Giáo Trình Sử Dụng Thuốc Bảo Vệ Thực Vật

B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC NNG NGHIP H NI

PGS.TS. Nguyn Trn Onh (Ch bin)
TS. Nguyn Vn Vin , KS.Bi Trng Thy

GIO TRNH

S DNG THUC BO V THC VT

H ni 2007

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh S dng thuc Bo v thc vt 2

LI NI U

T thp nin 70 ca th k 20, cng vi s pht trin v bo ca cc ngnh khoa hc
khc, lnh vc ho hc v k thut s dng thuc bo v thc vt (BVTV) c s i thay rt
mnh m: S hiu bit su sc hn v phng thc tc ng ca thuc BVTV cho php pht
hin ra nhiu hot cht mi c phng thc tc ng khc trc, c hiu lc cao vi dch hi,
dng liu thp, nhng li an ton vi ng vt mu nng v cc sinh vt khc khng phi i
tng phng tr. S tin b trong cng ngh gia cng, ng gi, cng ngh sn xut cht n v
ph gia cho php gia cng c nhiu dng ch phm mi, p ng c yu cu qun l thuc
BVTV ngy cng cht ch ca cc quc gia v cc t chc quc t.
Do khun kh cun sch v s tit hc hn ch, nn chng ti ch mong trnh by c
nhng kin thc c bn v thuc BVTV mt cch h thng ngi sinh vin ngnh BVTV khi
ra trng c th p dng. ng thi cun sch ny cng c th l ti liu tham kho cho cn b
k thut trong v ngoi ngnh.
Ni dung cun sch gm hai phn:
Phn A: Nhng hiu bit chung v thuc BVTV, qun l v s dng nhm
cung cp cho sinh vin nhng kin thc c bn trong lnh vc thuc BVTV v c bit cc c s
khoa hc nhng qui nh ca Nh nc ta v vic s dng an ton v hiu qu thuc.
Phn B: Cc thuc bo v thc vt, cung cp cho sinh vin ngnh nng nghip
nhng c tnh sinh hc c bn ca cc nhm thuc BVTV.
gii quyt mu thun gia s lng v chng loi thuc BVTV Vit nam, tng
nhanh vi khun kh cun sch hn hp, nn chng ti ch gii thiu c im chung ca tng
nhm thuc (phn loi theo thnh phn ho hc) v tn chung ca mt s loi thuc thng dng
nht trong nhm ( c lu n cc thuc nm trong danh mc ng k Vit nam).
Gio trnh S dng thuc Bo v thc vt c bin son trong khun kh ca chng
trnh mn hc do tp th cn b B mn Bnh cy-Nng dc- Khoa Nng Hc- Trng i hc
Nng Nghip H Ni chu trch nhim nh sau:
- Ch bin: PTS.TS. Nguyn Trn Onh
- Bi m u v phn A: Nhng hiu bit chung v thuc Bo V Thc vt, qun l v
s dng thuc do PGS.TS. Nguyn Trn Onh bin son.
- Phn B: Cc loi thuc bo v thc vt:
+ Chng VII: Thuc tr su v cc ng vt gy hi khc ; chng IX; Thuc xng hi;
Chng X; Thuc tr c; Chng XI: Cht iu khin sinh trng cy trng do TS.
Nguyn Vn Vin bin son.
+ Chng VIII: Thuc tr bnh do KS.Bi Trng Thy bin son.
Tuy c nhiu c gng, nhng do thu thp thng tin cn cha y , cng vi trnh
ca ngi bin son c hn, nn cun sch ny khng th trnh c thiu st. Nhm tc gi rt
mong nhn c nhiu kin ng gp ca bn c trong v ngoi ngnh vic bin son gio
trnh ny trong nhng ln sau c tt hn.


Trc khi hc mn S dng thuc bo v thc vt, cn phi hc mn Cng trng chuyn
khoa, Bnh cy chuyn khoa hoc Cn trng nng nghip, Bnh cy nng nghip.

CC TC GI


M U
VAI TR CA BIN PHP HO HC BVTV TRONG SN XUT NNG
NGHIP; LCH S PHT TRIN, XU HNG V TNH HNH S DNG
THUC BVTV TRN TH GII V VIT NAM
Gip hc vin thy r c vai tr quan trng ca bin php ho hc trong sn xut
nng nghip. Gii thiu cho hc vin lch s pht trin ca bin php ny cng nh tnh hnh
s dng thuc BVTV v xu hng nghin cu thuc BVTV th gii v Vit nam, hc vin
thm yu ngh v hng th vi mn hc.
1.VAI TR V NGHA CA BIN PHP HA HC BVTV TRONG SN XUT
NNG NGHIP:
p ng c nhu cu ngy cng tng do vic bng n dn s, cng vi xu hng
th ho v cng nghip ho ngy cng mnh, con ngi ch cn mt cch duy nht: thm canh
tng sn lng cy trng.
Khi thm canh cy trng, mt hu qu tt yu khng th trnh c l gy mt cn bng
sinh thi, ko theo s ph hoi ca dch hi ngy cng tng. gim thit hi do dch hi gy ra,
con ngi ta phi u t thm kinh ph tin hnh cc bin php phng tr, trong bin php
ho hc c coi l quan trng.
1.1. Bin php ho hc BVTV ng mt vai tr quan trng trong sn xut nng
nghip vi nhiu u im ni tri:
-Thuc ho hc c th dit dch hi nhanh, trit , ng lot trn din rng v chn ng
nhng trn dch trong thi gian ngn m cc bin php khc khng th thc hin c.
-Bin php ho hc em li hiu qu phng tr r rt, kinh t, bo v c nng sut cy
trng, ci thin cht lng nng sn v mang li hiu qu kinh t, ng thi cng gip gim
c din tch canh tc.
-Bin php ho hc d dng, c th p dng nhiu vng khc nhau, em li hiu qu n
nh v nhiu khi l bin php phng tr duy nht.
n nay, thuc BVTV li nhng du n quan trng trong hu ht cc lnh vc ca
nn nng nghip hin i. Nhng loi ngi vn tip tc tm kim cc dng sn phm mi d s
dng hn, c hiu lc tr dch hi cao hn, thn thin hn vi mi sinh v mi trng.
1.2. Thuc BVTV cng l mt trong nhng nhn t gy mt n nh mi trng. Do
b lm dng, thiu kim sot, dng sai, nn nhiu mt tiu cc ca thuc BVTV bc l
nh: gy nhim ngun nc v t; li d lng trn nng sn, gy c cho ngi v nhiu
loi ng vt mu nng; gy mt s cn bng trong t nhin, lm suy gim tnh a dng ca sinh
qun, xut hin cc loi dich hi mi, to tnh chng thuc ca dch h v lm o ln cc mi
quan h phong ph gia cc loi sinh vt trong h sinh thi, gy bng pht v ti pht dch hi,
dn n hiu lc phng tr ca thuc b gim st hoc mt hn.
s dng thuc BVTV c hiu qu v an ton, chng ta phi hiu ng v thc hin
ng nguyn tc bn ng: ng thuc; ng lc; ng nng liu lng v ng cch.
Mun thc hin tt c cc nguyn tc trn, chng ta phi hiu thu o mi quan h
qua li gia cht c, dch hi v iu kin ngoi cnh.; phi kt hp hi ho gia bin php ho
hc vi cc bin php BVTV khc trong h thng phng tr tng hp.


2. LCH S PHT TRIN CA BIN PHP HO HC, TNH HNH SN XUT V
S DNG THUC BVTV TRN TH GII V VIT NAM:
2.1. Lch s pht trin ca bin php ho hc trn th gii: Qu trnh pht trin ca
bin php ho hc BVTV trn th gii c th chia thnh mt s giai on:
Giai on 1 (Trc th k 20) : Vi trnh canh tc lc hu, cc ging cy trng c
nng sut thp, tc hi ca dch hi cn cha ln. bo v cy, ngi ta da vo cc bin php
canh tc, ging sn c. S pht trin nng nghip trng ch vo s may ri.
Tuy nhin, t lu, con ngi cng bit s dng cc loi cy c v lu hunh trong tro
ni la tr su bnh. T th k 19, hng lot s kin ng ghi nh, to iu kin cho bin
php ho hc ra i. Benediet Prevest (1807) chng minh nc un si trong ni ng c
th dit bo t nm than en Ustilaginales. 1848 lu hunh c dng tr bnh phn trng
Erysiphacea hi nho; dung dch booc ra i nm 1879; lu hunh vi dng tr rp sp
Aspidiotus perniciosus hi cam (1881). M u cho vic dng cc cht xng hi trong BVTV l
s kin dng HCN tr rp vy Aonidiella aurantii hi cam (1887). Nm 1889, aseto asenat ng
c dng tr su Leptinotarsa decemeatas hi khoai ty; 1892 gipxin (asenat ch) tr su n
qu, su rng Porthetria dispr. Na cui th k 19 cacbon disulfua (CS2) c dng chng
chut ng v cc rp Pluylloxera hi nho. Nhng bin php ho hc lc ny vn cha c mt
vai tr ng k trong sn xut nng nghip.
Giai on 2 ( T u th k 20 n nm 1960): Cc thuc tr dch hi hu c ra i, lm
thay i vai tr ca bin php ho hc trong sn xut nng nghip. Ceresan - thuc tr nm thu
ngn hu c u tin (1913); cc thuc tr nm lu hunh (1940); ri n cc nhm khc.
Thuc tr c cn xut hin mun hn (nhng nm 40 ca th k th k 20). Vic pht hin kh
nng dit cn trng ca DDT (nm 1939) m ra cuc cch mng ca bin php ho hc
BVTV. Hng lot cc thuc tr su ra i sau : clo hu c (nhng nm 1940-1950); cc thuc
ln hu c, cc thuc cacbamat (1945-1950). Lc ny ngi ta cho rng: Mi vn BVTV u
c th gii quyt bng thuc ho hc. Bin php ho hc b khai thc mc ti a, thm ch
ngi ta cn hy vng, nh thuc ho hc loi tr hn mt loi dch hi trong mt vng rng
ln.
T cui nhng nm 1950, nhng hu qu xu ca thuc BVTV gy ra cho con ngi,
mi sinh v mi trng c pht hin. Khi nim phng tr tng hp su bnh ra i.
Giai on 3 (nhng nm 1960- 1980): Vic lm dng thuc BVTV li nhng hu
qu rt xu cho mi sinh mi trng dn n tnh trng, nhiu chng trnh phng chng dch hi
ca nhiu quc gia v cc t chc quc t da vo thuc ho hc b sp ; t tng s hi,
khng dm dng thuc BVTV xut hin; thm ch c ngi cho rng, cn loi b khng dng
thuc BVTV trong sn xut nng nghip.
Tuy vy, cc loi thuc BVTV mi c nhiu u im, an ton hn i vi mi sinh mi
trng, nh thuc tr c mi, cc thuc tr su nhm perethroid tng hp (1970), cc thuc tr
su bnh c ngun gc sinh hc hay tc ng sinh hc, cc cht iu tit sinh trng cn trng v
cy trng vn lin tc ra i. Lng thuc BVTV c dng trn th gii khng nhng khng
gim m cn tng ln khng ngng.
Giai on 4 (t nhng nm 1980 n nay): Vn bo v mi trng c quan tm
hn bao gi ht. Nhiu loi thuc BVTV mi, trong c nhiu thuc tr su bnh sinh hc, c
hiu qu cao vi dch hi, nhng an ton vi mi trng ra i. Vai tr ca bin php ho hc


