Material: stone and brick System: columnar and trabaeted Comparative analysis: Plans- irregular and asymmetrical Wall- no windows (batter wall !penings- doors are s"uare headed #oo$- $lat roo$ Columns- interior only, %d - bud & bell, palm, $oliated, hatthor head, osiris, polygonal Mouldings- torus and gorge PRINCIPAL BUILDINGS: Egyptian Tombs: Mastaba- stairway, hal$shrunk, elaborate structure elements: o$$ering chapel w' stele (slab serdab (statue chamber sarcophagus Pyrami- s"uare in plan, oriented in cardinal sides elements: o$$ering chapel mortuary chapel elevated causeway (passageway valley building (embalmment types: step ((oser slope blunt (sene$eru Ro!"#!$t# mo$ntain si% tombs elements: passages sepultural chamber Egyptian T%mp&%s: CULT TEMPLE- worship o$ the gods M'RTUARY TEMPLE- to honor the pharos elements: pylon (entrance or gateway hypaethral court (open to the sky court hypostyle hall (pillard or columnar hall sanctuary MIN'R TEMPLE- mammisi temple (carved along mountain 'BELIS( TEMPLE (monumental pillars, s"uare in plan Sphinx: (mythical monsters) Mastaba o) T*i+ Sakkara- Pyrami o) Gi,%*# C*%ops+ C*%pr%n+ My"%rinos Tombs o) t*% (ings, )hebes T*% Gr%at T%mp&% o) Arna" (greatest e*ample o$ +gyptian temple Gr%at Sp*in- at Gi,%* (god horus +gyptian ,rchitects: S%n$s$r%ts- built the earliest known obelisk at -eliopolis Am%n%m*at .- $ounded the great temple at /arnak T*ot*m%s I- began the additions to the temple o$ ,mnon /arnak Am%nop*is III- built the $amous Colossi o$ Memnon Ram%s%s I- began the hypostyle hall at /arnak S%ti I- built the temple at ,bu- Simber Pto&%my II- built the pharos o$ 0ight -ouse Pto&%my III- $ounded the 1reat Seradeum at ,le*andria ASIASIASTIC ARCHITECTURE .EST ASIA BABYL'NEAN AND ASSYRIAN Character: simplicity, massiveness, grandeur Material: brick System: arch and vault Comparative analysis: Plan - palaces are elevated on plat$orms w' room covered by vaults Walls - are built with sun died bricks, battlement cresting
ASSYRIA finished w/ chiseled alabaster slab !penings - doors are semicircular headed w' sculptured monstrers #oo$ - e*ternally appeared $lat but covered by brick vaults internally Columns - no columns Mouldings- no mouldings !rnaments- chiseled alabaster slab Principal buildings: 2iggurat: holy mountains ,rchaic (iggurats- rectangular w' upper temple Multi level (iggurats- 3 to 4 tiers ,ssyrian (iggurats- s"uare in plan w' continous ramp w' $ire altar Palace: usually built by ,ssyrian elements: seraglio- palace proper harem- private $amily apartments khan- service chamber Palace o$ Sarbon, Corsabat PERSIAN (architect o$ light and airy magni$icence, open type plan Material: stone $or columns, brick $or wall sur$ace, timber $or roo$ System: royal palace are built on plat$orms to achieve monumentality : columnar and trabaeted Comparative analysis: Plan - open widely spaced columns Wall - made o$ bricks covered w' polychrome brickwork !penings - windows and doors are s"uare headed #oo$ - $latroo$ made o$ timber Columns - tall & slender w' $lutted sha$ts, 54d & scroll, twin horse capital Mouldings- 1reek & +gyptian !rnament- polychrome brickwork Palace Plat$orm, Persopolis Propylaea, 6er*es Palace o$ 7arius Palace o$ Cerces -ypostyle -all o$ Cerces -all o$ -undred Columns GREE( ARCHITECTURE Character: Simplicity & harmony Purity o$ line Per$ection o$ proportions #e$inement o$ details Material: marble System: columnar and trabaeted +arly Period' Minoan or Mycenaean Principal buildings: Megaron: domestic unit elements: enclosed porch megaron proper thalamus- sleeping room Walls: 58 cyclopean 38 polygonal 98 rectangular :8 inclined blocks )ombs: #ock -Cut- rectangular chamber cut deep into the mountainside )holos- is a