; wk;
- 71 -
,Uf; ftpy; iy. vdNt> gpurtj; jpw; fhf itj; jparhiyf; F
gpuahzk; nra; tjw; F ngz; fs; jaq; fpdhh; fs; . mj; Jld;
mth; fs; ntl; fj; ij czh; e; jJld; > mq; F nry; tjw; Fk;
tpUk;gtpy;iy. ,JNt vd;idg; Nghd;wth;fsplk; mth;fs;
tUtjw;fhd rpy fhuzq;fshFk;.
62 tajhd K];ypk; ngz;> Gj;jsk;
KfhKf; F mUfpy; rpfpr; ir epiyaq; fs; ,Uf; ftpy; iy.
Nghf; Ftuj; J trjpfs; kpfTk; NkhrkhditahFk; . ehk;
xd; wpy; khl; Ltz; bfspy; my; yJ irf; fpspy; gpuahzk;
nra; aNtz; bap Ue; jJ. tP l; Lf; Fk; > itj; jp arhiyf; Fk;
,ilapy; gpuahzk; nra;Ak; Ntisapy; ngUksT K];ypk;
ngz; fSf; F gp urttyp Vw; gl; Ls; sJ. rp yh; mth; fs;
gpuahzk; nra; j thfdj; jpy; $l jkJ gps; isfisg;
gpurtpj; Js; sdh; . mj; Jld; itj; jparhiyf; F nry; tjw; F
VidNahh; ntl; fg; gl; lJld; > tP l; bNyNa gpurtj; ij
itj;Jf;nfhz;lhh;fs;.
K];ypk; ngz;> Gj;jsk;
K]; yp k; ngz; fSf; fhf aho; g; ghzj; jp y; gp urt
tp Ljp nahd; W ,Ue; jJ. ,J ,Ue; j Nghjp Yk; >
itj; jparhiyf; F my; yJ gpurt tpLjpf; F nry; tjw; F
ngUksT K];ypk; ngz;fs; jaq;fpaij ehd; czh;e;Njd;.
Vnddpy; mth;fs; ntl;fg;gl;ldh; my;yJ mjw;F mth;fs;
kpfTk; jhkjkhfr; nrd;wJld;> itj;jparhiyf;F nry;Yk;
topapNyNa (thfdj;jpy;) gps;isiag; gpurtpj;Js;shh;fs;.
nghyd;dWit
gp urtj; jp w; fhf itj; jp arhiyf; F mtrp akhd
MilfisAk; > fk; gsp j; Jzp iaAk; kw; Wk; NtW
nghUl; fisAk; nfhz; L nry; tjw; F ngUksT Viog;
ngz;fSf;F fl;Lg;gbahfhJ. ,J nghpJNk nghUshjhu
f\; lj; jpd; epkpj; jNk vd; gJld; > ,jdhy; tP l; bNyNa
gp urtq; fis Nkw; nfhs; tjw; F ngz; fs;
js; sg; gLfp d; whh; fs; . itj; jp arhiyfSf; Fk; > gp urt
tp Ljp fSf; Fkhd J}uKk; xU gp ur; rp idahFk; .
ntyp f; fe; ijf; F ngz; fs; tUk; NghJ mth; fsp lk;
nghyd; dWit itj; jp arhiyf; F nry; YkhW
Nfl; Lf; nfhs; sg; gLfp d; wJ. ,J Rkhh; 1> 000 &gh
nrytpyhdjhFk;.
51 tajhd rpq;fsg; ngz;> nghyd;dWit
- 72 -
,it Aj;jj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kpfTk; tWikahdJk;>
Fiwe; j tsj; jpyhdJkhd fpuhkq; fshFk; . ,q; fpUe; J kpfTk;
fp l; ba itj; jp arhiy gjtp ahtp y; cs; sJld; > ,J
,g;ngz;fSf;F gpuahzk; nra;tjw;F mjpf J}uj;jpYs;sJ.
mNdfkhf gpuahzk; nra;tjw;F thfdq;fs; ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
,utpy; mtrukhdepiy Vw; gl; lhy; tP jpapy; ahidfs;
epw;gJld;> mJ ghJfhg;gw;wjhfNt tpsq;Fk;.
rpq;fsg; ngz;> ghyd;dWit
tP l; by; gp urtq; fis itg; gjw; F ngz; fs; Vd;
tpUk; Gfpd; whh; fs; vd; gjw; fhd fhuzq; fspy; xd; whf
itj;jparhiyfspy; mth;fs; md;ghf elj;jg;gLtjpy;iy
vd;gjhFk;. rpy Ntisfspy; ntspapy; jha; vt;tsT jhd;
fjwpdhYk; jhjpkhh; mth;fsplk; tUtjpy;iy.
- 73 -
4. epWtd hPjpapyhd guhkhpg;Gf;F ghuk;ghpa
kUj;Jt khjh;fspd; njhlh;G
Kiwikahd cj; jp Nahfg+ h; t Rfhjhu ep WtdhP jp ap yhd
fl; likg; Gf; fsp dhy; mth; fsJ Nritfs; kdTzh; T
nfhs; sg; gLfpd; w top gw; wp mth; fs; mwpe; J itj; jpUg; gjhf
kUj; Jt khjh; fSldhd fye; Jiuahly; fsp y;
ntspg; gLj; jg; gl; lJ. mth; fsJ nrhe; j thh; j; ijfspy; ,Ue; J
njhpaf; $bajhf> xt; nthU jug; gpdhYk; nghWg; Ngw; fg; gl; l
gzpf;fhf> jhjpkhh;fSf;Fk;> itj;jpah;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; ghuk;ghpa
kUj; Jt khjh; fSf; Fk; ,ilapy; > ,e; j cwthdJ kpjkpQ; rpa
neUf; fb epiyikapypUe; J my; yJ tpNuhjj; jd; ikapypUe; J
mNdfkhf ,zf;fj;jpyhd Ghpe;Jzh;T kw;Wk; khpahij tiu
NtWgl;bUe;jJ.
kl;lf;fsg;G
mz; ikapy; itj; jpah; xUth; ,Uf; fpd; whh; . gpurtk; xd; wpd;
gpd;dh; ehk; mthplk; nrd;W mtUf;F mwptpg;gJld;> mth;
mq;F te;J jLg;g+rpia Vw;Wfpd;whh;. fUtpy; Foe;ijapd;
,af;fj;jpd; mwpFwp ,y;iynad;why; rpWePh; khjphpnahd;iw
vLj; J itj; jparhiyf; F nry; YkhW ehd; mth; fsplk;
(fh; g; gp zp g; ngz; fs; ) $WNtd; . mjp f FUjp g; Nghf; F
,Ue;jhy; itj;jpah;fs; D&C xd;iwr; nra;thh;fs;. ,j;jifa
tplaq;fSf;F ehk; VNjDk; kUe;Jfisf; nfhLg;gjpy;iy.
ehk; mth;fis tPl;by; itj;J rpfpr;iraspg;gJk; ,y;iy.
ngz; nzhUth; fUj; jhp f; f Kbahtp l; lhy; > ehk;
itj; jparhiyf; F nry; YkhW mthplk; $WNthk; . ehd;
NtnwijNaDk; mthplk; $Wtjpy;iy. rpy Ntisfspy;
ftdf;FiwT> mjpf FUjpg;Nghf;F kw;Wk; ghypay; njhlh;G
Mfpatw; wpd; tpisthf fUr; rpijTk; ,lk; ngw KbAk; . ,J
Vd; vd vk;khy; mwpe;Jnfhs;tJ f\;lkhdjhFk;. mth;fs;
vk;.gP.gP.v];. itj;jpah;fsplk; jhd; nry;yNtz;Lk;.
60 tajhd jkpo;g; ngz;> kl;lf;fsg;G
ve; jsT gp urtq; fis ehk; ftdp j; jhYk; KjyhtJ
gps; isiag; gpurtpf; ifapy; jha; khh; vg; nghOJNk mjpfsT
gjw; wj; Jld; ,Ug; gjhf vkJ gap w; rp fsp y; xd; wp y;
(nrQ; rpYit rq; fj; jpdhy; ) vkf; F $wg; gl; lJ. vdNt>
itj; jp arhiyf; F jha; nfhz; L nry; yg; gLtij ehk;
epr; rag; gLj; j Ntz; Lk; . me; ehl; fspy; xt; nthU khjKk;
Fiwe;jgl;rk; ehd;F gpurtq;fisf; ftdpg;gjw;F vd;id
mioj; jhh; fs; . ,g; NghJ ,J FiwthdjhFk; . ,jw; Ff;
fhuzk; FLk;gf; fl;Lg;ghLk;> itj;jparhiyAkhFk;.
- 74 -
kp fTk; RftP dKw; w ,U Nehahsh; fis ehd;
itj; jp arhiyf; F nfhz; L nrd; Ws; Nsd; . jdJ
gps;isiag; gpurtpj;j NghJ Kjyhkth; fz;zPh; rpe;jpdhh;.
ehd; cldbahf mtiu thior;Nrid itj;jparhiyf;F
nfhz;L nrd;Nwd;. ngz;zpd; #o;epiyiag; gw;wp ehd;
tpsf;fkspj;jJld;> ehndhU ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jt khJ vd
$wpNdd;. gpNsl; xd;wpdhy; ngz;iz ntl;bajhf vd;
kP J jhjp cldbahfNt Fw; wk; Rkj; jpdhh; . Crpnahd; wpdhy;
vt; thW ijg; gJ vd; W vdf; Fj; njhpAk; vd; Wk; > ehd; mijr;
nra;atpy;iy vd;Wk; mthplk; $wpNdd;. mq;F vd;idj;
njhpe; j xU kUj; Jt khJ ,Ue; jJld; > ehd; ey; yth; vd; Wk; >
mj; jifanjhU tplaj; ij ehd; nra; akhl; Nld; vd; Wk;
jhjpaplk; mth; $wpdhh;.