c tha nhn. T tng s thuc BVTV cng bt dn. Quan im phng tr tng hp c
ph bin rng ri.
2.2. Tnh hnh sn xut v s dng thuc BVTV trn th gii:
Mc d s pht trin ca bin php ho hc c nhiu lc thng trm, song tng gi tr tiu
th thuc BVTV trn th gii v s hot cht tng ln khng ngng, s chng loi ngy cng
phong ph. Nhiu thuc mi v dng thuc mi an ton hn vi mi sinh mi trng lin tc
xut hin bt chp cc qui nh qun l ngy cng cht ch ca cc quc gia i vi thuc
BVTV v kinh ph u t cho nghin cu mt loi thuc mi ra i ngy cng ln.
Trong 10 nm gn y tng lng thuc BVTV tiu th c xu hng gim, nhng gi tr
ca thuc tng khng ngng. Nguyn nhn l c cu thuc thay i: Nhiu loi thuc c, gi r,
dng vi lng ln, c vi mi sinh mi trng c thay th dn bng cc loi thuc mi hiu
qu, an ton v dng vi lng t hn, nhng li c gi thnh cao.
Tuy vy, mc u t v thuc BVTV v c cu tiu th cc nhm thuc tu thuc trnh
pht trin v c im canh tc ca tng nc.
Ngy nay, bin php ho hc BVTV c pht trin theo cc cc hng chnh sau:
-Nghin cu tm ra cc hot cht mi c c ch tc ng mi, c tnh chn lc v hiu lc
tr dch hi cao hn, lng dng nh hn, tn lu ngn, t c v d dng hn. Thuc tr su
tc dng chm (iu khin sinh trng cn trng, pheromon, cc cht phn di truyn, cht trit
sn) l nhng v d in hnh. Thuc sinh hc c ch dng nhiu hn.
-Tm hiu cc phng php v nguyn liu gia cng thnh cc dng thuc mi t
nhim, hiu lc di, d dng, loi dn dng thuc gy nhim mi trng.
-Nghin cu cng c phun ri tin tin v ci tin cc loi cng c hin c tng kh
nng trang tri, tng bm dnh, gim n mc ti thiu s ra tri ca thuc. Ch dng cc
phng php s dng thuc khc bn cnh phun thuc cn ang ph bin. Thay phun thuc sm,
i tr v nh k bng phun thuc khi dch hi t n ngng.
2.3. Lch s pht trin ca bin php ho hc, tnh hnh sn xut v s dng thuc
BVTV Vit nam: C th chia thnh ba giai on:
Trc nm 1957: Bin php ho hc hu nh khng c v tr trong sn xut nng nghip.
Mt lng rt nh sunfat ng c dng mt s n in do Php qun l tr bnh g st
c ph v Phytophthora cao su v mt t DDT c dng tr su hi rau.
Vic thnh lp T Ho BVTV (1/1956) ca Vin Kho cu trng trt nh du s ra
i ca ngnh Ho BVTV Vit nam. Thuc BVTV c dng ln u trong sn xut nng
nghip min Bc l tr su gai, su cun l ln bng pht Hng yn (v ng xun 1956-
1957). min Nam, thuc BVTV c s dng t 1962.
Giai on t 1957-1990:
Thi k bao cp. Vic nhp khu, qun l v phn phi thuc do nh nc c quyn
thc hin. Nh nc nhp ri trc tip phn phi thuc cho cc tnh theo gi bao cp. Bng
mng li vt t nng nghip a phng, thuc BVTV c phn phi thng xung HTX nng
nghip. Ban Qun tr HTX qun l v giao cho t BVTV hng dn x vin phng tr dch hi
trn ng rung. Lng thuc BVTV dng khng nhiu, khong 15000 tn thnh phm/ nm
vi khong 20 chng loi thuc tr su (ch yu) v thuc tr bnh. a phn l cc thuc c
tn lu lu trong mi trng hay c c cao. Vic qun l thuc lc ny kh d dng, thuc


gi thuc km cht lng khng c iu kin pht trin. Song tnh trng phn phi thuc khng
kp thi; p ng khng ng chng loi, ni tha, ni thiu, gy tnh trng khan him gi to,
dn n hiu qu s dng thuc thp. Mt khc, ngi nng dn khng c iu kin la chn
thuc, thiu tnh ch ng v li nh nc.
Tuy lng thuc dng t, nhng tnh trng lm dng thuc BVTV vn ny sinh.
phng tr su bnh, ngi ta ch bit da vo thuc BVTV. Thuc dng trn lan, phun phng l
ph bin, khuynh hng phun sm, phun nh k ra i, thm ch dng thuc c vo nhng thi
im khng cn thit; tnh trng dng thuc sai k thut ny sinh khp ni; thm ch ngi ta
cn hy vng dng thuc BVTV loi tr hn mt loi dch hi ra khi mt vng rng ln.
Thuc li
nhng hu qu rt xu i vi mi trng v sc kho con ngi.
Khi nhn ra nhng hu qu ca thuc BVTV, cng vi tuyn truyn qu mc v tc hi
ca chng gy nn tm l s thuc. T cui nhng nm 80 ca th k 20, c nhiu kin
xut nn hn ch, thm ch loi b hn thuc BVTV; dng bin php sinh hc thay th bin
php ho hc trong phng tr dch hi nng nghip.
Giai on t 1990 n nay:
Th trng thuc BVTV thay i c bn: nn kinh t t tp trung bao cp chuyn sang
kinh t th trng. Nm thnh phn kinh t, u c php kinh doanh thuc BVTV. Ngun hng
phong ph, nhiu chng loi c cung ng kp thi, nng dn c iu kin la chn thuc, gi
c kh n nh c li cho nng dn. Lng thuc BVTV tiu th qua cc nm u tng. Nhiu
loi thuc mi v cc dng thuc mi, hiu qu hn, an ton hn vi mi trng c nhp. Mt
mng li phn phi thuc BVTV rng khp c nc hnh thnh, vic cung ng thuc n
nng dn rt thun li. Cng tc qun l thuc BVTV c ch c bit v t c hiu qu
khch l.
Nhng do nhiu ngun hng, mng li lu thng qu rng gy kh cho cng tc qun
l; qu nhiu tn thuc y ngi s dng kh la chn c thuc tt v vic hng dn k
thut dng thuc cng gp khng t kh khn. Tnh trng lm dng thuc, t tng li bin
php ho hc li nhng hu qu xu cho sn xut v sc kho con ngi. Ngc li, c
nhiu ngi bi xch thuc BVTV, tm cch hn ch, thm ch i loi b thuc BVTV trong
sn xut nng nghip v tm cch thay th bng cc bin php phng tr khc.
Tuy vy, vai tr ca bin php ho hc trong sn xut nng nghip vn c tha nhn.
pht huy hiu qu ca thuc BVTV v s dng chng an ton, phng tr tng hp l con
ng tt yu phi n. Phi phi hp hi ho cc bin php trong h thng phng tr tng hp;
s dng thuc BVTV l bin php cui cng, khi cc bin php phng tr khc s dng khng
hiu qu.
Trong thi gian ny, mi quan h quc t gia nc ta vi cc nc, vi cc t chc quc
t( FAO, WHO, CIRAP)... v cc t chc trong khu vc vn c nay cng c y mnh v pht
huy tc dng, gip chng ta nhanh chng hi nhp c vi tro lu chung ca th gii.

CU HI N TP
1/ Vai tr ca bin php ho hc BVTV trong sn xut nng nghip?
2/ Nhng xu hng chnh trong vic pht trin thuc BVTV hin nay?


PHN A
NHNG HIU BIT CHUNG V THUC BO V THC VT
QUN L V S DNG

CHNG I
C S C CHT HC NNG NGHIP
Thuc BVTV cng l mt cht c, nn trong chng ny cung cp cho hc vin nhng
khi nim c bn nht v cht c, yu cu ca cc cht c dng trong nng nghip v phn
loi cc thuc BVTV.
1. KHI NIM CHUNG V CHT C
1.1.Cht c: L nhng cht khi xm nhp vo c th sinh vt mt lng nh cng c
th gy bin i su sc v cu trc hay chc nng trong c th sinh vt, ph hu nghim trng
nhng chc nng ca c th, lm cho sinh vt b ng c hoc b cht. y l mt khi nim
mang tnh qui c.
Rt kh c th nh ngha th no l lng nh. Cng mt lng cht c nh nhau, c th gy
c vi loi sinh vt ny, nhng li khng gy c vi loi sinh vt khc; hoc c th gy c hay khng
gy c tu theo phng php s dng chng. Cng rt kh nh ngha th no l gy bin i su sc,
ph hu nghim trng nhng chc nng ca sinh vt . mt lng thuc nht nh, cht c c th
kch thch sinh vt pht trin, nhng lng cht c cao hn, c th gy ng c hay gy c ch sinh
vt. C hai trng hp, cht c u gy bin i su sc v ph hu nghim trng nhng chc nng
ca sinh vt.
1.2.Tnh c (c tnh): l kh nng gy c ca mt cht i vi c th sinh vt mt
lng nht nh ca cht c .
1.3. c: biu th mc ca tnh c, l liu lng nht nh ca cht c cn c
gy c mt tc ng no trn c th sinh vt khi chng xm nhp vo c th sinh vt.
1.4. Liu lng: l lng cht c cn thit c (tnh bng mg hay g) gy c mt
tc ng nht nh trn c th sinh vt.
Trng lng c th ln hay nh c lin quan cht ch n kh nng gy c ca mt cht
c. din t chnh xc hn, ngi ta th hin c bng lng cht c cn thit gy
c cho mt n v trng lng c th ca sinh vt ( tnh bng g/g hay mg/kg). Trng hp
gp nhng c th sinh vt nh, c kch thc kh ng u nhau, ngi ta c th biu hin bng
g/ c th ( v d: g /ong).
Trong nghin cu c l, ngi ta quan tm n cc liu lng sau:
Liu lng ngng: l liu lng rt nh cht c tuy gy bin i c hi cho c th
sinh vt, nhng cha c biu hin cc triu chng b hi.
Liu lng c: l liu lng nh cht c gy nh hng n sc kho ca sinh vt
v cc triu chng ng c bt u biu hin.
Liu gy cht : l liu lng cht c gy cho c th sinh vt nhng bin i su sc
n mc khng th hi phc, lm cht sinh vt.


