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Culture Documents
.Il andfar-ruq af
a
_
Ilnmntarfintrmdiatadrfarnrisadisdtousfan-naskhf
writing form.
8- ou can find the correct pronunciation in Arabic just from the spelling of the
word which is considered a no-trouble-trick of Arabic pronunciation.
9- Arabic Letters can be divided into two groups according to their position:
&
st
Grou#
%on!Connecting
$etters'
&
st
Grou#
E6am#les
-
nd
Grou#
%Connecting
$etters'
-
nd
Grou#
E6am#les
- Can't be joined on the left
side.
- Can be joined to a preceding
letter but never to a following one.
- Then, all Arabic Letters in the
Alphabet could be connected from
both sides except the following
mentioned Letters:
- Change shape according to their position
in the word. Those letters are:
?lif @
fsamaf
for "sky"
ain
Refer to the three
Arabic Letters'
Writing Forms (initial
- medial - final)
2?l e
Il
i
fad-dahrf
for "past life"
ghain
Refer to the three
Arabic Letters'
Writing Forms (initial
- medial - final)
h?l g
Il .
faz-zahabf
For "gold"
kf
Refer to the three
Arabic Letters'
Writing Forms (initial
- medial - final)
r?E> j
Il
far-ramdyf
for "grey color"
ha
Refer to the three
Arabic Letters'
Writing Forms (initial
- medial - final)
h?* m
Il
faz-zamnf
For "past"
*?E> l
Refer to the three
Arabic Letters'
Writing Forms (initial
- medial - final)
,?, y
Il
_L
fa-watanf
for "homeland"
hamha
C
z
=
:
{
<
=
Refer to the three
Arabic Letters'
Writing Forms (initial
- medial - final).
G( this letter ,ill
be discussed later
10- Few Arabic Written Letters could be only differentiated by their dots:
b?E> F
t?E> K
th?E> Q
Wim X
h?E> ]
kh?E> a
sin r
shin v
d?l e
n?l g
r?E> j
n?* m
s?d |
d?d }
t?E> ~
?E>
ain
ghain
f?E>
4?f
nun
11- There are Confusing Arabic Written Letters phonetically-wise:
$ight Sound in Pronunciation )ea"* Sound in Pronunciation
t?E> K t?E> ~
2?l e
d?d }
h?l g
?E>
sin r s?d |
?f 4?f
12- The Letter ta ; sometimes it is written like the letter ha in its final form
yet with two dots above it . This letter is mostly seen in its final position to
indicate a feminine gender ending and is termed " ta Narbutah".
13- The Letters fa and qf in Noroccan Written Arabic are different in their
shape as seen below:
Position in
,ord
Isolated 5
Inde#endent
Initial 1edial +inal
+orm of the
letter E>
1oroccan
Arabic
B BB B
+orm of the
letter 4?f in
1oroccan
Arabic
B BB B
$esson %.'( Arabic Transliteration S*stem( e* to Right
Pronunciation
As been said before, Arabic is not an easy to grasp Language; thanks to Transliteration
-the technique that changes Arabic writing to a Latin substitute that paves the way
towards a s#ecial ,riting $atin #honetic s*stem where you can find special
linguistic 4ualities and characteristics as it provides a key system for letters, vowels
and accents. Sometimes they call this system Romanization. The more you go further in
our trip the more you will fully absorb it.
Consider the Chart belo, for better and clear understanding(
Arabic
$etter
ame in
Arabic
Reading of the
Arabic $etter
ame in
Transliterated
English
Arabic $etter in
Isolation
%Isolated'
An English ,ord to
sim#lif* the
#ronunciation of the
Arabic letter
Transcri#tion of
Arabic $etter
Pronunciation
9:;
<
= >?lif @
$ike A in A##le
?
CA
<
D
b?E>
F
$ike G in Gab*
b
CA<J
t?E>
K
$ike T in Tree
t
CA
<
P
th?E>
Q
$ike the Th in
Theor*
th
VT: U Wim X
Sometimes like the
G in Girl or like the
Y in Yar
W
CA
<
\
h?E>
]
$ike the h in he *et
light in
#ronunciation
h
CA
<
`
kh?E>
a
$ike the Ch in the
name Gach
kh
d@< e
d?l
e
$ike the 2 in 2ad
d
d@
<
g
h?l
g
$ike the Th in The
h
C@
<
j
r?E>
j
$ike the R in Ram
r
l@
<
m
h?*
m
$ike the n in hoo
h
qT: p sin r
$ike the S in See
s
qT: u shin v
$ike the Sh in She
sh
eA
<
s?d
|
$ike the S in Sad
*et hea"* in
#ronunciation
s
eA< d?d }
$ike the 2 in 2ead
*et hea"* in
#ronunciation
d
CA
<
~
t?E>
~
$ike the T in Table
*et hea"* in
#ronunciation
t
CA
<
?E>
qT< ain
)as no real
e4ui"alent
sometimes the*
re#lace its sound
,ith the A sound
like for e6am#le
the name Ali for
ali5
>
qT
<
ghain
$ike the Gh in
Ghandi
gh
$esson %/'( 1o"ements in Arabic( Short 7o,els, Anti!
"o,els and Signs
owels in Arabic look like dashes and symbols above or below the Arabic Letters to
pronounce Arabic correctly; however, later when one is used to the Language such
vowels, surprisingly enough, are not used that much; yet it is helpful for elementaryf
intermediate to avoid any confusions in Correct Arabic Pronunciation. For example,
consider the verb fsharibaf (To Drink) in Arabic is same as fshrbf but we have added
those unique signs (vowels) to our Readerf Learner for simplification - a bridge that leads
to correct pronunciation. However, note that vowels are not written in normal Arabic
writing; they are written sometimes in Arabic Poetry; however, usually in the Holy Quran
for correct pronunciation of the Holy Book.
Our readerf learner must know that such specific combinations of Arabic Letters and
vowels results in completely different sounds. Further, the presence of any of those signs
on the Arabic letter gives such word different grammatical functions.
Consider the follo,ing Chart to full* gras# the Arabic Signs of 1o"ement
>Eharak?t5 KA<
<
k
<
^;@ for sim#lification(
A- Short 7o,els
Short 7o,el Sign
_
Short 7o,el
Arabic ame
Transliterated
fam-maf ffathaf fkasraf
Short 7o,el
Arabic ame
o
>. e.
Short 7o,el Sign
English E4ui"alent
%7o,el
Transliteration'
fuf faf fif
sage
guaritfar-raf f
Il
Opnnssfan-nasbf
.
.Il
ductionfak-kasrf
. Il
2escri#tion - A little lopped
symbol like a small
,?, always placed
over the Arabic
Letter.
- Any word in Arabic
in isolation shall end
in the fuf vowel as
this ending is the
regular one.
- Used to indicate
regularity when
placed over the last
letter of a word.
- A short diagonal
strike over the
Arabic Letter.
- !t is an open vowel
that is used in the
situation of
openness when
placed over the last
letter of a word.
- A
short
diagonal
strike under
the Arabic
Letter.
- !t is a
closed vowel
that is similar
to the
reduction of
lips
witnessed in
other foreign
Languages.
- Used
in the
situation of
reduction
when placed
over the last
letter of a
word.
Gilingual
Pronunciation
E6am#le
Consider for example
if we put a fam-maf
over the letter d?l
it will be pronounced
fduf.
Consider for
example if we put
a ffatha f over the
letter d?l
it will be
pronounced fdaf.
Consider for
example if we put
a fkasraf over the
letter d?l _ it will be
pronounced fdif.
G( When a short "o,el is added o"er or belo, an Arabic $etter, this $etter
shall be called a 1o"ing $etter 5harf mutaharik5
:
k
<
^
<
L
z
k
<
\(
Arabic $etter Short 7o,el %o"er or under it' 1o"ement 5haraka5
G! Anti!"o,els %Real and nreal uiescence'
Anti!7o,el Sign
sage Eisionandforcuttingfag-gazmf,>Il
2escri#tion
- !t is the action of cutting or
elision.
- ery silent at the end of the
verb.
- Always written above the letter.
- Arabic word never begins with a
Quiescence
Gilingual Pronunciation E6am#le
i.e. No vowel like for example the sound of
the English Letter fNf
G( When a uiescence is added o"er an Arabic $etter it shall be called a Still
$etter 5harf s?kin5 q:A
<
pk
<
\ because
Arabic $etter uiescence Stillness 5s?kin5
2o *ou kno, that(
1- All Arabic Alphabets are consonants yet three of them are exceptionally
referred to as long vowels; yet Dahdah termed them "Defective letters" as they are
letters and not vowels as they are called in Arabic fhurufffa-ilahf I_ aIl.
>: lif,
ww and ya .
The E6tension Sign
~ or l
E6tension Sign English ame Unreal Quiescence - Extension Sign
2oubling Sign Arabic ame
Transliterated
ffa-madforfaifff fa-madf
2oubling Sign English Transliteration
Sign
a
E6tension Sign Arabic ame i
oIl
sage
Used in extending the sound of an Arabic
Letter
2escri#tion
- Used in extending the sound of
the Arabic Letter.
- Nostly related to the letter lif
as it is written over the letter it.
- !t is a kind of extending the lif
sound.
E6am#le
- Consider the Arabic Feminine name Amal
Ul famlf as an example.
C! 2oubling Arabic $etter Sign
The 2oubling Sign
sage
Used in doubling the sound of an Arabic
Letter
2escri#tion
- Doubling just ,ritten in
Arabic transliteration by doubling
the pronounced Arabic Letter in
writing for easiness and simplicity;
but in Arabic is written by putting the
fshad-daf sign over the Arabic
Doubled Letter i.e. doubling is Wust
#ronounced and is Wust ,ritten
"ia 5shad!da5 sign in Arabic3
->
T*#e of
unation
%1odulation'
! qJ
5tan,in5
unation
%1odulation' of
regularit* q<J
V< ;@ >d!
dam5 !
unation
%1odulation' of
o#enness q<J
_L< ;@ >>
fath5
unation
%1odulation' of
reduction q<J
ks< ;@ 5tan,in5
>
unation
%1odulation'
q<J
5tan,in5 sign
in Arabic
unation
%1odulation'
q<J
5tan,in5
transliterated
sign in
English
5un5 5an5 5in5
2escri#tion - A special ending in
pronunciation.
- Over the top of last
final Arabic Letter of
a word.
- A special ending in
pronunciation.
- Over the top of last
final Arabic Letter of a
word.
G &: After this kind of
Nunation (Nodulation)
$ ,e ha"e to #ut
the letter ?lif e6ce#t
,hen there is a
hamha after the letter
?lif then ,e ,ill not
add the ?lif $etter.
G -: Special note that
is not known by many
on the Nunation
(Nodulation) of
openness $ in case
,e ,rite it after it the
letter ?lif; Nunation
(Nodulation) should be
written before the last
- A special ending in
pronunciation.
- Below the last final
Arabic Letter of a
word.
G &( !t will be
regarded by some an
error to write the
Nunation
(Nodulation) of
reduction belo, the
letter ?lif or belo,
the letter hamha;
i.e. in this case it is
just #ronounced
but not ,ritten;
however, this is seen
as acce#table in
the )ol* uran
then it depends on
your choice. For us
we are with the
final letter not on the
?lif letter; but in the
case of the hamza
mentioned above it is
,ritten on the hamha
not on the #receding
letter.
G .: !f the Nunation
(Nodulation) is on the
feminine indicator
ending t?E>
1arbutah3 %MB' we
can8t add the letter ?lif
and we ,rite the
Nunation (Nodulation)
o"er the t?E>
1arbutah %MB'3
$anguage of the
uran and we do
not regard it an error
as it is just meant for
simplification means.
E6am#le
For example the
word fhubf for love
and is
pronounced fhubunf
>
For example the
word fhubf for love is
pronounced fhubanf
.>
and we write the
Nunation (Nodulation) of
opening before the lif
not on the lif;
- The
wordfsamanffor
sky o
notice
there is no lif as
in fhubanf
>
- The
word ffursatanf
for chance like
and note
that we write it
o"er the t?E>
1arbutah %MB'
not before it3
For example the
word fhubf for love is
pronounced fhubinf
_ .
>
$esson %0'( The $etter hamha
A! $etter hamha Chart
Arabic
$etter
ame
in
Arabic
Reading of
the Arabic
$etter ame
in
transliterated
English
Writing
Arabic
$etter in
Isolation
%Isolated'
Arabic $etter Writing +orms
Transcri#tion
of Arabic
$etter
Pronunciation
Initial 1edial +inal
<
o
<
hamha
C
z
=
:
{
<
=
= BB >
9:;
<
= ?lif @ @ AB AB
y@
<
y ,?, y B !!!! B
W%a,, au,
u
CA
<
E> l B BTB B >
We postponed the Letter hamza because it deserves to have a unique section in the
Language either from the point of view of grammar or graphology. Ny readerf learner can
show!haconnctdthttrhamzawiththttraif,wawanda
The letter hamza is defined as a glottal stop
8
pronunciation-wise. Like any letter it has
2ifferent sha#es and #ronunciations whether it is initial, medial or final.
Best English example to highlight its sound and pronunciation is when we begin a word
with a vowel consider:
e.g. Are you there? !s it so? .etc
The sound of the glottal stop - initial hamza - is pronounced in the beginning of Are and
!s in the above example. While Niddle hamza is considered to be a short pause like in the
same medial pause of the English word "co-operate".
Glottal stops in Arabic are two: the hamza and the qf. For qf it is a glottal stop in
Classical Arabic but an initial hamza in pronunciation in colloquial Arabic (Slang) for
example in formal Arabic the word fqmf for "stood up" , is pronounced in the Egyptian
DiactandforSangashamzatobfamf
As seen in the above Chart hamza is written either over the letter itself or after it specially
the letter lif. Later on we will deal with the medial and final shapes of the letter hamza.
G! The T,o T*#es of $etter hamha
2escri#tion
> 5 o
;@
>o
;@
- Written as a hamza over the
lif letter.
- Always the sound of the
hamza is written, heard and
pronounced.
- Written as an
lif without a hamza on
it .
- Always the
sound of the hamza is
heard and pronounced
but not written.
8
A glottal stop in Arabic is a sudden break at the beginning of the vowel and at the end of it.
E6am#le
-
l ,
f abffwaffum f
- A father and a mother .
1- We notice here
that we here the hamza
and we write, hear and
pronounce it over the
lif.
_l- i
>
,__IL. _o
,o
aI
fintalikf fyaf fmohamidf ffal
umrf fyamdif
- Go Ahead
Nohamed, life will not
wait you!
1- We notice here that the
letter lif - highlighted in red
- heard, and pronounced as a
hamza but written as an lif
without a hamza.
