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EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

Character: simplicity, massiveness, monumentality


Material: stone and brick
System: columnar and trabaeted
Comparative analysis:
Plans- irregular and asymmetrical
Wall- no windows (batter wall
!penings- doors are s"uare headed
#oo$- $lat roo$
Columns- interior only, %d
- bud & bell, palm, $oliated, hatthor head, osiris,
polygonal
Mouldings- torus and gorge
PRINCIPAL BUILDINGS:
Egyptian Tombs:
Mastaba- stairway, hal$shrunk, elaborate structure
elements: o$$ering chapel w' stele (slab serdab
(statue chamber sarcophagus
Pyrami- s"uare in plan, oriented in cardinal sides
elements: o$$ering chapel mortuary
chapel
elevated causeway (passageway
valley building (embalmment
types: step ((oser
slope
blunt (sene$eru
Ro!"#!$t# mo$ntain si% tombs
elements: passages
sepultural chamber
Egyptian T%mp&%s:
CULT TEMPLE- worship o$ the gods
M'RTUARY TEMPLE- to honor the pharos
elements: pylon (entrance or gateway
hypaethral court (open to the sky court
hypostyle hall (pillard or columnar hall
sanctuary
MIN'R TEMPLE- mammisi temple (carved along mountain
'BELIS( TEMPLE (monumental pillars, s"uare in plan
Sphinx: (mythical monsters)
Mastaba o) T*i+ Sakkara-
Pyrami o) Gi,%*# C*%ops+ C*%pr%n+ My"%rinos
Tombs o) t*% (ings, )hebes
T*% Gr%at T%mp&% o) Arna" (greatest e*ample o$ +gyptian
temple
Gr%at Sp*in- at Gi,%* (god horus
+gyptian ,rchitects:
S%n$s$r%ts- built the earliest known obelisk at -eliopolis
Am%n%m*at .- $ounded the great temple at /arnak
T*ot*m%s I- began the additions to the temple o$ ,mnon
/arnak
Am%nop*is III- built the $amous Colossi o$ Memnon
Ram%s%s I- began the hypostyle hall at /arnak
S%ti I- built the temple at ,bu- Simber
Pto&%my II- built the pharos o$ 0ight -ouse
Pto&%my III- $ounded the 1reat Seradeum at ,le*andria
ASIASIASTIC ARCHITECTURE
.EST ASIA
BABYL'NEAN AND ASSYRIAN
Character: simplicity, massiveness, grandeur
Material: brick
System: arch and vault
Comparative analysis:
Plan - palaces are elevated on plat$orms w'
room covered by vaults
Walls - are built with sun died bricks,
battlement cresting

ASSYRIA finished w/ chiseled alabaster slab
!penings - doors are semicircular headed w'
sculptured monstrers
#oo$ - e*ternally appeared $lat but covered by
brick vaults internally
Columns - no columns
Mouldings- no mouldings
!rnaments- chiseled alabaster slab
Principal buildings:
2iggurat: holy mountains
,rchaic (iggurats- rectangular w' upper temple
Multi level (iggurats- 3 to 4 tiers
,ssyrian (iggurats- s"uare in plan w' continous
ramp w' $ire altar
Palace: usually built by ,ssyrian
elements: seraglio- palace proper
harem- private $amily apartments
khan- service chamber
Palace o$ Sarbon, Corsabat
PERSIAN
(architect o$ light and airy magni$icence, open type plan
Material: stone $or columns, brick $or wall sur$ace, timber $or
roo$
System: royal palace are built on plat$orms to achieve
monumentality
: columnar and trabaeted
Comparative analysis:
Plan - open widely spaced columns
Wall - made o$ bricks covered w' polychrome
brickwork
!penings - windows and doors are s"uare headed
#oo$ - $latroo$ made o$ timber
Columns - tall & slender w' $lutted sha$ts, 54d &
scroll, twin horse capital
Mouldings- 1reek & +gyptian
!rnament- polychrome brickwork
Palace Plat$orm, Persopolis
Propylaea, 6er*es
Palace o$ 7arius
Palace o$ Cerces
-ypostyle -all o$ Cerces
-all o$ -undred Columns
GREE( ARCHITECTURE
Character:
Simplicity & harmony
Purity o$ line
Per$ection o$ proportions
#e$inement o$ details
Material: marble
System: columnar and trabaeted
+arly Period' Minoan or Mycenaean
Principal buildings:
Megaron: domestic unit
elements: enclosed porch
megaron
proper
thalamus-
sleeping room
Walls:
58 cyclopean
38 polygonal
98 rectangular
:8 inclined blocks
)ombs:
#ock -Cut- rectangular chamber cut
deep into the mountainside