Gj;jsk;
cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngah;e;jth;fSf;fhd Kfhnkhd;wpy; ehd;
,Ue;j NghJ ngUksT gpurtq;fSf;F cjTkhW vd;dplk;
Nfl;fg;gl;lJ. vdJ kfs; xU ehs; gpurtpj;j kfid ehd;
itj; jp arhiyf; F nfhz; L nrd; w NghJ fh; g; gp zp g;
ngz; nzhUthpd; tP l; bw; F tUifjUfpd; w jhjpnahUth; vd; id
Vrp aJld; > tP l; by; gp urtq; fis ehd; nra; af; $lhnjd
nrhd;dhh;. VjhtJ tpgj;J epfo;e;jhy; ehd; rpiwr;rhiyf;F
nry; y Ntz; Lk; . mth; jd; Dld; vd; id te; J khtl; l kUj; Jt
mYtyiur; re;jpf;FkhW $wpdhh;. itj;jparhiyf;F vdJ
kfisf; $l; br; nry; tjw; F %d; W rf; futz; b tUtjpy;
jhkjkhfp ajdhy; kfs; gp urt typ ia mile; jJld; >
mjdhy;jhd; ehd; mthpd; gpurtj;ij ftdpj;Njd; vd ehd;
tp sf; fksp j; Njd; . ~ eP q; fs; xU nghp a Nritia
nra; jpUf; fpd; wP h; fs; vd epidf; fpd; wP h; fsh? eP q; fs; ,ij vj; jid
jlitfs; nra;jpUf;fpd;wPh;fs;| vd mth; vd;dplk; Nfl;lhh;.
~ngUksT jlitfs; nra;Js;Nsd;| vd ehd; $wpNdd;. ehd;
ahhplkpUe;J gpurtq;fis ftdpg;gjw;F fw;Wf;nfhz;Nld; vd
mth; Nfl; lhh; . vkJ fp uhkj; jp yp Ue; J itj; jp arhiy
Fiwe; jgl; rk; 3 fpNyh kP w; wh; J}uj; jpYs; sJ vd ehd; mthplk;
$wpNdd; . ,utpy; gpuahzk; nra; tJ f\; lkhdJ. ehk; fhl; bd;
Clhf nry;y Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld;> tPjpAk; kpfTk; Nkhrkhd
epiyapy; cs;sJ. xU rpy thfdq;fs; jhz;br; nry;tJ
cz; L vd; gJld; > mNdfkhf ehk; khl; Ltz; bapNyNa
nry; yNtz; bap Uf; fp d; wJ. gp urtnkhd; iw vt; thW
ftdpg; gJ vd fpuhkj; jpYs; s ahNuDk; xUth; mwpe; J
itj; jp Ug; gJ Kf; fp akhdJ vd; gJld; > jp wd; fis
- 75 -
fw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F tpUk;gpNdd; vd ehd; czh;e;Njd;. vkJ
fpuhkj;jpYs;s jhjpaplkpUe;J ,ij ehd; fw;Wf;nfhz;Nld;
vdf; $wpNdd;. mth; Gd;difj;jJld;> vdJ gpd;Gwj;jpy;
jl;bf;nfhLj;jhh;. ehd; ,g;nghOJ ,r;Nritia> kf;fs;
vq;fpUe;J te;jhYk;> mth;fSf;F toq;Ffpd;Nwd;.
62 tajhd K];ypk; ngz;> Gj;jsk;.
Kd;dh; ,Ue;jijg; Nghy; itj;jpah;fSk;> nghJ Rfhjhu
kUj; Jt khjh; fSk; ,d; W ,Ug; gjpy; iy. ,e; ehl; fspy;
gpujhdkhf mth; fs; gzj; jpw; fhfNt Ntiy nra; fpd; whh; fs;
vdj; njhp fp d; wJ. jkJ gzp f; F mth; fs;
mh; g; gzpg; nghd; iwf; nfhz; bUf; fpUf; fpwhh; fsh vdj;
njhp atp y; iy. ,J xU Nritahf tp sq; ftp y; iy.
Nehahsh; fSld; mth; fs; njhlh; igf; nfhz; bUf; Fk;
tp jKk; ey; yjy; y. me; ehl; fsp y; jhjp khh; fs;
gapw; Wtpf; fg; gl; l NghJ Nehahsh; fSf; F md; igAk; >
,uf;fj;ijAk; fhl;LkhW mth;fSf;F $wg;gl;lJ. ePq;fs;
njhz; Z}W rjtP jj; ijf; nfhz; l Nehahsh; fSf; F md; igf;
fhl; bdhy; > Fiwe; jgl; rk; gj; J rjtP jj; jp duhtJ
Rfkilthh; fs; . Mdhy; > ,e; ehl; fsp y; mJNghd; W
itj;jpah;fSk;> jhjpkhh;fSk; elg;gjpy;iy. ,jw;F Nkyhf>
mth;fs; itj;jparhiyfspy; nray;gLk; tpjj;ijAk; ehd;
fz; bUf; fpd; Nwd; . itj; jparhiyapy; vdf; F fpilj; j
mDgtq;fspypUe;J ehd; ,ijf; $Wfpd;Nwd;. vd;dhy; xU
tp laj; ijf; $w KbAk; . gp urt typ Na xUth;
mDgtpf;ff;$ba kpfTk; typapyhdJ vd taJte;jth;fs;
$l Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;whh;fs;. ,j;jifanjhU #o;epiyapy;
ngz; fSld; kp fTk; md; ghf jhjp khh; fs; Ngrp g; gof
Ntz; Lk; . mtUf; F mth; fs; md; igAk; > ,uf; fj; ijAk;
fhl; l Ntz; Lk; . jhjp khh; fsp Yk; > itj; jp ah; fsp Yk;
fh; g; gpzpg; ngz; ek; gpf; ifiaf; nfhz; bUf; f Ntz; Lk; .
nkhopg; gpur;rid xU ghhpa jilahFk;. xt;nthUthpd;
nkhopiag; NgRtjw; F kf; fSf; F njhpe; jpUg; gjpy; iy.
fpuhkj; jpw; F tUfpd; w nghJ Rfhjhu kUj; Jt khJTf; F jkpo;
Ngrj; njhpahJ. ,J xU nghpa gpur;rpidahFk;.
nghyd;dWit
itj;jpah;fs; ey;yth;fs;. Mdhy; jha;khh;fSld; mth;fs;
md; Gld; NgRtjp y; iy. mth; fs; fj; Jtij ehd;
nrtp kLj; Js; Nsd; . ngz; fsp lk; ,J kl; Lk; jhdh
cq; fshy; nra; a KbAk; ? vd mth; fs; fj; Jtij ehd;
- 76 -
nrtp kLj; Js; Nsd; . ,e; j tp laq; fsp d; fhuzkhfTk;
itj; jparhiyf; F nry; tjw; F ngz; fs; tpUk; Gtjpy; iy.
itj; jparhiyapy; fh; g; gpzpj; jha; khh; fisf; nfhz; L
nry;Yk;nghOJ vk;ik VRfpd;whh;fs;. filrp epkplj;jpy;
ehk; mth;fisf; $l;bf;nfhz;L te;Js;Nshk; vd mth;fs;
$Wfpd;whh;fs;. kf;fs; ,ij tpUk;Gtjpy;iy vd;gJld;>
,jdhy; jhd; tPl;bNyNa gpurtj;ij itj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F
mth; fs; tp Uk; Gfp d; whh; fs; . jha; khh; fSf; F md; ig
fhl; lNtz; Lnkd itj; jp arhiyap y; cs; sth; fSf; F
$wpf;nfhs;s ehd; tpUk;Gfpd;Nwd;.
,e; ehl; fspy; > Foe; ij jhkjkhf ntspapy; tUfpd; wJ vdf;
$wp mth; fs; rp Nrhp ad; fis nra; fp whh; fs; vd
epidf;fpd;Nwd;. me;ehl;fspy; gps;isfs; ,aw;ifahfNt
gpwe;jd. mjdhy; vkf;F rpNrhpad; mtrpakhdjh?
ehk; gad; gLj; Jfp d; w rp y kUe; Jfis tp l
itj; jp arhiyap Ys; s kUe; Jfs; rp we; jnjd ehd;
epidf;fpNwd;. mJ xU f\;lkhd gpurtnkd;why; mth;fs;
rj; jpurpfpr; irnahd; iwr; nra; J jhiaAk; > gps; isiaAk;
fhg;ghw;Wthh;fs;. ,jdhy;jhd; itj;jparhiyapy; rpfpr;ir
ngWtJ ey;ynjd ehd; epidf;fpd;Nwd;. ,J Nkhjypdhy;
ghjp f; fg; gl; l gFjp nad; gjdhy; ghuk; ghp a kUj; Jt
khjh; fspd; gzpf; F mjpfsT MjuT ,Uf; fNtz; Lnkd
ehd; czh; fp d; Nwd; . ,y; yhtp by; itj; jp arhiyg;
guhkhpg;Ng rpwe;jjhFk;.
69 tajhd ngz;> nghyd;dWit
,e; ehl; fsp y; gp urtj; jp w; fhf ngUksT ngz; fs;
itj; jp arhiyf; F nry; fp d; wdh; . rp y Ntisfsp y;
itj;jparhiyf;F fh;g;gpzpfisf; nfhz;L nry;Yk; NghJ
topapy; $l mth; fs; gpurtpj; JtpLthh; fs; vd; gjw; fhf>
mth; fs; vd; id miof; fpd; whh; fs; . l; nuf; lh; xd; wpy;
itj; jparhiyf; F nry; tjw; F mjpfsT Neuk; vLg; gjd;
fhuzkhf VNjDk; xd;wpw;F jahuhfNt ehd; nry;fpd;Nwd;.
ntypf; fe; j itj; jparhiyf; fhd J}uk; 12 fp.kP . MFk; .
itj; jparhiyf; F jhAld; ehd; nry; Yk; NghJ vd; id
VRtjpy;iy.