There are many rules for writing the Letter hamha; the parallelism is considered between
the way of writing the Letter hamha and the way of its pronunciation - its signs of
movement fharaktf according to its order. One can say that Darwin's
9
theory of Evolution
"the survival of the fittest" - dominance - could be a key towards knowing the right and
fittest vowel that decides the form and shape of the letter hamza besides what is the
letter that the hamza will befriend according to the descending order belo, that
assigns ,hat sign sur"i"es5 dominates o"er the other(
: 5kasra5 z 5dam!ma5 <5fatha5 5sukun5
C! 2ra,ing of the $etter hamha according to the fittest5 dominant sign
Arabic
$etter
ame
in
Arabic
Reading of
the Arabic
$etter ame
in
transliterated
English
Writing
Arabic
$etter in
Isolation
%Isolated'
Arabic $etter Writing +orms
Transcri#tion
of the Arabic
$etter
Pronunciation
Initial 1edial +inal
<
o
<
hamha
C
z
=
:
{
<
=
= BB >
&! $etter hamha o"er the letter E> like BB in medial #osition of the ,ord
&
st
case -
nd
case .
rd
case /
th
case 0
th
case
1- !f the letter
hamza is in the
openness case
fan-nasbfi
has the ffathaf
sign; whereas
the preceding
2- !f the letter
hamza is in the
cutting andfor
isioncasfag-
gazmf and has
the Real
Quiescence sign
3- !f the letter
hamza is in the
reduction case
fak-kasrfand
has the fkasraf
sign; whereas
the preceding
+- !f the letter
hamza is in the
reduction case
fak-kasrfand
has the fkasraf
sign; whereas
the preceding
5- !f the letter
hamza is in the
reduction case
fak-kasrfand
has the fkasraf
sign; whereas
the preceding
9
Charles Darwin - English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882).
letter to it is in
the reduction
casfak-kasrf
and has the
fkasraf sign.
fsukunf;
whereas the
preceding letter
to is in the
reduction case
fak-kasrfand
has the fkasraf
sign.
letter to it is in
the openness
casfan-nasbf
i.e. has the
ffathaf sign.
letter to it is in
the regular case
fad-damf i.e.
has the fdam-
maf sign.
letter to it is in
cutting andfor
isioncasfag-
gazmf and has
the Real
Quiescence sign
fsukunf.
Fittest Sign
fkasraf
Fittest Sign
fkasraf
Fittest Sign
fkasraf
Fittest Sign
fkasraf
Fittest Sign
fkasraf
Key Arabic
Letter
a
Key Arabic
Letter
a
Key Arabic
Letter
a
Key Arabic
Letter
a
Key Arabic
Letter
a
Reason:
Because the
fkasraf sign is >
the ffathaf sign
Reason:
Because the
fkasraf sign is >
the fsukunf sign
Reason:
Because the
fkasraf sign is >
the ffathaf sign
Reason:
Because the
fkasraf sign is >
the fdam-maf
sign
Reason:
Because the
fkasraf sign is >
Unreal
Quiescence -
Extension Sign
faifffa-madf
ioIl.Il
Example:
_ . . ffi
affor
"category"
Example:
_
. . fbi
rffor
"well"
Example:
_,_.
fra
isffor
"president"
Example:
__.
fsuiffor
"asked"
Example:
_.
. fbai f for
"salesman"
-! $etter hamha o"er the letter ,?, like medial and5or final #osition of
the ,ord
&
st
case -
nd
case .
rd
case /
th
case
1- !f the letter
hamza is in the
openness case
fan-nasbfi
has the ffathaf
sign; whereas
the preceding
letter to it is in
the regular
casfad-damf
i.e. has the
fdam-maf sign.
2- !f the letter
hamza is in the
rguarcasfad-
damf i.e. has the
fdam-maf sign;
whereas the
preceding letter
to it is in the
openness case
fan-nasbfi
has the ffathaf
sign.
3- !f the letter
hamza is in the
rguarcasfad-
damf i.e. has the
fdam-maf sign;
whereas the
preceding letter
to it is in the
cutting andfor
isioncasfag-
gazmf and has
the Real
Quiescence
sign fsukunf.
+- !f the letter hamza is in the in
the in the cutting andfor elision
casfag-gazmfandhasth
Real Quiescence sign fsukunf;
whereas the preceding letter to
itisinthrguarcasfad-
damf i.e. has the fdam-maf
sign.
Fittest Sign
fdam-maf
Fittest Sign
fdam-maf
Fittest Sign
fdam-maf
Fittest Sign
fdam-maf
Key letter
ww
Key letter
ww
Key letter
ww
Key letter
ww
Reason
Because
the fdam-maf
sign is > ffathaf
sign.
Reason
Because
the fdam-maf
sign is > ffathaf
sign.
Reason
Because
the fdam-maf
sign is > the
fsukunf sign.
Reason
Because the fdam-maf sign is >
the fsukunf sign.
Example:
l ffuadffor
"heart"
Example:
.
fra
ufffor
"well"
Example:
U
fmas
uf
for "an official"
i.e. "a
responsible for
person"
Example:
__
fmomnffor"atru
religious believer"
.! $etter hamha o"er the letter ?lif like = medial #osition of the ,ord
&
st
case -
nd
case
1- !f the letter hamza is in the cutting
andforisioncasfag-gazmfandhasth
Real Quiescence sign fsukunf; whereas the
preceding letter to it is in the openness
casfan-nasbfihasthffathafsign
2- !f the letter hamza is in the openness
casfan-nasbfihasthffathafsign;
whereas the preceding letter to it is in the
cuttingandforisioncasfag-gazmfand
has the Real Quiescence sign fsukunf.
Fittest Sign
ffathaf
Fittest Sign
ffathaf
Key letter
lif
Key letter
lif
Reason
Because the ffathaf sign is > the fsukunf
sign.
Reason
Because the ffathaf sign is > the fsukunf
sign.
Example:
_
fra
sffor"had"
Example:
Il
fmas
aaffor"issu"
/! $etter hamha o"er the line isolated and inde#endent like medial #osition of
the ,ord
&
st
and onl* case
1- !f the lettrhamzaisinthopnnsscasfan-nasbfihasthffathafsign;whras
thprcdingttristhttraifisinthcuttingandforisioncasfag-gazmfandhas
the Real Quiescence sign fsukunf.
Fittest Sign
fsukunf
Key letter
No letter as it is written o"er the line in medial position
Example:
el
_ fqra
ahffor"rading"
0! $etter hamha o"er the line isolated and inde#endent like final #osition of
the ,ord
&
st
and onl* case
1- !f the letter hamzaisinthcuttingandforisioncasfag-gazmfandhasth
Quiescence sign either the real sign fsukunf or the unreal sign - Extension Signfaifffa-
madf i
oIl._Il
Fittest Sign
fsukunf
Key letter
Different than others as it is written over the line in final position not over any of the
letters.
Example:
1- Real Quiescence Sign i.e. fsukunf:
i
_
. fbidffor"start"
2- Unreal Quiescence Sign i.e.faifffa-madfioIl.Il
fsamaffor"sk"
E>EE
&
st
case -
nd
case .
rd
case
1- !f the preceding
letter to hamza is in
thrductioncasfak-
kasrf and has the
fkasraf sign.
2- !f the preceding letter to hamza is in
thrguarcasfad-damfihas
the fdam-maf sign.
3- !f the preceding
letter to hamza is in
thopnnsscasfan-
nasbf i.e. has the
ffathaf sign.
Fittest Sign
fkasraf
Fittest sign
fdam-maf
Fittest sign
ffathaf
Key letter:
a
Key letter:
ww
Key letter:
Alif
Example:
c
_
fkari
ffor"radr"
Example:
L
. ftabatuffor"az"
Example:
l
fqara
ffor"rad"
$esson %'( 1oon and Sun Arabic $etters Pronunciation
Classification
Somtimsthttraifisfoowdbthttramtoformthfafpronunciationthat
are sometimes written and pronounced whereas sometimes are written but not
pronounced according to the type of the letters (Alphabets) themselves either they are
moon letters or sun letters. Consider the following Table:
>Eh>
4amar*ah5 M
:
k
<
< ;@y
z
k
z
^;@
>Ehuruf5 5ash!
shams*ah5 MT: s
<
w;@y
z
k
z
^;@
Description:
- They are 1+ letters.
- Thsoundfafiscar
pronounced.
Description:
- They are 1+ letters.
- Thsoundfafisnotcar
pronounced.
The Letters are
Arabic
$etter
ame
in
Arabic
Reading of
the Arabic
$etter ame
in
transliterate
d English
Transcri#tion
of the Arabic
$etter
Pronunciatio
n
9:;
<
= >?lif ?
CA
<
D
b?E>
b
VT: U Wim W
CA
<
\
h?E>
h
CA
<
`
kh?E>
kh
f?E>
f
A
<
4?f
4
A<
k?f
k
VT: mim m
CA
<
h?E>
h
y@
<
y ,?, W%a,, au,
u
The Letters are
Arabi
c
$etter
ame
in
Arabi
c
Reading of
the Arabic
$etter ame
in
transliterate
d English
Transcri#tion
of the Arabic
$etter
Pronunciatio
n
CA<J
t?E>
t
CA
<
P
th?E>
th
d@< e
2?l
d
d@
<
g
n?l
h
C@
<
j
r?E>
r
l@
<
m
n?*
h
qT: p Sin s
qT: u Shin sh
eA
<
S?d
s
eA< 2?d d
CA
<
~
t?E>
t
CA
<
?E>
CA
<
hamha >
<
$?m
l
z
un n
A note on 2efiniteness and Indefiniteness of Arabic(
Arabic is unique by its Definite and !ndefinite cases. !t has nothing that stands equivalent
to Articles "a", "an" nor "The".
2efinite Arabic Word Indefinite Arabic Word
Letters lif and lm attached to any word. Letters lif and lm are dropped.
Like the Article "The" in English Like the Article "A" and "An" in English
For Example:
The car e
.Il fas-saaraf
For Example:
A Car e
fsayraf
An Apple >
. ftufhaf
$esson %' To,ards Getter nderstanding of the Arabic
Word and5or Sentence Structure
e*,ords:
Root - owel Pattern - Affixation
Root 7o,el Pattern
Affi6ation %suffi6 infi6
or #refi6'
Basic Arabic Word without
any Affixes.
By root we mean that we
can never omit andfor drop
any of those basic rooted
letters or else they will not
be meaningful.
2
nd
part is the vowel pattern
as when added to the root it
forms various pronunciations
1- Affixes - suffix
(added after the basic
root) - infix (added
inside the basic root)
- or prefix (added
before the basic root)
- of past, present,
order or future tenses
added to the either
types of roots
described in the 1
st
column.
2- Affixes may be
added to words to
form singular, plural
andfor dual word
structures.
Arabic Basic word root is
three letter to form the verb
root ffa alaf
a . !n this
case they are called tri-
consonantal verbs i.e. have
three basic consonants.
For example:
. fkatabaf
i.e. to write
G( 2escribed #re"iousl*
and ,ill be dealt ,ith
later in the course3
G( Will be described
later in the course3
Sometimes the basic word
root is four letters to form
the verb root ftafa alaf
>
. e.g. ftargamaf
i.e. to translate
Doubled rooted e.g.
fmar-rf i.e. has the fshaddaf
sign as described previously.
!n other words they are
pronounced but not written
in the word however the
letter is doubled in the
transliteration for better
pronunciation.
There is also kind of words that amalgamates between
consonants and vowels e.g. the verb U fqlf "to say".
G( 2ont forget that all cases has its irregularities
that ,ill be kno,n b* greater kno,ledge and more
dee# Arabic learning and reading3
A general Note on the most important Arabic roots that forms miscellaneous Arabic words
as more than this will be an off point for our elementaryf intermediate readerf learner:
Consider the table belo, for the "erb 5kataba5
<
I
<
L< to ,rite
Arabic ,ord Arabic root
Transliteration of
Arabic ,ord
1eaning and5or
Case
a fkatabaf
He wrote (past)
(masculine)
.
. l _
, _
as
, fyaktubf He writes
._. __ c fkatibf
Having written and
or writer
._ U
a_ fkitabf A book
.
. _
a fkutubf Books
.
._ I
as
fmaktabf Office
._.
__ c
fmakatibf Offices
.
as
fmaktabaf Library
.
Uas
Ias
_,Ias
Vl_a_ sIl
for ordered timed
actions in case they
are orders directed
from persons of high
standards to lower
standards. However,
in our supplications
and appeals to Allah
we use the order verb
form but it is here
called supplication
like for example in
Sami usuf's song
that is called "Hasbi
Rab-bi" he sings "O
my Lord accept this
plea" i.e. it is a plea
andfor supplication.
NB: Order verb form is
inferred even if the
verbal sentence is just a
Description
- Some times
there are words that
are derived from
verbs' roots but they
denote actions with
no time i.e. nouns for
example the word
.
._ fkitbahf it is a
word denotes the act
of writing yet without
a specific time i.e. is
cadfa-masadirf
_
fmaktubf for
"written" i.e. passive.
- Sometimes
they are words that
denote quality like
the word i,
> fgayidf
for "good".
- Sometimes
they are proper
nouns just names.
- Sometimes
they are names of
places, things, or
2escri#tion
! $ike for e6am#le
conWunctions and
#re#ositions that ,ill be
dealt ,ith later3
verb:
For example:
.
._l
Write!
fiktubf
d- Future tense:
indicated in Arabic by
addind either the
suffix _ fsinf andfor
the word .
fsawff. For example:
:I
_
. l
fsa
uqabiakf
:I
_
. l.
fsa
wfffuqabiakf
! will meet you
objects.
A further ti# for "erbs
either #ast, #resent,
future or im#erati"e
the* all agree in case,
number, and gender and
take the suffi6es
indicating such gender
as been discussed later3
Arabic Sentences are three kinds
7erbal and ominal and uasi!Sentence
7erbal MT: ;@M
z
Z;@ >E
>E l*ah5
ominal MTp@M
z
Z;@
>E>E
ismi*ah5
uasi!Sentence
MZ;@Hu
5sh>E
When an Arabic sentence
starts with any erb
whatsoever it is called a
erbal Sentence.
When an Arabic sentence
starts with Noun it is called
Nominal Sentence.
When an Arabic sentence
starts with a preposition it is
called Quasi-Sentence.
Description:
erb _a_ ffi lf
Doer of Action __ c ff ilf
Object
_
.Uas
fmaf ulf
fbihf
Description:
Primate li
..
fmubtada
f
Predicate .
> fkhabarf
For example:
Past tense:
He read the lesson
yesterday.
Kinds of Predicate:
1- Singular
Predicate: neither
a sentence nor a
>
_
.Il_
iIll
fqara
ffad-darsffa-barihaf
Present andfor immediate
nearest future:
He reads the lesson.
_
iIll
,
faqraffad-darsf
quasi-sentence.
For example:
i,
>_
aIl fa-
amalf fgayidf
The work is good.
2- Nominal
Sentence
Predicate. For
example:
oIl
e,
_
.
>._ fa-
madrasahf
fmisahatihaf
fkabirahf School's
area is large.
3- erbal
Sentence
Predicate. For
example, _
aIl
.>
oIl_o
, fa-
amalf fyunamif
fa-mugtama f
Work develops the
society.
NB:
erbs agree with the doer of
action in case, gender and
form as seen below:
_
_ >
Fady returned
fragi af ffadif
,I
c.
a >
Aliaa returned.
fragi atf fia
f
+- Quasi-Sentence Predicate:
a- Circumstantial quasi-sentence: i.e. has a
circumstantial noun inside it. For example:
e
>
.Il iI
Il fa-waadffffawqaffash-shagarahf the
boy is over the tree.
Circumstantial nouns are always in the openness case i.e.
take the vowel sign ffathaf. They are two kinds:
Circumstantial of time
Ao;@k >E
ham?n5
Circumstantial of Place
A;@k >E
mak?n5
+or e6am#le(
]A
<
H
<
5sabah5 morning
M< A
<
p 5sa ah5 hour
M
<
<
p 5sanah5 5*ear5
t
<
= >E
<
5ghadan5 5toda*5
etc
+or e6am#le(
Abo"e 5fa,45
<
>
EC@jy
etc
i3e3 indicates time i3e3 indicates #lace
1ore than such info3 is ad"anced in this stage
b- Prepositions andfor a noun with reduced
ending quasi-sentence:
For example:
erbs can be dual, plural or
singular and they take the
signs of duality, plurality or
singularity as well as take
their grammatical signs of
each of the said cases.