nh gi tc ng ca cht c n c th sinh vt, hay so snh c ca cc loi
thuc vi nhau, ngi ta cn chia ra:
Liu di liu gy cht: l liu lng cht c ph hu nhng chc nng ca c th
sinh vt, nhng cha lm cht sinh vt.
Bng 1. PHN LOI C CA THUC TR DCH HI ( theo qui nh ca WHO)
Tr s LD50 ca thuc ( mg/kg)
Dng lng Dng rn
Qua ming Qua da Qua ming Qua da
Rt c 20 40 5 10
c 20 200 40 400 5 50 10 - 100
c trung bnh 200 2000 400 4000 50 500 100 - 1000
t c >2000 > 4000 > 500 >1000

Liu gy cht tuyt i: l liu lng cht c thp nht trong nhng iu kin nht nh
lm cht 100% s c th dng trong nghin cu.
Liu gy cht trung bnh (medium lethal dose, MLD = LD50): l liu lng cht c gy
cht cho 50% s c th em th nghim. Gi tr LD50 ( qua ming v qua da ng vt th nghim)
c dng so snh c ca cc cht c vi nhau. Gi tr LD50 cng nh, chng t cht
c cng mnh. Gi tr LD50 thay i theo loi ng vt th nghim v iu kin th nghim.
Bng 2. PHN LOI NHM C CA THUC TR DCH HI
( theo AAPCO- M, dn theo Farm Chemicals Handbook)
Nhm c
Nguy him
( I)
Bo ng
(II)
Cnh bo
(III)
Cnh
bo (IV)
LD50 qua
ming(mg/kg )
< 50 50 - 500 500 5 000 >5 000
LD50 qua da ( mg/kg
)
< 200 200 - 2 000 2 000 2
0000
>2 0000
LC50 qua h hp
(mg/l)
< 2 0.2 - 2 2 - 20 > 20

Phn ng nim mc
mt
Gy hi nim
mc, c mng,
sng mt
ko di >7ngy
c mng sng
mt v gy
nga nim
mc 7 ngy
Gy nga
nim mc
Khng
gy nga
nim mc
Phn ng da Mn nga da
ko di
Mn nga
72 gi
Mn nga
nh
Nh 72 gi
Phn ng
nh 72
gi
Nhng tr s ghi trong cc bng 1-2-3 c tnh theo liu lng hot cht. Nhng vi
thuc BVTV, ngi ta li s dng cc thnh phm khc nhau. V vy, c ca cc dng thuc
thnh phm rt quan trng v thng thp hn c ca hot cht.
xc nh gi tr LD50 ca thuc thnh phm thng phi lm th nghim nh xc nh
tr s LD50 ca hot cht. Nhng trong trng hp khng th tin hnh lm th nghim, FAO


a ra mt cng thc tnh tm chp nhn c trung bnh ca mt thnh phm n cng nh
hn hp nh sau:

LD50 hot cht
LD50 ca thnh phm = x 100
% hot cht c trong sn phm
LD50 ca thnh phm ca hn hp:

CA CB C.... CZ 100
+ + + =
TA TB T.... TZ Tm
Trong : T= LD50 qua da /ming ca hot cht
C= T l a.i. c trong sn phm
Tm= LD50 qua da /ming ca thuc hn hp
A,B,Z = Tn hot cht
Lu : Hai cng thc ny u mang tnh tng i v khng cho bit c theo dng
v c bit vi thuc hn hp, c trng hp c ca thuc khng gim m cn tng hn.
Bng 3- BNG PHN LOI C THUC BVTV VIT NAM V
CC BIU TNG V C CN GHI TRN NHN
LD50 i vi chut (mg/kg)
Qua ming Qua da
Nhm
c
Ch
en
Hnh
tng
(en)
Vch
Mu
Th rn Th lng Th rn Th lng
Nhm
c I
Rt c
u lu
xng cho
trong hnh
thoi vung
trng
50 200 100 400
Nhm
c II
c cao
Ch thp
cho trong
hnh thoi
vung trng
Vng
> 50 -
500
> 200 2 000
>100 1
000
> 400 4
000
Nguy
him
ng cho
khng lin
nt trong
hnh thoi
vung trng
Xanh
nc
bin
500 2
000
> 2 000 3
000
>1000 >4 000
Nhm
c III
Cn thn
Khng biu
tng
Xanh
l cy
> 2 000 > 3 000 > 1 000 > 4 000
so snh c ca cc loi thuc, ngi ta cn dng cc ch tiu khc nh:
Nng gy cht trung bnh (medium lethal concentrate - LC50) : l nng gy cht
cho mt na (50%) s c th dng trong th nghim, trong mt thi gian xc nh. LC50 c


tnh bng mg/l, g/m
3
hay ppm. i lng ny thng dng khi khng th xc nh c liu
lng chnh xc v thng c th vi cc ng vt sng trong nc.
Thi gian gy cht trung bnh ( medium lethal time- LT50): l thi gian gy cht cho mt
na (50%) s c th dng trong th nghim, ti nng hay liu lng nht nh. LT50 c
tnh bng gy, pht, gi.
Tr s ny thng c dng th nghim vi ng vt thu sinh hay kh trng.
Thi gian qut ng trung bnh ( medium knock -out time- KT50): l thi gian qut ng
cho mt na (50%) s c th dng trong th nghim, ti nng hay liu lng nht nh. LT50
c tnh bng gy, pht, gi.
Liu qut ng trung bnh (medium knock-out dose- KD50) : l liu lng cht c qut
ng mt na (50%) s c th dng trong th nghim. c tnh bng g/g hay mg/kg.
Cm t qut ng y c hiu l s c th b ngt hay b cht.
Liu hiu qu trung bnh (effective dose - ED50): Dng nh gi cc thuc khng trc tip
git sinh vt ( i ho sinh trng hay trit sn), nhng tc ng n giai on pht trin k
tip, s mn , t l (%) trng n.
2. YU CU CHT C DNG TRONG NNG NGHIP
2.1. Mt s nh ngha:
Dch hi (pest): dng ch mi loi sinh vt gy hi cho ngi, cho ma mng, nng lm
sn; cng trnh kin trc; cho cy rng, cho mi trng sng. Bao gm cc loi cn trng, tuyn
trng, vi sinh vt gy bnh cy, c di, cc loi gm nhm, chim v ng vt ph hoi cy trng.
Danh t ny khng bao gm cc vi sinh vt gy bnh cho ngi, cho gia sc.
Thuc tr dch hi (pesticide ): L nhng cht hay hn hp cc cht dng ngn nga,
tiu dit hay phng tr cc loi dch hi gy hi cho cy trng, nng lm sn, thc n gia sc,
hoc nhng loi dch hi gy hi cn tr qu trnh ch bin, bo qun, vn chuyn nng lm sn;
nhng loi cn trng, ve bt gy hi cho ngi v gia sc. Thut ng ny cn bao gm c cc
cht iu ho sinh trng cy trng, cht lm rng hay kh l hoc cc cht lm cho qu sng p
hay ngn nga rng qu sm v cc cht dng trc hay sau thu hoch bo v sn phm
khng b h thi trong bo qun v chuyn ch. Th gii cng quy nh thuc tr dch hi cn
bao gm thuc tr rui mui trong y t v th y.
Thuc bo v thc vt (sn phm nng dc) : l nhng ch phm c ngun gc ho
cht, thc vt, ng vt, vi sinh vt v cc ch phm khc dng phng tr sinh vt gy hi ti
nguyn thc vt. Gm: cc ch phm dng phng tr sinh vt gy hi ti nguyn thc vt;
cc ch phm iu ho sinh trng thc vt, cht lm rng hay kh l; cc ch phm c tc dng
xua ui hoc thu ht cc loi sinh vt gy hi ti nguyn thc vt n tiu dit (Php lnh
Bo v v Kim dch thc vt nc CHXHCNVN v iu l Qun l thuc BVTV).
Ti nguyn thc vt gm cy, sn phm ca cy, nng sn, thc n gia sc, lm sn khi bo
qun.
Sinh vt gy hi ti nguyn thc vt bao gm: cn trng, nm, vi khun , c di, chut v
cc tc nhn sinh vt gy hi khc.
Nh vy, gia thuc tr dch hi v thuc BVTV c s ging nhau: chng u l cc loi cht
c, c hot tnh tr dch hi. Nhng thuc tr dch hi rng hn, tr c tt c cc loi dch hi ; cn


thuc BVTV ch tiu dit cc loi dch hi gy hi cho ti nguyn thc vt. Ni cch khc, thuc BVTV
l mt b phn ca thuc tr dch hi.
2.2.Yu cu ca thuc BVTV:
Thuc BVTV l nhng cht c; nhng mun l thuc BVTV phi t mt s yu cu sau:
-C tnh c vi sinh vt gy hi.
-C kh nng tiu dit nhiu loi dch hi ( tnh c vn nng), nhng ch tiu dit cc loi sinh
vt gy hi m khng gy hi cho i tng khng phng tr ( tnh chn lc).
-An ton i vi ngi, mi sinh v mi trng.
-D bo qun , chuyn ch v s dng.
-Gi thnh h.
Khng c mt loi cht c no c th tho mn hon ton cc yu cu ni trn. Cc yu cu
ny, thm ch ngay trong mt yu cu cng c mu thun khng th gii quyt c. Tu theo giai on
pht trin ca bin php ho hc, m cc yu cu c nh gi cao thp khc nhau. Hin nay, yu cu
an ton vi ngi, mi sinh v mi trng c ton th gii quan tm nhiu nht.
3. PHN LOI THUC BVTV: Theo yu cu nghin cu v s dng.
3.1. Da vo i tng phng chng:
Thuc tr su (Insecticide): Gm cc cht hay hn hp cc cht c tc dng tiu dit,
xua ui hay di chuyn bt k loi cn trng no c mt trong mi trng (AAPCO). Chng
c dng dit tr hoc ngn nga tc hi ca cn trng n cy trng, cy rng, nng lm
sn, gia sc v con ngi.
Trong thuc tr su, da vo kh nng gy c cho tng giai on sinh trng, ngi ta
cn chia ra: thuc tr trng (Ovicide ), thuc tr su non ( Larvicide).
Thuc tr bnh (Fungicide): Thuc tr bnh bao gm cc hp cht c ngun gc ho
hc (v c v hu c), sinh hc (vi sinh vt v cc sn phm ca chng, ngun gc thc vt ), c
tc dng ngn nga hay dit tr cc loi vi sinh vt gy hi cho cy trng v nng sn (nm k
sinh, vi khun, x khun) bng cch phun ln b mt cy, x l ging v x l t... Thuc tr
bnh dng bo v cy trng trc khi b cc loi vi sinh vt gy hi tn cng tt hn l dit
ngun bnh v khng c tc dng cha tr nhng bnh do nhng yu t phi sinh vt gy ra (thi
tit, t ng; hn...). Thuc tr bnh bao gm c thuc tr nm (Fungicides) v tr vi khun
(Bactericides). Thng thuc tr vi khun c kh nng tr c c nm; cn thuc tr nm
thng t c kh nng tr vi khun. Hin nay Trung quc, mi xut hin mt s thuc tr bnh
c th hn ch mnh s pht trin ca virus ( Ningnanmycin ...).
Nhiu khi ngi ta gi thuc tr bnh l thuc tr nm (Fungicides). Trong trng hp
ny, thuc tr nm bao gm c thuc tr vi khun.
Thuc tr chut (Rodenticde hay Raticide): l nhng hp cht v c, hu c; hoc c
ngun gc sinh hc c hot tnh sinh hc v phng thc tc ng rt khc nhau, c dng
dit chut gy hi trn rung, trong nh v kho tng v cc loi gm nhm. Chng tc ng n
chut ch yu bng con ng v c v xng hi ( ni kn o).
Thuc tr nhn (Acricide hay Miticide): nhng cht c dng ch yu tr nhn hi
cy trng v cc loi thc vt khc, c bit l nhn . Hu ht thuc tr nhn thng dng hin
nay u c tc dng tip xc. i a s thuc trong nhm l nhng thuc c hiu c tc dng
dit nhn, c kh nng chn lc cao, t gy hi cho cn trng c ch v thin ch. Nhiu loi