)holos- is a subterranean vault, circular
in shape
- dromos- passageway
Palaces:
Palace /ing Minos, /nossos
-elenic Period- religious structures
Comparative ,nalysis: (1reek )emples
Simple & balance, symmetrical
#ectangular
Principal buildings:
)emples:
elements: $ront portico
crepidoma-
stylobate, steriobate
pronaos
naos
epinaos'
posticum w' or w'o opisthodomos
peroma- space
bet the naos wall and columns
;umber o$ columns:
-enostyle
7inostyle
)ristyle
)etrastyle
Pentastyle
-e*astyle
-ectastyle
!ctostyle
+nnastyle
7ecastyle
7odestyle
,rrangement o$ Columns:
,ntis, ,mphi-antis
Prostyle, ,mphi-prostyle
Peripteral, Pseudo-peropteral
+dipteral, Pseudo-dipteral
Comparative analysis:
Wall- solidly constructed o$ blocks or stones, use o$
dowels or clamps
!penings- doors, windows & colonnade are s"uare
headed
#oo$- w' sloping ra$ters covered w' thin marble
slab to permit light
- lacunaria (co$$er
Column- principal e*ternal $eature
!rders .ntroduced by 1reeks:
7oric !rder
.onic order
Corinthian !rder
Parts:
+ntablature- cornice
$rie(e
architrade
Column- capital
sha$t
base
Proportion o$ 1reek !rders
7oric !rder- $avored by 1reeks
Column- :-%< 7
)ablature- = height o$ order
.onic !rder
Column- >7
)ablature- 5'4 height o$ order
Corinthian !rder
Column- 5?7
)ablature- 5'4 height o$ order
7oric !rder:
,bachus
+chinus
)rachelion
-ypotrachelion
+ntasis
.onic !rder:
,bachus
+chinus- volute
,ttic base i$ 3 torus
)orus
Plinth
Corinthian !rder:
,bachus
Cauli-coli
,canthus leaves
.ntercolumnation Spaces:
-ypnostyle- 5 < d
Systyle- space bet col 3d
+ustyle- space 3 5':d
7iastyle- 9d
,reostyle- 9 < d
Principal buildings:
)emples:
elements: acroterion
pediment
tympanum
entablature
metope
triglyph
raking cornice
crepidoma
+ntablature spacing:
Monotriglyph
7itriglyph
Polytriglyph
Mouldings-
parabola
hyperbola
elipse
@asis o$ Shape o$ Mouldings-
Cyma riversa' olgee- Waterlea$ & tongue
Cyma recta- ,ntheneon or honey suckle
!volo- +gg & dart or egg & tongue
,tragal' bead- @ead & reel
)orus- 1uilloche or plait
Corona- Aret
Aillet cavetto escocia- Plain
Sculptured relie$s- $ree standing statuary- single or
group $igures
)ypes: bigas- 3 horse chariot
Buadbigas- : horse chariot
)hemenos- sacred enclosure
,cropolis, ,thens
- Propelea- gateway
- Pinacotheca-
paintings
- 1lyptotheca-
sculptures
- Statue o$ ,thena
Promochos
- +rechtheon-
unusual because o$
carriage porch
- !ld )emple o$
,thena
- Parthenon- largest
-
geatest e*ample o$ greek
architecture
-
archt8 .ctinus
-
master sculptor-
Callicrates
- 7oric
temple
-
naos- made o$ gold and
ivory
- holds
the statue o$ ,thena
- )heater o$ 7ionysius
- )emple o$ ;ike
,pteros- archt
Callicrates
- .onic
temple
)emple o$ 2eus, ,grigentum- 3
nd
largest

- archt )heron

- 9 naos

- ,tlantes $igure
)emple o$ ,rtemis- archt 7einocrates
- master
sculptor- Scopas
1reek )heater- hallow out o$ hillside
- 3'9 o$ circle
elements: cavea
orchestra- complete circle
at center
skene- proscenia
(oration
- paracenia- width
o$ orchestra
- epicenium-
background
)heater o$ 7ionysus, ,thens- prototype

- largest $or 9?,??? people
)heater o$ +pidauror- most beauti$ul &
preserved
- archt
Polycletos
-elenistic Period- civic structure
Principal buildings:
,gora- town s"uare, center o$ social & business
li$e
Stoa- shed, long colonnade
Prytaneion- senate building
@ouleuterion- council palace
,udeion- smaller scale theater, used $or musical
Stadium- $oot race course
-ipodrome- hose chariot racing, prototype o$
roman circus
Palaestra- resting school
1ymnasium- place $or all types o$ physical
e*ercises
)omb- mosoleum
elements: pediment
podium
R'MAN ARCHITECTURE
Character:
Castness & magni$icence
!lstentation & ornateness
Material: po((olana & lime
System: columnar, trabaeted & arcuated
Comparative analysis:
Plan- assymetrical due to comple*ity o$ needs o$
romans
Walls- made o$ stone & concrete
)ypes:!pus "uadratum
!pus incertum