Order is:
erb + Subject = erbal
Sentence
NB: reversed order is
sometimes acceptable
according to matters the
speaker wants to stress and
focus on, or even the
matters the receiver needs
or wants to consider more.
For example:
_
.IIliI
Il
_
fsharibaffa-wadffa-
labanf
=
_
.IIl
_
iI
Il
fa-wadfsharibaffa-abanf
The boy drunk milk.
.
aI
oIl__._ cVIl
fa-a ibfffiffa-ma abf
The player is in the stadium.
Sometimes, we find the
Arabic verbs and the doer of
action attached together i.e.
the doer of action is seen in
the pronoun attached to the
stem of the verb.
For example:
.
. .
! wrote
.. .
We wrote
Sometimes a sentence in
Arabic will have more than
one verb, for example:
l
_
.
l._.
.c
c ,I
.
.
._Il
We would like to express
our desire to learn how to
write.
fnawaduffanffnu abirf f
anf fraghbatinaffanffnata
alamffak-kitabahf
2o *ou kno, that:
1- Arabic Past erb has the vowel sign of openness ffathaf except when
annexed to the some pronouns. For example, l>
.>
. ffatahtif
you opened (Feminine Singular),
.>
. .
_l .
. _
Example Nasculine:
.
._l l
Example Feminine:
.
._l _
ffuktubf fiktubif fiktubuf fiktubnaf
+- Arabic Present tense is always in the regular form and takes the vowel sign fuf of
regularity fdam-maf; however there are some cases when it take the vowel sign of
openness ffathaf. Consider the table below for articles that when placed before the
present Arabic Tense will convert the regularity to openness i.e. will give the Present
tense the ffathaf sign:
$etters of Present tense #enness
= q; L\
fanf flanf fkayf fhataf
That Negative So that That
4- !f the Present Tense ends in any of the following three letters in the final
positionwaw,aiforathwibdroppdifarprcddbfamf,I. For
example: i
o>
l ,I l
oIl__ fahmadffamffa
tffminffa-madrasahfhmd
has not come from his school. The original form of the verb l
,fa
tfis_.l
, fa
tif
butwhadroppdthttrabcausthrbisprcddbfamf,I.
5- Note that the suffix indicating feminine Present Tense in plural is the nun
letter final e.g. .
aI
,
fat-timizanf
fyadrisanf
They Study
Example:
_
i
.o
..l
fantumaf
ftadrisanf
ou Study
Example:
_
i
,,
fhumf
fyadrisunf
They study
Example:
_
i
.,
..
l
ffantumf
ftadrisunf
ou study
Example:
_,
_
i
._ ..
l
fantifftadrisinf
ou study
->E E>Ekhamsah5 Msb;@dA@ according to
Grammatical Anal*sis
Firbssignofguaritfar-
raf
Ilf
Five verbs sign
of Openness
fan-nasbf.
.Il
FirbssignofEisionfag-
gazmf ,
>Il
Firmness of letter nun
.Il
. .
fthubutffan-nunf
Elimination of
letter nun
.Il.
>
fhazfffan-nunf
Elimination of letter nun
.Il.
>
fhazfffan-nunf
Example:
_
a
.,
..
l
fantumffta rifunf
ou Know
Example:
l
,_I
flanf fyuwafiraf
Will not provide
Example:
l
,,I
flamf fyuwafiraf
Will not provide
7- SpcianotonthFiNounsinrabicfa-asma
ffa-khamsahf oVl
.o>Il.
>E>
>
>Ekhamsah5 Msb;@CAp@ according to
their grammatical case
&
st
noun -
nd
noun .
rd
noun /
th
noun 0
th
noun
Reg
ular
ity
Red
ucti
on
Ope
nne
ss
Reg
ular
ity
Red
ucti
on
Ope
nne
ss
Reg
ular
ity
Red
ucti
on
Ope
nne
ss
Reg
ular
ity
Red
ucti
on
Ope
nne
ss
Reg
ular
ity
Ope
nne
ss
Red
ucti
on
Father Brother Father-in-law
Possessorf
Owner of
Nouth
l .
l :,.
l .
l >l
,>l
:
>l
>
,o
>
:
o
>
fmudarisnf fmudarisatnf fmudarisunf fmudaristinf
Two teachers (N.) Two Teachers (F.) Teachers (N) Teachers (F.)
2efinite 2ual
1asculine
2efinite 2ual
+eminine
2efinite Plural
1asculine
2efinite Plural
+eminine
oIl
oIl
oIl
oIl
.,
.Il
.
ftarakffa-batffwaffs
farf
He left home and traveled
!t is supposed to say
. (
.,
.Il
But we see that the Latent
Pronoun fhuwaf indicating
Nasculine gender is
deduced from the sentence
i.e. Latent Personal.
G( this is an ad"anced
ti# that is better not to
go further than this for
our elementar*5
intermediate reader5
learner3
>EdE>EM:
<
L
z
;@k:A
<
< ;@
2escri#tion( Arabic Word Connected Personal %Suffi6' one ,ord
S#e
aker
Pers
onal
Pron
oun
Addr
essed
Perso
nal
1asc
uline
Singu
lar
Pron
oun
Addr
essed
Perso
nal
+emi
nine
Singu
lar
Pron
oun
&st
#erso
n
#lural
5
masc
uline5
femin
ine
Perso
nal
Prono
un
.rd
#ers
on
Plur
al
+emi
nine
Pers
onal
Pron
oun
.
rd
#erso
n
2ual
1asc
uline
Pers
onal
Pron
oun
.
rd
#ers
on
2ual
+emi
nine
Pers
onal
Pron
oun
bWecti"e case Personal
Pronouns
G( We ,ill illustrate all the abo"e ,ith the "erb to dra,
<
V
<
p
<
j 5rasam5
z
K
<
K :K A @ AJ l
A
V
A
A
o
.
f
rasa
mtuf
!
drew
o
.
f
rasam
taf
ou
drew
o
_ .
f
rasam
tif
ou
drew
o
.
f
rasmn
f
We
drew
o
_
f
rasa
mnf
They
drew
o
f
rasm
f
They
drew
o
.
f
rasam
atf
They
drew
&
st
#ers
on
s#ea
ker
#ers
onal
#ron
oun
Addr
essed
-
nd
#erso
n
Absen
t .
rd
#erso
n5s
S#ea
kers
&
st
#erso
n
Plura
l
eithe
r
femin
ine or
masc
uline
o
_
f
rasmi
f
Ny
drawi
ng
o
:
f
rasma
kf
ou
drawi
ng
o
f
rasmuh
f
His
drawin
g
o
f
rasmuh
af
Her
drawin
gs
o
o
o
.
f
rasma
nf
Our
drawi
ngs
f
rasmuh
umaf
Their
Drawin
g
o
,
f
rasmuh
umf
Their
drawin
gs
o
_
f
rasmuh
unf
Their
drawin
gs
>Ed
>
>Ek:A
<
< ;@
M: <
z
;@
2escri#tion( Arabic Word 2isconnected %se#arated' Personal t,o ,ords
&
st
#erson -
nd
#erson .
rd
#erson
1as
culi
ne5
+em
inin
e
Sing
ular
1as
culi
ne5
femi
nine
5
#lur
al
1as
culi
ne
Sin
gul
ar
1as
culi
ne
2ua
l
1as
culi
ne
Plur
al
+e
min
ine
Sin
gul
ar
+e
min
ine
2u
al
+e
min
ine
Plu
ral
1as
culi
ne
Sin
gul
ar
1as
culi
ne
2ua
l
1as
culi
ne
Plur
al
+e
min
ine
Sin
gul
ar
+e
min
ine
2u
al
+e
min
ine
Plu
ral
.l
f
naf
!
_>
.
f
nahn
uf
we
..l
f
nta
f
you
o
..l
f
ntu
maf
you
,
..l
f
ntu
mf
_ ..l
f
nti
f
you
o
..l
f
nt
um
af
you
_
..l
f
nt
una
f
you
f
huw
af
He
o
f
hum
af
they
,
f
hum
f
they
__
f
hya
f
she
o
f
hu
maf
the
y
_
f
hun
af
The
y
$esson %&&' Singular, 2ual and Plural Constructions ,ith
2emonstrati"e oun Constructions in Arabic
Either +eminine or 1asculine
Agreement with case, gender and number is a basic key towards fully understanding this
lesson.
Arabic
2emons
trati"e
ouns
Grou# I
Pointing5 2emonstrating the near
Grou# II
Pointing5
2emonstrating
the +ar
l
_,
_,.
:I >
:I_.
:_.Vl
Arabic
Translite
rations
of
2emons
trati"e
ouns
f
haz
f
f
hazi
hif
f
haz
nf
f
hazay
nf
f
ht
nf
f
htaynf
fha
uaf
f
zalikf
ftilkf
f
ulikf
English
E4ui"ale
nt
This This
Thes
e
These
Thes
e
These These That That
Thos
e
sage
1as
culin
e
Sing
ular
+em
inin
e
Sing
ular
1as
culin
e
2ual
%Sub
Wect'
1asc
uline
2ual
%bWe
ct'
+em
inin
e
2ua
l
%Su
bWec
t'
+emini
ne
2ual
%bWec
t'
Plural
for
both
1ascul
ine
and
+emini
ne
1as
culin
e
+em
inin
e
Plur
al
for
both
1as
culin
e
and
+emi
nine
E6am#le
s
l
iI
f
haz
ffwal
adf
This
is a
boy.
..
_
.
f
hazi
hif
f
bintf
This
is a
girl.
l
liI
f
haz
nf
fwala
danf
Thes
e two
boys
_,
_,
iI
Il
f
hazay
nffa-
walda
ynf
These
two
boys
..
_
.Il
f
hata
nf
fa-
bent
anf
Thes
_,
.
_,
..
_
.Il
f
htaynf
fa-
bintaynf
These
two
girls
V
VVl
f
ha
uaf
fa-
awladf
These
boys
:_I >
s_ LIl
_
f
zalikf
fatiflf
That
child
:I_.
Is_ LIl
ftilkf
fatifl
ahf
That
child
:_.Vl
sL
Vl
U
Thos
e
childr
en
f
ua
ikf
fa-
e
two
girls
tfalf
NB:
1- Demonstrative noun + indefinite noun = the demonstrative is the subject
(Primate) of the Nominal Sentence and the indefinite noun is the Predicate of the
Nominal Sentence. For example:
.._ILl
fhazf ftlibf
This student .
Then fhazf is the Primate and ftlibf is the Predicate.
2- Demonstrative noun + definite noun = the demonstrative is the adjective
modifying the noun. For example:
,_ ..
_
_..
_
.Il_
fhazihiffa-bintfffirinsahf
This girl is French.
3- Both Grou# I and Grou# II can be used in sentences to refer to
contrasting matters. For example: _,
_
. :I >
_,o
>l
:_I >
fmanf Who
Nasculine andfor
Feminine - For
Persons i.e.
flilf faqilf _aII
'
..l_
fmanf
fntaf
'_ ..l_
fmanf fntif
Who are
you?
fmf What
Common gender
for things i.e.
flef fgharffa-
aqilf __
aIl, a_I
i_
fhazf
fhuwaf
fmf
fyaqsiduhuf
This is what
he means.
Il fa-azif Who
Singular -
Nasculine - For
persons
Il_
'_
>
fmanf
faazif
fkharagf
Who has
gone?
_.Il fa-atif Who
Singular -
Feminine - for
persons
_.Il_
'.
>
>
fmanffa-
latif
fkharagatf
Who has
gone?
_,IIlfl IIl fa-azanf-fa-
lazynf
Whofm Dual Nasculine -
Subjectfobject
liI
Il>
>
.
_
lIIl
_
.IIl
fkharagaf
fa-waadanf
ffa-
lznf
fsharibf
fa-abanf
The two
boys who
have drunk
milk went
out.
_,
.IIlf
>
>
.
.
_
.IIl
_
.IIl
fkharagatf
fa
-bintnffa-
latnf
fsharibatf
fa-abanf
The two
girls who
have drunk
milk went
out.
_,IIl fa-azinf Who
Plural Nasculine
- for persons
,
_,IIlVVl
l>
>
.
fha'ula'f
fhumffa-
awadffa-
lazinf
fnagahuf
Those are
the boys
who have
succeed.
__.VIlf_.lIIl fa-awatif-fa-atif Who
Plural Feminine
- for persons
l ,_ oI_.Il
f_.VIl
_.l
IIl
fat-
timizatffa-
atiforfa-
lawtif
The
Students
who .etc
Notes:
1- All Relative nouns are indeclinable except dual relative nouns l IIl and
.IIl as seen above i.e. both take the fnf being a Subject and fynf being an
object.
2- All relative nouns agree in case, number and gender.
$esson %&.' To,ards +urther 2escri#tion of 7o,el Sounds
and Arabic( ouns, 7erbs and5 or Articles
As been discussed before Arabic has vowels that helps in correct pronunciation. Now, let
us navigate their positions in Arabic.
1- Grammatical analysis in Arabic can be divided into two types:
a- Dcnsionfa-i rabf l
.
_
.Il: which means the fixation in
the sign of the word.
2- Both types could be summed up in the following Chart:
Arabic Articles or
$etters
Arabic nouns and
"erbs
Arabic ouns Arabic 7erbs
Always indeclinable
and uninflected
whenever they are
seen in any position
in the sentence.
Are declined and has
the regular
sign fdam-maf
according to their
positions in the
sentence.
Are declined and has
the reduction sign
ffathaf according to
the positions in the
sentence.
Are declined and has
the elision sign
according to the
positions in the
sentence.
3- Note that before going further into this we have to highlight that any
word on its own away from any sentence can take any kind of Nunation
(Nodulation) in case it is indefiniteihasnofafihasnothaifand
lm letter: For example:
_>
fragulunf or
V> fragulanf or
sIl
will take the short
vowel fdam-maf as it is
grammatically analyzed in
thrguaritcasfar-raf f
Il.
1- The pro-gent takes
the fdam-maf sign i.e. fuf;
thpro-agntorfna
ibffa-
fa ilf __ c
Ilf.
3- Nominal Subject
(Primate) and the Predicate
ifa-mubtada
ffwaffa-
khabarf
>Ill
..
oIl both
will take the short
vowel fdam-maf as it is
grammatically analyzed in
thrguaritcasfar-raf f
Il.
For Example:
..
_
.Il.
For Example:
_iIl
._.
For Example:
_,
iIl
fwaqafatffa-bintuf
The girl stood up.
fa-bintufisthdorofth
action.
fkutibaffad-darsuf
The lesson was written.
fa-darsufisthpro-agnt
fad-darsuffshayiqunf
The lesson is interesting.
fa-darsufisthNomina
Subject (Primate).
fshayiqunf is the predicate.
Short "o,el<5fatha5
1- The Direct Object takes the ffathaf sign
ifaf;thnthObjctorfa-maf ulf
fbihif
_
.Uas
iIli
>
.
fkatabaffmuhamidffad-darsaf
Nohmed wrote the lesson.
fa-darsafisthdirctobjct
For Example:
o_ .i
>
>
fhadaraf fmuhamidf fbasimanf
Nohamed came happily.
fbasimanf is the Adverb (the Status) or (the
Complement of Nanner.