49 tajhd ngz;> nghyd;dWit
- 77 -
5. gpurtj;jpy; ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jt khjh;fspd;
rpfpr;iraspg;G
jkJ gzp ap d; Ntisap y; gad; gLj; Jtjw; F mth; fsp dhy;
jahhpf;fg;gLk; gyjug;gl;l jhtu mbg;gilapyhd kUe;Jfisg;
nghWj; jstpy; %d; W khtl; lq; fspYk; kUj; Jt khjh; fspd;
kj;jpapy; gykhd xj;jjd;ikfs; ,Ue;jd. Rfg;gLj;Jk; MAh;Ntj
ghuk;ghpak; kPjhd mbg;gilapy; ,k;kUe;Jfs; tpsq;Ffpd;wd
vd; gJld; > ,it rp q; fs> jkp o; kw; Wk; K]; yp k; Mfp a
rdr%fq;fspd; ,dj;Jt> rka kw;Wk; nkhopj; jilfis fle;J
Nghfpd;wd vd;gJ kpfTk; njspthdjhFk;.
kl;lf;fsg;G
nte;jak;> nts;isg;g+L Mfpatw;iw ehd; nfhjpf;f itj;J
gpurt typ Vw; gLk; NghJ mij fh; g; gpzpg; ngz; Zf; F
nfhLg;Ngd;. tapw;wpy; tha;T ,Ue;jhy; ,f;fyit mijf;
Fiwf;fpd;wJ. ,y;iynadpy;> mLj;jjhf mth; Foe;ijiag;
gpurtpg; ghh; . mjd; gpd; dh; ehd; njhg; Gs; nfhbia ntl; LtJld; >
jhiaf; Fsp g; ghl; LNtd; . Foe; ij mRj; jj; jp utj; Jld;
%lg; gl; bUg; gjdhy; ehd; Kjyp y; mhp rp jtp l; bdhy;
Foe; ijia %LNtd; ; /jtpl; by; gpul; bnaLg; Ngd; . Kjy;
ehsd;W Foe;ijiaf; Fspg;ghl;Ltjpy;iy.
66 taJ jkpo;;g; ngz; kl;lf;fsg;G
ehd; nte;jaj;ijAk;> nts;isg;g+ilAk; nfhjpf;f itj;J>
mij ngz;Zf;F Fbg;gjw;F nfhLg;Ngd;. miuf;fg;gl;l
fha; e; j ,Q; rp Ald; fye; j NjDk; cliy gykhf; fr;
nra;tjw;F ey;yjhFk;. me;ehl;fspy; ngz;Zf;F gpurt typ
Vw; gLk; NghJ Foe; ij gpwf; fpd; wJ. ,e; ehl; fspy; kpf
mjpfsT gpur;ridfs; cs;sd. gpurtk; 5 epkplq;fspdhy;
jhkjkile; jhy; $l ngz; zp y; mth; fs; rp Nrhp ad;
rj; jpurpfpr; iriar; nra; J Foe; ijia ntspNa vLj; J> ijay;
NghLfpd;wdh;.
65 taJ jkpo;;g; ngz; kl;lf;fsg;G
Xh; ,uT xU ngz;Zf;F gpurt typ te;jJld;> kUj;Jt
khJ J}uj;jpy; tho;e;jhh;. ghJfhg;G #o;epiyapd; fhuzkhf
mtUf; F tUtjw; F f\; lkhf ,Ue; jJ. ,jdhy; gpurtj; ijf;
ftdpf;FkhW mth;fs; vd;idf; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;ldh;. ehd;
mr; rkilatp y; iy. murhq; f kUj; Jt khJit ehd;
re; jpg; gjw; F Kd; dh; ,t; tP LfSf; F nrd; wpUf; fpd; Nwd; .
Mdhy;> ,J vdJ KjyhtJ gpurtk; vd;w fhuzj;jpdhy;
ehd; gaj;jpypUe;Njd;. njhg;Gs;nfhb cldbahf ntspNa
- 78 -
tutpy; iy. ahtUNk ghh; j; Jf; nfhz; bUe; jdh; . ,jdhy; ehd;
eP iug; ghj; jp uj; jp y; Cw; wp tp l; L> mijf; Fbg; gjw; F
ngz; Zf; F nfhLj; Njd; . mjd; gpd; dh; mtiu Neuhf
mkh; j; jptpl; L> fhy; fis eP l; bagb ,Uf; fr; nrhd; Ndd; .
njhg;Gs;nfhb ntspNa te;jJ.
gpurtj; jpd; gpd; dh; miuf; fg; gl; l kpsF> nts; isg; g+L
kw; Wk; ,Q; rp Mfp atw; wp d; fyitnahd; W jha; f; F
nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mjd; gpd;dNu VjhtJ NtW kUe;J
cs; nsLf; fg; gl Ntz; Lk; . mjd; gp d; dh; ehd;
vy; yhtw; iwAk; Rj; jg; gLj; jptpl; L tP l; Lf; Fr; nrd; Nwd; .
mt; Ntisap yp Ue; J gp urtq; fsp y; cjTtjw; F vd; id
tUkhW Cuth;fs;; Nfl;Lf;nfhs;thh;fs;. gpurtnkhd;iwf;
ftdpf;Fk; NghJ ehk; mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;Ls;Nshk; vd;w
czh;itNa ngWfpd;Nwd;.
xU ehs; vdJ rpwpa jha; (mtuJ jha;> ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jt
khJ) rpy goq;fisg; gpLq;Ftjw;fhf nrd;wpUe;jhh;. xU
ngz; Zf; F gp urt typ Vw; gl; lJ. ,jdhy; Vwht+ h;
itj; jparhiyf; F Gifapujj; jpy; nry; tjw; fhf Gifapuj
epiyaj;jpw;F mtiuf; nfhz;L nrd;Nwd;. ehk; ePz;l Neuk;
fhj;jpUe;Njhk;. Mdhy;> Gifapujk; tutpy;iy. mJ kpfTk;
jhkjkile; jJld; > ngz; mjpfsT typia mile; jhh; .
Mh; tj; ijf; nfhz; l kf; fs; $l; lnkhd; W mq; F $btpl; lJ.
ngz; zpypUe; J ,uj; jk; topa Muk; gpj; jJ. ehd; vdJ
tPl;bw;F kPsr;nrd;W rpy JzpfisAk;> rpy kUe;JfisAk;
vLj; Jf; nfhz; L mtuJ tP l; bw; F jpUk; gpr; nrd; Nwd; .
mtiuf; fP No ,Uj; Jtjw; F ehd; Kad; w Ntis> Foe; ijapd;
jiy ntspNa tUtijf; fz;Nld;. fhspak;khspd; mUis
ehd; Ntz; bNdd; . mJNt kUj; JtkhnjhUtuhf vdJ
KjyhtJ mDgtkhFk;.
50 tajhd jkpo;g; ngz;> kl;lf;fsg;G.
Gj;jsk;
xU ehs; fp uhkj; jp yp Ue; j jhjp aho; g; ghzj; jp w; F
nrd;Wtpl;lhh;. md;wpuT vdJ cwtpdh; xUtUf;F gpurt
typ Vw;gl;lJ. VidNahh; te;J vd;id vOg;gpdhh;fs;.
Vw; fdNt gp urtq; fsp y; ehd; jhjp f; F
cjtp asp j; jp Uf; fp d; Nwd; . ,g; NghJ ehdhfNt ,ijf;
ftdp f; f Ntz; bap Ue; jJ. ehd; flTs; kP J vdJ
ek; gp f; ifia itj; Njd; . ehd; ngz; iz fP No
gLf;fitj;Njd;. mth; typapy; fj;jpf;nfhz;bUe;jhh;. mtuJ
- 79 -
Koq; fhiy kbf; FkhW $wp aJld; > mtiu ,Wfg;
gpbf;Fk;gb mtuJ rNfhjhpaplk; $wpNdd;. Foe;ijapd;
jiy nkJthf ntsp Na tu Muk; gp j; jJ. mJ mtuJ
KjyhtJ gpurtnkd; wgbahy; gpwg; GWg; G top kpfTk;
xLq; fpapUe; jJ. ehd; cldbahf ghtl; il vz; nzapy;
Rj;jkhd Jzpnahd;iw eidj;J> mij vdJ ifiar; Rw;wp
fl; btpl; L mij nkJthf mtuJ gpwg; GWG; G topapy;
gp uNahfp j; jJld; > Foe; ij ,yFthf ntsp Nawp aJ.
nfhjp eP hp y; mkp o; j; jp a xU fj; jp hp f; Nfhiy vLj; J
njhg; Gs; nfhbia ntl; btpl; L> mij E}nyhd; wpdhy;
fl; bNdd; . ehd; Foe; ijia Rj; jg; gLj; jptpl; L mij jhaplk;
ifasp j; Njd; . mjd; gp d; dh; fp uhkj; jp y; ngUksT
gpurtq;fis ehd; ftdpj;Js;Nsd;.
62 tajhd K];ypk; ngz;> Gj;jsk;.
Foe; ij VO khjq; fspy; gpwe; jjd; fhuzj; jpdhy; ehd; mij
ftdkhf Rj;jkhd Jzpnahd;wpy; Rw;wpNdd;. ,jdhy; mJ
kp f mjp fsT fhw; Wf; F ntsp g; glkhl; lhJ. ehd;
Foe;ijiaj; jhaplk; nfhLj;Jtpl;L rfy NtisfspYk;
Foe; ijia mtUf; F neUf; fkhf itj; jpUf; FkhW $wpNdd; .
Vnddpy; mjw;F Nkyjpfkhd ntg;gk; mtrpag;gl;lJ. rpy
VO khjf; Foe; ijfs; cap h; tho; tJz; L. Vidait
mg;gbay;y. Mdhy;> flTSf;F ed;wp> ngUksT VO khjf;
Foe;ijfspd; gpurtj;ij ehd; ftdpj;jJld;> mth;fSf;F
vJTNk elf;ftpy;iy.
gpurtj; jpd; gpd; dh; 3 ehl; fSf; F Gjpa jhAld; ehd;
jq; fpapUg; gJld; > mq; NfNa rfy kUe; JfisAk; ehd;
jahhpg;Ngd;. vdJ guhkhpg;Gld; gpurtj;jpd; 3 ehl;fspDs;
jha; vOe;J elkhLtjw;Fk;> jdJ toikahd Ntiyiar;
nra; tjw; Fk; ,ayf; $batuhf tp sq; Fthh; . ,yFtp y;
fz;lwpaf;$ba fyitf;$WfSld; vdJ kUe;Jfis ehd;
jahhpg;Ngd;. Foe;ij gpwe;jTld; vz;nza; xd;iw ehd;
jahhpg;gJld;> mijg; gpwg;GWg;G topf;F gpuNahfpg;Ngd;.