!pus reticulatum
!pus testaceum
!pus mi*tum
- introduction o$ buttresses
)ypes:;iche' hemicycle- retaining wall,
detached
Spur buttress- attached to wall
Pinnacle- similar to spur but
more pronounced
elements o$ arch: keystone
e*trados
intrados
string course
impost
abutment
plinth
archivault
voussoir blocks
stilting
rise
spring line
span
#oo$- vaulting system
types: semi circular' wagon headed vault
(made o$ bricks
cross vault
dome' cupula
Column-
Composite- .onic volute w' Corinthian
)uscan- similar to 1reek 7oric w' base
Column- D7
)ablature- 5 9':7
7oric !rder-
Column- E7
)ablature- 37
.onic !rder
Column- >7
)ablature- 35':d
Corinthian !rder
Column- 5?7
)ablature- 3 5'37
Mouldings- heavily decorated
!rnament- mosaic- $loor, wall ceiling ()esserrae
types: opusteselatum- s"uare $or ceilings
opusectile- tesserae cut into
shapes $or wall
opuspilatum- inchevron $or
$loor
- mural paintings
- accantus scroll- most popular
Principal buildings:
Aorum- a central open shape used as a meeting
place, market or rendevous $or
political demonstration8
Aorum #omanum- oldest & most
important
Aorum o$ )raFan- largest $orum
#ectangular )emples
)emple o$ Cenus, #ome- ,ppolodorus o$
7amascus
Pantheon #ome ( Sta8 Maria #otunda-
,gripa (corinthian temple
@asilica- hall o$ Fustice & commercial e*change
)raFanGs @asilica, #ome- ,ppolodorus o$
7amascus
)hermae- palatial public bath
@alneum- private bath $or $amily
elements:
58 main building- tepidarium-
warm lounge
- calidarium-
hot water bath
-
sudotorium- hottest room
$rigidarium- cooling room w' piscana or swimming
bath
-
unctoria- per$ume & oil
38 *ystus- large open space w'
landscaping,sta
dium $ro
various types
o$ athletic
sports
98 outer ring o$ apartments-
lecture room,
e*edrae, stores
:8 hypocaust- $urnace
)hermae o$ Caracalla
)hermae !$ 7iocletian
)heaters- orchestra is used by important people
- skene became the stage
)heater o$ Marcellus, #ome- concrete
)heater !range- partly concrete
,mphitheatre- gladitoria contests
Colloseum, #ome- vast ellipse
,rchts-
Cespasian

7omitian
Circus- $or horse & chariot racing
elements: spina
carceres
Circus ma*imus, #ome- largest
)ombs
Classes:
58 Coemetera w'
Columbaria- a niche in the rock containing ashes o$ the dead
0oculi- recess $or corpse w'c were sealed w' a $ront slab
38 Monumental tombs- similar to the 1reek mousoleum in $orm & plan
Mausoleum o$
,gustus, #ome
Mausoleum o$
-adrian, #ome (Castle o$ ,ngelo
98 Pyramidal tombs
:8 )emple shaded tombs
48 Sculptured memorials-
minor tombs o$ varied designs
%8 Cenotaphs- memorial
monum
ents to
person
buried
elsewh
ere
Commemorative Monuments
58 )riumphal arch- 9 openings, $or
emperors
Pilar o$ victory' memorial column-
record triumph o$ victorius generals
)raFanGs Column-
7oric column, arch
)itus
98 #ostral column- victorius
campaigns done in sea victories
Palaces
Palaces o$ +meperors, #ome- by
emeperor ,gustus
Palace o$ 7iocletian, Spalato- largest
#oman -ouses
Cilla- country house
.nsula- tenement house $or workers
7omus- private house
elements:
58 prothyrum
38 atrium-
entrance court
open to the sky

impluvium- water
cistern
98 tablium- open
saloon
:8 peristyle- inner
colonnaded
court (open
48 cubicula-
bedrooms
%8 triclina- dining
room
D8 oecus-
reception room
E8 alae- reception
$or
conversation
>8 kitchen &
pantry
,"ueduct- $or water supply o$ towns & cities
,"uaclaudia- Caligula & Claudius
Pontgard, ;imes- mos mani$icent 34
miles long
Pons- roman bridges
Aountains
)ypes: 0ocus' 0acus- large basin o$
water
Salientes- provide water
+truscan Period
.ntroduced radiating arch
)uscan column' similar to 1reek 7oric w' base
,trium in domestic planning
EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE
Character:
Simplicity in design and treatment
Coarseness in e*ecution
Material: savaged $rom pagan structures
@asilican plan $or churches (east oriented
System: trabaeted & arcuated