Short 7o,el:5kasra5
1- The Annexed Noun i.e. Genitive case
the fkasraf sign i.e. fif in pronunciation;
then the Annexed Noun i.e. Genitive case or
fa-mudafffiahif,I
_
|.
>Il.
IlL_.._
frakibtuf fqitaraffas-sabahif
! took the morning train.
The word fqitaraf for "train" is the Annexing
that is ambiguous to know the accurate
timing of it then when we added the
nnxdfa-sabahif for "morning" the
meaning is much more clear.
For Example:
_ .
aI
oIlI
_
|_ .,
.Il__
>
fzahabaffminffa-batiffiaffa-ma abf
He went from his home to the stadium.
-! Subordinate Grammatical Signs MT: k< ;@KA
<
< ;@ >EE>E *a5
Arabic 2ual sign 5an5 @ or 5en5 q
Definition: it is the sign that denotes dual case i.e. when removing it the Arabic word is
back to the singular state in any of the Arabic three cases: regularity, openness and
reduction.
Regularit* #enness Reduction
Dual sign is fanf i.e. the two
letters in Arabic is the l to
denote regular case in dual
state instead of the fdam-
maf sign.
Dual sign is faynif i.e. the
two letters in Arabic is the
_, to denote openness case
in dual state instead of
the ffathaf sign.
Dual sign is faynif i.e. the
two letters in Arabic is the
_, to denote reduction case
in dual state instead of
the fkasraf sign.
Example:
.
_
oIl
>
Both coaches has came.
fhadaraffa-mudaribanf
Reason:
Dual - Regular Case - Doer
of the action or the erbal
Subject (Agent).
Example:
_,.
_
oIl.,
atuffa-mudaribanif
Reason:
Dual - Openness case -
Direct Object
Example:
_,.
_
oIlI
_
|._ cVIl
>
The player went to both
coaches.
fzahabaffa-a ibffiaffa-
mudaribaynif
Reason:
Dual - reduction case -
nominal subordinate (noun
in the indirect case with a
reduced ending) i.e.
fismffmagrurf>,l
bthrductionttrfiaf
1asculine Plural signs 5un5 or y 5in5
Definition: it is the sign that denotes Nasculine Plural state i.e. when removing it the
Arabic word is back to the singular state in any of the Arabic three cases: regularity,
openness and reduction.
Nasculine Plural sign is funf
the two letters in Arabic is
the l to denote regular
case in Nasculine Plural
state instead of the fdamaf
sign
Nasculine Plural sign is finf
the two letters in Arabic is
the _, to denote openness
case in Nasculine Plural
state instead of the ffathaf
sign
Nasculine Plural sign is finf
the two letters in Arabic is
the _, to denote reduction
case in Nasculine Plural
state instead of the fkasraf
sign
Example:
_
l
iIl_
>
.
fnagahffad-darsonf
Students has succeeded.
Reason:
Nasculine Plural - Regular
Case - Doer of the action or
the erbal Subject (Agent).
Example:
_,_ >_ >
.Il.,
fra'atoffan-naghnf
! have seen the succeeded.
Reason:
Nasculine Plural - Openness
Case - Direct Object.
Example:
_,_ >_ >
.IlI
_
|..
>
fzahabtoff'affan-
nageheenf
! have gone to the
succeeded.
Reason:
Nasculine Plural - reduction
case - nominal subordinate
(noun in the indirect case
with a reduced ending)
i.e. fesmf fmagrorf ,_l
>
._ILIl
>
fga
atffat-talebatuf
Students came.
Reason:
Feminine Plural - Regular
Case - Doer of the action or
the erbal Subject (Agent).
Example:
._ILIl
> l
fga
atffat-talebatuf
fmubakiratinf
Students came early.
Reason:
Feminine Plural - Openness
Case - The Adverb.
Example:
>
>
iIlI
c.Ia Il,
>
fhagamffath-tha labf f
aaffad-dagagatf
The Fox attacked the hens.
Reason:
Feminine Plural - reduction
case - nominal subordinate
(noun in the indirect case
with a reduced ending) i.e.
fismffmagrurf>,l
by the reduction letter f
alaf.
Other related Feminine Plural cases are still not known but that is sufficient for our
elementary- intermediate student.
$esson %&/' Ad"erbs AdWecti"es in Arabic
&! Ad"erbs(
Like any other Language there are words to express Adverbs in Arabic, yet with some
different and specific rules.
e*,ords(
Thdrbfa-hlf U
>Il._ >
>Eh?l5 dA
<
^;@
SubWect of the State %Concerned of the
State' 5s?h>Eh?l5 dA
<
^;@I: \A
- We use Adverbs in Arabic to
describe the state of the nouns in the
sentence as if we are answering a
question that is asking about ")o,"
a matter or an action is done.
- Arabic Adverbs are mostly
derivatives i.e. they come from the
roots of a verb.
- Ad"erbs in Arabic al,a*s
take the unation %1odulation'
of o#enness _L< ;@q<J 5tan,in
>Eh5 i3e3 ends in the
sound 5an53
- Other than the Subject of the
state that is mostly definite the
Ad"erb is mostl* indefinite.
The Three inds of Ad"erbs
>Eh?l5
>E
i3e3 Wust a
,ord
>Eh?l5
>E
goumla5
i3e3
Sentence
State
either
"erbal or
nominal
>E
h?l5
5shibh5
>E
gumla5
i3e3 uasi!
sentence
State
E6am#le(
1ohamed
E6am#le(
I sa, him
E6am#le(
)e talks
The Subjectf Concerned of the state i.e.
the name referred to with the used adverb
is calledfshibffa-hlf U
>Il._ >
- This Subjectf Concerned of
the state is mostly definite.
- Sometimes the Subject of the
state is a noun or a pronoun .etc.
,ent to
school
4uickl*3
5
hahaba5
51uhamid5
>>E
madrasa5 5
mosri an53
f
<
<
^
z
<
I< < g
Mp
<
jf
<
;@;{
A
:
ks
z
3
cr*ing3
z
<
yL=
<
j
H
<
>
E
5,a5
5hu,a5
5*abki5
o"er the
#ul#it3
q: V<< <J
<
k
<
H: ;@3
5takalam5
5mn5
5fa,4a5
>E
minbar5
Examples:
Nohamed went to school quickly.
fzahabaffNuhamidffiaffa-madrasaffmosri anf.
c
_
.
oIlI|i
>
>.
Consider if we asked )o, Nohamed has gone to the School? we will answer uickl*.
Nohamed is the SubWect of the State whereas quickly is the ad"erb.
Further, the Adverb uickl* meaning c
_
.
l then it
is deri"ed from a "erb3
-! AdWecti"es(
Adjectives in Arabic are very simple that they imitate their noun in three things:
1- Case
2- Number
3- Gender
Not:ifouwanttoconrtaNascuindjctiinrabictoFmininjustaddth"ta
Narbutah"oraifandtaaccordingtoitscas
2ifferent +orms of AdWecti"es
1asculine
Singular
AdWecti"e
+eminine
Singular
AdWecti"e
1asculine
2ual
AdWecti"e
+eminine
2ual
AdWecti"e
1asculine
Plural
AdWecti"e
+eminine
Plural
AdWecti"e
,_ i
_ _I>
s,_ i
_I>
s,_ i
_I>
s,_ i
_I>
.
_ il
_I>
s,_ i
_I>
fsadiqf f
mukhlis
fsadiqahf
fmukhlisahf
fsadiqanf
fmukhlisanf
fsadiqatanf
fmukhlisatanf
fasdeqa'f
fmokhlisunf
fsadiqatf
fmukhlisatf
A faithful
friend
A faithful
friend
Faithful
friends
Faithful friends
Faithful
friends
Faithful
friends
$esson %&0' Pre#ositions in Arabic
Definition: Words that specify place, direction andfor time.
1- A table that sums up some of the most important prepositions in Arabic and their
equivalent in English:
Arabic Pre#ositions
Arabic Pre#osition
Arabic Pre#osition English
Transliteration
English E4ui"alent
fminf From
l ,
l famamf !n front of
_ __ ffif !n f inside
> .I
> U
. ia
. fba df After
_. fqablf Before
_
. ._.
>
_
. fbignibf Beside
. _,
. fbaynaf Between
c I
c falaf On
. .>
. ftahatf Below
ffawqf Above
_
| I
_
| f'ilaf To
2- Connected pronouns can be connected to nouns and verbs and also to prepositions;
consider the table below as an example:
>Ed!d
>
>EM:
<
L
z
;@k:A< ;@
2escri#tion( Pre#osition Connected Personal %Suffi6' one ,ord
E6am#le the Pre#osition 5men5 q
G( all #re#ositions can be attached to Connected Personal Pronouns
%bWecti"e Case'
1asculi
ne .
rd
#erson !
absent
Addresse
d -
nd
#erson
1asculine
and
+eminine
res#ecti"
el*
Absent
.
rd
#ersons
1asculi
ne
Absent
.
rd
#erson
+emini
ne
+eminine
5
1asculine
2ual
&st
#erso
n
s#ea
ker
#erso
nal
#ron
oun
.rd
#erson
Plural
+emini
ne
Person
al
Pronou
n
&st
#erson
#lural5
masculin
e5
feminine
Personal
Pronoun
._ ._ -
: ._ _ : ._ , ._ ._ o
_
_._
_
_
._ _
_ .
fminhuf
fminkaf
- fminkif
f
minhumf
fminhaf fminhumaf fminif
f
minhunf
fminaf
From
him
From you
From
them
From
her
From
both of
them
From
me
From
them
(feminin
e)
From us
$esson %&' Arabic 7erbal 7oices( Acti"e Passi"e
Just two types of verbs in Arabic could be changed in the Passive they are the Past erb
_
. "broke" fkasaraf
_ . fkosiraf "was
broken".
Conversion has just two cases:
1
st
case:
1- any present tense shall be
pronounced in passive as follows:
a- pronounce the 1
st
letter with
the regular fdam-maf sign.
b- Pronounce the letter before
the last with the openness sign
ffathaf
Example 1
st
case:
.
, "to write"
fyaktobf fyuktabf .
, "was written".
2
nd
case:
!fthpastrbhasinitiaaugmntdtai
throotofthrbhasnotthttrtaas
a basic letter.
1- First and second letter should
be pronounced with the vowel sign
of regularity fdam-maf.
2- The letter before the last shall
take the vowel sign of reduction
fkasraf.
Example 2
nd
case:
,
. "knew" ftafahamaf ,
. ftufuhimaf
"was known".
2
nd
case:
!f the present verb has the defective letters
iwaw,aiforathnitwibconrtd
to lif + the first letter will take the sign of
regularity fdam-maf
Example 2
nd
case:
Us, "is saying" fyakulf Will be
Us
, fyuklf
3
rd
case:
Whnthpastrbhasfhamzatffa-wasf
_Ileo augmented
1- The first and third letter take
the vowel sign of regularity fdam-
maf.
For example:
_IL._l "aunchd"fintalaqaf __I L.
l
funtuikaf'wasaunchd''
+
th
case:
!f the past verb's 2
nd
or 3
rd
letter is an
augmented lif.
1- Just convert this augmented
lif to letter ww.
For example:
"argued"U
>
. ftagdalf U>.
ftugudelf "was argued".
5
th
case:
!f the past verb has any of the defective
ttrsiwaw,aiforathn
1- Convert the second defective
ttrtothttra\
For Example:
"fasted" ,
fshudaf
"was stretched".
>E>dafah5 MA< @
e*,ords:
Thnnxingfa-mudaff .
oIl- Thannxdfa-mudafffiahif,I
_
|.
oIl
2efinition(
- They are grouped under the Umbrella of nouns andfor pronouns.
- They are both related i.e. the Annexed is related to the Annexing in meaning
within the same sentence either nominal or verbal.
- Firstnouningniticas=Thnnxingfa-mudaff .
oIl
- Scondnouningniticas=ThnnxdThannxdfa-mudaff
fiahif,I
_
|.
oIl
For example:
_
_
Il
L_
..
aIl.._l
fhazanffkitabaffa-arabahfandnotl
,.
aIl.._ fhazanffkitabanffa-arabahf
- Al,a*s indefinite i.e. has no lif and lm letters in two cases:
a- !f the 2
nd
noun i.e. Annexing is definite, the Annexed dro#s the definite
letters; and unation %modulation' is dro##ed too. )o,e"er, if there is an
adWecti"e it is #arallel with the Annexed i3e3 both are definite or both are
indefinite3
b- !f the Annexed is dual or Nasculine plural, the letter nun - Final - is
dro##ed.
Grammatical Rules and Anal*sis(
Simply enough the Annexed takes the fdam-maf sign of regularity whereas the
Annexing takes the fkasraf sign if reduction.
$esson %&' Arabic Interrogation ALp@Fz p
z
=
>>E>
2efinition(
!t is to ask about anything whatsoever to fully know or understand it.
e*,ords:
!nterrogative nouns - !nterrogative letters (Particles)
$etters and #articles of interrogation are more than that ho,e"er this
information is sufficient in this elementar*5 intermediate stage3
Part I
%Interrogati"e
ouns'
Part II %Interrogati"e $etters'
5hal5
<
>E
o< ;@
5man5
q
<
,ho
5
mata5
L
<
,hen
5
maha
5 @gA
<
,hat
A
<
5ma5
,hat
or
,hich
5ka*f5
9T<
ho,
5kam5
V<
ho,
much 5
ho,
man*
>E
q
<
=
,here
Simply
like the
yes or
no
question
s in
English
Both are
alike
yet fhalf
is a word
that is not
annexed
to the
verb;
whereas
the
Hamza is
annexed
with the
verb to
To ask
about
person
s
To ask
about
time
To ask
about
things
To ask
about
things
To ask
about
the how
anythin
g has
done or
any
matter
has
happene
d
To ask
about
quantity
To ask
about
places
form
interrogati
on.
Example
:
_
.o
_iIl?
fhalf
ffahimtf
fad-
darsf
Have
you
understo
od the
lesson?
Example:
.ol
?_iIl
fafahmtf
fad-darsf
Have you
understoo
d the
lesson?
Exampl
e:
_>_
',,Il
f
manf f
kharag
affa-
yawmf
Who
went
out
today?
Exampl
e:
.
_.l.
'
fmataf
fsata
tif
When
will
you
come?
Exampl
e:
l>
_as.
'
fmazaf
fsatf
alf
What
will
you
do?
Exampl
e:
..
'e,Il
f
maf
fsabbf
faz-
zyarah
f
What
is the
reason
behind
such
visit?
Example
:
.,
i>
:I>
'>Il
f
kayfaf f
hadatha
f f
zalikaf
fa-
hadisf
How
such
accident
has
happene
d?
Exampl
e:
ic,
l>oIl
',,Il
fkamf f
adadf f
fa-
mohadr
atffa-
yawmf
How
many
lectures
will be
taught
today?
Example
:
e>>_,l
l>oIl
'
f
ynaf f
hogratf f
fa-
mohadr
tf
Where
is the
lecturing
room?
$esson %&' Arabic egation
<
;@Fp= >>E>
naf*5
Arabic egating Particles
egation in Arabic is related to tenses and5or nouns3
<
A
<
5m5 ot V<; 5lam5 ot
A<; 5lam?5 not
*et
5l?5 o or "erb not nor
+ past Arabic
tense
+ Present
Arabic tense
+ present
Arabic tense
+ before a noun or + present
Arabic tense
Example:
,
fmf frasamaf
Has not drawn
Example:
,_
,,I
flamf fyarsomf
Has not drawn
Example:
,
,oI
flamaf fyarsimf
Has not yet
drawn
Example:
..IlelsIl.a,V
flf fya rifffaq-qrahffwaffa-
kitabaf
He does not know how to read nor
how to write.