trong chng cn c tc dng tr trng v nhn mi n; mt s khc cn dit nhn trng thnh.
Nhiu loi thuc tr nhn c thi gian hu hiu di, t c vi ng vt mu nng. Mt s thuc
tr nhn nhng cng c tc dng dit su. Mt s thuc tr su, tr nm cng c tc dng tr
nhn.
Thuc tr tuyn trng (Nematocide): cc cht xng hi v ni hp c dng x l
t trc tin tr tuyn trng r cy trng, trong t, ht ging v c trong cy.
Thuc tr c (Herbicide): cc cht c dng tr cc loi thc vt cn tr s sinh
trng cy trng, cc loi thc vt mc hoang di, trn ng rung, quanh cc cng trnh kin
trc, sn bay, ng st... v gm c cc thuc tr rong ru trn rung, knh mng. y l
nhm thuc d gy hi cho cy trng nht. V vy khi dng cc thuc trong nhm ny cn c
bit thn trng.
3.2. Da vo con ng xm nhp (hay cch tc ng ca thuc) n dch hi: tip
xc, v c, xng hi, thm su v ni hp.
3.3. Da vo ngun gc ho hc:
Thuc c ngun gc tho mc : bao gm cc thuc BVTV lm t cy c hay cc sn
phm chit xut t cy c c kh nng tiu dit dch hi.
Thuc c ngun gc sinh hc: gm cc loi sinh vt (cc loi k sinh thin ch), cc sn
phm c ngun gc sinh vt ( nh cc loi khng sinh...) c kh nng tiu dit dch hi.
Thuc c ngun gc v c : bao gm cc hp cht v c ( nh dung dch booc, lu
hunh v lu hunh vi....) c kh nng tiu dit dch hi.
Thuc c ngun gc hu c: Gm cc hp cht hu c tng hp c kh nng tiu dit
dch hi ( nh cc hp cht clo hu c, ln hu c, cacbamat...).
Gn y, do nhiu dch hi hnh thnh tnh chng nhiu loi thuc c cng mt c ch,
nn ngi ta phn loi theo c ch tc ng ca cc loi thuc ( nh thuc km hm men
cholinesterase, GABA, km hm h hp...) hay theo phng thc tc ng (thuc iu khin sinh
trng cn trng, thuc trit sn, cht dn d, cht xua ui hay cht gy ngn).
Phn chia theo cc dng thuc ( thuc bt, thuc nc...) hay phng php s dng (
thuc dng phun ln cy, thuc x l ging...).
Ngoi cch phn loi ch yu trn, tu mc ch nghin cu v s dng, ngi ta cn
phn loi thuc BVTV theo nhiu cch khc na.
Khng c s phn loi thuc BVTV no mang tnh tuyt i, v mt loi thuc c th tr
c nhiu loi dch hi khc nhau, c kh nng xm nhp vo c th dch hi theo nhiu con
ng khc nhau, c cng lc nhiu c ch tc ng khc nhau; trong thnh phn ca thuc c
cc nhm hay nguyn t gy c khc nhau... nn cc thuc c th cng lc xp vo nhiu nhm
khc nhau.

CU HI N TP
1/ Nhng hiu bit chung v cht c?
2/Nhng nh ngha cn bit v yu cu c bn ca mt cht c dng trong nng nghip?
3/ Cc cch phn loi thuc BVTV?


CHNG II
C S SINH L, SINH THI HC CA THUC BO V THC VT
TRONG PHNG TR DCH HI
S dng thuc BVTV an ton v hiu qu l yu cu c bn ca bin php ho hc. Mun
vy , hc vin phi hiu r c s sinh l sinh thi ca thuc BVTV trong phng tr dch hi.
l mi quan h qua li gia 3 nhm yu t: Thuc BVTV, Dch hi v iu kin ngoi cnh.
1. IU KIN CA MT LOI THUC C TH GY C CHO SINH VT:
1.1. Thuc phi tip xc c vi sinh vt
L iu kin tin quyt thuc pht huy tc dng. Mun thuc tip xc c vi dch
hi nhiu nht, phi nm chc c tnh sinh vt hc, sinh thi hc ca dch hi v c tnh ca
tng loi thuc, tm bin php x l thch hp thuc tip xc nhiu nht vi dch hi v hn
ch thuc tc ng n cc sinh vt khng l i tng phng tr, gim nguy c gy hi ca
thuc n mi sinh, mi trng. Mi loi sinh vt c nhng c tnh sinh hc khc nhau:
- Cn trng: cn hiu r kh nng di chuyn ca cn trng ( rp t di chuyn, nhng cc
su hi khc li di chuyn mnh); ni chng sng, ni gy hi v cch gy hi, thi im hot
ng chn thuc v phng php x l thch hp.
- Nm bnh v nhn : l nhng loi sinh vt t hay khng t di chuyn. Phi phun thuc
ng vo ni chng sng, ht thuc phi mn, trang tri tht u trn b mt vt phun, lng
nc phun phi ln mi pht huy c tc dng.
- Chut: Chut di chuyn rt rng, nn phi to iu kin cho chut tip xc vi b,
bng cch ri b trn nhng li i ca chut, chn b khng hoc t mi, hay ch c mi hp dn,
trnh dng nhng b gy tc ng mnh chut khng s v phi thay mi b lin tc la
chut.
- C di : phi phun, ri v trn thuc vo t, to iu kin cho c di nhn c nhiu
thuc nht. Dng cc thuc tr c ni hp phun nhiu ln lin tip nhau di liu gy cht s
tng c hiu qu ca thuc. Khi phun thuc tr c khng chn lc rung c cy trng, phi
phun nh hng, trnh cy trng tip xc vi thuc, b thuc gy hi v lm tng tnh
chn lc ca thuc tr c.
1.2. Thuc phi xm nhp c vo c th sinh vt v sau phi dich chuyn c
n trung tm sng ca chng :
Con ng xm nhp ca thuc BVTV vo c th sinh vt:
-Thuc xm nhp vo c th dch hi bng con ng tip xc (cn gi l nhng thuc
Ngoi tc ng): l nhng thuc gy c cho sinh vt khi thuc xm nhp qua biu b chng.
-Thuc xm nhp vo c th dch hi bng con ng v c (cn gi l nhng thuc c
tc ng ng rut hay Ni tc ng): l nhng loi thuc gy c cho ng vt khi thuc xm
nhp qua ng tiu ho ca chng. pH dch rut v thi gian tn ti ca thuc trong d dy
v rut non nh hng rt mnh n hiu lc ca thuc.
- Thuc c tc ng xng hi: l nhng thuc c kh nng bay hi/ bi, u c bu
khng kh bao quanh dch hi v gy c cho sinh vt khi thuc xm nhp qua ng h hp.


-Thuc c tc ng thm su: l nhng thuc c kh nng xm nhp qua biu b thc vt,
thm vo cc t bo pha trong, dit dch hi sng trong cy v cc b phn ca cy. Cc thuc
ny ch c tc ng theo chiu ngang, m khng c kh nng di chuyn trong cy.
-Thuc c tc ng ni hp: l nhng loi thuc c kh nng xm nhp qua thn, l, r
v cc b phn khc ca cy; thuc dch chuyn c trong cy, dit c dch hi nhng ni
xa vng tip xc vi thuc. Nhng thuc xm nhp qua r ri dch chuyn ln cc b phn pha
trn ca cy cng dng nha nguyn, gi l vn chuyn hng ngn. Do mch g l nhng t
bo, nn cht c t b tc ng. Ngc li, c nhng thuc xm nhp qua l, vn chuyn
xung cc b phn pha di ca cy, theo mch libe, cng dng nha luyn, gi l vn chuyn
hng gc hay cc thuc mang tnh lu dn. Mch libe l cc t bo sng, nn thuc b cc cht
trong t bo sng, men tc ng v cc yu t sinh hc tc ng. C thuc li xm nhp c qua
l v r, vn chuyn c hng ngn v hng gc.
S xm nhp v di chuyn ca cht c vo trong c th sinh vt
S xm nhp v di chuyn ca cht c vo trong nm bnh: B mt cht nguyn
sinh c tnh khuych tn mnh, cn tr cc cht trong t bo khuych tn ra ngoi. Ngc li,
c khi nguyn sinh li c tnh hp ph v to h s cn bng. Trong iu kin bnh thng h s
hp ph ny thp. Khi b cht c tc ng, h s cn bng ny s tng ln, cht c theo vo
t bo mnh hn. Mt khc, mng nguyn sinh cht c tnh thm chn lc, cho nhng cht ho
tan i qua vi tc khc nhau. Nhng tnh thm ny s b thay i theo iu kin ngoi cnh. B
cht c kch thch, tnh thm ca mng t bo cng tng nhanh, cht c xm nhp nhanh chng
vo t bo cho n khi trng thi cn bng v p sut c thit lp. Mng t bo cng c kh
nng hp ph mnh, c bit l cc ion kim loi nng nh ng, thu ngn... Trn mng t bo,
cc ion ny tp trung li vi nng cao cng xm nhp trc tip vo t bo nm bnh mnh .
S xm nhp v di chuyn ca cht c vo trong c th cn trng: Nhng thuc
cng d ho tan trong lipit v lipoproteit cht bo, s cng d xm nhp vo c th sinh vt qua
con ng tip xc. Biu b cn trng khng c t bo sng, c cu to bng lipit v lipoproteit
bin tnh, c tc dng gi khung c th, ngn khng cho nc trong c th cn trng thot ra
ngoi v cc cht khc bn ngoi xm nhp vo c th. Nhng lp biu b bao ph khng u
trn ton c th, c nhng ch mng, mm nh cc khp u, ngc bn chn, chn lng v.v...
thuc xm nhp qua d dng hn. Cc thuc dng sa d xm nhp vo c th qua biu b cn
trng v biu b l cy hn. Nhng biu b qu dy, thuc khng i qua c, hoc thuc ho tan
trong biu b nhiu, b gi li biu b m khng i vo c bn trong, hiu lc ca thuc
cng b gim. Xm nhp qua biu b, thuc s i tip vo mu v c mu di chuyn n cc
trung tm sng.
Cc thuc xng hi li xm nhp vo l th, h thng kh qun v vi kh qun vo mu
gy c cho cn trng. Cht c xm nhp qua ng h hp c tnh c mnh hn cc ng
khc, do tc ng ngay n mu. Cng h hp cng mnh, kh nng ng c cng tng. V
th, khi xng hi cc cn trng trong kho, ngi ta thng hoc rt bt khng kh, hoc bm
thm CO2 vo kho kch thch s h hp ca cn trng.
Cc thuc tr su v c, c chuyn t ming n ng thc qun, ti thc n vo rut
gia. Di tc ng ca cc men c trong nc bt v dch rut gia, thuc s chuyn t dng
khng ho tan sang dng ho tan, ri thm thu qua vch rut hay ph v vch rut vo huyt
dch, cng huyt dch i n cc trung tm sng. Nhng cht c cn li khng tan s b thi qua
hu mn, hoc qua nn ma; mt phn nh cht c thm thu qua thnh rut trc, vo thnh