Comparative analysis:
Plan- evolved $rom roman basilica
built on site o$ saints burial places
elements: bell tower
atrium- with $ountain
narthe*
nave- sude aisles
choir- cancelli (low walls
high altar- baldochino,
crypt' con$essio' cimborium
ambo
apse- $or bishops &
cardinals
Materials: Masonry & concrete
Walls- e*terior- concrete w' plain plasters
- interior- mosaic
!penings- arcaded, doors & windows are span w'
semicircular arches lintels or
entablature
#oo$s-;ave- timber trusses
Side aisles- semicircular arches
,pse- side dome
Columns- : roman columns
Mouldings- roman mouldings are adapted, very
crude
!rnament- linked to Christian religion
3 basic ornaments: mosaic
mural
paintings
+*ample o$ @asilican Churches:
@asilican Church o$ St8 Peter, #ome
Church o$ St8 Hohn 0ateran
BY/ANTINE ARCHITECTURE
#emoved the atrium
;arthe* became the entrance
Covered by dome roo$- e*ternal $eatures
Character:
Simplicity in e*ternal design
#ichness in internal treatment
Material: bricks used $or walls & concrete $or domes
Marble $or columns
System: $usion o$ domical construction
Classic columnar & trabaeted style
Comparative analysis:
Plan- 1reek cross plan
Walls- bricks
+*terior- brick in various design
.nterior- mosaic & marble
!penings- are spanned by semicircular arches
or lintels
Windows- 9I thick translucent marble
#oo$- dome
)ypes: Simple- pendentives, dome
Compound- supported by
drum
Melon shaped- with $lutings
Columns: dosseret block, so$$it, capitals
Mouldings: @illet moulding
Mosaic
Mural paintings
!rnaments: symbolism
Peacock- symbol o$ eternal li$e
+ndless knot- eternity
Chirho- Hesus Christ
Sta8 So$$ia o$ Constantinople, -agia Sophia- $or
emperor Hustinian
,rch8 ,rthemus o$ )ralles
.sodorus o$ Miletus
- now a muslim mos"ue
St8 Mark, Cenice .taly- most important e*ample
o$ @y(antine
R'MANES0UE- Jroman like artI
Character: Sober & 7igni$ied
Material: stone & brick $or 1ermany
System: arcuated
principle o$ e"uilibrium through vaulting system
made up o$ rib & panel vaulting
Comparative analysis:
Plan- 0atin Cross plan (west oriented
+*ternal $eature- towers on nave & transept,
$acades
Walls- supported by pilaster strips
Windows- rose or wheel windows
#oo$: #ib & panel Caulting
58 "uadripartite
38 se*partite
Column:
Mouldings- are usually in hori(ontal courses,
deviated $rom roman
!rnamets- $resco paintings- principal
- vegetable & animals $orms
Principal buildings:
Monastery
+lements: Monastery church
Cloister court
.nner court
Common court
Co$ntri%s t*at aapt% Roman%s1$%:
.),0K
Central .taly- ornamental $aLade- rising one $rom
another
;orth .taly- rose window
Pi((a Cathedral
Pi((a Campanile
Cathedral
@aptistery
A#+;C- #!M,;+SBM+
Southern Arance- Muslim in$luence due to pointed
arch
;orthern .taly- $lanking towers
Madeleine Ce(elay- earliest $orm o$
cross-pointed vault in Arance
,bbaye-,u* -omes, Caen !rder-
prototype o$ 1othic
1+#M,; #!M,;+SBM+
+ast & west apse
Worms Cathedral- emperor
Charlemagne
G'THIC ARCHITECTURE
Arance- style ogivale
- lo$ty & aspiry "uality
- structural honesty
- economy in use o$ material
System: ,rcuated w' Pointed ,rches
Material: stone
Principal building: Cathedral- 0atin Cross (west oriented
Plan- asymmetrical
Walls- rubble masonry, buttress to support walls
#oo$- ribbed & paneled vaulting
Column- group column
Mouldings- :4 deg $rom wall
!rnaments- stained glass & $igured sculpture
Co$ntri%s t*at aapt% Got*i!:
A#+;C- 1!)-.C
58 Primary' 0ancet Period- pointed arches &
geometric tracery windows
38 #ayonnant Period- circular windows w' wheel
tracery
98 Alamboyant Period- $lame like or $ree $lowing
tracery
Principal @uildings:
Cathedrals
;otre 7ame, Paris- oldest 1othic
Cathedral
@y bishop Maurice 7e Sully
Ainest &
most characteristic Arench gothic
Chartres Cathedral- 59? stained galss
windows
Pro$ussion o$ sculptured $igures in west $ront
#heims Cathedral- coronation church o$
kings o$ Arance
4??