.a,i>lV
flaf fahaaf fya reff
No one knows.
NB:
Please consider
the difference
between this
fmf and the
interrogative
fmaf
NB:
Sometimes negation and interrogation befriend each other to form Negated !nterrogation
Arabic Construction. Such !nterrogation is like the usual known interrogation; however it is
replied by fbalf I. instead of yes and fna amf ,a. instead of no For example:
',,Il>.Il,is.,Il
fa-amfftukadimffa-bahthffa-awmf
!f yes: ,,Il>.Il,il,II. fbaaffamffuqadimffa-bahthffa-awmf
!f no: ,,Il>.Il.iV faffqadamtffa-bahthffa-awmf
$esson %-' Arabic 7ocati"e Case C@f:;@Fp
z
=
>>E>
>
e*,ords:
- Articles of Calling li_.Il.
> fhurufffan-nidaf
- Called Noun ..
oIl fa-munadaf
sage(
We use the ocative Case in Arabic - or in any Language - to call a specific noun's
attention.
&! Indefinite
Articles to Calling the
near
Articles to calling the far
Articles to call either the
near or the far
>E*5 l=
>Eha5
>EEA=
5ha*?5 AT
5*?5 A
Commonl* used and seen
as it is neutral used in
both cases3
Example:
,..
l
faffbunaahf
O Daughter.
Example:
_.
fhaaffabatif
O Father
c,
l
faaffUmarf
O Omar
Example:
io>,
fyf fmuham-mid
O Nohamed
G( some times the Articles of Calling are omitted in case the conte6t highlights
the "ocati"e case ,ithout such Articles i3e3 deduced from conte6t3
Sometimes the Called Noun is added to another noun to specify the reason of the call. For
example,
_.i_ c
>
,
O Nohamed help me.
fyf fmuham-mid fs idnif
G( in the indefinite case gender is not a #roblem and ne"er affects the
"ocati"e case but in the 2efinite it affects3
&! 2efinite
!f we are calling a 2efinite noun,wusfauhaf
l for the +eminine Called oun. Those Articles are derived from the
Article of Calling l
<
= fafbutwannxtoitth#ronoun denoting either the 1asculine
case or the +eminine Case. For example,
._ cVIl
l
O Player
fauhafffa-a ibf
..
_
.Il
l
faatuhaffa-bintf
O Girl
$esson %-&' E6ce#tion5 E6clusion Case CAR:Lp@Fp
z
=
>>E>E>
2efinition(
!t is the case of excludingf exception a noun from a former state (statement).
e*,ords:
NounExcptdFromfa-mustathnaf fminhuf ._ .
..
oIl - ExcptdNounfa-
mustathnaf .
..
>
For example:
All of the family members are working exceptfbut one.
a- We have a completed sentence that is independent and full in meaning "All
of the family members are working" but when we add the dependent phrase "
exceptfbut one" we mean that all are working but onl* one is not working.
b- !n Arabic we have many Exception Articles that refers to the same subject;
consider for example the Arabic translation of the above example:
I
oa
,e
Vll
l,o
> ._ fV
_
| i_ >l
.
fgami ffafradffa-usrahffa malunf fiaforfsiwaffwhidf
Let us analyze this:
>E
mustathna5 5minhu5
: R
<
Ls
z
;@
>E
mustathna5 R
<
Ls
z
;@
Article of E6ce#tion
>E>thn?5 k
<
\
CAR:Lp@
e
Vll
l,o
>
fgami ffafradffa-usrahf
All of the family members
i_ >l
fwhidf
one
._ fV
_
|
fiaforfsiwaf
exceptfbut
Then( nl* one has been e6cluded from the action5 statement abo"e3
E6ce#tion5 E6clusion Case is to get something5someone out of an action i3e3 set
it out3
c- Articles of Exception in Arabic are eight, each of them on their own has their
own rules of Exception. Nost important of which are:
The Article in Arabic Its 1eaning if a##licable Its transliteration
:
{
:
{ E6ce#t5 if not5 other,ise5 unless >
< kT< ther 5gha*r5
: p ther than 5si,a5
C@
<
p either
>
.
_.
sIl_,. ftanwinffa-
fathf fanf
The excepted noun (i.e.
noun after fiaf) is either in
the openness case i.e.
Nunation (Nodulation) of
openness - _.
sIl_,.
.
ftanwinffa-fathf fanf or
Nunation (Nodulation) of
regularity - , Il_,.
.
ftanwinfad-damf funf
When the excepted noun
from is absent i.e. could be
deduced from the sentence's
meaning then the excepted
noun (i.e. noun after fiaf)
takes the sign in accordance
with its grammatical analysis
in the sentence.
For example:
l i_ >l
V
_
|_,
.Il
fmarffas-suahf fi-lf
fwhidanf
Tourists passed except one.
For example:
i>lfl i>l
V|_
.Il
fmaffmarffas-suahf fi-lf
fwhidanf
or f whidunf
Tourists had not passed
except one.
+or e6am#le %&'(
io
>
V
_
|
>
fmf fnagahffiaf
fmuhamadunf
No one has succeeded
except Nohamed.
Reason(
Regular case i.e. Nunation
(Nodulation) of regularity -
, Il_,.
. ftanwinfad-
damf funf as Nohamed is
the doer of the action.
+or e6am#le %-'(
,
_
_
.V
_
|
., s
.I_l
fmaffitaqatffi-affbif
friydinf
! have met none but Riad.
Reason(
Reduction case i.e. Nunation
(Nodulation) of reduction -
. Il_,.
. ftanwinffak-
kasrf finf as the name Riad
is attached to the Article of
rductionfbaf.
+or e6am#le %.'(
.
._V
_
|l
l,I
famffaqraffiaffkitabanf
! have not read except one
book.
Reason:
openness case i.e. Nunation
(Nodulation) of openness -
_.
sIl_,.
. ftanwinffa-
fathf fanf because the
word fkitabanf .
._ for
"book" is the object.
d- ThNounofExcptionwithothrarticsothrthanfi-afisawasinth
Reduction Case and takes the Nunation (Nodulation) of Reduction - . Il_,.
.
ftanwinffak-kasrffinf;ikthxcptionnouninthhrinbowxamp:
>
(li
c)(._ )(, c)
No one has came exceptf other thanf but Fady
fmaffgaffghayrf fsiwaf fadaf ffadif
asonofductionisthatthExcptdNoun"Fad"isannnxdfa-mudaff
fiahif,I
_
|.
oIl asthrbcamfgafisannxdtothnounffadif
$esson %--' 7erb to Ge and its Sisters in Arabic 5k?na5
>E A:J@
<
<
`
<
=
<
y < A<
There are special verbs in Arabic that has special rules and functions whenever there are
sninanofthsntncsThsrbsarfkanaffwaffakhwatihaf _.l
>
. The
verb fknaf for "verb to be" however in Arabic fknaf has so many sisters that share same
special rules and functions. Nost important of which are:
Arabic 7erbs ana and
her Sisters
Transliteration
English 1eaning5
E4ui"alent
fknaf To be
fsraf To become
Il_
l fakaaffa-waadfiThboat(comptmaningfusntnc)
iI
Il fkanaffa-waadufiThbowas(incomptmaning)
Then, they do not give complete meaningful sentences.
ana and her sisters one ominal SubWect %Primate' 58al!mobtada85 =fLH;@
one Predicate i3e3 , 5al!khabar5
kHb;@ com#lete meaningful sentence
ominal SubWect %Primate' 5> E
>
=< f
<
LH
z
;@
..>Ekhabar5
k
<
H< b;@
Grammatical Anal*sis Rule(
Remains in the regular case as usual i.e.
takes the fdam-maf sign in case of singular
noun and in case of dual and plural
(1asculine and5or +eminine) will be
regular using their signs of regularity.
Further, here it will be called the Noun of
kna ,_l.
Grammatical Anal*sis Rule(
This what differs from the already known
rule; it is seen in the openness case i.e.
takes the ffathaf sign in case of singular
noun and in case of dual and plural
(1asculine and5or +eminine' will be in
the openness case using their signs of
openness. Further, here it will be called the
predicate of kna
>.
The predicate of fknaf has more than one form; as the predicate can be a nominal
phrase; a verbal phrase; or other parts of speech. For example:
1- ._ILIl _
sIl___
_
i
, fkanaffa-taibof
fadrusufffiffa-fasf the student was studying in the class. Predicate here is
verbal.
2- ._ILIl _
sIl__ fkanaffa-taibofffif
fa-fasf the student was in the class. Predicate is phrasal.
An Ad"anced Ti#(
Please, notice that the imperative form of the verb fknaf i.e. fkunf _ shall function as
kna and her sisters i.e. has the same rules. However, the Primate or Subject is deduced
from the sentence i.e. because it is imperative then subject is ou even if not read in
sentence and the Predicate as known before takes the Nunation of openness. For
example:
Be Fair!
c_ fkunf fadilanf i.e. the pronoun you is inferred from the sentence yet not
necessarily said and the predicate fadilanf is in the openness case.
3>>
>E A:J@
<
`
<
=
<
y <
:
{
There are some special Articles in Arabic that has special rules and functions whenever
there _.l
>
_
|Thrticfin-nafinrabichassomansistrsthatsharthsam
special rules and functions. Consider the table below:
>
and her Sisters
Transliteration sage
_
|
_
| fin-naf For emphasizing
>
=< f
<
LH
z
;@
..>Ekhabar5
k
<
H< b;@
Grammatical Anal*sis Rule(
Differs from the already known rule; it is
seen in the openness case i.e. takes the
ffathaf sign in case of singular noun and in
case of dual and plural (1asculine and5or
+eminine' will be in the openness case
using their signs of openness. Further,
hritwibcadthNounofin-na,_l
_
|.
Grammatical Anal*sis Rule(
Remains in the regular case as usual i.e.
takes the fdam-maf sign in case of singular
noun and in case of dual and plural
(1asculine and5or +eminine) will be
regular using their signs of regularity.
Further, here it will be called the Predicate
ofin-na
_
|
>.
Thprdicatoffin-nafhasmorthanonform;asthprdicatcanbanomina
phrase; a verbal phrase; or other parts of speech. For example:
1- _ s,i>Il__
iI
Il
_
|fin-naffa-waadafffiffa-hadikahfThboisinthgardn
(Predicate is a Quasi-Sentence) Io>. fshebhf fgomlaf
2- e Il.
aI
iI
Il
_
|fin-naffa-waadaffa3abuffa-kurahfThboispaingfootba
(Predicate is a verbal sentence).
3- e,_
i_.l
oIl
_
|fin-naffa-mafffawa
isannxdtofin-nafandhrsistrsthnthisartic
fmf will cancel its function i.e. the primate and predicate will not be regarded
asNounandforPrdicatoffin-nafForxamp,
,I_ aIl
_
| fin-naffa-
imaffnurunfwhrasiffmafisannxditwibfin-naffa-ilmuf fnurunf
i.e. normal Primate and Predicate.
2- Thmostimportantcassonwhntosafin-naforfan-naf:
> >E
>>E
i3e3 both are right
1
st
case:
1-Whnfin-nafis
mentioned in the beginning
of a sentence.
1
st
case:
Dorofactionisfan-naf
1
st
case:
!fthfin-naforfan-naf is
annxdtothttrfa
Example 1
st
case:
>
_
|.
fin-naffmuhamidf
fmutafawikf
Nohamed is clever.
For example 1
st
case:
._ l >
l_. aI
..
fbalghanif ffan-
nakaf fzahibf
! knew that you will go.
For example:
_ i
l(_.
l )_.
_
:._ >
l.
fuhibukafffa-n-nyf or ffa-
in-nffuqadirukf
! love you as you are
valuable to me.
2
nd
case:
When it is mentioned in an
imperative or order.
2
nd
case:
Pro-agntifnaibffa-fa
ilf in a passive sentence.
3
rd
case:
Swearing sentences that is
indefinite
For example:
>i i
>
_
|__
l.
fafiqffin-naffmuhamidf
fqadffgaf
Wake up Nohamed has
came.
For example:
,_ i
>
,_I
c.
fulimaf ffan-nakaf
fmuhamidf fqdimf
!t was known that Nohamed
will come.
For example:
,
.
_
|\
l,_ .
l.
! swear you are ill
fuqsimff fan-nakaffin-
nakaf fmaridf
3
rd
case:
!n the vocative case
3
rd
case:
Object
For example:
l i_ >,,
:.
_
|i
>
,.
faffmuhamidffin-nakaf
fkarimf fgidanf
O Nohamed you are very
generous.
For example:
,
l.
_
c.
fariftuf ffan-nakaf fmaridf
! knew that you are ill.
+
th
case:
!n the s,earing5 oaths
sentences in case it is
definite only
+
th
case:
Primate
For example:
,, :
.
_
|
.
fwaahiffin-nakaffkarimf
! swear by Allah, you are
very generous.
For example:
.
>Il__ >
..
li._ c
findif ffan-nakaf ftastahikf
fa-hubf
For me you deserve to be
loved.
5
th
case:
!f the sentence has the verb
to say in any tense.
5
th
case
Predicate
For example:
,,
_
.
_
|.I
fqutffin-nakaffkarimf
! said you are generous.
For example:
i,
>,_.Il
l__ l
Il
fa-wadihf ffan-nakaffa-
nimf fgayidf
!t is obvious that the system
is good.
6
th
case:
Whnfin-nafisth
predicate of the sentence
For example:
Vl
.
_
|,
Vl
fa-umffin-nahaffmadras
atffa-umahf
The mother is the school of
the nation.
$esson %-/' Arabic umbers
What about talking break and having some fun to know how Arabs and Arabic speakers
count and say numbers?! Let's go!
Arabic
umber
s
%English
umeri
c'
Arabic
umber
s
%Arabic
umeri
c'
Arabic
umbers
%Al#habetical
l* in English'
Arabic
umbers
%Al#habetical
l* in Arabic'
1asculine in
Gender
Arabic
umbers
%Al#habetical
l* in Arabic'
+eminine in
Gender
Arabic
umbers
%Transliterate
d' for
#ronunciation
%1asculine
+eminine
Res#ecti"el*'
0 Zero
s_
s_ f sifr f
1 One
i_ > l
i_ > l
f whid f
2 Two _
. ._l
. ._l . _
f ithnnf -
fithnatn f
3 Three .V. .V. f thalthah f
+ Four
l farba ahf
5 Five
>
> f khamsah f
6 Six
._
._ f sit-ta f
7 Seven
fsab af
8 Eight
,_.
o.
,_.
o. f thamniya f
9 Nine
._.
c e
c fasharahf
11 Eleven
>
l e
c.
>|
fahadaf fsharf
-
fihdaf f
sharahf
12 Twelve
. ._l e
c .
. ._l
fithnaffasharf-
fithnatf
fasharahf
13 Thirteen
.c .V. e
.c V.
fthalthataf
fasharf -
fthalthf
fasharahf
1+ Fourteen
l e
l
frba atf
fasharf -frba
affasharahf
15 Fifteen
> e
> fkhamsataf
fasharf
- fkhamsf
fasharahf
16 Sixteen
._ e
._
fsit-tatahf
fasharf - fsitf
fasharahf
17 Seventeen
fsab atahf
fasharf - fsab
ffasharahf
18 Eighteen
,_.
o. e
__.
o.
fthamniyatf
fasharf
- fthamnif
fasharahf
19 Nineteen
._.