subterranean vault, circular in shape - dromos- passageway Palaces: Palace /ing Minos, /nossos -elenic Period- religious structures Comparative ,nalysis: (1reek )emples Simple & balance, symmetrical #ectangular Principal buildings: )emples: elements: $ront portico crepidoma- stylobate, steriobate pronaos naos epinaos' posticum w' or w'o opisthodomos peroma- space bet the naos wall and columns ;umber o$ columns: -enostyle 7inostyle )ristyle )etrastyle Pentastyle -e*astyle -ectastyle !ctostyle +nnastyle 7ecastyle 7odestyle ,rrangement o$ Columns: ,ntis, ,mphi-antis Prostyle, ,mphi-prostyle Peripteral, Pseudo-peropteral +dipteral, Pseudo-dipteral Comparative analysis: Wall- solidly constructed o$ blocks or stones, use o$ dowels or clamps !penings- doors, windows & colonnade are s"uare headed #oo$- w' sloping ra$ters covered w' thin marble slab to permit light - lacunaria (co$$er Column- principal e*ternal $eature !rders .ntroduced by 1reeks: 7oric !rder .onic order Corinthian !rder Parts: +ntablature- cornice $rie(e architrade Column- capital sha$t base Proportion o$ 1reek !rders 7oric !rder- $avored by 1reeks Column- :-%< 7 )ablature- = height o$ order .onic !rder Column- >7 )ablature- 5'4 height o$ order Corinthian !rder Column- 5?7 )ablature- 5'4 height o$ order 7oric !rder: ,bachus +chinus )rachelion -ypotrachelion +ntasis .onic !rder: ,bachus +chinus- volute ,ttic base i$ 3 torus )orus Plinth Corinthian !rder: ,bachus Cauli-coli ,canthus leaves .ntercolumnation Spaces: -ypnostyle- 5 < d Systyle- space bet col 3d +ustyle- space 3 5':d 7iastyle- 9d ,reostyle- 9 < d Principal buildings: )emples: elements: acroterion pediment tympanum entablature metope triglyph raking cornice crepidoma +ntablature spacing: Monotriglyph 7itriglyph Polytriglyph Mouldings- parabola hyperbola elipse @asis o$ Shape o$ Mouldings- Cyma riversa' olgee- Waterlea$ & tongue Cyma recta- ,ntheneon or honey suckle !volo- +gg & dart or egg & tongue ,tragal' bead- @ead & reel )orus- 1uilloche or plait Corona- Aret Aillet cavetto escocia- Plain Sculptured relie$s- $ree standing statuary- single or group $igures )ypes: bigas- 3 horse chariot Buadbigas- : horse chariot )hemenos- sacred enclosure ,cropolis, ,thens - Propelea- gateway - Pinacotheca- paintings - 1lyptotheca- sculptures - Statue o$ ,thena Promochos - +rechtheon- unusual because o$ carriage porch - !ld )emple o$ ,thena - Parthenon- largest - geatest e*ample o$ greek architecture - archt8 .ctinus - master sculptor- Callicrates - 7oric temple - naos- made o$ gold and ivory - holds the statue o$ ,thena - )heater o$ 7ionysius - )emple o$ ;ike ,pteros- archt Callicrates - .onic temple )emple o$ 2eus, ,grigentum- 3 nd largest
- archt )heron
- 9 naos
- ,tlantes $igure )emple o$ ,rtemis- archt 7einocrates - master sculptor- Scopas 1reek )heater- hallow out o$ hillside - 3'9 o$ circle elements: cavea orchestra- complete circle at center skene- proscenia (oration - paracenia- width o$ orchestra - epicenium- background )heater o$ 7ionysus, ,thens- prototype
- largest $or 9?,??? people )heater o$ +pidauror- most beauti$ul & preserved - archt Polycletos -elenistic Period- civic structure Principal buildings: ,gora- town s"uare, center o$ social & business li$e Stoa- shed, long colonnade Prytaneion- senate building @ouleuterion- council palace ,udeion- smaller scale theater, used $or musical Stadium- $oot race course -ipodrome- hose chariot racing, prototype o$ roman circus Palaestra- resting school 1ymnasium- place $or all types o$ physical e*ercises )omb- mosoleum elements: pediment podium R'MAN ARCHITECTURE Character: Castness & magni$icence !lstentation & ornateness Material: po((olana & lime System: columnar, trabaeted & arcuated Comparative analysis: Plan- assymetrical due to comple*ity o$ needs o$ romans Walls- made o$ stone & concrete )ypes:!pus "uadratum !pus incertum !pus reticulatum !pus testaceum !pus mi*tum - introduction o$ buttresses )ypes:;iche' hemicycle- retaining wall, detached Spur buttress- attached to wall Pinnacle- similar to spur but more pronounced elements o$ arch: keystone e*trados intrados string course impost abutment plinth archivault voussoir blocks stilting rise spring line span #oo$- vaulting system types: semi circular' wagon headed vault (made o$ bricks cross vault dome' cupula Column- Composite- .onic volute w' Corinthian )uscan- similar to 1reek 7oric w' base Column- D7 )ablature- 5 9':7 7oric !rder- Column- E7 )ablature- 37 .onic !rder Column- >7 )ablature- 35':d Corinthian !rder Column- 5?7 )ablature- 3 5'37 Mouldings- heavily decorated !rnament- mosaic- $loor, wall ceiling ()esserrae types: opusteselatum- s"uare $or ceilings opusectile- tesserae cut into shapes $or wall opuspilatum- inchevron $or $loor - mural paintings - accantus scroll- most popular Principal buildings: Aorum- a central open shape used as a meeting place, market or rendevous $or political demonstration8 Aorum #omanum- oldest & most important Aorum o$ )raFan- largest $orum #ectangular )emples )emple o$ Cenus, #ome- ,ppolodorus o$ 7amascus Pantheon #ome ( Sta8 Maria #otunda- ,gripa (corinthian temple @asilica- hall o$ Fustice & commercial e*change )raFanGs @asilica, #ome- ,ppolodorus o$ 7amascus )hermae- palatial public bath @alneum- private bath $or $amily elements: 58 main building- tepidarium- warm lounge - calidarium- hot water bath - sudotorium- hottest room $rigidarium- cooling room w' piscana or swimming bath - unctoria- per$ume & oil 38 *ystus- large open space w' landscaping,sta dium $ro various types o$ athletic sports 98 outer ring o$ apartments- lecture room, e*edrae, stores :8 hypocaust- $urnace )hermae o$ Caracalla )hermae !$ 7iocletian )heaters- orchestra is used by important people - skene became the stage )heater o$ Marcellus, #ome- concrete )heater !range- partly concrete ,mphitheatre- gladitoria contests Colloseum, #ome- vast ellipse ,rchts- Cespasian
7omitian Circus- $or horse & chariot racing elements: spina carceres Circus ma*imus, #ome- largest )ombs Classes: 58 Coemetera w' Columbaria- a niche in the rock containing ashes o$ the dead 0oculi- recess $or corpse w'c were sealed w' a $ront slab 38 Monumental tombs- similar to the 1reek mousoleum in $orm & plan Mausoleum o$ ,gustus, #ome Mausoleum o$ -adrian, #ome (Castle o$ ,ngelo 98 Pyramidal tombs :8 )emple shaded tombs 48 Sculptured memorials- minor tombs o$ varied designs %8 Cenotaphs- memorial monum ents to person buried elsewh ere Commemorative Monuments 58 )riumphal arch- 9 openings, $or emperors Pilar o$ victory' memorial column- record triumph o$ victorius generals )raFanGs Column- 7oric column, arch )itus 98 #ostral column- victorius campaigns done in sea victories Palaces Palaces o$ +meperors, #ome- by emeperor ,gustus Palace o$ 7iocletian, Spalato- largest #oman -ouses Cilla- country house .nsula- tenement house $or workers 7omus- private house elements: 58 prothyrum 38 atrium- entrance court open to the sky