rut sau v b gi . Qu trnh bi tit cng chm, thi gian tn lu trong rut cng lu, lng
cht c xm nhp vo c th cng nhiu, c ca thuc s mnh. pH ca dch rut nh
hng nhiu n tan ca thuc. tan cng ln, nguy c gy c cng tng.
S xm nhp v di chuyn ca cht c vo trong c th loi gm nhm : Thuc tr
chut c th xm nhp vo c th loi gm nhm bng c ba con ng : tip xc, v c v
xng hi. Nhng do kh nng hot ng ca cc loi gm nhm ni chung v ca cc loi chut
ni ring qu rng, nn kh dit chng bng con ng tip xc. Bin php dit chut v cc loi
gm nhm ch yu l trn thuc tr chut vi thc n (lm b) ( con ng v c). Tc ng
xng hi (ng h hp), ch c p dng trong cc khong khng gian kn (trong kho tng,
trong hang)... D bng con ng no, cui cng thuc cng vo mu. Khi vo mu, thuc mt
phn ph hi mu, phn khc c vn chuyn n trung tm sng, tc ng n chc nng sng
ca cc c quan ny, chut b ng c ri cht.
S xm nhp v di chuyn ca cht c vo trong c th c di: Cht c cng c th
xm nhp vo mi b phn ca thc vt, nhng l v r l hai ni cht c d xm nhp nht. B
mt l v cc b phn khc trn mt t, c bao ph bi mng lipoit v nhng cht bo khc,
c bn cht l nhng cht khng phn cc, nn thng d cho nhng cht khng phn cc i qua.
V thn l nhng lp bn, thuc BVTV phn cc hay khng phn cc u kh xm nhp; nhng
nu xm nhp c qua v thn, cht c s i ngay vo b mch v di chuyn n cc b
phn khc nhau ca cy. Git cht c nm trn l, ban u xm nhp vo bn trong l nhanh,
theo thi gian, nc b bc hi, nng git thuc s tng cao, kh nng ho tan ca thuc km,
thuc xm nhp vo cy chm dn.
Cht c trong t xm nhp qua r l chnh ( cng c th xm nhp qua ht ging v
nhng lng thn lp t mt) nh kh nng hp ph nc v cht ho tan. Cc cht phn cc d
xm nhp qua r. Tc xm nhp thuc qua r thng lc u tng sau gim dn. Ring hai
thuc tr c 2,4-D v DNOC li khc: lc u xm nhp nhanh, sau ngng hn ri li c mt
lng thuc t r thot ra ngoi t. Mt di l c nhiu kh khng v t bo km, nn cc cht
phn cc li d xm nhp.
1.3. Cht c phi tn gi trong c th sinh vt mt thi gian, nng nht nh
pht huy tc dng: Cht c trong c th sinh vt bin i theo 3 hng:
- c ca cht c c th c tng ln: khi chng c bin i thnh nhng cht
c tnh c cao hn. V d : MCPB ch pht huy tc dng dit c khi trong cy, chng chuyn
thnh MPCA. Malathion c c km hn Malaoxon, mt sn phm oxy ho ca Malathion.
Cc thuc tr su thuc nhm nereistoxin ( Cartap, Bensultap, Monosultap, Thiocyclam ) ch c
hiu lc dit su khi chng c chuyn thnh Nereistoxin trong c th cn trng. Thuc tr nm
Thiophanate methyl vo nm bnh s chuyn thnh carbendazim mi c c vi nm bnh.
- Cht c c th tr nn t c hn, thm ch mt hn tnh c: do cht c phn ng
vi cc cht c trong c th, hoc di tc ng ca cc men phn hu thuc, hay nhng phn
ng thu phn hay trao i khc.
Di tc ng ca men DDTaza, DDT chuyn thnh DDA hay DDE t c vi cn trng.Nhng
cht c b thi nhanh ra ngoi do phn ng t bo v ca sinh vt cng khng gy c c vi dch
hi.
Atrazin tr c nhiu loi c l rng v l hp cho nhiu loi cy trng khc nhau, nhng li rt
an ton vi ng. V trong ng c men glutation tranferaza c kh nng kh Atrazin thnh hydroxysimazin
khng gy c cho cy.


- c ca thuc c th khng thay i:
Sunfat ng c c vi nm bnh khng thay i, d c xm nhp hay khng xm nhp vo
c th sinh vt.
Cht c ch pht huy c tnh c khi chng t mt lng nht nh, tn ti trong c
th sinh vt mt thi gian nht nh. Vi hai iu kin , cht c mi c th gy hi cho
sinh vt, bng cch phn ng vi protein, gy t lit h men, ngn cn s to vitamin, thay i
trng thi keo, nht v kh nng nhum mu ca nguyn sinh cht, ph hu cc chc nng
sng c bn lm cho sinh vt b ng c ri cht. Nng cht c cng tng, thi gian lu gi
cht c trong c th sinh vt cng di, cng tc ng su sc n c th sinh vt.
2. CC HNH THC TC NG CA CHT C:
Sau khi cht c xm nhp c vo t bo, tc ng n trung tm sng, tu tng i
tng v tu iu kin khc nhau m gy ra tc ng sau trn c th sinh vt:
2.1. Tc ng cc b, ton b: Cht c ch gy ra nhng bin i ti nhng m m cht
c trc tip tip xc vi cht c nn gi l tc ng cc b ( nh nhng thuc c tc ng
tip xc). Nhng c nhiu cht c sau khi xm nhp vo sinh vt, li loang khp c th, tc
ng n c nhng c quan xa ni thuc tc ng hay tc ng n ton b c th gi l cc
cht c tc dng ton b ( nhng thuc c tc dng ni hp thng th hin c tnh ny).
2.2. Tc ng tch lu: Khi sinh vt tip xc vi cht c nhiu ln, nu qu trnh hp thu
nhanh hn qu trnh bi tit, s xy ra hin tng tch lu ho hc. Nhng cng c trng
hp c th ch tch lu nhng hiu ng do cc ln s dng thuc lp li mc d liu lng thuc
cc ln dng trc b bi tit ra ht c gi l s tch lu ng thi hay tch lu
chc nng.
2.3. Tc ng lin hp: Khi hn hp hai hay nhiu cht vi nhau, hiu lc ca chng c
th tng ln v hin tng ny c gi l tc ng lin hp. Nh tc ng lin hp, khi hn
hp hai hay nhiu thuc khc nhau, gim c s ln phun thuc, gim chi ph phun v dit ng
thi nhiu loi dch hi cng lc. C hai loi tc ng lin hp :
Tc ng lin hp gia cng: khi hiu ng ca hn hp bng tng n gin cc tc
ng.
Tc ng lin hp nng cao tim th : khi hiu ng ca hn hp vt qu tng hiu
ng ring ca tng cht cng li. Tc ng lin hp nng cao tim th cho php gim lng
thuc khi s dng. Nguyn nhn: c th do l tnh ca thuc c ci thin tt hn, hoc cc loi
thuc phn ng v chuyn ho thnh nhng cht mi c c hn v cui cng do kh nng
nng cao hiu lc sinh hc ca tng loi thuc.
2.4. Tc ng i khng: Ngc vi hin tng lin hp l tc ng i khng, c
ngha khi hn hp, cht c ny lm suy gim c ca cht c kia. Hin tng i khng c
th c gy ra di tc ng ho hc, l hc v sinh hc ca cc thuc vi nhau.
Nghin cu tc ng lin hp v i khng c ngha rt ln trong cng ngh gia cng
thuc v l c s cho hai hay nhiu loi thuc c hn hp vi nhau.
2.5. Hin tng qu mn: Cc c th xy ra hin tung qu mn khi tc ng ca
cht c lp li. Di tc ng ca cht c, cc sinh vt c nhy cm cao vi cht c.
Cht gy ra hin tng ny c gi l cht cm ng. Khi cht cm ng tc ng c vo
c th vi liu nh cng c th gy hi cho sinh vt. Nu cht c xm nhp trc giai on tt


cng ca s cm ng, hin tng qu mn s khng xy ra v c th sinh vt li c th hi phc, c
gi l hin tung mt cm ng.
-Mt s cht c khi xm nhp vo c th sinh vt, khng lm cht sinh vt , nhng
ph hoi cc chc nng sinh l ca tng c quan ring bit, lm sinh vt khng pht trin c
bnh thng, nh cn trng khng lt xc c pht trin, cn trng khng c hay t
v c t l trng n thp, kh nng sng st km v.v... Hin tng ny mang tn tc ng dj
hu.
Ngoi ra, cht c c th lm cho sinh vt pht trin km, ci cc, gy nhng vt thng
c gii nh hng hot ng h men v cc h sng khc.
3. NHNG NHN T LIN QUAN N TNH C CA THUC BVTV
3.1. Lin quan gia c tnh ca cht c vi c ca chng :
a. Lin quan gia cu to, tnh cht ho hc n c ca thuc BVTV:
Trong phn t cht c thng c nhng gc sinh c quyt nh n c ca
thuc . Cc gc sinh c c th ch l mt nguyn t hay mt loi nguyn t ( nh Hg, Cu...
trong cc hp cht cha thu ngn hay cha ng); hoc cng c th l mt nhm cc nguyn t
( nh gc -CN c trong cc hp cht xianamit; hay gc -P=O (S) trong cc thuc ln hu c) biu
hin c trng tnh c ca cht .
Cc thuc BVTV c ngun gc khc nhau, nn c ch tc ng ca chng cng khc
nhau:
Cc thuc tr su thuc nhm ln hu c v cacbamat km hm hot ng h men
cholinesterase; pyrethroit li km hm knh vn chuyn Na
+
v hp cht Cyclodien km hm
knh vn chuyn ion Cl
-
ca h thn kinh ngoi vi; cn Fipronil v Avermectin li km hm s
iu khin GABA v.v...Mt s thuc tr bnh dicarboxamide ngn cn qu trnh sinh tng hp
tryglycerin; benzimidazol ngn cn s phn chia t bo ca nm bnh; cc cht khng sinh v
acylamin li km hm sinh tng hp protein.
Mt hp cht c hoat tnh sinh hc mnh, thng l cc hot cht c c cao. Cc
cht c c cc ni i hay ni ba, cc phn t d t gy hay d phn ng, lm tng c
ca thuc. iu ny cng gii thch ti sao cc thuc thuc nhm pyrethroid c kh nng tc
ng nhanh, mnh n cn trng n vy. Hay i vi du khong, c ca thuc i vi sinh
vt cng ph thuc nhiu vo hm lng hydratcacbon cha no cha trong cc phn t ca
chng. Hm lng ny cng cao, cng d gy c cho sinh vt, ng thi cng d gy hi cho cy
trng.
S thay th nhm ny bng mt nhm khc, hay s thm bt i mt nhm ny hay
nhm khc c trong phn t s lm thay i c v c tnh c ca hp cht rt nhiu.
S clo ho ca naphtalen v benzen lm tng tnh c ln 10-20, ca phenol ln 2-100ln.
Ethyl parathion v Methyl parathion hon ton ging nhau v cng thc cu to c khc chng
Ethyl parathion c 2 gc etoxy C2H5O trong khi Methyl parathion c 2 gc metoxy CH3O. Tng
t Fenitrothion v Methyl parathion c cng thc cu to hon ton ging nhau, nhng Fenitrothion c
thm gc CH3 vng nitrophenyl. Mc d c s khc bit nhau rt t nh vy nhng chng khc nhau rt
ln v phng thc v kh nng tc ng n cn trng v c ca thuc i vi sinh vt.