._.
ftis at ffasharf
- ftis a f
fasharahf
20 Twenty
._ c
._ c fishrunf
30 Thirty
.V.
.V. fthalthunf
+0 Forty
l farba unf
50 Fifty
>
> fkhamsunf
60 Sixty
._
._ fsitunf
70 Seventy
fsab unf
80 Eighty
o.
o. fthamanunf
90 Ninety
._.
.V.
i_ > l
.V.
i_ > l
fwhidf fwaf f
thalthunf -
fwhidahf
fwaf f
thalthunf
25 Fifty-two
>
. ._l
>
_ .
. ._l
fithnnf
fwaf fkhamsunf
-fithnatnf
fwaf fkhamsunf
7+ Seventy-four
l
frba atf
fwaf fsab unf
-f rba af
fwaffasharahf
87 Eighty-seven
o.
o.
fsab
atahffwaf
fthamanun f
- fsab ffwaf
fthamanunf
99 Ninety-nine
._.
._.
._.
._.
ftis at f fwaf
ftis unf - ftis
a f fwaf ftis
unf
100 100 Hundred .l ._ .l ._
fmi
ahfor
fma
ahf
1000 1000 Thousand
. I
. I
l faff
2o *ou kno, that(
1- Arabic numbers are written from left to right.
2- Numbers in Arabic are not that easy as they have special tips and rules. Consider
for example the English number 33 and 5+ they are read thirty three and fifty four
respectively; however, in Arabic they are read other,ise back,ard i.e. fthalathf
fwaf fthalathunf .V.
.o
>
l respectively.
3- Considering now how to read a number + an Arabic noun:
a- For example (1 pen) is said like this: fqalamf ,I i.e. we omit the
number but it indicates that it is one pen; however, we ma* not omit the
number if we want to stress the number or specify the counted object then
we will say fqalamf fwhidf i_ >l
,I .
b- For example (2 pens) - as you will know later Arabic as any Language
has the three numerical divisions singular - plural - dual!, we can't say
fithnanf fqalamf ,I .._l but we say fqalmanf.
c- Forxamp(3andup+pns);"2pnsfithnanf fwaf fkhamsunf
fqalamanf oI .o
>
.._l.
4- Arabic Numerals historically are the 1,2,3,+,5,6,7,8,9 .etc and they are called
Eastern Arabic-!ndic while the 1#2#3#+#5#6#7#8#9 are the !ndian numerals. !f interested
you can surf the internet or read books on the history of Numerals; here we can't go
more than this.
5- When the counted number is definite that may follow the counted noun in
definiteness too; for example, the 9 pens
a._.Il,V
Vl fa-akamffa-tis f.
6- !f we add the " t?E> Narbutah" to the Arabic number we will indicate the feminine
gender of the number. For example, _o> fkhamsf and .o> fkhamsah.
Arabic umbers According to Gender %1asculine or +eminine'
Singular
umbers
! < e
<
k
z
;@e@< f < @!
>E>E E>E
!mufradah5
Com#ound
umbers
e@< f < @
M
<
H<
<
k
<
;@>E>E
E>E
!murakabah5
2ecades
e< z ;@ >E
u4ud5
Yoined
umbers
y=z ;@
e@< f < @
Mz
<
;@ >E
ut>E>E
E>
tufah5
thers
<
k`
z
=
>khra5
& to & &. to &
- . !/
etc
--! -. !00
etc till
& &
etc
1 - Numbers 1
and 2 agree with
the counted noun
in gender; i.e.
masculine if the
Counted Noun is
Nasculine and
Feminine if the
Counted Noun is
Feminine.
1- They are
called
compounding
because the
numbers from 3
to 9 are
compounded
with the number
10 to form the
numbers from 13
to 19.
1- They are
called Decades
as they refer to
a group or
division of ten.
1- !ncludes both
the rules of the
singular
numbers in its
first #art from
3 to 9 and the
rules of the
decades in the
second #art.
They are named
"joined" because
the singular
numbers are
1- They
remain the
same in
Nasculine
and
Feminine.
Example
Nasculine:
One boy fwalad
whidfi_ >l
iI
Two boys
fwaladnf l
iI
Example
Feminine:
One girl fbintf
fwahidahf ..
_
.
ei_ >l
>
_
l
ffarba atf frijlf
four men.
Feminine
Example:
._.
l
ffarba ffnisaf
Four women.
Nasculine
Example:
>
.V.
fthalathunf
frajulanf
30 men.
Feminine
Example:
..
_
. .V.
fthalathunf
fbintanf
30 girls.
Nasculine
Example:
._ c
._
>
fsitahf fwaf f
ishrunaf
frajulanf
26 men.
Feminine
Example:
..
_
.._ c
._
fsitaf fwaf f
ishrunaf
fbintanf
26 girls.
Examples:
_
>
._
fmi
atffrajuf
100 men.
..
_
. ._
fmi
atffbintf
100 girls.
+- Tip for Number
10 in the singular
case it will be
Nasculine with
Feminine Counted
Noun and
Feminine with
Nasculine
Counted Noun.
3- Tip for the
Number 10 in the
compounding
case it will agree
in gender i.e.
opposes its case
in the Singular
group previously
discussed. Then,
the number ten
will be Nasculine
Compounded
with the
Nasculine
Counted Noun
whereas
Feminine
Compounded
with the Counted
Feminine Noun.
Nasculine
Example:
e.c
fU>ashratf
frijalf 10 men
c
f
._.asharf
fnisaf
10 women
Nasculine
Example:
>
ce
._
fsitatf fasharf
frajulanf
16 men.
Feminine
Example:
...e
c._
fsitf f
asharahf
fbintanf
16 girl.
7- There are other words that refer to the numbers 1 and 2 they are i
>
l fahadf for
Nasculine that indicates (1) and .
i>
_
| fihdaf for Feminine that indicates (1); and the
wordfithnaf .._l formascuinthatindicats(2)andfithnataf .
>
._ c
21 men.
fahadf fasharf
frajulanf .ci>l
V>
11 men
Example:
fihdaf fasharaf
bentan e
c.i>
_
|
..
_
.
11 girls.
Example:
fithnnf fwaf f
ishrunf frajolf
.._l
_>
._ c
22 men.
fithnf fasharf
frajulf
V>
c.._l
12 men
Example:
fithnatf fashraf
fbintanf e
c.
.._l
..
_
.
12 girls
S#ecial ote for the ,ords >Ehad5 and
>hda5(
In case the* #recede the nouns the*
function as indefinite articles or mean
a certain
If the* follo, the noun, the* ha"e the
meaning of one(
+or E6am#le(
)e ,ent out ,ith one of his friends3
CA: f
<
@f
<
\
<
=
<
< X
<
k
<
`
5kharaga5 5ma >Eh>Es
>
.o
>Ill
i
_
,
,
_
.,_.
.Ill
ic
Vl. They are sometimes called number adWecti"es as when they are
written after the noun and agree in gender, number and definiteness. These
numbers denote arrangement of the counted number according to others. Like saying
__
>Il
frabi f fshahrf. Further, ordinal numbers if are in the indefinite case and are
written before a #lural counted noun then this counted noun will be definite; like
saying ,
,Vl__
> the 5
th
day fkhamisffa-aamf
rdinal
umber in
English
rdinal
umber in
Arabic
%+eminine' b*
adding the
E>"
"E>E
maksura
rdinal
umber in
Arabic
%+eminine'
Transliterated
rdinal
umber in
Arabic
%1asculine'
rdinal
umber in
Arabic
%1asculine'
Transliterated
1
st
- First I
Vl fa-uaf U
Vl fa-awaf
2
nd
- Second ,_. Il fa-thanyaf _. Il fa-thanyf
3
rd
- Third _I Il fa-thalithaf _I Il fa-thalithf
+
th
- Fourth a
_
.l
Il fa-rabi af
_
.l
Il far-rabi f
5
th
- Fifth ._
>Il fa-khamisaf __
>Il fa-khamisf
6
th
- Sixth _
.Il fas-adisaf __
.Il fas-adisf
7
th
- Seventh a
_
.
.Il fas-abi af
_
.
.Il fas-abi f
8
th
- Eighth ._ Il fath-aminaf __ Il fath-aminf
9
th
- ninth a_
.Il fat-asi af _
.Il fat-asi f
10
th
- tenth e_
aIl fa-ashiraf _
aIl fa-ashirf
11
th
- eleventh e
c,_
>Il
fa-hadyatf f
ashrahf
c_
>Il
fa-hadyf f
ashrf
12
th
- twelfth e
c,_. Il
fa-thanyataf f
ashrahf
c__. Il
fa-thanyf f
ashrf
13
th
- thirteenth
.etc
e
cI Il
fath-alithataf f
ashrahf
cI Il
fath-alithf f
ashrf
20
th
- twentieth ._ aIl fa-ishrunf ._ aIl fa-ishrunf
21
st
- twenty-
first
._ aIl,_
>Il
fa-hadaf
fwaffa-
ishrunf
._ aIl_
>Il
fa-hadffwaf
fa-ishrunf
22
nd
- twenty-
second
._ aIl
_
,. Il
fa-thanaffwaf
fa-ishrunf
.aIl_.Il
fa-thanf
fwaffa-
ishrunf
23
rd
- twenty-
third
._ aIl_I Il
fa-thalithaf fwaf
fa-ishrunf
.aIlIIl
fa-thalithf
fwaffa-
ishrunf
30
th
-thirtieth .V Il fa-thaathunf .V Il fa-thaathunf
+0
th
- fortieth a
Vl fa-arba unf a
Vl fa-arba unf
50
th
- fiftieth .o
>Il fa-khamsunf .o
>Il fa-khamsunf
60
th
- sixtieth ._ .Il fa-situnf ._ .Il fa-situnf
70
th
-
seventieth
a.
o Il fa-thamanunf .
o Il fa-thamanunf
90
th
- ninetieth a._.Il fa-tis unf a._.Il fa-tis unf
100
th
-
hundredth
._ oIl fa-mi
af ._ oIl fa-mi
af
1000
th
-
thousandth
.I
Vl fa-aff .I
Vl fa-aff
1000000
th
-
millionth
,I_ oIl fa-miunf ,I_ oIl fa-miunf
12- Percentages in Arabic are slightly different. !n English we say 100 $ however in
rabicwaddthttrba-initia-thnwsa1%%.
oI
_
. fbi-mi
af
$esson %-0' Arabic Punctuation 1arks( dos and don8ts
Punctuation marks, as defined in Wikipedia the Online Encyclopedia, are symbols which
indicate the structure and organization of written Language, as well as intonation and
pauses to be observed when reading aloud.
A##arent 2ifferences bet,een Arabic and English Punctuations(
1- Reversed question mark and comma.
2- The use of full stops and commas is used freely.
3- The use of And or So in the beginning of sentences, which is informal in
English Writing Style.
4- Arabic writing is Connected with long and loose sentences, linked by commas
and "ands" which is informal in English Writing Style.
Punctuation 1arks 2os I
The Comma The semi Colon
The full
sto#5
Period
The Colon
The t,o
brackets
3 ( %% ''
A short pause in
between
sentences to
highlight some
meanings.
A some how
longer pause than
the comma.
At the end
of a full
meaningful
sentence.
To illustrate what
precedes it and to
highlight what
follows.
To write in-
between it
parenthetical
sentences.
Positions:
1- To
divide
ideas.
For
exampl
e,
V#.,L
iI
_
V
#_,
_
>&l_
_
,
,
l i
>
._ a.
,.
ffadif
fwaladunf f
tayibf flaf
fyodaikuffa-
akharunf
fwalaf fyut
ibffahadanf
Fady is a good
boy who never
Positions:
1- Bet
ween long
meaningful
sentences
to save
time for
breathing
to avoid
mixing
ideas with
each other.
For
example,
L
aIl__ e
Vl
Vl
l#i_I
>Il
,_ >
.Il__
.Il.
fa-ubuwaf
Example:
._ >
l
_
sIl
>_
.Il.
fanaf
fuhibf
fafakihaf
fa-nadigahf
! like ripen
fruits.
Positions:
1- Quotati
ons and
sayings. For
example,
.
_
c
lV":i
>
U
s,_ s
>Il."
fqlf fmuham-midf
faffa riff
fahaqiqahf
Nohamed said: "!
don't know the
truth."
2- A thing
and its
divisions,
and
examples
illustrating
Example:
Like the
dashes in
English.
annoys any body
nor disturb
them.
2- typ
es of
things.
For
exampl
e,
V.
__ l.
l
# >
Vl:_s
.Il
#
Vl
o>
Vl
.
f
hunakaf
fthalathatf
fanwa f
fminaf
fatufahfffa
-akhdarf
fwalahmarf f
walasfarf
There are
three kinds
of apple: red,
green, and
yellow.
3- Aft
er the
vocative
case.
For
exampl
e,
_ >
l#_
,
,I sIl
fyf ffadif
fahdirffaqaamf
Fady, bring the
pen to me.
fhaffa ataffa-
khaidffamaffa-
umumaf fhyaf
fatadhyaf
ffatamahf
Paternity is
immortal tender;
whereas
motherhood is
the ultimate
sacrifice.
2- Cau
se and
effect. For
example,
(,
._IL_
.l
cV
I I
cU
Vl.
ffadif ftalebf
fmutamayizf
flaf fgharabataf
fanffakunaf
faawaffalaf
ffaslihf
Fady is an
excellent student;
he is the first on
his class.
an idea. For
example,
__ l.
lV.
# >
Vl:_s
.Il
o>
Vl
Vl
.
f
hunakaf
fthalathatffanwa
ffminaffatufahf
ffa-akhdarf
fwalahmarf
fwalasfarf
There are three
kinds of apple:
red, green, and
yellow.
uotation
1arks
The three dots
The
uestion
1ark
E6clamation 1ark 2ashes
!
Quotations and
sayings.
To indicate
omitted
sentences for
precise.
After
Questions
After exclamation or
affection
After
Numbers and
numeration
For Example:
lV":i
>
s,_ s
>Il."
fqlf fmuham-
midffaffa
rifffa-hakikahf
Nohamed said:
"! don't know
the truth."
U
l_,_.Il
Vl
_ i s
._ cl
sIl.
fnahrf fneelf
ftwalf fl-nharf
fknaf fl-fra
inaf
fyuqadisunahf
River Nile the
longest Nile.
Pharaohs used to
worship it.
Vl-
,..-
First -
2
nd
-
fawaanf
fthanyanf
Punctuation 1arks 2on8ts I
1- Never put a space after the ww meaning "and" in Arabic.
2- Never double the spaces between words in a sentence.
3- Never put a space before a comma but put space after it.
+- Never put a space before a Dot (full stop) but put space after it.
5- Never put a space before a semi colon but put space after it.
6- Never put a space before a colon but put space after it.
7- Never put spaces inside the brackets but after it.
8- Never put spaces inside the quotation marks but after it.
9- Never put the three dots in the beginning of a sentence.
Part II Arabic S#eaking Skills for on!ati"e S#eakers
$esson &( Some Gasic Short Con"ersations
&! )ello VT<<
z
<
s;@>Eala*kum5
Arabic Con"ersation Arabic Transliteration
Arabic English
Translation
., _
,,,I
,V
.Il
': I
>
fasaamuffalaykumf
fyf ffadif fkayfaf fhalakf
Peace be upon you Fady,
how are you?
c .
l#.