impluvium- water cistern 98 tablium- open saloon :8 peristyle- inner colonnaded court (open 48 cubicula- bedrooms %8 triclina- dining room D8 oecus- reception room E8 alae- reception $or conversation >8 kitchen & pantry ,"ueduct- $or water supply o$ towns & cities ,"uaclaudia- Caligula & Claudius Pontgard, ;imes- mos mani$icent 34 miles long Pons- roman bridges Aountains )ypes: 0ocus' 0acus- large basin o$ water Salientes- provide water +truscan Period .ntroduced radiating arch )uscan column' similar to 1reek 7oric w' base ,trium in domestic planning EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE Character: Simplicity in design and treatment Coarseness in e*ecution Material: savaged $rom pagan structures @asilican plan $or churches (east oriented System: trabaeted & arcuated Comparative analysis: Plan- evolved $rom roman basilica built on site o$ saints burial places elements: bell tower atrium- with $ountain narthe* nave- sude aisles choir- cancelli (low walls high altar- baldochino, crypt' con$essio' cimborium ambo apse- $or bishops & cardinals Materials: Masonry & concrete Walls- e*terior- concrete w' plain plasters - interior- mosaic !penings- arcaded, doors & windows are span w' semicircular arches lintels or entablature #oo$s-;ave- timber trusses Side aisles- semicircular arches ,pse- side dome Columns- : roman columns Mouldings- roman mouldings are adapted, very crude !rnament- linked to Christian religion 3 basic ornaments: mosaic mural paintings +*ample o$ @asilican Churches: @asilican Church o$ St8 Peter, #ome Church o$ St8 Hohn 0ateran BY/ANTINE ARCHITECTURE #emoved the atrium ;arthe* became the entrance Covered by dome roo$- e*ternal $eatures Character: Simplicity in e*ternal design #ichness in internal treatment Material: bricks used $or walls & concrete $or domes Marble $or columns System: $usion o$ domical construction Classic columnar & trabaeted style Comparative analysis: Plan- 1reek cross plan Walls- bricks +*terior- brick in various design .nterior- mosaic & marble !penings- are spanned by semicircular arches or lintels Windows- 9I thick translucent marble #oo$- dome )ypes: Simple- pendentives, dome Compound- supported by drum Melon shaped- with $lutings Columns: dosseret block, so$$it, capitals Mouldings: @illet moulding Mosaic Mural paintings !rnaments: symbolism Peacock- symbol o$ eternal li$e +ndless knot- eternity Chirho- Hesus Christ Sta8 So$$ia o$ Constantinople, -agia Sophia- $or emperor Hustinian ,rch8 ,rthemus o$ )ralles .sodorus o$ Miletus - now a muslim mos"ue St8 Mark, Cenice .taly- most important e*ample o$ @y(antine R'MANES0UE- Jroman like artI Character: Sober & 7igni$ied Material: stone & brick $or 1ermany System: arcuated principle o$ e"uilibrium through vaulting system made up o$ rib & panel vaulting Comparative analysis: Plan- 0atin Cross plan (west oriented +*ternal $eature- towers on nave & transept, $acades Walls- supported by pilaster strips Windows- rose or wheel windows #oo$: #ib & panel Caulting 58 "uadripartite 38 se*partite Column: Mouldings- are usually in hori(ontal courses, deviated $rom roman !rnamets- $resco paintings- principal - vegetable & animals $orms Principal buildings: Monastery +lements: Monastery church Cloister court .nner court Common court Co$ntri%s t*at aapt% Roman%s1$%: .),0K Central .taly- ornamental $aLade- rising one $rom another ;orth .taly- rose window Pi((a Cathedral Pi((a Campanile Cathedral @aptistery A#+;C- #!M,;+SBM+ Southern Arance- Muslim in$luence due to pointed arch ;orthern .taly- $lanking towers Madeleine Ce(elay- earliest $orm o$ cross-pointed vault in Arance ,bbaye-,u* -omes, Caen !rder- prototype o$ 1othic 1+#M,; #!M,;+SBM+ +ast & west apse Worms Cathedral- emperor Charlemagne G'THIC ARCHITECTURE Arance- style ogivale - lo$ty & aspiry "uality - structural honesty - economy in use o$ material System: ,rcuated w' Pointed ,rches Material: stone Principal building: Cathedral- 0atin Cross (west oriented Plan- asymmetrical Walls- rubble masonry, buttress to support walls #oo$- ribbed & paneled vaulting Column- group column Mouldings- :4 deg $rom wall !rnaments- stained glass & $igured sculpture Co$ntri%s t*at aapt% Got*i!: A#+;C- 1!)