carved statues on west $acades
,meins Cathedral- archt #obert de
0u(arches
)ypical
Arench cathedral
Carved
woodwork on choir stalls
@eauvais Cathedral- tallest in +urope,
54DG to the vault
5 o$ the
wonders o$ medieval in Arance
Aorti$ied )owns
Carcassone- 4? towers, moat & walls
Castles
Chateau de Perre$onds- elongated
location, overlooking town
,rch8
Ciollet- le- 7uc
+;10.S- 1!)-.C
+nglish gothic vaulting: $ormerets
diagonal ribs
ridge ribs
transverse ribs
tierceron
boss- covering o$ ribs (pendant
Moulding- nail head
7ouble cone
7og tooth
cable
@all $lower
)ablet $lower
+mbatled sandwich
Classi$ication o$ +nglish 1othic Mouldings:
58 bowtel- N o$ a circle
38 pointed bowtel- roll moulding in w'c
3 $aces meet in a blunt arris
98 bracket' brace- double ogee
:8 wave moulding- a slight conne*ity
$ollowed by hallows
48 keel moulding
%8 scroll
D8 casement
E8 hood & label
)ypes o$ )russes:
58 tie beam
38 trusted ra$ter
98 hammer beam
:8 collar beam
48 aisle roo$
Principal @uildings:
Cathedrals
5
st
div- Cathedral o$ the !ld Aoundation-
served by secular clergy
Kork Cathedral- largest
cathedral among +nglish cathedral
Salisbury Cathedral- +nglish
gothic caharcteristic
Winchester Cathedral- longest
9
rd
div- Cathedrals o$ the ;ew
Aoundation- served by bishops
presence o$ 3 chapels- lady
chapel- Cirgin Mary

- chantry chapel- patrons are burried
Monastery
Westminster ,bbey- largest @enedictine
Aounation
)riple
group o$ monastery
Coronation church & burial place $or +ng kings
#oyal
Palace- parliament & @ig @en
Westminster Church- highest
Castles
)ower o$ 0ondon- builder @ishop
1undol$ $or William .
Manor -ouse
-ampton Court Palace- archt Cardinal
Wolsey
Mniversity
Mniversity o$ !*$ord
Cambridge Mniversity
@+01.MM & 7+M)C- 1!)-.C
-eastern & western apse
Principal @uildings:
-all Church
St8 +li(abeth, Manburg- typical church in
1ermany
Cologne Cathedral- largest gothic church
in ;orthern +urope
.),0.,; 1!)-.C
Milan Cathedral- 3
nd
largest church in +urope
archt -enrich Con 1munden
Sienna Cathedral- stripped marble $ound in walls &
tiers o$ church
Santo Corce- ,rnol$o de Cambio, 5 o$ largest in
+urope
Alorence Cathedral- combination o$ gothic &
renaissance
,rnol$o de Cambio
Aamous group bldg
in the world
7ogeGs Palace in .taly- civic e*ample gothic in .taly
1iovanni &
@artolome @uon
Ca 7G !ro- one o$ the $amous palatial homes
during gothic period
SP,;.S- 1!)-.C
- in$luenced by Muslim art- e*cessive ornament
$oun in retablo
- retablo & grilles or raFas- back o$ altar
Civic Cathedral- largest Cathedral in +urope
0argest Church:
St8 PeterGs Cathedral
Civic Cathedral
William Cathedral
Colon Cathedral
St8 Pauls, 0ondon
RENAISSANCE# Jrebirth o$ classicalI
Character: 7ignity & Aormality achieved thru symmetry
System: )rabaeted and ,rcuated
+lements: pediment, hori(ontal cornice, columnar arcade
@aro"ue- curve lines
58 twisted column' solomonica
38 pediment
segmented
scrolled
open
swan neck
broken
#ococo
Comparative analysis:
Plans- symmetrical
Walls- o$ten constructed w' ashlar masonry, bricks
$or 1ermany
+*terior wall- rusti$ication- dado height
583?m
7oors & windows- semi circula head w' greek
entablature
#oo$- semi- circular vaults
- dome or drum w' semi circular windows
Columns- classic orders
Mouldings- roman mouldings
!rnaments- $resco paintings
+*terior color e$$ect- sgra$itto (colored
plaster
Co$ntri%s t*at aapt% R%nnaisan!%:
.),0K- J birth place o$ renaissanceI
Alorence- birthplace, typical $orm
#ome- typical
Cenice- receded $rontage, conte*tuali(ation w'