,,V
.Il, ,I
c
'_ ..l
)io
>Il,
>
_
.
fwaf faakumffasaamf
faffmunaffanaf
fbikhayrf fwaf flhamduf fli-
ahffwaffantif
Peace be upon you Nona, !
am fine praise to Allah, you?
l U
>
., #)io
>Il,
>
_
..
l
':_.I_.
c
fanaffbikhrffwaf
flhamduf fli-llahf
fkayfaf fhalf fa
atakf
! am fine praise to Allah,
how is your family?
_ I
_
|#l
>_
.>
l__
'._ l >
..
_,
l
ffiffahsanf fhalf fshukranf
fiaffanaffantaffzahibf
Fine thanks, where are you
going?
_
| __I
_ iIl,
lU
.
_
|
_s,L__..
a_
>I
_
.
,I
_
|.
finahuffawaffaamf
fadirasaffiffbigami
ahf fwaf fkuntuf
ffif ftarikiffiahaf
!t is my first day at the
University and ! am on my
way to it.
ll >| s_ >V
>
l__.c
__I
# .
>
.,
.Il__,
,Il
aIlI
c
':
,l
#I_.
aIl
iaffmaffraukf
Good, but let me invite you
for dinner with my family
today, what do you think?
.Il
ll >|#__l
'._
e_
aIl
fmuwafikffizanffarakaf
fsa af fl ashiraf fhal
fhazaf fmunasibf
Okay, then, see you at 10
o'clock, is it fine?
. , ,I
,V
.Il#._
.
fna amf fmunasibf
fasalamuf falaykumf
es, fine. Peace be upon
you.
_ ,V
.Il, ,I
#
_
_..l__
ffif fintiarakf fwaf f
alaykumf fasalamf
! am waiting for you. Peace
be upon you.
Cultural Ti#(
Greetings in Arabic are very important, that you have to greet your friend whenever you
see and wherever you are. This is part of the Arabs friendly culture.
G(
1- Greetings vary according to
gender and number as been seen in Part ! of this course.
-! +ad* 7isits 1ona8s +amil*
<
<
z
M<:A< jy
z
o
<
l: eA 5fadi5 5*ahur5 5
>
5muna5
Arabic Con"ersation Arabic Transliteration
Arabic English
Translation
,__ oIa
._
l_._ .IL
a_
>Il
,
_
.
aIlI_.
aIl_
.
fhalf fta lamif fyaf
fmunaffanffdukturffa-
gami afftabffminiffanf
faktubffmawdu ffanf
fa-a
iaffa arabiyaf
Do you know Nona, the
university !nstructor
requested me to write about
the Arab Family.
>
,l i_ >_,_ o
>
.LI
_
.
.
fgamilf fgidanf fyaf ffadif
fsayakunf fmawdu f
fmumayazf fbi-tab f
That's great, this will be an
outstanding topic to write
about of course.
l:_.
_
.#
,,Ia
._
._ i
_
,I s
._.l
c_
c,I
..
fhalf fta lamf fyaf ffadif
fanfftatakamffanf f
adatinaf fwaf ftaqaledinaf
Do you know fady you can
talk about our traditions and
customs.
c _
oI
oIl
>
oIl*
.l
.Il_
c
__,
_
.
aIl
.>
oIl__
>Il___
sIl.
fanf fatarabutf
falmawgudf fwalmalmusf
ffif falmugtama atf fal
arabiafffiffafarahf
fwafffiffahuznf
About our tangible linkage in
the Arab communities in
happiness and sadness.
c ,
Vl
>_
Vl
Vl*
.l
.Il:_I
.
fanffsaramatffaabf
fwaf fanf fhananf
faumffwaffkazaikf
fatarabutffausarif
About the stringent father
and the tender mother, and
also about family bonding.
oIle
,
_
_
.,l
_.I _ Vl_
c
__
i>
.__.Ill
,
_
Il
>l
.._ oLVl
>
l#
>&lI
c
.
>Il
i,_ >
Il.
.Il
l.
fanffaitizamf fbiziyaratf
famardaffmathalanf
fawf fhataffazaratf
faatifftahdusf fminf fhinf
fi
akharffimogaradf
falitminanf falaf
faakharunffdunaffaf
fasbabffaffanaf
fasababffawahidffhuwaf
fahubf
About the regular visiting of
any ill person, or even the
visits that happens from
time to time just to check on
others with no reason; the
only reason is love.
2- Yohn is Stud*ing Arabic
M
<
T
:
D
<
k< ;@M< z ;@r
z
jf
<
z
U j>>arabiah5
Arabic Con"ersation Arabic Transliteration Arabic English
Translation
., #
>
,, ,I
,V
.Il
': I
>
fasaamuffalaykumf
fyf fjohnf fkayfaf fhalakf
Peace be upon you John,
how are you?
__.
l,Ia
._
#_
,,
>
_
.
,
_
.
aIl a IIl_
_
l&l
'>sIl
fanaffbikharffafffadif
fhalf fta amffaniffaanf
fadrisffa-ughaffa-
arabiahffa-fushaf
Fine thank you Fady, do you
that nowadays ! am
studying Standard Arabic
Language?
>
l_,_ >
>
,l i_ >_
>
_
>,_
sIl
,
_
.
aI
_
.
.
,I
lia
o,_:
,I
c_
,
,_
aIl.
fgamilf fgidanf fyaf
fjohnf fwaf fsahihf
fanakaffbadatffbi-
arabiahffa-fasihaf
fkaif fyashulf falaykaf
ffimaf fba dffanfftata
aamffa-amiyaf
ery good John and it is
right that you begun with
the Standard Arabic
Language towards easy
learning of the Arabic slang
afterwards.
>
,V.
>
,,Ia
._
>,_
sIl,
_
.
aIl
>
,>
'
..
,_
__I
>,_
sIl
,
_
.
aIl
l,Ic
l,
>
.Il_,I
._Ila I__
.L
>
oIl
.
fna amffa amffanaffa
arabiahffa-fasihaf
flughatuffa-kitabahf
fwaasaffatahadusf fwaf
ffamukhatabahf
es, ! know that Arabic
Standard Language is a
language of writing but not
a language of speaking.
> ,I
.li
.:
lo
_
.# .
>
:,_ i
li,
_
,
_
.
aIl a IIl
l,I
li_ c
>,_
.
.
a I.
fhasananffbimaffanakaf
fbada
atfftata aamffa-
lughahffa-arabiahffuridf
fanffuhdikffnasihaf fsatusa
idukffanfftata alamf
faffughahf fmahmaf
fkanatf
Then, as you began learning
the Arabic Language ! want
to give you a piece of advice
that will help you in learning
any language whatsoever.
__I_ __
_,_ >
'
.
_
.
fsahihf fmaf fhiyaf fqulf
flif fbisur ahf
Really, what is it? Please say
quickly.
.Il I
l__
>,_
._
el
>
. a IIl
._ _
._ c
._ c
.
fan-nasihaffhiaffanf
ftatamaranf faaffa-
lughaf ftahaduthanf fwaf
fqir
aatanffwaf
fkitabatanf fwasama anf
fkaif ftatamakanf
fminhaf fwaf ftastawibhaf
The advice is to practice the
language through speaking,
reading, writing and
listening to fully grasp it.
>
>,_
.IlI
cl
l i_ >_,_ o
>
_
,,_I aIl.
fgamilf fgidanf fshukranf f
aaffanasihaf
faghaliyahf fyaf ffadif
ery beautiful, thank a lot
for this precious advice
Fady.
V
>
,._ >l
V,
>l
fshukranf fgazilanf
Thank you very
much f thanks a lot
s
c l fu zurnif Excuse me
>
fmarhabanf hello
V
.Il
>Il
>Il
fmas
auffa-khairf
Good afternoon
Good evening
,
>I
c_
_
.
.
ftusbihf f
alaf fkhairf
Good night
._ >l
V
flf fshukrf f
alaf fwagibf
Don't mention
Asking ccasions ,
., fkayfaf ftaqulf
How do you say
this.?
'
>
._
fsurrirtuffi-iqa
>
>-_
_
,
-_,
_
. fqabihforfsai
f Bad
General
Con"ersations
_,
l__ #:_I __
',
>Il
fminf ffadlikf fminf
fanaffa-hammf
Please, Where is the
bathroom?
',
,Il_sLIlI
>
fmf fhalatf
fataqsffaawmf
How is the weather
today?
:_ s_.
o>
oIl
fhatifikaffa-
mahmulf
number?
li
>
:,I
c._>
,
I,_ s._
_
.V
_ i
._ .Il__.
fyagibf falaykaf
fyaf fmuham-midf
fanfftartadif
fmalabisf fthaqilaf
ffiffashita
f
Nuhammad you
must wear heavy
cloths in winter.
._Ie_.LIl
>l
.
,
>IlUl>
Vl.
fta
khartffat-ta
iraf
fisuffa-ahwlf
fgawaf
The plan delayed for
bad weather
circumstances.
iIl__.
_
._
Io
aIl, c.>
lIo
a
_
.
',_ o
Il
fhaffb
imkaniffadaf
f fbi umlaf
fukhraf fgharffa
-umaffarasmahf
Can ! pay in another
currency other than
the official.
' l
_ Il.
_,
l
fanaffmaktabf
fasirafahf
Where is the
Currency Exchange
Office?
lll.aIl_
,.aIl.
fminaffasa bf
fanffaqra
ffa -
arabiyahf
!t is so hard to read
Arabic.
a II
_
._,_ s_ L
.Il__ .
l
,
_
.
aIl.
fanaffminaf
fanatikinffbiughatif
fa -arabiyahf
! can speak Arabic.
l
_
.
>
.Il,_ L
l
a I__ .
fastati ffatahadusf
fbiaktharf fminf
flughahf
! can speak more
than one language.
l__I_
#.>
l >
_
|
'l
iIll
l
fizaf fsamahtf
fhaffiffanf
fashtarif fhazaf
fadawa
f
Please, can ! buy
this medicine.
. ,l_.>_l:,I
oIl.
faaikaffihtiramf
fqanunffa-mururf
ou have to respect
traffic rules.
l
,I
Vli
>Il
oII_
o.
oIl
'Io
>
_
.
fmaffa-hadffa-
aqsaffiawzanffa-
masmuhf flilmusafirf
fbihamlahaf
What is the
maximum weight
allowed to a
traveler?
_
.>
l >
_
|
I
_
|__.I_ s
:_.
_
.
'L
oIl
fizaffsamahtf
fhaffb
imkanikffanf
ftaqinffiaffa-
matarf
Would you please
take me to the
airport?
':
,_ .._ >
fmaf fginsiyatakf
What is your
nationality?
'e
_.LIl_Is
fmataf fsatuqli f
fata
irahf
When the plane will
take off?
lL
>,
Il#l
c
fuzranf
farakamffkhata
f
Sorry, wrong
number.
:._ . IL
l__I_
'
V,_I _..Vl
fhaffiffanf
fatubffminkaf
fainti-arffqaianf
Nay ! ask you to
wait a little bit?
',I,_ sIll
i.
fmataf fsayabdaf
falfilmf
When the film will
start?
'
>_.Vll
i.
fmataf fsayabdaf
falimtihanf
When the exam will
start?
Arabic and5or
Islamic ccasions
i,_ a
fRamadanf
fNubarakf
Ramadan Nubarak
Congats i,_ a
>
.Il
fmabrukffanagahf
Congratulations on
your success
i,_ a
_l
. L
>
fkhotobahf fsa
idahf
Happy Engagement
s_ .I
_
.__.,_.
.
__ >
aIl
ftamaniyatif fbishifa
f
fa agilf
Get well soon
Islamic
e6#ressions after
kno,ing that one
is dead
) s
.Il fa-baqa
ffiahf
Eternal Life is just to
Allah
Geneal ccasions
'&l
.Il,
fkamffasa atuffa-
anf
What time is it?
ni"ersal 2a* i,_ a
,,_ .
.,
.Il
ol
i.
sIl
_,
>
>
'e
_ c
fhalf
hunakf f
huguratf fshaghirahf
!s there any room
available?
I,I_I
,
_
.Ila_
'i.sIl_e
i_ >l
l fafhamf ! understand
,
frakhisf Cheap
._
, c.._
fmunasibf
Suitable - not
suitable
'l
,
_
. fbikamf fhazaf
How much does it
cost?
'e>
Vl,
_
. fbikamffa-ugrahf
How much is the
fare
__
._ >Il
i,
_
l
:_I .
furidffwaraqatffa-
hisabf fminf ffadlikf
The receipt please!
$esson %.'( Gasic 7ariable Glossar*
&! The Geautiful ames of Allah
&
Geautiful ames of Allah
in Arabic
Geautiful ames of Allah
transliterated
Geautiful ames of Allah
in English %translated'
fAllahf The Greatest Name
z
q\
:
HL;@ fAl-Nutakabbirf The Greatest
z
;Ab;@ fAl-Khaliqf The Creator
z jAH;@ f-/ari
:
DA;@ fAl-Qabidf The Constrictor
z : pAH;@ fAl-Basitf The Reliever
z
Ab;@ fAl-Khafidf The Abaser
z @k;@ fAr-Raf f The Exalter
o: ;@ fAl-Nu izzf The Bestower of Honors
d: i;@ fAl-Nuzillf The Humiliator
z Ts;@ fAs-Samf The Hearer of All
10
The eauti!ul na"e# $! Allah in %#la"&
z
kTH;@ fAl-Basirf The Seer of All
z
V<
<
^;@ fAl-Hakamf The Judge
z
df< ;@ fAl-Adlf The Just
z
9T;@ fAl-Latiff The Subtle One
z
kTHb;@ fAl-Khabirf The All-Aware
z
VT^;@ fAl-Halimf The Forbearing
z
VT;@ fAl-Aimf The Nagnificent
z
j;@ fAl-Ghafurf
The Forgiver and Hider of
Faults
z
j
w;@ fAsh-Shakurf
The Rewarder of
Thankfulness
f The Originator
z
fT
z
;@ fAl-Nu'idf The Restorer
:
T^
z
;@ fAl-Nuhyif The Giver of Life
z
OT;@ fAl-Numitf The Taker of Life
:
k;@FA< ;
<
@
Arabic
ame of
S#ort
Arabic
Transliteration
English
Translation
Picture
I
.Ile
..,
_
. falbisbulf Baseball
,
i sIle
fkuratf fakadamf
Football f
soccer
I
.a I
.I
aIl
flu batf falghulff Golf
Il e
e_.LIl
falkuraf fatairaf olleyball
.Il _ I>
. fatazahluqf Skiing
e
oIl
fkuratf falmidrabf Tennis
.Il 1.,_I
. falbulingf Bowling
_ .Il
>
._ . fasibahahf Swimming
Il _
_
.
farakbif Rugby
e
.,
_
Il
fkuratf farishahf Badminton
.!2a*s of the ,eek 5a*am5 5alusbu
z
Hp
z
@A
<
<
=
Arabic ame Arabic Transliteration English Translation
.Il ..