-.C 58 Primary' 0ancet Period- pointed arches & geometric tracery windows 38 #ayonnant Period- circular windows w' wheel tracery 98 Alamboyant Period- $lame like or $ree $lowing tracery Principal @uildings: Cathedrals ;otre 7ame, Paris- oldest 1othic Cathedral @y bishop Maurice 7e Sully Ainest & most characteristic Arench gothic Chartres Cathedral- 59? stained galss windows Pro$ussion o$ sculptured $igures in west $ront #heims Cathedral- coronation church o$ kings o$ Arance 4?? carved statues on west $acades ,meins Cathedral- archt #obert de 0u(arches )ypical Arench cathedral Carved woodwork on choir stalls @eauvais Cathedral- tallest in +urope, 54DG to the vault 5 o$ the wonders o$ medieval in Arance Aorti$ied )owns Carcassone- 4? towers, moat & walls Castles Chateau de Perre$onds- elongated location, overlooking town ,rch8 Ciollet- le- 7uc +;10.S- 1!)-.C +nglish gothic vaulting: $ormerets diagonal ribs ridge ribs transverse ribs tierceron boss- covering o$ ribs (pendant Moulding- nail head 7ouble cone 7og tooth cable @all $lower )ablet $lower +mbatled sandwich Classi$ication o$ +nglish 1othic Mouldings: 58 bowtel- N o$ a circle 38 pointed bowtel- roll moulding in w'c 3 $aces meet in a blunt arris 98 bracket' brace- double ogee :8 wave moulding- a slight conne*ity $ollowed by hallows 48 keel moulding %8 scroll D8 casement E8 hood & label )ypes o$ )russes: 58 tie beam 38 trusted ra$ter 98 hammer beam :8 collar beam 48 aisle roo$ Principal @uildings: Cathedrals 5 st div- Cathedral o$ the !ld Aoundation- served by secular clergy Kork Cathedral- largest cathedral among +nglish cathedral Salisbury Cathedral- +nglish gothic caharcteristic Winchester Cathedral- longest 9 rd div- Cathedrals o$ the ;ew Aoundation- served by bishops presence o$ 3 chapels- lady chapel- Cirgin Mary
- chantry chapel- patrons are burried Monastery Westminster ,bbey- largest @enedictine Aounation )riple group o$ monastery Coronation church & burial place $or +ng kings #oyal Palace- parliament & @ig @en Westminster Church- highest Castles )ower o$ 0ondon- builder @ishop 1undol$ $or William . Manor -ouse -ampton Court Palace- archt Cardinal Wolsey Mniversity Mniversity o$ !*$ord Cambridge Mniversity @+01.MM & 7+M)C- 1!)-.C -eastern & western apse Principal @uildings: -all Church St8 +li(abeth, Manburg- typical church in 1ermany Cologne Cathedral- largest gothic church in ;orthern +urope .),0.,; 1!)-.C Milan Cathedral- 3 nd largest church in +urope archt -enrich Con 1munden Sienna Cathedral- stripped marble $ound in walls & tiers o$ church Santo Corce- ,rnol$o de Cambio, 5 o$ largest in +urope Alorence Cathedral- combination o$ gothic & renaissance ,rnol$o de Cambio Aamous group bldg in the world 7ogeGs Palace in .taly- civic e*ample gothic in .taly 1iovanni & @artolome @uon Ca 7G !ro- one o$ the $amous palatial homes during gothic period SP,;.S- 1!)-.C - in$luenced by Muslim art- e*cessive ornament $oun in retablo - retablo & grilles or raFas- back o$ altar Civic Cathedral- largest Cathedral in +urope 0argest Church: St8 PeterGs Cathedral Civic Cathedral William Cathedral Colon Cathedral St8 Pauls, 0ondon RENAISSANCE# Jrebirth o$ classicalI Character: 7ignity & Aormality achieved thru symmetry System: )rabaeted and ,rcuated +lements: pediment, hori(ontal cornice, columnar arcade @aro"ue- curve lines 58 twisted column' solomonica 38 pediment segmented scrolled open swan neck broken #ococo Comparative analysis: Plans- symmetrical Walls- o$ten constructed w' ashlar masonry, bricks $or 1ermany +*terior wall- rusti$ication- dado height 583?m 7oors & windows- semi circula head w' greek entablature #oo$- semi- circular vaults - dome or drum w' semi circular windows Columns- classic orders Mouldings- roman mouldings !rnaments- $resco paintings +*terior color e$$ect- sgra$itto (colored plaster Co$ntri%s t*at aapt% R%nnaisan!