environment
@runelleschi- most $amous architect in .taly
7ome o$ Alorence Cathedral-
gothic & renaissance
Pala((o Pitti- largest e*cept
$or Catican
,lberti- author o$ $irst architecture book a$ter
invention o$ printing
J7e re ,edi$icatoriaI
Church o$ Santa ,ndrea, Mantua-
prototype o$ later renaissance
@ramante- $irst #oman architect o$ renaissance
time
Pa((o 7ella Cancellaria
Catican Palace, #ome
#aphael- cousin, pupil o$ baramnte & one o$ the
greatest painters
Catical 0oggie
Cignola-
Cilla o$ Pope Hulius, #ome
Pala((o Aarnese, Caprarola- most
magini$icent o$ #oman palaces
1esu Church, #ome- prototype o$
Hesuit Church in baro"ue style
Michael ,ngelo-
Medici Mausoleum- wealthiest $amily in
.taly
Capitol, #ome- mos success$ul civil
work
0onghena-
Sta8 Maria 7ella Salute, Cenice-
structure in the middle o$ canal
St2 P%t%r3s Basi&i!a- most $amous in .taly,
#enaissance period
@ramante- $irst architect, plan in $orm o$
1reek cross plan
1ivliano da Sangallo- continued, a$ter 3
yrs died
Ara 1iacondo- died
#aphael- changed plan into 0atin cross
@alda(ar Peru((i- went back to 1reek
cross plan
,ntonio de Sangallo- younger, e*tended
vestibule

7esigned the campanile

Proposed central dome
Michael ,ngelo- change to 1reek cross
plan
#edesigned
surrounding chapels & apses
7esigned the
dome
1iacomo 7ella Porta w' 7ominico
Aontona- completed the dome
Cignola- added side dome
Carlo Maderna- change into 0atin cross
plan & colonnade
@ernini- designed the entrance pia((a
containing 3E: ionic columns
Panthenon, #ome- largest dome
#oman
Alorence Cathedral, .taly- 59EG
#enaissance
St PeterGs @asilica, .taly- 59D 5'3 O
#enaissance
St Paul, 0ondon- 553G
#enaissance
Sta So$$ia, Constantinople- 5?DI
@y(antine
A#+;C- #+;,.SS,;C+
Chateau de @ury (typical Arench chateau
Chateau de @lois (spiral shell staircase- 0eonardo
da Cinci
Principal @uildings:
Palaces
Palais de 0ouvre (historical arti$acts-
Pierre 0escot
Palais de )uilleries- Philbert de 0Garme
(residence o$ Arench rulers till
5ED>
Palais de Cersailles ($or 0ouis *iv- 0e
Cau
Churches
Church o$ the Sorbonne- 0e Mercier
7ome o$ the .nvalides (niche o$
;apoleon @oniparte
1+#M,; #+;,.SS,;C+- Arench style, use o$ bricks
-eidelber Castle
Sal(berg Cathedral
SP,;.S- #+;,.SS,;C+- plateres"ue style
- churrigueres"ue
style (Spanish
baro"ue
Plateres"ue- $ancy design by silver cra$ts
Churrigueres"ue- inspired by Hose de
Churrigueres"ue
- high baro"ue o$ Spanish
renaissance
Palace o$ Charles C8 1ranada- Pedro Machuca,
best e*ample
+scorial (art works- Hulian de @autista, Hulian de
-erera
w' monastery,
collage, church & place
1ranada Cathedral- 7iego de Silde
!ne o$ the grandest
cathedral in Spain
)omb o$ Aerdinand
& .sabela & others
+;10.S- #+;,.SS,;C+
+li(abethan Mansion
Aeatures:
)owers
1able roo$
Parapets
@alustrade
Chimneystacks
@ay & oriel window
)opiary work- landscaping sculpture
+lements:
1reat hall
1rand staircase
0ong 1allery (upper $loor- most striking
$eature
Solar (withdrawing room- warmest room
,rchitects:
.nigo Hones- deciple o$ .talian
#enaissance
characteri(ed by the
use o$ bricks
@an"ueting -ouse, White -all
Bueen,s -ouse, 1renwich
Sir Christopher Wren- deciple o$ Arench
renaissance
St PaulGs Cathedral- greatest
masterpiece, model +nglish
49 0ondon churches
1renwich !bservatory & hospital
Aountain court & garden $aLade o$
-ampton Palace
RE4I4AL ARCHITECTURE# 56
TH
CENTURY
ARCHITECTURE
Marked by @attle o$ Style- con$lict between
1!)-.C & C0,SS.C
,rts & Cra$t Movement- alliance o$ artists &