KUq; ifg; gl; il> gj; J nts; isg; g+L new; Wf; fs; > xU
Jz;L ,Q;rp Mfpatw;iw xd;WNrh;j;J miuj;J> mij xU
Rj; jkhd Jzpj; Jz; bd; Clhf tbg; Ngd; . ehd; mijr;
#lhf;fp rpwpjsT Ntg;ngz;izAlDk;> NjDlDk; fye;J
jha;f;F fhiyapYk;> khiyapYk; vd ehnshd;Wf;F ,U
jlitfs; %d;W NjePh; fuz;bfs; nfhLg;Ngd;. 15 ehl;fspd;
gpd;dh; kUj;Jt ,iyfSld; nfhjpf;f itj;j ePhpy; mtiuf;
- 80 -
Fspg; ghl; LtJld; > mjd; gpd; dh; mtUf; F ve; jnthU
typANk ,Uf;fkhl;lhJ.
gp urtj; jp d; gp d; dh; mbf; fb jha; ikailtjp yp Ue; J
vt; thW ghJfhg; igg; ngWtJ> Foe; ijf; F vt; thW
ghY}l; LtJ> Foe; ijia vt; thW Fsp g; ghl; LtJ
vd;gijapl;L jha;f;F ehd; mwpTiu toq;FNtd;;. FLk;gf;
fl; Lg; ghl; L Kiwfis vt; thW gpd; gw; WtJ> vt; thW
Rj;jg;gLj;JtJ mj;Jld; Foe;ij MNuhf;fpakhfTs;sJ
vd;gij vt;thW epr;rag;gLj;JtJ vd;gijapl;Lk; ehd;
mtUf;F $WNtd;;.
nghyd;dWit
tho; f; iff; Fk; > kuzj; jpw; Fk; ,ilapyhd Nghuhl; lk;
Nghd; wNj gp urtk; vd ehd; ek; Gfp d; Nwd; . ,jd;
fhuzkhfNt ,j; jp widf; fw; Wf; nfhs; tjw; F
njhpTnra; Njd; . ehd; xd; gJ gps; isfspd; jhahNtd; .
,g;gzpiar; nra;tijapl;L ehd; gag;gLtjpy;iy. VjhtJ
rthiyAk; > ntw; wpiaAk; re; jpg; gjw; F ehd; jahh; vd
vdf;Fs; epidj;Jf; nfhs;Ntd;.
vdJ rfy gps;isfSk; tPl;bNyNa gpwe;jhh;fs;. gpurt typ
Vw;gl;L Rkhh; Ie;J epkplq;fspy; Foe;ij ntspNa tUk;.
gp d; dh; fj; jp hp f; Nfhyp dhy; njhg; Gs; nfhbia ehNd
ntl;LNtd;. mt;Ntis Foe;ijiaj; jhq;fpg;gpbf;FkhW
je; ; ijap lk; nfhLg; Ngd; . eP iuf; nfhjp f; f itf; FkhW
mthp lk; $WtJld; > ehNd Foe; ijiaAk;
Fspg;ghl;LNtd;.
xU ehs; ngz; nzhUtUf; F gpurt typ Vw; gl; ljdhy;
mtrukhf vdf;F miog;G tpLf;fg;gl;lJ. ahNuh xUth;
Kr; rf; fu tz; bnahd; iwf; nfhz; LtUtjw; fhf
nrd;wpUe;jhh;. Mdhy;> mJ tutpy;iy. ,U Foe;ijfSf;F
ehd; gpurtk; ghh;f;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. Kr;rf;fu tz;b tUk;
Neuj;jpw;Fs; vy;yhNk Kbe;Jtpl;lJ. ehd; Foe;ijfisf;
Fspg;ghl;bAk;tpl;Nld;.
Foe; ij ntspNa tUk; NghJ xU fj; jphpf; Nfhy; my; yJ
xUgpNsl; ,Uf;fpd;wjh vd ehd; Nfl;Ngd;. ehd; ,tw;iw
ePhpy; nfhjpf;f itg;gJld;> njhg;Gs;nfhbia ntl;LNtd;.
- 81 -
ehd; mij xU Jz; Lj; Jzpapdhy; my; yJ E}ypdhy;
fl; LNtd; . er; Rf; nfhb tp ohtp l; lhy; ehd; tap w; iw
mKf; FNtd; . mg; nghOJ mJ ntsp Na tUk; . mjp y;
gpur; ridapy; iy. Foe; ij gpwe; j gpd; dh; nts; isg; g+L>
,Q;rp> kpsF> mrNkhj tpijfs; (nkJthfTk;> ed;whfTk;
tWj;J) Mfpatw;iw Ntg;ngz;izAld; fye;J xU rpwpa
cUz; iliar; nra; J> mij tp Oq; Ftjw; F jhap lk;
nfhLg; Ngd; . ehd; Fbg; gjw; F mtUf; F Nfhg; gp Ak;
nfhLg; Ngd; . ,it kl; LNk %d; W ehl; fSf; F toq; fg; gLk; .
,J tapw; wpYs; s Gz; izf; Fzg; gLj; Jtjw; F cjTk; . Fsph;
ePiu njhLtjw;Nfh my;yJ Fbg;gjw;Nfh $lhnjd vkJ
kf;fSf;F njhpe;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
Foe; ij gpwe; j mLj; j ehs; ghtl; il ,iyfs; > nehr; rp
,iyfs; kw;Wk; Ntg;gk; ,iyfs; Mfpatw;Wld; nfhjpf;f
itf; fg; gl; l eP hpy; jhiaf; Fspg; ghl; LtJld; > mtUf; F
xj;jlKk; nfhLg;Ngd;. ,jdhy; mtuJ clyhdJ ed;whf
NjWtJld; > jha; g; ghypd; rpwe; j Xl; lKk; ,Uf; Fk; . mtUf; F
xj;jlk; nfhLj;j gpd;dh;> mtuJ iffspYk;> fhy;fspYk;
#lhf; fg; gl; l Ntg; ngz; izia g+RtJld; > tpOq; Ftjw; F
rpwpjsT Ntg;ngz;iziaAk; nfhLg;Ngd;.
nts; isg; g+L>ggpyh Mfpatw; iwf; nfhjpf; f itj; J>
mijf; Fbg; gjw; F jhaplk; nfhLg; Ngd; . mth; vt; thW
ftdkhf ,Uf; fNtz; Lnkd; Wk; > mth; vt; thW
Foe;ijiag; guhkhpf;f Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; $WNtd;. mtUf;F
cjTtjw;F ahUk; ,y;iynad;why;> Foe;ij gpwe;j gpd;dh;
ehd; nrd; W mtuJ czitr; rikg; Ngd; . ,J xU
f\; lkhd gpurtkhf ,Uf; fg; NghfpwJ vd ehd; czh; e; jhy;
itj; jp arhiyf; F nry; YkhW mth; fsp lk;
Nfl;Lf;nfhs;Ntd;. ehd; rpy ngz;fis itj;jparhiyf;F
gpurtj;jpw;F rw;W Kd;djhfNt $l;br;nrd;Ws;Nsd;.
cjtp nra; tjw; F jha; f; F xUtUNk ,y; iynad; why;
ghtl; il ,iyfs; > nehr; rp ,iyfs; > nfha; ah
,iyfs; >nfj; jnfhs gl; il Mfp atw; iw xd; whfr;
Nrh;j;J> nfhjpf;fitj;J> mij ePhpy; fye;J> mjpy; ,uz;L
ehl; fSf; F jhiaf; Fsp g; ghl; LNtd; . nts; isg; g+ L
NjhiyAk; > Ntg; ngz; iziaAk; xd; whfr; Nrh; j; J jha;
gLj; jpUf; Fk; gFjpapy; mjw; F Gifa+l; LNtd; . jha; f; F
FUjp g; Nghf; F ,Ue; jhy; > itj; jp arhiyf; F nrd; W
kUe;njLf;FkhW ehd; mtUf;F MNyhrid $WNtd;.
- 82 -
6. mUs;fs;
rfy %d; W khtl; lq; fsp Yk; > ngz; nja; tq; fsp dJk; >
nja;tq;fspdJk; mUs;fs; kPJ ngz;fsplk; mjpfsT ek;gpf;if
,Ug;gJ fz;$lhdjhf tpsq;fpaJ.
kl;lf;fsg;G
gp urtnkhd; wp y; mjp fhuksp f; fg; gl; Ls; Nsd; vd; w
czh; it ehd; ngWfpd; Nwd; . ,utpy; gpurtnkhd; wpy;
cjTtjw;fhf ehd; ntspNa nry;Yk; NghJ> tPl;iltpl;L
ntspNaWtjw;F Kd;dh; Jh;f;ifak;kdpd; mUs;fis ehd;
Ntz; LNtd; . mg; gbnadpy; vdJ Fwpf; Nfhs; xNurP uha;
ntw;wpailAnkd vdf;Fj; njhpAk;. ehd; tPl;bw;F jpUk;gp
tUk;NghJ rhkp miwf;F Neubahf nry;ykhl;Nld;. ehd;
Kjypy; Fspj; Jtpl; L> rhkp miwapy; gpuNtrpg; gjw; F Kd; dh;
tPL KOtJk; kQ;rs; ePiuj; njspg;Ngd;.
44 tajhd jkpo;g; ngz; kl;lf;fsg;G
vdJ KjyhtJ gp urtj; jp y; vdf; F cjTkhW
fhspak;khspd; mUis ehd; Ntz;bNdd;.
gpurtj;jpy; cjtpnra;Ak; NghJ f\;lkhd gpurtk; vd;why;
ehk; fhspak; khspd; mUis Ntz; Lfpd; Nwhk; . fhspak; khNs
vkJ gykhFk; . ehk; ,uj; jj; ij njhlNtz; Lk; vd; w
nghUs;gl vkJ gzp ,Uf;Fk; NghJ> vdf;F mth; xUtNu
cjTfpd;whh;. ehzankhd;iw vdJ ifapnyLj;J> vdJ
jiyf;F Nkyhf %d;W jlitfs; mijr; Rw;wpnaLg;gjd;
%yk; fhspak; khSf; F ehd; Neh; j; jpnahd; iwr; nra; Ak; NghJ>
cldbahfNt Foe; ij ntsp Na tUfp d; wJ.
gpurtnkhd;Wf;fhf ehd; nry;Yk; NghJ fhspak;khSld;
xd; whfNt nry; fp d; Nwd; vd; w czh; Nt vdf; Fs;
Vw; gLfp d; wJ. gyj; jp d; mjp tp Nrlkhd czh; nthd; W
Vw; gLfpd; wJ. xU epkplj; jpy; ehd; eLq; fpdhYk; > mLj; j
ep kp lj; jp y; mjp fsT mjp fhuj; ijf; nfhz; ltshf
tp sq; Ffp d; Nwd; . mj; jUzj; jp y; VNjDk; gw; wp
fhspak;khSld; thf;Fthjk; nra;ayhk; vd;gJ Nghy ehd;
czh;fpd;Nwd;. rthy;tpLf;Fk; VjhtJ czh;nthd;iw ehd;
nfhz; bUe; jhy; eP Na vdf; F Njitahdts; vd ehd; fj; Jk;
NghJ> gp ur; ridap d; wp Foe; ij ntsp Na tUfp d; wJ.
fhspak;khs; vd;Dld; ,Ug;gJ mtrpak; vd;gJld;> mth;
vd;dplk; tUfpd;whh; vd;w czh;itAk; nfhz;Ls;Nsd;.
ehd; kpfTk; ijhparhypnad czh;fpd;Nwd;.