%: .),0K- J birth place o$ renaissanceI Alorence- birthplace, typical $orm #ome- typical Cenice- receded $rontage, conte*tuali(ation w' environment @runelleschi- most $amous architect in .taly 7ome o$ Alorence Cathedral- gothic & renaissance Pala((o Pitti- largest e*cept $or Catican ,lberti- author o$ $irst architecture book a$ter invention o$ printing J7e re ,edi$icatoriaI Church o$ Santa ,ndrea, Mantua- prototype o$ later renaissance @ramante- $irst #oman architect o$ renaissance time Pa((o 7ella Cancellaria Catican Palace, #ome #aphael- cousin, pupil o$ baramnte & one o$ the greatest painters Catical 0oggie Cignola- Cilla o$ Pope Hulius, #ome Pala((o Aarnese, Caprarola- most magini$icent o$ #oman palaces 1esu Church, #ome- prototype o$ Hesuit Church in baro"ue style Michael ,ngelo- Medici Mausoleum- wealthiest $amily in .taly Capitol, #ome- mos success$ul civil work 0onghena- Sta8 Maria 7ella Salute, Cenice- structure in the middle o$ canal St2 P%t%r3s Basi&i!a- most $amous in .taly, #enaissance period @ramante- $irst architect, plan in $orm o$ 1reek cross plan 1ivliano da Sangallo- continued, a$ter 3 yrs died Ara 1iacondo- died #aphael- changed plan into 0atin cross @alda(ar Peru((i- went back to 1reek cross plan ,ntonio de Sangallo- younger, e*tended vestibule
7esigned the campanile
Proposed central dome Michael ,ngelo- change to 1reek cross plan #edesigned surrounding chapels & apses 7esigned the dome 1iacomo 7ella Porta w' 7ominico Aontona- completed the dome Cignola- added side dome Carlo Maderna- change into 0atin cross plan & colonnade @ernini- designed the entrance pia((a containing 3E: ionic columns Panthenon, #ome- largest dome #oman Alorence Cathedral, .taly- 59EG #enaissance St PeterGs @asilica, .taly- 59D 5'3 O #enaissance St Paul, 0ondon- 553G #enaissance Sta So$$ia, Constantinople- 5?DI @y(antine A#+;C- #+;,.SS,;C+ Chateau de @ury (typical Arench chateau Chateau de @lois (spiral shell staircase- 0eonardo da Cinci Principal @uildings: Palaces Palais de 0ouvre (historical arti$acts- Pierre 0escot Palais de )uilleries- Philbert de 0Garme (residence o$ Arench rulers till 5ED> Palais de Cersailles ($or 0ouis *iv- 0e Cau Churches Church o$ the Sorbonne- 0e Mercier 7ome o$ the .nvalides (niche o$ ;apoleon @oniparte 1+#M,; #+;,.SS,;C+- Arench style, use o$ bricks -eidelber Castle Sal(berg Cathedral SP,;.S- #+;,.SS,;C+- plateres"ue style - churrigueres"ue style (Spanish baro"ue Plateres"ue- $ancy design by silver cra$ts Churrigueres"ue- inspired by Hose de Churrigueres"ue - high baro"ue o$ Spanish renaissance Palace o$ Charles C8 1ranada- Pedro Machuca, best e*ample +scorial (art works- Hulian de @autista, Hulian de -erera w' monastery, collage, church & place 1ranada Cathedral- 7iego de Silde !ne o$ the grandest cathedral in Spain )omb o$ Aerdinand & .sabela & others +;10.S- #+;,.SS,;C+ +li(abethan Mansion Aeatures: )owers 1able roo$ Parapets @alustrade Chimneystacks @ay & oriel window )opiary work- landscaping sculpture +lements: 1reat hall 1rand staircase 0ong 1allery (upper $loor- most striking $eature Solar (withdrawing room- warmest room ,rchitects: .nigo Hones- deciple o$ .talian #enaissance characteri(ed by the use o$ bricks @an"ueting -ouse, White -all Bueen,s -ouse, 1renwich Sir Christopher Wren- deciple o$ Arench renaissance St PaulGs Cathedral- greatest masterpiece, model +nglish 49 0ondon churches 1renwich !bservatory & hospital Aountain court & garden $aLade o$ -ampton Palace RE4I4AL ARCHITECTURE# 56 TH CENTURY ARCHITECTURE Marked by @attle o$ Style- con$lict between 1!)