$actories, paved way to P
,rt ;ouveau- organic & dynamic $orms
curving designs
whiplash line
Cictorian ,rchitecture- @ritain revival architecture
BRITAIN CENTRAL EUR'PE
5E9?-5E4? +,#0K
C.C)!#.,;
1reek #evival &
1raeco #oman
+*8 #ailway @uildings
Personalities
,wn Pugin
S8 Hoseph Pa*ton-
Crystal Palace
S8 W8 Chambers-
Somerset -ouse
S8 Hohn Soane- @ank
o$ +ngland
5E9?-5E:E HM0K
M!;,#C-K
;eo #enaissance
+*8 Cignon, Madeleine Paris
Chalgrin- ,rc de
)riomphe
@randenburg 1ate
5E4?-5ED4 -.1-
C.C)!#.,;
1othic #evival
#enaissance #evival
Personalities
S818 Scott- 0iver Pool
Cathedral
S8 Charles @arry-
Westminter Palace
5E:E- 5ED? S+C!;7
+MP.#+
-igh ;eo
#enaissance
+*8 Aernstel- Cotive Church,
Cienna
5ED4-5>?5 0,)+
C.C)!#.,;
#omanes"ue,
@y(antine
@aro"ue, Alemish,
#enaissance
5ED?-5>5: )-.#7
#+PM@0.C
;eo- @aro"ue
+*8 Charles 1arnier- Paris
!pera -ouse
+;10,;7
Bueen ,nne Style- populari(ed by ;orman Shaw
applied on domestic
houses
EARLY 78
TH
CENTURY
@#.),.;
,rt ;ouveau- Charles #ennie Mckintosh
#it( -otel- $irst building made o$ rein$orced
concrete & glass a$ter war
- Mewes & 7avies
Schools- +cole 7es @eau*-,rts- ,rchitectural
7esign
+cole de polytechni"ue- +ngineering

,rt ;ouveau
Arance- 0e Modern Style
1ermany- Hugensdstil, @andwurmstil, )apeworm
,ustria- Se(essione
.taly- Stile 0iberty, Stile .nglese, +nglish Style
Spain- Modernismo
,rchitects o$ Modern Period:
@ritain: Wells Coates
,878 Connel
C8,8 0ucas
+dwin Ma*well Ary
@8#8 Ward
A8#8S8 Korke
C8 +urope: @8 0ubetsrin
W8 1ropius
Serge Chermaye$$
+8 Mendelsohn
Marcel @reuer
1erman +*ponents !$ ,rts & Cra$ts:
,ugust +ndel
-enri Cande Celde
Ciennese ,rchitects
!tto Wagner
H8M8 !lbrich
.mportant architects o$ 5>??-5>5%
Peter @ehrens- 1ermany
,uguste Perret- Arance
,dol$ 0oos- ,ustria
Aoremost architects o$ Modern Period
+rich Mendelson- 1ermany
#agnar !stberg- Sweden
.var )engbon- Sweden
Sven Markelious- Sweden
1unnar ,splono- 7enmark
Prominent ,rt ;ouveau ,rchitects
Mckintosh- Scotland
,ntonio 1audi- Spain (undulating lines Sagrada
Aamilia
Cictor -orta- @elgium
5>
th
century Precedents o$ Modern ,rchitecture
Crystal palace- Hoseph Pa*ton
-alles Centralles (market- @altard
@ibiote"ue ;ationale (lib- -enry 0abrouste
Pioneers o$ Modern ,rchitecture
!tto Wagner- ,ustria
Peter @ehrens- 1ermany
,ugust Perret- Arance
-endrik @erlage- -olland
0ouis Sullivan- M8S8
5>
th
Century .nventions:
combination o$ glass & steel
$olded slab- introduced by +ugene Areyssinet
$lat slab- by #obert Millart
laminated timber (plywood
AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE
1eorgian' Colonial ,rchitecture
White -ouse, Washington- Mckim, Mead & White
.ndependence -all, Cali$ornia- ,ndrew -amilton
;,).!;,0 P-,S+
58 Post Colonial Period- 5D>?-5E54
7eparture $rom +nglish
architecture to Arench in$luence
#evival period in M8S8,8
Classic #evival e*ample:
Capitol, Washington 78C8- )hornton,
-allet & 0atrobe
Mniversity o$ Cirginia- )hornton, -allet &
0atrobe
Montecillo Cirginia- )hornton, -allet &
0atrobe
Plan o$ Washington 78C8- Charles Pierre
0G +n$ant
Aederal -all, Washington 78C8- Charles
Pierre 0G +n$ant
Washington Monument, Washington
78C8- #obert Mills
Philadelphia +*change- William
Stricklamp
#evival o$ 1othic e*ample:
)rinity Church, ;ew Kork- #ichard MpFan
St8 PatrickGs Cathedral- Hames Wrenwick
38 5
st
+clectic Period- 5E54-5E%?
predominant style o$ 1reek
architecture
balloon $rame introduction in
building construction
use o$ cast iron as building
material
98 3
nd
+clectic Period- 5E%?-5>9?