- 83 -
gpurtnkhd; iw ehd; ftdpf; Fk; NghJ fhspak; khspd;
mUis ehd; Ntz; Lfpd; Nwd; .jhNa th th vd ehd;
$wpdhy; > vy; yhNk rhpahf ,Uf; Fk; . mtiu epidj; J
fh; g; gpzpg; ngz; zpd; tapw; wpd; kP J vz; nzia jlTk;
NghJ vdJ Ntiyapy; miuthrp Kbe;Jtpl;lJ.
Gj;jsk;
gp urtj; jp w; F cjTtij Muk; gp g; gjw; F Kd; dh; ehd;
my; yh`; it tzq; FtJz; L. ,]; yhj; ij rpWkpfSf; F ehd;
fw;gpf;fpd;Nwd;.
gpurtj; jpw; F Kd; dh; ehd; my; yh`; it tzq; fptpl; L> mjd;
gpd;dh; vdJ gzpia Muk;gpf;fpd;Nwd;.
gpurtj; ij Muk; gpg; gjw; F Kd; dh; ehd; my; yhKJ iyyh
vd tzq;FtJz;L.
nghyd;dWit
gpurtnkhd; iwf; ftdpg; gjw; F nry; tjw; F Kd; ehd;
Neh; j; jpnahd; iw nra; tJld; > fhspak; khSf; F xU &gh
Fw;wpiaf; fl;btpLNtd;. Foe;ij gpwe;j gpd;dh; Gifiag;
gpbj;J> tPl;ilj; J}a;ikg;gLj;JNtd;.
Foe;ijg; gpwg;Gf;fhf epiwNtw;wg;gLk; rlq;Ffspy; ehd;
ek;gpf;if nfhz;Ls;Nsd;. ,it ,ufrpakhfr; nra;ag;gl
Ntz; Lk; . fhsp ak; khsp d; mUSk; > gyKk; vdf; F
,Uf;fpd;wd vd ehd; ek;Gfpd;Nwd;.
rpq;fsg; ngz;> nghyd;dWit
ehd; VNjDk; rlq;Ffisr; nra;tjpy;iy. fhspak;khspd;
mUis kl; LNk ehd; Ntz; Lfp d; Nwd; . Foe; ij
gp we; jTlNdNa xU rp tj; j NriyiaAk; > xU $il
goq; fisAk; toq; Ffp d; Nwd; . vdf; F mtsp d; mUs;
,Ug; gjdhy; vJTNk jtwhf elg; gjpy; iy. gpurtnkhd; wpy;
cjtp nra;tjw;fhf ehd; nry;Yk; Ntisapy; ehd; tPl;Lf;F
ntspNa te;J vdJ Kfj;ijf; foptptpl;L fhspak;khspd;
mUisf; Nfl;Ngd;.
- 84 -
fUj;jhpf;f Kbahj rpq;fsg; ngz;fSf;F rlq;Ffis ehd;
nra; Js; Nsd; . Nfhtp yp y; xU Neh; j; jp ia ehd;
nra;Js;sJld;> Neh;j;jpf;flidAk; nrYj;jpAs;Nsd;. ,jd;
gpd;dh; ngUksT ngz;fs; fh;g;gkile;Js;sdh;.
- 85 -
7. Nkhjypd; NghJ ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jt khjh;fspd;
gzp
,uhZt Nkhjy; #o; epiyfspy; ghuk; ghpa kUj; Jt
khjh;fspd; mDgtq;fs; rfy %d;W khtl;lq;fspYk;
nghJthditahFk; . xd; wpy; mbg; gilahd trjpfs;
my; yJ ngsjP f ghJfhg; G ,y; yhj miktplq; fspy;
vjph; ghuhjtpjkhf gpurt typ Vw; gLfpd; w fh; g; gpzpg;
ngz; fisf; ftdp f; fr; nry; Yk; ,g; ngz; fsp dhy;
Kfq; nfhLf; fg; gLk; rthy; fis ,it vLj; Jiuf; fpd; wd.
kl;lf;fsg;G
,uhZtk; mq;Fs;sjhy; ,uT Ntisfspy; gpuahzk;
nra; tJ f\; lkhdjhFk; . ,J jha; f; Nfh my; yJ
gps;isf;Nfh ey;yjy;y. mq;F n\y; mbf;fpd;wJ. ,uT
Ntisapy; ehk; gpuahzk; nra;Ak; NghJ tpsf;nfhd;iw
Vw;whtpl;lhy; ehk; Rlg;gLNthk;.
1990,y; Nkhjy; #o; ep iynahd; wp d; kj; jp ap y; VO
gp s; isfsp d; gp urtj; jp y; ehd; cjtp asp j; Js; Nsd; .
,uhZtk; vk;ikj; Juj;jptpl;ljdhy;> Nfhtpy; xd;wpy;
ehk; vy; NyhUk; jQ; rkile; Njhk; . md; W khiy MW
kzpf; F ngz; Foe; ijnahd; W gpwe; jJ> VO kzpf; F Mz;
gps; isnahd; W gpwe; jJ. xd; gJ kzpf; F ,d; ndhU ngz;
Foe;ij gpwe;jJ. mth;fs; kj;jpapy; ehd; kl;LNk kUj;Jt
khJ vd; gjdhy; > ,r; rfy gp urtq; fisAk; ehNd
ftdpf; fNtz; bapUe; jJ. ehd; Foe; ijia ntspNa vLj; J>
njhg;Gs;nfhbia ntl;btpl;L> Foe;ijiaf; fOTNtd;.
mjd; gp d; dh; mLj; j gp urtj; jp w; F nrd; Wtp LNtd; .
,NjNghy; me;j ,uT VO Foe;ijfspd; gpurtq;fis
ehd; ftdpj;Njd;.
Nkhjy; Neuj; jpd; NghJ ehk; ngUksT f\; lq; fSf; F
Kfq;nfhLj;Njhk;. gpurtnkhd;iwf; ftdpg;gjw;fhf kpf
mikjpahfr; nry;tjw;F KaYifapy; vd;id ,uhZt
tP uh; fs; gpbj; Js; shh; fs; . ,jdhy; mjd; gpd; dh; vd; Dld;
rpq;fsk; Ngrf;$ba xUtiu tUkhW Nfl;Lf;nfhs;Ntd;.
,jdhy; ,uhZtj; jpdh; vd; id epWj; Jk; NghJ ehk;
gp urtnkhd; Wf; fhf nry; fp d; Nwhk; vd me; egh;
tp sf; fksp g; ghh; . mjd; gp d; dh; mth; fs; vk; ikr;
nry; tjw; F mDkjpg; ghh; fs; . ,Njtopapy; ,uhZtk;
vkf; Fj; Jizahf tP l; Lf; F te; j rk; gtq; fSk;
- 86 -
,lk; ngw; Ws; sd. vkJ ghJfhg; Gf; fhf ,utpy; ehk;
ntsp Na nry; Yk; NghJ vk; Kld; tp sf; nfhd; iwf;
nfhz;L nry;YkhW mth;fs; vk;kplk; $Wthh;fs;.
Nkhjy; Neuq; fspd; NghJ jkJ tP l; bNyNa jkJ gpurtj; ij
Nkw;nfhs;tJ ngz;fSf;F rpwe;jjhFk;. Nkhjypd; NghJ
gpurtj;jpy; ehd; cjtpaspj;Js;Nsd;.
Gj;jsk;
1990,y; ehk; ,lk; ngah; e; j NghJ ,utpy; fhnlhd; wpd;
Clhf ehk; ele; J nrd; Nwhk; . vk; Kld; ,Ue; j xU
fh;g;gpzpg; ngz;Zf;F gpurt typ Vw;gl;lJ. vd;d nra;a
KbAk; vd; gijapl; L ehd; Mr; rhpaj; jpy; jpifj; Njd; .
fhl;by; Nfhtpy; xd;wpUe;jJ. mq;F xU nkOFjphpia ehk;
fz;lwpe;jJld;> ehd; mijg; gw;witj;Njd;. mg;ngz;zpd;
ciliaf; fow;WkhWk;> mtiu mj;Jzpapdhy; %LkhWk;
ehd; ,d;ndhU ngz;zplk; $wpNdd;. ehd; my;yh`;it
tzq; fpaJld; > Foe; ijiag; gpurtpg; gjw; F cjtpNdd; .
njhg;gps;nfhbia ntl;Ltjw;F xd;WNk ,Uf;ftpy;iy.