-.C & C0,SS.C ,rts & Cra$t Movement- alliance o$ artists & $actories, paved way to P ,rt ;ouveau- organic & dynamic $orms curving designs whiplash line Cictorian ,rchitecture- @ritain revival architecture BRITAIN CENTRAL EUR'PE 5E9?-5E4? +,#0K C.C)!#.,; 1reek #evival & 1raeco #oman +*8 #ailway @uildings Personalities ,wn Pugin S8 Hoseph Pa*ton- Crystal Palace S8 W8 Chambers- Somerset -ouse S8 Hohn Soane- @ank o$ +ngland 5E9?-5E:E HM0K M!;,#C-K ;eo #enaissance +*8 Cignon, Madeleine Paris Chalgrin- ,rc de )riomphe @randenburg 1ate 5E4?-5ED4 -.1- C.C)!#.,; 1othic #evival #enaissance #evival Personalities S818 Scott- 0iver Pool Cathedral S8 Charles @arry- Westminter Palace 5E:E- 5ED? S+C!;7 +MP.#+ -igh ;eo #enaissance +*8 Aernstel- Cotive Church, Cienna 5ED4-5>?5 0,)+ C.C)!#.,; #omanes"ue, @y(antine @aro"ue, Alemish, #enaissance 5ED?-5>5: )-.#7 #+PM@0.C ;eo- @aro"ue +*8 Charles 1arnier- Paris !pera -ouse +;10,;7 Bueen ,nne Style- populari(ed by ;orman Shaw applied on domestic houses EARLY 78 TH CENTURY @#.),.; ,rt ;ouveau- Charles #ennie Mckintosh #it( -otel- $irst building made o$ rein$orced concrete & glass a$ter war - Mewes & 7avies Schools- +cole 7es @eau*-,rts- ,rchitectural 7esign +cole de polytechni"ue- +ngineering
,rt ;ouveau Arance- 0e Modern Style 1ermany- Hugensdstil, @andwurmstil, )apeworm ,ustria- Se(essione .taly- Stile 0iberty, Stile .nglese, +nglish Style Spain- Modernismo ,rchitects o$ Modern Period: @ritain: Wells Coates ,878 Connel C8,8 0ucas +dwin Ma*well Ary @8#8 Ward A8#8S8 Korke C8 +urope: @8 0ubetsrin W8 1ropius Serge Chermaye$$ +8 Mendelsohn Marcel @reuer 1erman +*ponents !$ ,rts & Cra$ts: ,ugust +ndel -enri Cande Celde Ciennese ,rchitects !tto Wagner H8M8 !lbrich .mportant architects o$ 5>??-5>5% Peter @ehrens- 1ermany ,uguste Perret- Arance ,dol$ 0oos- ,ustria Aoremost architects o$ Modern Period +rich Mendelson- 1ermany #agnar !stberg- Sweden .var )engbon- Sweden Sven Markelious- Sweden 1unnar ,splono- 7enmark Prominent ,rt ;ouveau ,rchitects Mckintosh- Scotland ,ntonio 1audi- Spain (undulating lines Sagrada Aamilia Cictor -orta- @elgium 5> th century Precedents o$ Modern ,rchitecture Crystal palace- Hoseph Pa*ton -alles Centralles (market- @altard @ibiote"ue ;ationale (lib- -enry 0abrouste Pioneers o$ Modern ,rchitecture !tto Wagner- ,ustria Peter @ehrens- 1ermany ,ugust Perret- Arance -endrik @erlage- -olland 0ouis Sullivan- M8S8 5> th Century .nventions: combination o$ glass & steel $olded slab- introduced by +ugene Areyssinet $lat slab- by #obert Millart laminated timber (plywood AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE 1eorgian' Colonial ,rchitecture White -ouse, Washington- Mckim, Mead & White .ndependence -all, Cali$ornia- ,ndrew -amilton ;,).!;,0 P-,S+ 58 Post Colonial Period- 5D>?-5E54 7eparture $rom +nglish architecture to Arench in$luence #evival period in M8S8,8 Classic #evival e*ample: Capitol, Washington 78C8- )hornton, -allet & 0atrobe Mniversity o$ Cirginia- )hornton, -allet & 0atrobe Montecillo Cirginia- )hornton, -allet & 0atrobe Plan o$ Washington 78C8- Charles Pierre 0G +n$ant Aederal -all, Washington 78C8- Charles Pierre 0G +n$ant Washington Monument, Washington 78C8- #obert Mills Philadelphia +*change- William Stricklamp #evival o$ 1othic e*ample: )rinity Church, ;ew Kork- #ichard MpFan St8 PatrickGs Cathedral- Hames Wrenwick 38 5 st +clectic Period- 5E54-5E%? predominant style o$ 1reek architecture balloon $rame introduction in building construction use o$ cast iron as building material 98 3 nd +clectic Period- 5E%?-5>9? most important period in architecture in M8S8,8 Centennial +*position, Philadelphia- 5ED% Worlds Columbian +*position, Philadelphia- 5E>9 Predominant style: 1othic #evival- initiated by -enry #ichardson later by 0ouis Sullivan +nd o$ 1othic #evival Arank 0oyd Wright @eau*-,rts- more academic in character St8 Hohn the 7ivine Cathedral, ;K- 0e Aarge Marshal Aield Store, Chicago- -enry #ichardson Skyscraper- dominant: innovations metal $rame construction non- load bearing curtainwall elevator :8 5>9?