Ch tiu Ethyl parathion Methyl parathion Fenitrothion
Cng thc
cu to
S
C
2
H
5
O
P-O- -NO
2

C
2
H
5
O
S
CH
3
O
P-O- -NO
2

CH
3
O

S CH
3

CH
3
O
P-O- - NO
2

CH
3
O
Phng thc
tc ng
Tip xc, v c, xng
hi, thm su mnh
Tip xc, v c,
xng hi, thm su
Tip xc, v c,
thm su yu
Tc ng n
cn trng
Rt nhanh v mnh Nhanh Chm
c LD50
(
mg/kg)
Qua ming: 2mg/kg
Qua da: 50mg/kg
Qua ming: 6mg/kg
Qua da: 50mg/kg
Qua ming:250mg/kg
Qua da: 2500mg/kg
c LD 50
vi ong mt
24h
c vi ong
0,07-0,14g/con
c vi ong
0,07-0,10g/con
c vi ong
LC50 vi c
96h
5mg/l 1,5mg/l 1,7mg/l
Hai thuc DDT v Dicofol c cng thc ho hc rt ging nhau ch khc nguyn t H c trong
DDT c thay bng nhm -OH trong Dicofol; nhng DDT c tc dng tr su cn Dicofol li ch c tc
dng tr nhn hi cy trng.
H

Cl - - C - - Cl

C-Cl
3

OH

Cl- - C - - Cl

C-Cl
3

DDT Dicofol
S thay i nh trong cu trc phn t cng c th lm thay i c ca thuc.
Thuc
666, mt thuc tr su c thuc nhm Clo hu c, c 8 ng phn, nhng ch c ng phn c
hiu lc tr su mnh nht. Trong nhm pyrethroid, cc ng phn quang hc c c rt khc
nhau. Thuc Fenvalerat c 4 ng phn quang hc khc nhau, nhng ng phn Esfenvalerat
c c gp 4 ln cc ng phn khc gp li.
Cc cht c mun pht huy kh nng gy c ca mnh phi xm nhp c vo trong t
bo. Tnh phn cc v khng phn cc ca cht c cng c ngha ln trong kh nng
xm nhp ca cht c vo trong c th sinh vt. Cc cht c kh nng phn cc, phn b khng
ng u trong phn t v d tan trong cc dung mi phn cc, trong c nc. Cc nhm phn
cc ph bin trong cc hp cht hu c l cc cht c cha nhm hydroxyl, carbonyl v amin.
Chng rt kh xm nhp qua cc t bo v qua cc biu b sinh vt. Th tch phn t ca cc cht
cng ln th kh nng xm nhp ca chng vo t bo cng kh. Nguyn nhn l ng knh cc
l nh trong lp lipoproteit ca mng t bo gii hn s xm nhp ca cc cht phn cc vo
t bo. Mc in ly ca cc phn t cht phn cc nh hng rt ln n tc xm nhp ca
cht c vo t bo. Nhng ion t do, ngay c khi th tch phn t ca chng nh hn kch thc


ca cc l trn mng nguyn sinh, cng xm nhp km, thm ch khng xm nhp c vo t
bo. L do: b mt ca cht nguyn sinh c s tch in, trn thnh cc l mng nguyn sinh cht
xut hin lc y cc ion cng du v ht cc ion khc du, quyt nh kh nng xm nhp
nhanh chm ca cc cht ny vo t bo. Cc cht phn cc li d xm nhp vo cy qua h
thng r, bng s ho tan trong nc v c cy ht.
Biu b sinh vt c cu to bng cc lipit, d cho cc cht ho tan trong cht bo i
qua. Cc cht khng phn cc nh cc hydratcacbon li d tan trong lipit. Kch thc phn t
cng ln, th ho tan ca chng trong cht bo cng tng. Cc cht c khng phn cc i vo
t bo khng qua cc l nh ca mng nguyn sinh cht m ho tan trong lipit ca mng xm
nhp vo mng t bo. Nhn chung, nhiu thuc BVTV l cc cht hu c, nn chng d dng
xm nhp qua biu b vo c th sinh vt. Nhng loi thuc ny thng c phun ln l v
gy c bng con ng tip xc.
Nhiu loi thuc BVTV c kh nng xua ui cc loi ng vt nn c kh nng bo v
cy trng v nng sn. V d : Thuc TMTD c kh nng xua ui di, chut chim bo v
xoi hay cc loi ht ging khc. Tng t, cc thuc trong nhm pyrethroid cng c tc dng
xua ui cn trng, nn gim kh nng hi phc qun th cn trng.
b. Lin quan gia c tnh vt l ca thuc BVTV n c ca chng :
Cc sn phm k thut cc dng lng, dung dch, bt hay cht kt tinh, c hm lng
cht c cao. Chng rt c vi ngi, ng vt mu nng, cy trng, mi sinh v mi trng.
Do c c cao, nn lng thuc tiu th trn mt n v din tch rt thp (khong 0,5-1kg
a.i./ha, thm ch ch 6-12g a.i./ha), nn rt kh trang tri u trn n v din tch. Chng c
bm dnh km, t tan trong nc v khng thch hp cho vic s dng ngay. V vy cc hot cht
thuc BVTV thng c gia cng thnh cc dng khc nhau, nhm ci thin l tnh ca thuc,
tng bm dnh v trang tri ca thuc, to iu kin cho thuc s dng d dng, an ton, hiu
qu, gim nhim mi trng, t gy hi cho thc vt v cc sinh vt c ch khc.
c im vt l ca thuc BVTV c nh hng rt ln n c ca thuc v hiu qu
phng tr ca chng. Nhng c im vt l l:
Kch thuc v trng lung hat thuc : nh hng rt nhiu n c ca thuc.
Ht thuc
c kch thc ln, c din tch b mt nh, thng kh ho tan trong biu b l ( tc ho tan
ca vt cht t l thun vi tng din tch b mt ca chng), gim kh nng xm nhp. Ht thuc
c kch thc ln kh bm dnh trn b mt vt phun nn thng b ri vi tht thot nhiu, gim
lng thuc tn ti trn vt phun. i vi cn trng, kch thc ht thuc ln, s kh xm nhp
vo ming cn trng, lng thuc xm nhp vo c th cn trng b gim, hiu lc ca thuc do
th cng gim theo. Vi cc thuc bt thm nc, khi pha vi nc to thnh huyn ph, kch
thc ht ln lm cho huyn ph d b lng ng, kh trang tri u trn b mt, d lm tc vi
phun, rt kh s dng.
Ngi ta bit rng, tc ri ca cc phn t thuc c tnh theo cng thc :
2gr
2

v = --------- (D-a)
9
Trong : v= Vn tc ri t do ca cc ht (cm/gy)
g= Gia tc trng trng (981cm/gy)
r= Bn knh ht cm


= nht ca khng kh ( 10-30
o
C vo khong 0.000076-0.000086)
D= T trng thuc bt
a= T trng khng kh ( 0.001225)
V gia tc trng trng g, nht ca kh quyn , t trng khng kh a c th xem nh
nhng hng s, nn tc ri hay lng ng ca ht thuc ph thuc ch yu vo ln ca ht
v t trng ca thuc bt.
T cao h, thi gian ri ca cc ht c tnh bng cng thc:

h
t = -------
vt
Trong : t = Thi gian ri ca ht thuc (gy)
h = cao
vt = Vn tc ri t do theo hng thng ng.
T hai cng thc ny ta thy: Thuc c ht to, nng chim u th, tc ri ca cc ht
s ln, , thi gian ri ca thuc xung b mt vt phun ngn, thuc khng bay xa khi ni phun.
Ngc li, trong thuc c nhiu ht nh, nh, thi gian ri ca thuc s di, thuc d b cun xa
khi ni phun. y l c s cho dng thuc bt-ht ra i.
Iwada (1973) cho bit: dng my bay ln thng phun thuc cao 5m, thuc bt c c ht <
44m, b gi cun i xa khi ni phun 250m; trong khi cao 8m, thuc ht bt mn c c ht 105-
297m ch b gi cun i xa khi ni phun thuc 50m.
Hnh dang hat thuc nh hng nhiu n bm dnh v tnh c ca thuc. Ht
thuc x x, nhiu gc cnh d bm dnh trn b mt vt phun hn cc ht thuc trn lng.
Trong huyn ph v nh tng lo lng ca cc ht thuc lu s gip cho s phn tn
cht c tt, nng cao c c ca thuc, ng thi cng gim kh nng gy tc bm.
Kh nng bm dnh ca thuc l mt trong nhng nhn t ko di hiu lc ca thuc.
Thuc c bm dnh tt, t b tht thot do ra tri, chng c tc hi ca m , ma v gi,
lng thuc tn trn cy nhiu hn v lu hn.
Tnh thm ut v kh nng loang ca git thuc cng nh hng ln n hiu
lc ca thuc. Khi phun lng, hnh dng ht nc thuc v kh nng loang trn b mt vt phun
(thc vt v dch hi) ph thuc vo mt h thng gm 3 pha: cht lng, khng kh v b mt ca
vt phun; trong hin tng b mt ng mt vai tr quan trng. Trn b mt vt phun, git
cht lng c hnh dng khc nhau, tu theo mi tng tc ca nng lng b mt gia cc pha.
Trng thi git cht lng trn b mt vt rn c xc nh bng cong ca b mt git cht
lng, c biu th bng gc to ra bi b mt cht rn v ng tip tuyn vi b mt git cht
lng ti ni git tip xc vi vt rn.