Nfhtpypy; Nghj;jnyhd;iwf; fz;Nld;. mLj;J Nghj;jiy
cilj;J> fz;zhbj;Jz;nlhd;wpdhy; njhg;Gs;nfhbia
ntl; bNdd; . Jzp ap yp Ue; J xU E}iy vLj; J>
njhg;Gs;nfhbapd; kPjkhdtw;iw fl;bNdd;. gfy; Ntis
te;j NghJ Mz;fs; nyhwpfspy; gpuahzk; nra;tij ehk;
fz; Nlhk; . rhujpf; F mLj; jjhf nyhwpapy; ngz; izAk; >
Foe;ijiaAk; mkh;j;jptpl;L mth;fis itj;jparhiyf;F
nfhz; L nrd; Nwhk; . gp urtj; Jld; VJk; rp f; fy; fs;
,Uf;ftpy;iy. Mz;ltdpd; mUSld; jhAk;> Foe;ijAk;
eykhf ,Ue;jdh;.
vdf;F xU rpwpjsT gapw;rp kl;LNk ,Ue;jJ. mr;rkaj;jpy;
aho;g;ghzj;J #o;epiy kpfTk; Nkhrkhf tpsq;fpaJ. xU
ehs; vkJ tPl;bypUe;J mjpfsT J}uj;jpw;fg;ghy; tho;fpd;w
xU ngz;Zf;F gpurt typ Vw;gl;lJ. me;Neuj;jpy; mg;gFjp
,uhZtf; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ue;jjd; fhuzkhf> vd;dhy;
tP l; iltpl; L ntspNawpr; nry; y Kbatpy; iy. mjpfsT
f\; lj; Jld; tP l; il tp l; L ntsp Nawp mtUf; F
cjtpaspg;gjw;fhfr; nrd;Nwd;. gpurtj;jpd; gpd;dh; tPl;Lf;F
jpUk;gp tUk; NghJ ,uhZtk; vd;idg; gpbj;jJ. vdf;Fr;
- 87 -
rpq;fsk; njhpahJ. irif nkhopapd; Clhf tpsf;fkspf;f
Kad; Nwd; . mth; fSf; F vdJ irifnkhop iag;
Ghpe;Jnfhs;s Kbatpy;iy. mth;fs; vd;id me;j tPl;Lf;F
mioj; Jr; nrd; wdh; . mq; Fjhd; mth; fs; epiyikiag;
Ghpe;Jnfhz;ldh;. mjd; gpd; vd;idr; nry;ytpl;lhh;fs;.
,j; jifa #o; ep iyfsp y; $l gp urtj; jp y; ehd;
cjtpaspj;Js;Nsd;.
Nkhjy; ,lk;ngw;w fhyj;jpd; NghJ> xU ehs; Rkhh; 5 fp.kP.
J}uj;jpYs;s ngz;nzhUtUf;F ,uTNtis gpurt typ
Vw; gl; lJ. me; Neuj; jpy; Nghf; Ftuj; jpw; fhd toptiffs;
,Uf;ftpy;iy. Culq;Fr;rl;lk; epytpaJ. gpujhd tPjpapy;
vk;khy; gpuahzk; nra;a Kbatpy;iy. me;j ,uT Ntis
ahNuDk; xUth; nry; tijf; $l vk; khy; ghh; f; f
Kbatp y; iy. irf; fp sp y; $l nry; yKbahj ep iy.
ngz;zpd; cwtpdh; xUtUld; ney; tay;fspd; fiufspd;
neLfp Yk; ele; Jnrd; Nwd; . mt; Ntis> ngz; ,Ue; j
tP l; bypUe; J fjWk; rj; jk; vdf; Ff; Nfl; lJ. ehk; mq; F nrd; w
NghJ Foe;ij gpwe;Jtpl;lJ. tPl;bypUe;j VidNahUf;F
vd;d nra;tnjd;W njhpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy. mth;fs; ahtUNk
mOJnfhz;bUe;jdh;. ehDk; gae;jpUe;Njd;. Mdhy;> ehd;
ngz;izAk;> Foe;ijiaAk; ftdpj;Njd;. ngUkstpyhd
f\; lq; fspd; kj; jpapy; cs; sfhP jpahf ,lk; ngah; e; Njhh;
Kfhk;fspy; ngUksT gpurtq;fspy; cjtpaspj;Js;Nsd;.
nghyd;dWit
,e;j tPjpapy; ,uTNtisfspy; kpfTk; ftdkhfNt ehk;
gpuahzk; nra;aNtz;Lk;. Nehahspia tpl ehk; nghpJNk
gag; gLtJz; L. Vnddp y; gaq; futhjp fs; jhf; Fjy;
elj;jf;$Lk;. mj;Jld; tPjpiaf; fhl;L ahidfs; fle;J
nry;yf;$Lk;. efuj;ij milAk; tiu ehk; kpfTk; gae;Nj
nry;Nthk;.
,it f\; lkhd gFjpfshFk; . ,e; jg; gf; fj; jpypUe; J my; yJ
me; jg; gf; fj; jpypUe; J Gypfs; tUk; vd kf; fs; mbf; fb
$Wthh; fs; . jha; f; F my; yJ Foe; ijf; F VjhtJ
elf;Fnkd;W ehd; gag;gLtJz;L. mg;gbnadpy; mjpfsT
f\;lk; vdf;Nf Vw;gLk;. mjhtJ jhiaAk;> Foe;ijiaAk;
- 88 -
fhg;ghw;Wtjw;F rhj;jpakhd vy;yhtw;iwAk; nra;Ak; NghJ
kl;LNk ,e;epiyik ,Uf;Fk;.
cs; @h; hP jpahf ,lk; ngah; e; Njhh; Kfhnkhd; wpy; ehd; F
gp urtq; fis ehd; ftdp j; Js; Nsd; . Kfhkp y; jkJ
Foe; ijfisg; gp urtp g; gjw; fhf ngz; fSf; nfd
njd;dq;fpLFfSld; xU rpwpa ,lj;ijg; Gwk;ghf;Ftjw;F
vkf; F nrQ; rp Yitr; rq; fKk; > rh; Nthja rq; fKk;
cjtp asp j; Js; sJ. mjp fsit rh; Nthja rq; fNk
toq; fp As; sJ. rP nke; Jj; jiunahd; Wld; Gwk; ghd
miwnahd;iwAk; mth;fs; vkf;F fl;bj;je;jdh;.
ehd; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ,Ue;j NghJ gpurtj;jpy; ngz;fSf;F
cjTtjw; fhf mbf; fb nry; Ntd; . nfhLthkLt vd
miof;fg;gl;l fpuhknkhd;wpy; ehd; ,Ue;Njd;. ,J xU
kpfTk; tsq;Fiwe;j fpuhkk; vd;gJld;> jkJ tPLfspNyNa
jkJ Foe; ijfisg; ngUksT ngz; fs; gpurtpj; Js; shh; fs; .
ehd; xU rpq;fsth; vd;whYk;> vd;dhy; jkpo; Ngr KbAk;
vd;gjdhy; vdf;F nkhopg;gpur;ridfs; ,Uf;ftpy;iy.
vd;id mioj;jhy; ehd; nry;Ntd;. vy;.hp.hp.<.,lkpUe;J
my; yJ fhl; L ahidfsplkpUe; J vdf; F gaKWj; jy;
,y; iynad; W vdf; Fj; njhpAk; . Mdhy; > Nrit mspf; f
vd;dhy; KbAnkd;why; ehd; ngz;fsplk; nry;Ntd;.
- 89 -
8. FLk;gj;jpypUe;J MjuT
ngUksT ghuk; ghpa kUj; Jt khjh; fSf; F murhq; fj; jpdhy; my; yJ
VNjDk; NtW epWtdj; jpdhy; mth; fsJ gzpfs; njhlh; gpy;
MjuT my;yJ ghJfhg;G mjpfsT mspf;fg;glhtpl;lhYk;> jkJ
gzpfspy; <LgLtjw; fhd mth; fsJ jFjpf; F FLk; gj; jpdh;
Kf;fpakhf tpsq;Ffpd;wdh;.
kl;lf;fsg;G
vdJ gzpf; F vdJ fzth; vjph; g; Gj; njhptpg; gjpy; iy. mth;
,uf;fk; nfhs;tJld;> gpurtj;jpw;F nry;Yk; NghJ vd;dhy;
nra;af;$batw;iw nra;Jtpl;L tUkhW vdf;Ff; $Wthh;.
vdf; Fk; > vdJ gzpf; Fk; vdJ FLk; gj; jpdh; mjpfsT
Mjuit mspg; ghh; fs; . ehd; nra; fpd; w gzp; xU kjpf; fj; jf; fJ
vd mth; fs; $Wthh; fs; . mth; fsJ Mjutpdhy; ehd;
gykilfpd;Nwd;.
vkJ rhjp ap Ys; s vtUNk ,t; tifahd gzp iar;
nra; tjp y; iy vdf; $wp vdJ cwtp dh; fs; vjp h; g; Gj;
njhptpj;jdh;. rhjp mj;Jld; ,dj;Jtk; Nghd;w tplaq;fis
ehd; ftdj; jp nfLg; gjp y; iynad ehd; mth; fsp lk;
$WNtd;. ,J xU r%f Nrit. mj;Jld; ehd; ,wf;Fk;
NghJ mtruepiynahd;wpd; NghJ mth;fSf;F cjTtjw;F
ehd; ,Ue;Njd; vd rpyh; epidg;ghh;fs;.
,ttifahd gzpiar; nra;tijapl;L vdJ fztUf;F
tpUg; gkpy; iy. mtUf; F tpUg; gkpy; iynad; why; mtuJ
nrhe; j Ntiyiag; ghh; j; Jf; nfhz; bUf; FkhW ehd;
mtUf;Ff; $wpNdd;. ,uj;jj;jpdhy; %lg;gl;l iffSld;
eP vdf; F czT rikf; fpd; wha; vd mth; vd; dplk; $wpdhh; .
mt; thW mth; $wpa gpd; dh; VidNahUk; vd; id VRtjw; F
Muk; gp j; jhh; fs; . gp urtj; jp y; VjhtJ jtwhf
epfo; e; JtpLnkd; Wk; vdJ fzth; mr; rkile; jhh; . ehd;
,j;Jiwapy; 20 tajpypUe;J <Lgl;bUg;gJld;> ,J khjphp
eilngwtp y; iy. Foe; ijfsp d; gp urtj; jp d; NghJ
gad;gLj;Jtjw;F xU Nrhb ifAiwfis vdf;Fj; njhpe;j
jhjp nahUthp lk; Nfl; Nld; . ,g; NghJ vdJ fzth;
vd;idj; njhe;juT nra;tjpy;iy.
- 90 -
Gj;jsk;
,t; Ntiyiar; nra; tjw; F vdJ fzth; vdf; F
mDkjp asp j; jhh; . Mdhy; > K]; yp k; ngz; nzhUtuhf
,t; tifahd Ntiynahd; iwr; nra; af; $lhnjd vdJ
rNfhjuh; $wp aJld; > mth; vd; Dldhd cwitAk;
mWj;Jtpl;lhh;.
vdJ Ntiyf; F vdJ FLk; gj; jp dh; vjp h; g; Gj;
njhptpf;ftpy;iy. vdJ fzth;> gps;isfs; kw;Wk; NtW
FLk; g cWg; gpdh; fs; vdf; F Cf; fkspf; fpd; wdh; . ehk;
ghuk; ghpa kUj; Jt khjh; fisf; nfhz; l FLk; gk; vd; w
fhuzj;jpdhy; gpur;ridapy;iy.
ehd; epiwNtw; Wfpd; w ,r; Nritf; F vdJ fzthpdJk; >
vdJ FLk;gj;jpduJk; KOikahd MjuT vdf;F cs;sJ.