- Modern Period in ,merica Walter 1ropius +rich Mendelsohn Mies Cander #ohe +liel Saarinen @auhaus MUSLIM ARCHITECTURE Principal building: MasFid' Mos"ue 9 types: Aami MasFid' Ariday Mos"ue- biggest Madrasa- colligiate mos"ue, learning )omb Mos"ue Characteristics o$ Ariday Mos"ue: Minaret- tower Ma"sura- screen 7ikka- reading desk Mihrab- niche Mimbar- palpit 0iwanit- colonnade Aawara- $ountain Sahn- open space Characteristics o$ mos"ue: 7ome Colonnade- tre$oil, ogee, horseshoe, lancet !rnaments- Mnemonic inscription (te*t Superimposed ornaments- in layers Stalactite- $ound in pendentives (mu"arna 9d corbels +*amples o$ Muslim ,rchitecture: ,rabian Saracenic- 1reat Mos"ue Mecca ,ssyrian Saracenic- 7ome o$ the #ock, Herusalem- holiest place Spanish Saracenic 1reat Mos"ue Cordova- capital o$ .slam religion in West 1iralda, Seville- most beauti$ul towers ,lhambra 1ranada- part o$ royal palace, most $amous )urkish Saracenic )aF Mahal, ,gra- most important, made o$ marble INDIAN ARCHITECTURE Characteri(ed by @uddhist, Hain, -indu @uddhist- Stambha' 0ath- monumental pillars Stupa' )ope- domical sacred mound Chaitya- .ndian @uddhist temple Vihara- Indian Buddhist monastery -indu temple elements: Mandapa- hall $or religious dancing & music 1arbhagriha- unlighted shrine Cimana- sanctuary 1reat Stupa Sanchi- characteristic o$ .ndian architecture 1olden )emple o$ Sikhs- holiest temple CHINESE ARCHITECTURE #oo$ characteristics 58 steep gable roo$ w' spreading eaves 38 e*tensive use o$ roo$ tiles- yellow, green, blue- imperial palace red- mandarin black or gray- citi(ens 98 scultural works $ound on roo$ ridges- dragon, $ish Principal buildings: Pai- 0ou- Chinese gateway (9 openings Pagoda' )ais- houses relic o$ @uddha )emples- contains statue o$ @uddha +lements: )emple proper 7agoba @ell tower Pagoda 0ibrary Monks dwelling -ouse- generally one storey +mperor- > bays Prince- D bays Mandarin- 4 bays !rdinary citi(ens- 9 bays 1reat Wall o$ China- built by emperor- Si- -uang- )i 9APANESE ARCHITECTURE )he 1ussho System- based on rigidity o$ the triangle Aeatures: #oo$ construction: 58 /iru(uma' 1abled #oo$ 38 -ogyo' Pyramidal #oo$ 98 Shichu- -ip- #idge #oo$ :8 .rimoya- -ip & 1abled #oo$ .ncorporation o$ @uddhist altar in Hapanese mansion .ncorporation o$ stupas in monastery Chasitsu or tea house in Hapanese dwellings Modular planning o$ house & palaces thru use o$ tatami 9G*4G CAMB'DIAN ARCHITECTURE# Stone Carving ,ngkor )hom- $ounder Hayavarman - center o$ town @ayon (main temple 4: towers ,ngor Wat- one o$ architectural wonders o$ world - largest religious structure in the world, behive shape towers IND'NESIAN ARCHITECTURE- -indu in$luenced (stone carving @orubodur- largest budhist temple Stupa in Hava MIYANMAR ARCHITECTURE :BURMA; Principal buildings: Chedi- @urmese stupa Shwedagon pagoda, pangun /ya- ung- @urmese monastery )hein- ordination hall $or monks Pitakat-taik- @uddhist library NEPALIST ARCHITECTURE# @udhist Stupa- 59 tiers, symboli(es heaven Swayambhunath Stupa, /atmandu- s"uare base w' eyes o$ @uddha TIBETAN ARCHITECTURE Chorten- stupa Sakya Monastery- $amous $or collection o$ )ibetan manuscript Potala Palace, 0hasa- palace $or entertaining important people THAI ARCHITECTURE Wat- group o$ religious buildings @ot- temple Phra chedi- stupa w' a round tower Phra prang- stupa w' elliptical tower Pra sat- royal throne hall Mondop- library Sala- pavilion $or resting Kuti- monastery Phra Pathom Chedi- most important architectural landmark in )hailand <ILIPIN' ARCHITECTURE