1
= 90
o
< 90
o

> 90
o

2 3
______.________ ____________ __________.____________________
Nghch xc Cng xc


S 1- Cc hnh dng git thuc ri trn b mt vt phun
Ti y, c 3 lc tc ng ng thi: 1 sc cng b mt ca cht lng v khng kh; 2
sc cng b mt gia cht rn v khng kh; 3 sc cng b mt gia cht lng v cht lng. Tu
mi tng tc gia 3 lc ny m gc c to ra gia b mt cht rn v ng tip tuyn vi b
mt git cht lng ti ni git tip xc vi vt rn c 3 kh nng nh hnh 1.
Trong , hin tng git cht lng lm t b mt vt rn c gi l s cng xc ( gc
< 90
o
) v hin tng cht lng khng lm t c b mt vt rn gi l hin tng nghch xc
( gc > 90
o
).
Harkins Cheng v Young ra cng thc biu hin mi nng lng b mt gia cc
pha nh sau:
2 - 3
cos = ----------------
1
Mun cho thuc loang dnh tt, phi tc ng lm sao cho gc nh i, hay ni cch
khc gi tr cos phi ln ln. Mun vy, phi tng hiu s ca 2 - 3 hay gim gi tr ca 1.
Gi tr ca 2 & 3 rt kh thay i v chng ph thuc vo bn cht b mt vt phun v bn
cht thuc. S thay i d thc hin nht l gim sc cng b mt gia cht lng v khng kh
1 . y l l do khi gia cng thuc ngi ta phi thm cc cht hot ng b mt.
tin cho ngi s dng, cc nh sn xut gia cng thuc BVTV thnh cc dng
khc nhau ph hp vi mc ch s dng. Cc dang khc nhau ca thuc BVTV cng c kh
nng gy c khc nhau. Thng thng c i vi ng vt mu nng v thc vt ca thuc
dng sa cao hn nhng thuc dng bt...
c. Lin quan gia cng tc ng ca thuc BVTV n c ca chng :
Cng tc ng ca cht c n c th sinh vt ph thuc vo nng , thi
gian tip xc v mc tiu dng ca thuc BVTV.
Nng ca thuc BVTV l lng cht c cha trong dng thuc em dng, hoc
lng ho cht c trong khng kh. Nng ca thuc BVTV c th hin bng phn trm
trng lng ca hot cht/ trng lng ca sn phm ( i vi sn phm) hay phn trm trng
lng ca sn phm / trng lng nc ( i vi dch phun); hoc c biu th bng g trng
lng hot cht/ n v th tch. Nhn chung, nng cng cao, cng d gy hi cho sinh vt.
Di tc ng ca nng cht c, c th sinh vt c phn ng vi cht c khc nhau.
nng thp, trong mt s trng hp, chng cn kch thch sinh vt pht trin tt, ngc li
nng cao, chng gy hi c khi lm cht sinh vt. V d : Ngi ta dng 2,4-D nng thp
kch thch sinh trng cho mt s cy trng; nhng nng cao, 2,4-D li l loi thuc tr
c. Khi cn trng tip xc vi thuc tr su nng thp, nhiu ln, trong thi gian di chng
nhng cn trng khng b tiu dit m chng cn dn hnh thnh tnh chng thuc, gy kh khn
cho vic phng tr cn trng.
Mc tiu dng l lng thuc cn thit x l cho mt n v din tch hay th tch.
Mc tiu dng ph thuc vo cc loi dch hi, loi cy ( cy c tn l rng, cn dng vi lng
thuc nhiu hn c th trang tri u trn cy),vo tui cy ( cy ln cn phun vi lng thuc
nhiu hn), tnh hnh sinh trng ca cy ( cy cng xanh tt, pht trin mnh cng cn lng


thuc nhiu hn) v cc dng thnh phm ( dng thuc ht cn lng nhiu hn thuc bt thm
nc v dng dung dch).
Khi phun thuc ln cy dng lng, lng dung dch phun trn n v din tch cng
mang c tnh ca mc tiu dng. Ngoi ra, khi s dng thuc dng dung dch, lng nc dng
nhiu hay t, cn ph thuc vo cng c phun ri ( khi dng bm ng c, lng nc c th
gim i, nhng nng thuc phi tng ln tng ng so vi dng cc bm tay, nhng khng
c thay i mc tiu dng).
Qui m s dng v s ln phun thuc : S ln phun thuc cng nhiu, qui m
dng thuc cng rng, nh hng ca thuc BVTV n mi trng cng mnh, c bit l cc
thuc tr su. Ngoi ra, khong cch gia cc ln phun cng ngn, cng d to iu kin cho
thuc tch lu trn b mt vt phun, d gy nhim vi mi trng.
Thi gian hiu lc ca thuc cng di, c ca thuc i vi mi trng cng tng.
Cng mt nng , thi gian th hn triu chng ng c, gy cht hay qut ng cho sinh vt
cng ngn, th loi thuc cng c.
3.2. S lin quan gia c im ca sinh vt vi c ca thuc BVTV:
Phn ng i vi cht c mi loi sinh vt u tun theo qui lut sau y:
Cc loi sinh vt c phn ng rt khc nhau i vi mt loi thuc. Cng mt loi
thuc, cng mt liu lng, mt phng php x l, thm ch trn cng mt im x l, nhng
c loi sinh vt ny b thuc gy hi, loi khc li khng hay t b hi.
V d: Dung dch booc c th dit tr nhiu loi nm v vi khun gy bnh cho cy, nhng li
c hiu lc km hoc khng dit c loi nm phn trng (Erisiphales). Thuc tr c Ethoxysulfuron c
kh nng dit tr mnh c ci lc v c l rng; nhng li t c hiu lc tr c ho tho, c bit l c
lng vc nc v khng gy hi la. Thuc Buprofezin c hiu lc tr cc loi chch ht cao, nhng t
gy hi cho cc su ming nhai.
Nhn chung, cc loi k sinh thin ch thng mn cm vi thuc tr su hn cc loi cn trng
v nhn gy hi.
Mi loi thuc ch dit c mt s loi sinh vt, nn ngi ta chia thuc BVTV
thnh cc nhm khc nhau tin cho vic s dng nh thuc tr su, tr bnh, tr c... Cng
mt loi sinh vt, tnh mn cm ca loi sinh vt cc giai oan pht dc khc nhau
cng khng ging nhau vi tng loi thuc. V d: giai on trng v nhng ca cn trng
thng chng thuc mnh hn giai on su non v trng thnh; c non thng chng chu
thuc km hn c gi ( do kh nng xm nhp ca thuc vo c gi km hn vo c non v kh
nng trao i cht ca c gi cng km hn c non).
Tnh mn cm ca cht c cn c th bin i theo ngy m. Nhng cn
trng hot ng ban ngy thng km mn cm vi thuc hn vo ban m. Ngc li, nhng
cn trng hot ng ban m li c kh nng chng chu vi thuc mnh hn ban ngy.
Gii tnh cng nh hng n s chng chu ca thuc. Thng thng kh nng chng
chu ca con c km con ci.
Tnh mn cm ca cc c th sinh vt trong mt loi, cng giai on pht dc vi
mt loi thuc cng khc nhau. Khi b mt lng rt nh cht c tc ng, c nhng c th b
hi rt nghim trng, nhng c cc c th khc khng b hi. l phn ng c th ca sinh
vt gy nn do cc loi sinh vt c cu to khc nhau v hnh thi, c trng v sinh l sinh ho
khc nhau. Nhng cn trng i n, sinh trng trong iu kin kh khn thng c sc chng
chu vi thuc km.


Hin tng ny l do mt hay nhiu nguyn nhn sau y gy nn:
-Cc loi sinh vt c kh nng t bo v khc nhau trnh s xm nhp ca thuc vo
c th sinh vt. Loi gm nhm c v gic v khu gic pht trin, h thn kinh ca chng kh
hon thin nn chng c tnh a nghi, t bo v bng cch khng n hay n t b, nn ma hay t
gy nn ma tng b c ra ngoi.
-Gia cc loi sinh vt c cu to khc nhau v cu to gii phu, dy mng ca biu
b; th ng ca l, l c lng hay nhn bng, dy lp sp, nng su ca r v.v... nh
hng nhiu n kh nng xm nhp ca thuc vo c th sinh vt.
-Tnh trng sinh l v hot tnh sinh l lc b ng c cng nh hng n kh nng chu
ng cc loi thuc ca sinh vt. Sinh vt c trng thi sinh l tt, c kh nng trao i cht
mnh, kh nng thi loi cht c ra khi c th mnh th kh nng chu ng cht c ca cc
loi ny tng. Ngc li, khi hot tnh sinh l cao s to iu kin cho thuc xm nhp vo c
th nhiu hn, nn mn cm ca sinh vt i vi thuc cao hn.
-Thnh phn h men trong c th sinh vt c nh hng quyt nh n tnh chng thuc
ca dch hi. Cc loi sinh vt c h men phn hu cc cht c thnh cc cht khng c,
mn cm ca loi ny i vi cht c cng gim i nhiu.
3.3. nh hng ca iu kin ngoi cnh n c ca thuc BVTV :
Yu t ngoi cnh nh hng trc tip n l ho tnh ca thuc BVTV, ng thi nh
hng n trng thi sinh l ca sinh vt v kh nng sinh vt tip xc vi thuc, nn chng nh
hng n tnh c ca thuc cng nh kh nng tn lu ca thuc trn cy.
a. Nhng yu t thi tit, t ai :
Tnh thm ca mng nguyn sinh cht chu nh hng mnh m ca iu kin
ngoi cnh nh pH ca mi trng, nh sng, nhit , m v.v... Do tnh thm thay i,
kh nng xm nhp ca cht c vo t bo sinh vt cng thay i, ni cch khc, lng thuc
BVTV xm nhp vo t bo sinh vt nhiu t khc nhau, nn c ca thuc th hin khng
ging nhau.
i a s cc thuc BVTV, trong phm vi nhit nht nh (t 10-40
o
C), c ca
thuc vi sinh vt s tng khi nhit tng. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny l: Trong phm vi
nhit thch hp, khi nhit tng, hot ng sng ca sinh vt ( nh h hp dinh dng...)
tng ln, ko theo s trao i cht ca sinh vt tng ln, to iu kin cho thuc xm nhp vo c
th mnh hn, nguy c ng c ln hn. Hiu lc ca cc thuc xng hi kh trng kho tng
tng ln r rt khi nhit tng.
C loi thuc, khi nhit tng ln, lm tng s chng chu ca dch hi vi thuc.
Khi nhit tng, hiu lc ca thuc s gim. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny l: s
lng nhit trong mt phm vi nht nh, lm tng hat tnh ca cc men phn hu thuc c
trong c th, nn lm gim s ng c ca thuc n dch hi. V th, vic s dng thuc DDT
nhng ni c nhit thp li hn nhng ni c nhit cao.
Mt s loi thuc tr c, nhit cao lm tng kh nng phn hu ca thuc, hiu lc v
thi gian hu hiu ca thuc do th cng b gim.
Nhit thp, nhiu khi nh hng n kh nng chng chu ca cy vi thuc.
Khi phun 2.4D v cc sn phm cha 2.4D hay Butachlor cho la gieo thng, gp rt di
ngy, b cht hng lot. Nguyn nhn l do nhit thp, cy la khng ra r kp, mm thc
khng pht trin thnh cy, li tip xc vi thuc lin tc, nn b cht.