,g; gzpapy; <LgLtjw; F vdJ FLk; gj; jpdh; (fzth; )
tpUk; Gtjpy; iy. ,jd; fhuzj; jpdhy; ehd; gaTzh; it
miltJz; L. ,g; NghJ kpf mjpfsT gpurtq; fis ftdpj; j
gpd;dh; ehd; gaTzh;it miltjpy;iy. Mdhy;> VjhtJ
jtwhf ele;J> ehd; nghyprhuhy; ifJ nra;ag;gLNtd; vd
vdJ FLk;gj;jpdh; gag;gLfpd;wdh;.
nghyd;dWit
vdJ Ntiyf;F vdJ fzth; vjph;g;Gj; njhptpg;gjpy;iy.
Mdhy; > vdJ gps; isfs; rpwpath; fshf ,Ue; j NghJ
gpurtnkhd;iwf; ftdpj;j gpd;dh; %d;W ehl;fSf;F ehd;
rikg;gjpy;iy. Vnddpy; mJ gw;wp mth; mnrsfhpaj;ij
czh;e;jhh;. jw;NghJ gps;isfs; tsh;e;Js;sJld;> Ntiy
nra; a Ntz; lhnkd; W mth; fs; vdf; Ff; $Wtjpy; iy.
,g;gzpiaapl;L ehd; gag;gLtjpy;iy. gpurtnkhd;iwf;
ftdpf;fr; nry;Yk; NghJ vdf;F cjtpahf ehd; ahNuDk;
xUtiu miog; Ngd; . fh; g; gpzpg; ngz; zpd; jha; eP iuf;
nfhjpf;f itg;gjw;F cjtpnra;thh;. Mdhy;> gpurtj;ijf;
ftdpj;J> Foe;ijia ehNd Fspg;ghl;LNtd;.
- 91 -
,uTNtisfspy; Ntiyf; fhf ehd; ntspNa nry; tijapl; L
vdJ fzth; kfpo;r;rpailakhl;lhh;. vdJ NtiyAld;
gp ur; ridfs; ,Uf; ff; $Lnkd mth; gag; gLtJz; L.
Mdhy; > ehd; xUNghJNk gpur; rpidia mDgtpf; ftpy; iy.
VidNahu; $Wtij vd;dhy; nrtpkLf;fKbahJ.
vdJ Nritfs; mtrpag;gLk; Nghnjy;yhk; vdJ fzth;
te;J vd;id ,wf;fptpLthh;.
rpq;fsg; ngz;> nghyd;dWit
vdJ xd; gJ gps; isfSk; tP l; bNyNa gpwe; jhh; fs; .
njhg; Gs; nfhb ntl; lg; gl; l gpd; dh; er; Rf; nfhbiag;
Gijg;gjw;Fk;> ePiuf; nfhjpf;fitg;gjw;Fk; vdf;F vdJ
fzth; cjtpaspg;ghh;.
me; ehl; fsp y; vdJ fzth; vjp h; f; ftp y; iy. Mdhy; >
,e;ehl;fspy; rpfpr;ir epiyak; cs;sjd; fhuzkhf mth;
vjph;f;fpd;whh;. rpfpr;ir epiyaj;jpy; kUj;Jt khJ xUth;
,Ug;gJld;> mth; vkf;F njhe;juit Vw;gLj;Jthh; vd
vdJ fzth; gag;gLfpd;whh;. Mdhy;> ehd; ngz;fSf;F
cjtpnra;aNtz;Lnkd czh;fpd;Nwd;. ,jdhy; ehd; vdJ
gzpia njhlh;fpd;Nwd;.
vdJ gp s; isfsp d; je; ij cap Uld; ,Ue; j NghJ
gpurtq;fSf;fhf ehd; nrd;w Nghnjy;yhk;> mth; vd;Dld;
,ize; J tUthh; . ehd; vdJ gzpia Kbf; Fk; tiu
tPl;bYs;sth;fSld; mth; mkh;e;jpUe;J fijg;ghh;.
vdJ fzth; vdf; F cjTtJz; L. rp y Ntisfsp y;
tPnlhd;Wf;F tUkhW vd;idf; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhy; mth;
jdJ irf; fp sp y; nfhz; L te; J ,wf; fp tp Lthh; . NtW
Ntisfspy; vdJ gzp KbAk; tiu mq; Nf fhj; jpUe; J
vd;idj; jpUk;gTk; tPl;Lf;F $l;bf; nfhz;LtUthh;.
- 92 -
9. Kbj;Jitf;Fk; mtjhdpg;Gfs;
,f; fl; Liuap y; > ghuk; ghp a kUj; Jt khjh; fsp d; nrhe; jf;
fhp ridfisAk; > rthy; fisAk; KidTgLj; Jtjw; fhf>
mth;fsplkpUe;J Neubahd Nkw;Nfhs;fis ehd; vLj;Js;Nsd;.
vdNt> ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jt khjh;fspd; tuyhwh? vd;w Nfs;tpf;F
ehk; kPsr;nry;fpNwhk;. mg;gbay;y vdj; njhpfpd;wJ. ,e;ehl;by;
Nkhjyhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gFjpfspy; r%fr; rlq;Ffs; njhlh;gpYk;>
ngz;fspd; MNuhf;fpak; kw;Wk; Nrkeyd; Mfpad njhlh;gpYk;
Mjutspg;gpyhd tfpgq;nfhd;iwg; ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jt khjh;fs;
nra;jpUg;gJld;> njhlh;e;JNk nra;fpd;whh;fs;. ,uhZt Nkhjy;
jPtpukilAk; NghJk;> murhq;fr; Rfhjhu NritfSf;F ,ila+W
Vw; gLk; my; yJ mJ gytP dk; milAk; NghJk; mth; fsJ tfpgq; F
Fwpg;gpl;l tpjj;jpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; nfhz;ljhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
,j;jifa Neuq;fspd; NghJ> gpurtj;jpYk;> Gjpa jha;khh;fspdJk;>
mth; fsJ Foe; ijfspdJk; eilKiwapyhd guhkhpg; gpYk;
cjTtjpy; ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jtkhjpd; jPtpukhd rk;ge;jk; cs;sJ.
murhq; fj; jpdhy; epakpf; fg; gl; l nghJ Rfhjhu kUj; Jt khjh; fspd;
Nritfs; cldbahff; fpilf; fhjtplj; J my; yJ ,uhZtr;
nraw; ghLfsp d; fhuzkhf ngsjP f efUk; jd; ik kP jhd
fl; Lg; ghLfspd; fhuzkhf mila Kbahjtplj; J ,ilntspia
mth;fs; epug;Gfpd;whh;fs;.
ghuk; ghpa kUj; Jt khjh; fshfg; gzpahw; Wk; ngUk; ghyhd
ngz;fs; tajhd re;jjpiar; Nrh;e;jth;fs; vd;gJld;> rpy ,sk;
ngz; fSk; mth; fsJ gzpia Nkw; nfhs; tjw; fhf ,ize; J
nfhs; fp d; wdh; . ,J ehL KOtJk; mNdfkhf fp l; Lfp d; w
jrhg; jfhyq; fisf; nfhz; l ep WtdhP jp ap yhd Rfhjhug;
guhkhp g; Gf; F njhlh; GgLj; jg; gl KbAk; . Nkhjyp dhy;
khw; wkilfp d; w jP tp uj; jd; ikf; Fk; kw; Wk; ; Nkhjyp dhy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;l/ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;w gFjpfSf;F murhq;fk; Rfhjhug;
guhkhp g; G tp ep Nahfj; ij kP s; fl; bnaOg; GjYf; Fk; /
kP sj; jhgp; g; gjw; Fk; ghuk; ghpa kUj; Jt khjh; fspd; gzpfspy;
,ize;Jnfhs;Sk; ,sk; ngz;fspd; Fiwe;j vz;zpf;;iffSf;F
njhlh; GgLj; j KbAk; . ,g; gFjp fsp y; tho; fp d; wth; fsp d;
,dg; ngUf; fj; Njitfis ep iwNtw; Wtjw; F ep Wtd/
itj; jp arhiyg; guhkhp g; gp d; Kf; fp aj; Jtj; ijap l; L
Neh; Kfq; fhzg; gl; l ghuk; ghp a kUj; Jtkhjh; fs; kj; jp ap y;
Mh;tj;jpyhd tpopg;gpanyhd;W ,Ue;jJ.
murhq; fj; jp dhy; gap w; Wtp f; fg; gl; lJk; > rl; lg+ h; tkhf
mq; fP fhp f; fg; gl; lJkhd me; j]; ijAk; > tfp gq; nfhd; iwAk;
nfhz; l nghJ Rfhjhu kUj; Jt khjh; fSf; Fk; > fpuhk kl; lj; jpyhd
- 93 -
ghuk; ghp a kUj; Jt khjh; fSf; Fk; ,ilap yhd nfLgp b
epiyahdJ rfy %d;W khtl;lq;fisAk; Nrh;e;j ngz;fspdhy;
ed; F cr; rhp f; fg; gl; bUe; jJ. mjp fsT ep Wtd hP jp ap yhd
mjpfhuj; ij nghJ Rfhjhu kUj; Jt khjh; fs; nrYj; JtJld; >
rk; ge; jg; gl; l mjpfhuth; f; fj; jpdUf; F ghuk; ghpa kUj; Jt khJ
xUtiu KiwapLtjw; F mjpfhuj; ijf; nfhz; Ls; shh; fs; vd; gJ
njspthdjhFk;. mNjNtis> tpNrlkhf fh;g;gk;> fUtskpd;ik
kw; Wk; MNuhf; fp aj; jp d; nghJthd ep akq; fs; Mfp atw; wp d;
rp f; fy; fisf; ftdj; jp w; nfLg; gjp y; vt; thW itj; jp arhiy
Nritfs; ngz; fSf; F rpwe; j Kiwapy; Nritahw; w KbAk;
vd; gijap l; L ghuk; ghp a kUj; Jt khjh; fs; vt; thW
mq; fP fhpf; fpd; whh; fs; vd; gjw; fhd rhd; Wk; cs; sJ. vdpDk; >
gp urtj; jp w; F rp Nrhp ad; rj; jp urp fp r; ir Kiwik mjp fhp j; j
ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jt khjh;fSf;F gpujhd fhpridifspy; xd;whf
njhlh;e;JNk ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
VNjDk; ,dg; ngUf; f Rfhjhug; guhkhp g; gp idg;
nghWg;Ngw;gjpypUe;J murhq;fj;jpdhy; ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jt khJ
jPtpukhf mijhpag;gLj;jg;gLk; re;jh;g;gnkhd;wpy; jdJ njhpT
nra;ag;gl;l njhopypy; <LgLtjw;fhd mtuJ jFjpf;F FLk;g
MjuT Kf; fp akhdjhf tp sq; Ffp d; wJ. ,e; j Mjuit jhk;
nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy vd ngUksT ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jt khjh;fs;
gpufldg; gLj; jpa mNjNtis> jP l; bdJk; (Foe; ij gpwg; gpy;
,uj; jj; Jld; ,ize; j) rhjpapdJk; fhuzq; fspdhy; gzpf; F
FLk;gj;jpd; vjph;g;Gf;fis rpyh; Rl;bf;fhl;bdh;.