. fassabtf Saturday
Vl i
>
V fal-ahadf Sunday
..Vl _,
. fa-ithnaynf Nonday
Il .V
fathuatha
f Tuesday
_
.Vl
a
_
. fal-arb a
f Wednesday
>Il _,_ o
>Il
ao
z
w;@
%standard form'
Arabic ame Arabic Transliteration English Translation
,., fyanayrf January
,l. ffibrayirf February
_ fmarisf Narch
_,.| fibrif April
, fmayuf Nay
,., fyunyof June
,I, fyulyuf July
_L.cl faghustusf August
.o.. fsibtambirf September
..l fuktubarf October
.o. fnuvambirf November
.o., fdisambirf December
0! Islamic )iWri Calendar 5ashuhur5 5al!hiWriah5M
:
kZ
;@j
z
z
w;@ %standard form'
Arabic ame Arabic Transliteration English Translation
,> fmuharamf fmuharamf
s fsafarf fsafarf
UVl,. frabi f fawalf frabi f fawalf
_.Il,..>&l,. frabi f fthanif or fakharf frabi f fthanif or fakharf
IVl.o> fjumadaf faloulaf fjumadaf faloulaf
,.Il.o>.e>&l.o>
fjumadaf falakhirahf
or fathanyaf
fjumadaf falakhirahf
.> fragabf fragabf
.a fsha banf fsha banf
framadanf fRamadanf
Ul fshawalf fshawalf
eiasIl> fzulf fqi daf fzulf fqi daf
>>Il> fzulf fhigaf fzulf fhigaf
5- Arab World Countries
&&
5adu,al5 5al arabi*ah5 M
<
T
:
D
<
k;@d
<
y
z
f;@
Arabic
Countr*
ame in
English
Arabic
Ca#ital
ame in
English
Arabic
Countr*
ame
Arabic
Ca#ital
ame
Countr*
Transliterat
ed
Ca#ital
Transliterat
ed
Algeria Algiers _.l
> Il _.l
>
. Il
o Il
f
Namlakatf
fal-Bahraynf
fAl-
Nanmahf
Chad N'Djamena
. .
,_
>
. fTshdf fNijminf
Comoros Noroni
o s Il
> __.
fJuzurf fal-
Qamarf
fNurunif
Djibouti Djibouti __.
,_ > __.
_ e
_ s Il fNisrf fal-Qhirahf
Eritrea Asmara ,
_
.
_
_
| l
l f!ritriyaf fAsmaraf
!raq Baghdad l
_ a Il l
i a
. fAl-!rqf fBaghdf
Jordan Amman
Vl
c fUrdunnf fammanf
Kuwait Kuwait .
Il .
Il fal-kuwaytf fal-kuwaytf
Lebanon Beirut
. I
. fLubnnf fBayrutf
Libya Tripoli
,_I _ I
.l
L fLibiyf ftarbulusf
Nauritania Nouakchott
,_.
,
_
. l
. fNuritniyf fNawkshutf
Norocco Rabat
_
a
o Il L
.
_
Il fal-Naghribf far-Ribtf
Oman Nuscat
c * s
f2Umnf fNasqatf
Palestine Jerusalm _
,_ L
.I_ _
s Il fFilastinf fal-Qudsf
Qatar Doha L
>
i Il fqatarf fad-Dawhaf
Saudi Arabia Riyadh
,_
a . Il
,
_
Il
fas-Su-
udiyyaf
far-Riydf
Somalia Nogadishu U
Il
,_ i s
fas-Suml fNaqadishuf
Sudan Khartoum l
. Il ,
,
_
f,
. Il
_
_
fsuriyyaf fDimashqf
Tunisia Tunis __.
. __.
. fTunisf fTunisf
United Arab Abu-Dhabi l
_
_
\l _..l fal-!mrtf fAbu abif
11
Ad$pted !r$" Wi'ipedia&
Emirates
,
_
.
a Il
e
i_ >
o Il
fal-2Arabiyahf
fal-
Nuttahidahf
Western
Sahara
El Aai3n
l
>
Il
,
_
.
a Il
a Il
fAs-
Sahr'f fal-
gharbiyyahf
fal-uyunf
emen San2a' _
, Il
fal-amanf fSan'f
! Arab World Currencies 5umlat5 5adu,al5 5al arabi*ah5 M
<
T
:
D
<
k< ;@d
<
y< f;@Kz
S*mbol
of
Currenc*
Arabic ame
Arabic
Transliteration
English
Translation
AED Emirati Dirham _ iIl _ i __.l
Vl,
fadirhamf
faimaratif
EGP Egyptian Pound .
,_._ >
fginihf
fmasrif
SAR Saudi or Saudi Arabian Riyal _
.IlU
,
_
Il
far-ryalf
fasu udif
!QD !raqi Dinar
_l
_ c
.,_
fdinarf f
iraqif
KWD Kuwaiti Dinar
_ _ .,
.,
fdinarf
fkuwaytif
NAD Noroccan Dirham
_ _
_
.
_
a
fdirhamf
fmaghribif
JOD Jordanian Dinar _ _
., __.
l
fdinarf
furdunif
BHD Bahraini Dinar _ _ _.,
_
>
.,
fdinarf
fbahrinif
DZD Algerian Dinar
_ _ ._.l
>
.,
fdinarf
fgaza
irif
ONR Omani rial
__.
aIlU
,
_
Il farryalf fal-
umanif
QAR Qatari Riyal
_
L sIlU
,
_
Il
farryalf
faqatrif
!RR !ranian Rial _.l
,_lU
,
_
friaffiranif
TND Tunisian Dinar
_ _ _._.
.,
fdinarf
ftunisif
LBP Lebanese Pound _.
.._I
_
,._ >
fginihf
flibnanif
7- +ood 2a* 1eals 5ata am5 5,a5 5al!,agabat5 KA
<
H
<
U
<
;@
<
yA<;@
Arabic ame Arabic Transliteration English Translation
s Il falfuturf Breakfast
l _ a Il falghadaf Launch
,_ s
>_
fshurbah Soup
_
>
fdagag Poultry
,. fbaydf Egg
,
,
_
_
fsamakf Fish
.
fmashrubatf Beverages
LI
fsalatahf Salad
,
. fburtukalf Orange
_
,_ L
_
. fbatikhf Watermelon
_I
. fbalahf dates
_.
l fananasf Pineapples
.
._ c finabf Grapes
_
. ftufahf apple
I
_
l
ffarawlahf Strawberry
_
o fkumithraf Pears
4
,I flaymunf lemons
>.
fmanguf mango
5_ o
._ fmishmishf Apricots
__ s
, fyusfif tangerine
l
fmuzf banana
9H> shab5 5,ata,abil5
:
D@
<
<
L;@
<
yFA
<
w
<
@
Arabic ame Arabic Transliteration English Translation
__.
i s
. fbakdunisf Parsley
_
s I ffilfilf pepper
>
l_
>
l_
. fthumf Garlic
>_
fkuzbarahf Coriander
>
,
_
.
>
+ fzangabilf Ginger
.
fshabatf Dill
. fna na f Nint
, fyansunf aniseed
&! 7egetables 5akhodra,at5 K@
<
y
<
kz b;@
Arabic ame Arabic Transliteration English Translation
+
l furzf Rice
I
_ .
. fbisilahf Peas
_
. fbamiyahf Okra f ladies fingers
LL
. fbasalf Onions
__ LL
. fbatatisf Potatoes
,_ L
oL ftamatimf Tomatoes
>
.
_
. fbangarf Beetroot
_
c fadsf Lentils
, I
ffasoa
f European bean
.
> e
fkuratf Leek
_
fkarafsf Celery
..
fkurunbf Cabbage
fkusahf Courgette
__.
fsabanikhf Spinach
_I .s_I fliftf Turnip
,.
fuba
f bean
.,
+ fzyitunf Olives
V
_
. s
fmuqabilatf Appetizers
I>>>
>
>K <
<
@
<
z
;@:A
<
p
<
y
<
yq:A
<
<
@V<
<
=
Arabic ame Arabic Transliteration English Translation
fmatarf Airport
..
fmuntazahf Park
fsuqf Narket
V_
>Il_ L
>
L_ sIl_ L
>
. l
. fbazarf Bazaar
>
>l
Il__.l
> fhada
i,
_
.Il.
>
a_
,_
>._.
6_ L
fshatif Beach
i_>.
fmasgidf mosque
s.
..
fmustashfaf Hospital
,
_
>_.V
>
i. ffundukf Hotel
. :.
. fbankf Bank
_,
_
.
.Il_ L
>
>Il l
oIl
o fa-maktabahf Bookstore
Il ,_I
i,
fasaydaliyahf Pharmacy
oIl L
>
,l
Il_
>
.Il.
.Il L
Il_
>
,
_
I
>Il_
>
.Il
_
,
.Il_
>
>
oIl
>.
.>
fmakhbazf Bakery
fmaqhaf Caf7
> L
> V
fkuwafirf Hairdresser
&-! Passenger Glossar* 5masrad5 5almusafir5 kAs
z
;@e
<
ks
<
+l
. ftazkarahf Ticket
,_ s
,_ s
. fnuqudf Noney
,_
. L
_
. fbitaqaf fbankiyahf Credit card
fsabunf Soap
>
_ ffurshahf Toothbrush
L_ c fitrf Perfume
*
._ fmishtf Comb
.L
. ffustanf Dress
l _ > fhiza
f Shoes
e
. ftanurahf Skirt
+
_ i
. fbadlahf Suit
L
frabtaf Tie
Ul
_ fsirwalf Trousers
fshurtf Short
,_I_ >l
_
_
. V
_
l
._
_
. V
. I_ >f
c fabayahf or fgilbabf
Women's long sleeved cutter
garment
_ s
o Il fa-maqsf Size
,
> Il
. fthubffa-hamamf Bathrobe
,_ o fqamisf shirt
&.! Seasons 5fusul5 5asanah5 M
<
<
s;@d
z
z
Arabic ame Arabic Transliteration English Translation
_ . Il fashitaf Winter
.,
_
Il fasiff Summer
,
_
.
Il farabi f spring
18-nimasfa-hayawanatf
.l
>Il
Arabic ame Arabic Transliteration English Translation
.
l farnabf Rabbit
i
l fasadf Lion
. fbaqarf Cows
. fthurf Bull
_
c fghazalf Gazelle
V,
_
c fghurilahf Gorilla
_ fqirdf Nonkey
. I fkalbf dog
L_ fqitahf Cat
_
oIll
l fadwatffa-ma
idaf Cutlery
. fbaydf Eggs
,_ c
l faghzyahf foodstuffs
. I
. ftustf toast
.,
.
_
. fbaskwitf Biscuit
> .
. fgubnahf cheese
l
fdastahf Dozen
I
fsukarf sugar
ei
+ fzibdahf butter
>>
+ fzugagahf bottle
.
+ fzaytf oil
.
+ __..
>
fsug
f sausage
fsamakf fishmonger
5,
_
i
fsandawitshf sandwich
e
.I
_
. fshayf fbina na f mint tea
>,
_
fsharihaf slice
__ >L ftaginf frying pan
fshawkaf fork
L ffuturf breakfast
e
fqahwaf Coffee
_l fka
sf glass
,aLIlo. fqa
a fka kf cake
,
>I ,
fmirabahf Jam
._ L
fmashrubf beverage
fmashwif grilled
__
>
fmuhalaf sweetened
_I
>
fmukhalilf pickled
s
a L
>Il i
Vl
>
V fauzunf Ear
>
Vl
o>
Il
faraqabahf Neck
Il _ fazaqnf Chin
>Il _I
l ,
i sIl
_
.
.
_
\ fal-ibhamf Thumb
.Il
> _,
aIl._ >
aIlL_ c fghita
. _,
aIl
Il 9
farumushf Eyelash
.Il a
. fasha rf Hair
_ Il l_ fazira f Arm
fsadrf Chest
.Il e
. fasurahf Navel
oIl ei_ a
sIl >
s fa-fakhdf Thigh
.Il
. fas-saqf Leg
Il .
farukbahf Knee
.l
. fawtarf Hamstring
Vl .l
V fa-ardaff Buttocks
Il faahrf Back
Il faku f Elbow
Il ._. fakitff Shoulder blade
Il _,
l fabf Father
,
l fumf Nother
_
.l fibnf Son
,
c_
.l fibnffamf
Cousin (son of paternal
uncle)
U
>_
.l fibnffkhalf
Cousin (son of maternal
uncle)
4
l fakhf Brother
.
>
l fukhtf Sister
_
Ilf
>
Il.
>
l fukhtffazawgahforfazugf Sister-in-law
_
Ilf
>
Il
>
l fakhuffazawgahforfazugf Brother-in-law
_
Ilf
>
Il,
l fumffazawgahforfazugf Nother-in-law
_
Ilf
>
Il
l fabuffazawgahforfazugf Father-in-law
U
+ fzawgf Husband
>
+ fzawgahf Wife
_
c fa
iahf Family
,
.
_
l faqribaf Relatives
i_I
fwaladf Boy
.
.
_
. fbintf Girl
_
_
fmutazawigf Narried
4
Vli_I
fwaadffa-akhf Nephew
,
,_.
, fyatimf Orphan
8>>@
<
;
<
@
Arabic ame Arabic Transliteration English Translation
.l fabadf White
>
l furguwanf Purple
+l fazraqf Blue
>l
_
_
. fbunif Brown
l faswadf Black
sl fash
arf Blond
_.> fzahabif Gold
framadif Grey
sl fasfarf ellow
_. ffatihf Light
_l fdakinf Heavy
_ ffidif Silver
_Is.. fburtuqalif Orange
__>
. fbanafsigif violet
1
. fbijf beige
fwardif pink
9Z>>X@
<
k
<
D@
Arabic ame Arabic Transliteration English Translation
i
Vl fa-asadf Leo
l+
>Il fa-gawaza
f Gemini
I
Il fathurf Taurus
l
. fbusahf inch
.o,.. fsintimitrf Centimeter
_ L ftinf ton
l_ > fzira f Cubit
_
frub f quarter
,lc fgramf gram
_
o . fthamanf eighth
i fqadamf foot
._ fmitrf metre
,_ i
fmustadirf round
.o,I fmilimitrf millimetre
_,_ fmilf Nile
,lcI, fkilogramf kilogram
fwaznf Weight
.I, fkilomitrf kilometre
.
. fnisff Half
IH>d
:
o
<
;@:
Arabic ame Arabic Transliteration English Translation
.,
. fbaytf House
fmaktabf Office
> ,
c ,
.Il
.L
fmatbakhf Kitchen
.Il e
c _ I
>Il
aIl_
_
.LI fatabiqffa -ulwif Upstairs
LIl __Is
.Il_
_
.L fatabiqf fasuflif Downstairs
_
,
fsarirf Bed
_
e
_
fwisadahf Pillow
_ >
.l
ahf Nirror
.a
fmaghsalf Washstand
,
>L
f9
a
_
. ftabi ahf Printer
._ >,I f:
,I
fqalamf frusasf -
fqalamf fhibrf
Pencilf pen
,l
fradiof Radio
fwaraqahf Paper
. __.
.
_
,I
_
|i
_
,
L
_
. fbitakahf fshakhsiyahf !d
_
I
_
frisalahf Letter
.Il i
_
,
. fa-baridf Nail
i,
_
.Il
i.
fsundukffa-baridf Nailbox
i,
_
.Il.
.Il
>Ili
_
,
. fa-baridffa-gawif Airmail
_ ffaxf Fax
__
c._.
asf Glass
_
fshawkahf Fork
_ s
.L ftabaqf Plate
4> ah5 M< A
<
s;@
Arabic ame Arabic Transliteration English Translation
'
. ia
. fba df After
_
| V
_
| fiaf minus
_.Il ._. fan-nisff The half
l .
Il I
s,_
fdaqiqahf Ninute
.
:f >
fsabahanf am
,f
fmasa
anf pm
5>>KA< A
<
Z:J : @
Arabic ame Arabic Transliteration English Translation
fshamalf North
>
fsharqf East
c c fgharbf West
, fyasarf Left
_
| ,
VlI
_
| filaf fal-amamf Straight ahead
, _,_ o
, fyaminf Right