most important period in
architecture in M8S8,8
Centennial +*position, Philadelphia-
5ED%
Worlds Columbian +*position,
Philadelphia- 5E>9
Predominant style:
1othic #evival- initiated by
-enry #ichardson later by
0ouis Sullivan
+nd o$
1othic #evival Arank 0oyd Wright
@eau*-,rts- more academic in
character
St8 Hohn the 7ivine Cathedral, ;K- 0e
Aarge
Marshal Aield Store, Chicago- -enry
#ichardson
Skyscraper- dominant: innovations
metal $rame construction
non- load bearing curtainwall
elevator
:8 5>9?- Modern Period in ,merica
Walter 1ropius
+rich Mendelsohn
Mies Cander #ohe
+liel Saarinen
@auhaus
MUSLIM ARCHITECTURE
Principal building: MasFid' Mos"ue
9 types:
Aami MasFid' Ariday Mos"ue- biggest
Madrasa- colligiate mos"ue, learning
)omb Mos"ue
Characteristics o$ Ariday Mos"ue:
Minaret- tower
Ma"sura- screen
7ikka- reading desk
Mihrab- niche
Mimbar- palpit
0iwanit- colonnade
Aawara- $ountain
Sahn- open space
Characteristics o$ mos"ue:
7ome
Colonnade- tre$oil, ogee, horseshoe,
lancet
!rnaments- Mnemonic inscription (te*t
Superimposed
ornaments- in layers
Stalactite- $ound in
pendentives (mu"arna
9d corbels
+*amples o$ Muslim ,rchitecture:
,rabian Saracenic-
1reat Mos"ue Mecca
,ssyrian Saracenic-
7ome o$ the #ock, Herusalem-
holiest place
Spanish Saracenic
1reat Mos"ue Cordova-
capital o$ .slam religion in West
1iralda, Seville- most beauti$ul
towers
,lhambra 1ranada- part o$
royal palace, most $amous
)urkish Saracenic
)aF Mahal, ,gra- most
important, made o$ marble
INDIAN ARCHITECTURE
Characteri(ed by @uddhist, Hain, -indu
@uddhist-
Stambha' 0ath- monumental pillars
Stupa' )ope- domical sacred mound
Chaitya- .ndian @uddhist temple
Vihara- Indian Buddhist monastery
-indu temple elements:
Mandapa- hall $or religious dancing &
music
1arbhagriha- unlighted shrine
Cimana- sanctuary
1reat Stupa Sanchi- characteristic o$ .ndian
architecture
1olden )emple o$ Sikhs- holiest temple
CHINESE ARCHITECTURE
#oo$ characteristics
58 steep gable roo$ w' spreading
eaves
38 e*tensive use o$ roo$ tiles-
yellow, green, blue- imperial
palace
red- mandarin
black or gray- citi(ens
98 scultural works $ound on roo$
ridges- dragon, $ish
Principal buildings:
Pai- 0ou- Chinese gateway (9 openings
Pagoda' )ais- houses relic o$ @uddha
)emples- contains statue o$ @uddha
+lements:
)emple proper
7agoba
@ell tower
Pagoda
0ibrary
Monks dwelling
-ouse- generally one storey
+mperor- > bays
Prince- D bays
Mandarin- 4 bays
!rdinary citi(ens- 9 bays
1reat Wall o$ China- built by emperor- Si- -uang-
)i
9APANESE ARCHITECTURE
)he 1ussho System- based on rigidity o$ the
triangle
Aeatures:
#oo$ construction:
58 /iru(uma' 1abled #oo$
38 -ogyo' Pyramidal #oo$
98 Shichu- -ip- #idge #oo$
:8 .rimoya- -ip & 1abled
#oo$
.ncorporation o$ @uddhist altar in
Hapanese mansion
.ncorporation o$ stupas in monastery
Chasitsu or tea house in Hapanese
dwellings
Modular planning o$ house & palaces
thru use o$ tatami 9G*4G
CAMB'DIAN ARCHITECTURE# Stone Carving
,ngkor )hom- $ounder Hayavarman
- center o$ town @ayon (main
temple 4: towers
,ngor Wat- one o$ architectural wonders o$ world
- largest religious structure in the
world, behive shape towers
IND'NESIAN ARCHITECTURE- -indu in$luenced (stone
carving
@orubodur- largest budhist temple
Stupa in Hava
MIYANMAR ARCHITECTURE :BURMA;
Principal buildings:
Chedi- @urmese stupa
Shwedagon pagoda, pangun
/ya- ung- @urmese monastery
)hein- ordination hall $or monks
Pitakat-taik- @uddhist library
NEPALIST ARCHITECTURE# @udhist
Stupa- 59 tiers, symboli(es heaven
Swayambhunath Stupa, /atmandu- s"uare base
w' eyes o$ @uddha
TIBETAN ARCHITECTURE
Chorten- stupa
Sakya Monastery- $amous $or collection
o$ )ibetan manuscript
Potala Palace, 0hasa- palace $or
entertaining important people
THAI ARCHITECTURE
Wat- group o$ religious buildings
@ot- temple
Phra chedi- stupa w' a round tower
Phra prang- stupa w' elliptical tower
Pra sat- royal throne hall
Mondop- library
Sala- pavilion $or resting
Kuti- monastery
Phra Pathom Chedi- most important architectural
landmark in )hailand
<ILIPIN' ARCHITECTURE

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