Nkhjypy; kpfTk; jpl; ltl; lkhd mk; rq; fis mDgtpj; Js; s ,e; j
3 khtl;lq;fisr; Nrh;e;j ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jt khjh;fspd; fy;tpapd;
kl; lkhdJ rhh; GhP jp ap y; FiwthdJ vd; gJld; > ep Wtd
hP jpapyhd/Kiwikahd gapw; rp NkhrkhdjhFk; . mNjNtis>
gzpfspy; mDgtj;Jld; Nrh;e;J NgWfhy kUj;Jt cjtp kPjhd
Kiwrhuh mwpTWj; jy; cah; thdjhFk; . jkJ gzpapy; jk; ik
topfhl; Ltjw; F Kiwikahd epWtd hP jpapyhd gapw; rpiag; nghJ
Rfhjhu kUj; Jt khjh; fs; gad; gLj; Jfpd; w mNjNtis> NtW
ghuk; ghp a kUj; Jtkhjh; fsp lkp Ue; J my; yJ rp wp jsT
Kiwikahd gapw; rpia ngw; Wf; nfhz; lth; fsplkpUe; J ghuk; ghpa
kUj;Jtkhjh;fs; mjpfsT jq;fpAs;sdh;. fhspak;khspdJk; (jkpo;
kw; Wk; rp q; fs ghuk; ghp a kUj; Jt khjh; fs; kj; jp ap y; )
my;yh;tpdJk; (K];ypk; ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jt khjh;fs; kj;jpapy;)
mUspy;; ek;gpf;ifapd; jkJ gykhd czh;tpdhy; njhpfpd;wthW>
ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jt khjh;fspd; MjuT tiyg;gpd;dypy; cs;ika
ghfnkhd; whf ngz; flTs; fisAk; > flTs; fisAk; tzq; FjYk;
kw;Wk; fUtsk; njhlh;gpyhd rlq;FfSk; tpsq;Ffpd;wd vd
- 94 -
tpthjpf;f KbAk;. ,e;jg; ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jt khjh;fspd; cyfpy;>
mjhtJ xU re; jjp ap yp Ue; J ,d; ndhd; Wf; F mwp itAk; >
mDgtj; ijAk; ghp khWjy; > ngz; nja; tq; fsp dJk; >
nja;tq;fspdJk; mUis Ntz;Lfpd;w rl;lq;fspy; cs;s epahak;
Mfpad ghlg; Gj; jfq; fspd; Clhf mwpitj; Njhw; Wtpj; jypd;
etP dkag; gLj; Jk; mikg; igAk; > nghJ Rfhjhu kUj; Jt
khjh; fsp d; mwp tp d; mbg; gilia mikf; Fk; kUj; Jtr;
rhjdq;fspd; cgNahfj;ijAk; vLf;fpd;wd.
,e; j %d; W khtl; lq; fs; KOtJk; ghuk; ghp a
kUj; Jtkhjh; fspdhy; gad; gLj; jg; gLk; %ypifj; jP h; Tfspd;
tiffsp y; rkr; rP h; jd; iknahd; Ws; sJ. KUq; ifg; gl; il
(KUq;if kuj;jpd; gl;il)> Ntg;ngz;nza;> nte;jak;> kw;Wk;
kpsF Nghd;w cs;@h; jhtuq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,it
ahTNk njd; Mrpahtpd; ngUksT gFjpfspy; nghJthfNt
gad; gLj; jg; gLk; mbg; gilap yhd MAh; Ntj kUj; Jt
$l; Lg; nghUl; fshFk; . ,e; ehl; by; Rfhjhug; guhkhp g; gp d;
MAh; Ntj ghuk; ghp aj; Jld; ghuk; ghp a kUj; Jtkhjh; fs;
nfhz; Ls; s neUf; fkhd njhlh; gp id ,e; j mwp T gykhf
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. kpfTk; Kf;fpakhf> Rfg;gLj;Jk; MAh;Ntjg;
ghuk; ghpaj; jpDs; mg; ngz; fs; Mw; Wtjw; F nfhz; Ls; sJk; >
Mw;Wtij njhlh;fpd;wJkhd epiyia ,J Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
,dg; ngUf; fr; Rfhjhuj; jpd; Jiwapy; RNjrpa ngz; MAh; Ntj
Neha; jP h; g; gth; fspdhy; ghuk; ghpa nghWg; Ngw; fpd; w cs; ika
tfpgq;F kPJ MAh;Ntj kUj;Jtk; kPJ eilKiwapyhd gpujhd
nghJNthl; lf; fUj; jhly; ftdpf; f Ntz; ba tifapy; mikjpahf
,Ug;gjdhy;> ,J Fwpg;gpl;l tpjj;jpy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
Nkhjyp dhy; ghjp f; fg; gl; l gFjp fsp y; tho; fp d; wJk; >
gzpahw; Wfpd; wJkhd ghuk; ghpa kUj; Jt khjh; fspd; mDgtq; fs; >
mNdfkhf jkJ cs; @hpyhd mbg; gilapyhd> r%fhP jpapy;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sj;jf;f ,dg;ngUf;f Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;Gj; jpwd;fs;
kP J rdr%fq; fsp y; jq; fp ap Uj; jyp d; jp l; ltl; lkhd
mbg;gilapyhd cz;ikepiyfis mq;fPfhpg;gjw;fhd kpfTk;
gykhd Mjhukhfg; ghh; f; fg; gl KbAk; . ghJfhg; ghdJk; >
fpukkhdJkhd Nghf; Ftuj; jpd; gw; whf; Fiw> mbf; fbapyhd
,uhZtr; nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; ,e;j twpa rdr%fq;fs; kj;jpapy;
tsq;fspd; gw;whf;Fiw Nghd;w xd;wpize;j fhuzpfs; nghpJk;
mNdfkhf murhq; fr; Rfhjhu Nrit Mszpapdiu my; yJ
ep Wtdq; fis miltjw; F ,Ug; gjp yp Ue; J ngz; fisj;
jLf; fpd; wJ. Nkyjpfkhf> jkpo; NgRk; rdr%fq; fs; kj; jpapy;
tho;fpd;w ,g;ngz;fspy;; ngUk;ghyhdth;fs; fpuhk kl;lj;jpy;
jkpo; NgRk; nghJ Rfhjhu kUj; Jt khjh; fspdhy; mbf; fb
- 95 -
Nritaspf; fg; gLtjpy; iy. ,j; jifanjhU #oiktpy; > f\; lkhd
gFjpfspy; tho; fpd; w ngz; fs; rpwg; ghf Nritahw; wf; $ba
topfis kP s; -ghP l; rpg; gjw; fhd mtrpaj; ij Vw; Wf; nfhs; tjw; F
xUth; fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gLfpd;whh;.
Special Thanks | fYaI ia;=;sh | ed;wp
WMC would like to thank theRural Development Foundation (RDF), Puttalam,
the Polonnaruwa Womens District Committee and, the Suriya Womens
Development Centre, Batticaloa for facilitating the research for this study.
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ccO o ecc_cO cccoc oc: c:ac: eOoa eoc:ac oOc.
ngz;fs; njhlu;G Clff; $l;likg;ghy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ,t;tha;tpw;F
cjtp Gupe;j fpuhk mgptpUj;jp xd;wpak; Gj;jsk;> khtl;lg; ngz;fs;
FO nghyd; eWit kw; Wk; #upah ngz; fs; mgptpUj; jp epiyak;
kl;lf;fsg;G MfpNahUf;F vkJ ed;wpfs;.
Cover Photo | ljrfha PdhdrEmh | ml;ilg; glk;
A Traditional Midwife Theresamma who has delivered more than a hundred
babies. Photo by Sepali Kottegoda
7__a cccc qc eco:Occ oeo_:O c_c :cec DaaiOc o_a
cccc c_ ocoo8e:. :c:o:cc oc:_ oc:0ocoe:c Da.
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kUj;Jt khJ jpNurk;kh. ml;ilg; glk;: Nrghyp Nfhl;Nlnfhl
Sinhala Translation Mahinda Hattaka
isxy, mj;kh eoa occc
rpq;fs nkhopngau;g;G k`pe;j `j;jf
Tamil Translation Robert Vethanayagam
fou< mj;kh oo:0 oOa:ce8
jkpo; nkhopngau;g;G nuhNgl; Ntjehafk;
Sinhala Copy Editing Sumika Pereraa
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rpq;fs tbtg; gjpg;G Rkpf;fh ngNuuh
Tamil Copy Editing Kuhanity Kuganeshan
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jkpo; tbtg; gjpg;G Ffepjp FfNerd;
Cover and Page Layout Velayudan Jayachithra
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gf;fq;fs; tbtikg;G NtyhAjd; n[ar;rpj;uh
Printing Globe Printing Works
uqKh eo_:7 caDe Ooc
mr;Rg; gjpg;G FNyhg; gpupz;bq; tu;f;];

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