Nhng cng c trng hp, tng hay gim nhit ca thuc cng khng nh hng
nhiu n c ca thuc (nh CuSO4.5H2O).
Nhit cng nh hng mnh n bn v tui th ca sn phm. Nhit cao lm
tng phn hu ca thuc, lm tng s lng ng ca cc git hay ht cht c trong thuc
dng lng, gy phn lp cc thuc dng sa, dng huyn ph m c.
m khng kh v m t cng tc ng n qu trnh sinh l ca sinh vt
cng nh c cu cht c. m ca khng kh v t lm cho cht c b thu phn v
ho tan ri mi tc ng n dch hi. m cng to iu kin cho thuc xm nhp vo cy d
dng hn.
C trng hp m khng kh tng, li lm gim tnh c ca thuc. c ca
pyrethrin vi Dendrolimus spp. gim i khi m khng kh tng ln. Khi m tng, kh nng
s khuych tn ca thuc xng hi b gim, dn n gim hiu lc ca thuc xng hi.
Nhng ngc li, m cng nh hng rt mnh n l tnh ca thuc, c bit cc
thuc th rn. Di tc dng ca m, thuc d b ng vn, kh phn tn v kh ho tan.
Nhit v m nh hng nhiu n cht lng ca thuc, nn khi bo qun nh sn xut
thng khuyn, thuc BVTV phi c ct ni rm mt cht lng thuc t b thay i.
Lung mua va phi s lm tng kh nng ho tan thuc trong t. Nhng ma to, c
bit sau khi phun thuc gp ma ngay, thuc rt d b ra tri, nht l i vi cc thuc dng bt,
cc thuc ch c tc dng tip xc.V vy khng nn phun thuc khi tri sp ma to.
nh sng nh hng mnh n tnh thm ca cht nguyn sinh. Cng nh sng
cng mnh, lm tng cng thot hi nc, tng kh nng xm nhp thuc vo cy, hi lc
ca thuc do vy cng cao. Nhng mt s loi thuc li d b nh sng phn hu, nht l nh
sng tm, do thuc mau b gim hiu lc. Mt khc di tc ng ca nh sng mnh, thuc d
xm nhp vo cy nhanh, d gy chy l cy.
Nhng c loi thuc, nh 2,4-D, phi nh nh sng, thng qua qu trnh quang hp ca cy,
thuc mi c kh nng di chuyn trong cy v gy c cho cy.
Paraquat ch c hot ho, gy cht cho c di tc ng ca nh sng.
c tnh l ho ca t nh hng rt nhiu n hiu lc ca cc loi thuc bn vo
t. Khi bn thuc vo t, thuc thng b keo t hp ph do trong t c keo v mn. Hm
lng keo v mn cng cao, thuc cng b hp ph vo t, lng thuc c s dng cng
nhiu; nu khng tng lng dng, hiu lc ca thuc b gim. Nhng nu thuc c gi li
nhiu qu, bn cnh tc ng gim hiu lc ca thuc, cn c th nh hng n cy trng v
sau, nht l vi cc loi cy mn cm vi thuc . Ngc li, cng c mt s loi thuc nh
Dalapon, vo t, thuc b phn hu thnh nhng ion mang in m, cng du vi keo t, b
keo t y ra, thuc d b mt mt do b ra tri.
Hm lung cht dinh dung c trong t, c th lm gim hay tng c ca
thuc BVTV. Theo Caridas (1952) thng bo, trn t trng u tng c hm lng ln cao, s
lm tng hiu lc ca thuc Schradan. Hackstylo (1955) li cho bit, trn t trng bng c hm
lng m cao, hm lng ln thp lm gim kh nng hp thu Dimethoate ca cy.
pH ca t c th phn hu trc tip thuc BVTV trong t v s pht trin ca
VSV t. Thng thng, trong mi trng axit th nm pht trin mnh; cn trong mi trng
kim vi khun li pht trin nhanh hn.
Thnh phn v s lng cc sinh vt sng trong t, c bit l cc VSV c ch cho
ph nhiu ca t, c nh hng ln n s tn lu ca thuc trong t. Thuc tr su, tc


ng nhiu n cc loi ng vt sng trong t. Ngc li, cc loi thuc tr bnh li tc ng
mnh n cc vi sinh vt sng trong t. Cc thuc tr c, tc ng khng theo mt qui lut r
rt.
Nhiu loi vi sinh vt c trong t, c kh nng s dng thuc BVTV lm ngun dinh
dng. Nhng thuc BVTV c th b cc vi sinh vt ny phn hu v s phn hu cng tng khi
lng vi sinh vt c trong t cng nhiu. Ngi ta d dng nhn thy mt qui lut i vi thuc
tr c:
Ln u dng thuc tr c, thi gian tn lu ca thuc trong t rt lu. Nhng nu cng dng
loi thuc tr c y nhiu ln, th cng v sau, thi gian tn lu ca thuc trong t ngy cng
ngn li, thuc cng b phn hu mnh hn. Hin tng ny l do, cc loi vi sinh vt thch
ng c vi thuc, sn ngun dinh dng pht trin mnh vi s lng ln nn phn hu
thuc mnh hn. Ngi ta cng nhn thy, nhng loi thuc t b keo t hp th, d b vi khun
phn hu, ngc li b keo t hp ph nhiu li b nm phn hu.
b. Nhng yu t v cy trng v iu kin canh tc
Khi iu kin canh tc tt, v sinh ng rung tt s hn ch c ngun dch hi nn
gim c s gy hi ca dch hi.
Trong phng tr c di, tnh hnh sinh trng v pht trin ca cy trng v c di mang
mt ngha quan trng. Khi mt cy trng cao, cy pht trin mnh, cy cng gi, cng cnh
tranh vi c di mnh, nhiu khi khng cn tr c. Nhng trong tnh hung nht nh phi phng
tr, phi tin hnh ht sc thn trng, m bo k thut thuc khng dnh ln cy trng, gy
hi cho cy. Nhng khi c di pht trin mnh, vic phng tr c di cng kh khn, lng thuc
dng cng nhiu, cng d gy hi cho cy. Ni chung, thc vt cng non cng d b thuc tr c
tc ng. cha k mt s thuc tr c ch c th dit c c di khi cn non.
Butachlor, Pretilachlor, Mefenacet, Bensulfuron methyl ch dit c trn rng la khi cy c cha
c qu 1.5 l tht. Thuc Dual 720EC khng c hiu lc tr c, khi c ln.
Di tc ng ca thuc BVTV, cy trng c bo v khi s ph hi ca dch hi, s
sinh trng v pht trin tt. Khi cy sinh trng tt, s to ngun thc n di do, dch hi c
thc n, cht lng thc n li tt nn dch hi pht trin mnh, c sc chu ng vi thuc tt
hn. Mt khc, khi cy sinh trng tt, cy pht trin rm rp, c li cho dch hi n nu, thuc
kh trang tri ng u, kh tip xc c vi dch hi, lng nc thuc cn nhiu hn, vic
phng tr dch hi tr nn kh khn hn, hiu qu ca thuc b gim nhiu.
Trong iu kin cy trng sinh trng tt, s lng dch hi sng st do khng hay t
c tip xc vi thuc, s sng trong iu kin mi thun li, t b cnh tranh bi cc c th
cng loi, ca cc k sinh thin ch, ngun thc n di do, cht lng tt, d hnh thnh tnh
chng thuc, gy bng pht s lng. Di tc ng ca thuc, tnh a dng ca sinh qun b
gim, c v chng loi ln s lng. Khi cc loi k sinh thin ch b hi, d lm cho dch hi
ti ph, c th pht thnh dch, gy hi nhiu cho cy trng. Khi dng lin tc mt hay mt s
loi thuc phng tr cc loi dch hi chnh, s lm cho cc loi dch hi th yu trc kia nay
ni ln tr thnh dch hi ch yu, c coi l xut hin mt loi dch hi mi. Tt c nhng hin
tng ny u xut hin Vit nam nh: tnh chng thuc ca su t hi rau h thp t; s
bng pht s lng ca ry nu hi la; s xut hin loi dch hi mi l nhn trn ch. Nhng
hu qu ny u do qu lm dng thuc BVTV, khng ch n k thut dng thuc gy nn.


Mi quan h gia 3 nhn t thuc BVTV, sinh vt v ngoi cnh ( s 2) l rt mt
thit, tng tc ln nhau, nhn t ny l tin cho nhn t kia hay ngn cn nhn t kia pht huy
tc dng.

THUC BO V THC VT
-Bn cht ho hc;
-c tnh vt l
-Cng tc ng

DCH HI IU KIN NGOI CNH
-c tnh sinh vt hc -iu kin thi tit, t ai
-c tnh sinh thi hc -iu kin canh tc, cy trng

S 2 Ni dung mi quan h qua li gia 3 yu t : Thuc, Dch hi v iu
kin ngoi cnh
tc ng n hiu lc ca thuc BVTV.

CU HI N TP
1/ Nhng iu kin c bn thuc BVTV pht huy c tc dng?
2/ Cc hnh thc tc ng ca cht c v ngha ca chng?
3/ Nhng yu t lin quan gia c tnh ca thuc BVTV n c thuc?
4/ Nhng yu t lin quan gia c im ca sinh vt n c ca thuc BVTV ?
5/ Anh hng ca iu kin ngoi cnh n c ca thuc BVTV?


CHNG V
BO M AN TON V T HIU QU CAO TRONG
S DNG THUC BO V THC VT
Gip hc vin hiu bit k thut s dng thuc BVTV t hiu qu v an ton.
1.AN TON V HIU QU L HAI MC TIU KHNG TH TCH RI TRONG
VIC S DNG THUC BO V THC VT CA NGI NNG DN.
Hin nay, bin php ho hc vn gi vai tr ch o trong phng chng dch hi, bo v
cy trng v nng sn. Dng thuc ng s khng nhng khng gy hi cho mi sinh mi trng
m cn em li hiu qu cao, n nh nng sut cy trng v nng cao cht lng sn phm. Nu
dng sai thuc BVTV s gy tc hi c ngi, mi sinh v mi trng sng. V vy, mc tiu
ca vic dng thuc BVTV trn ng rung gm hai mt khng th tch ri l :
-Tng cng hiu lc ca thuc BVTV y li tc hi ca dch hi.
-Hn ch n mc thp nht tc dng xu ca thuc BVTV n con ngi, cy trng, mi
sinh v mi trng.
Cn hiu bit thu o v tn dng trit hiu qu mi quan h qua li gia Thuc
BVTV - Dch hi - Ngoi cnh, c ngha s dng tt tnh Chn lc sinh l , sinh thi; Hiu tp
tnh ca dch hi; Ci tin phng php dng thuc thuc BVTV pht huy hiu qu tr dch
hi ti a, hn ch thp nht hu qu xu ca thuc gy ra nht cho mi sinh, mi trng.
Hai bin php chnh t c mc tiu trn l:
-Thc hin phng tr tng hp (IPM) i vi mi loi dch hi trn cc loi cy trng v
ch dng bin php ho hc nh bin php cui cng, khi cc bin php phng tr khc c
p dng, nhng khng mang li hiu qu mong mun.
-S dng thuc BVTV mt cch hp l vi ni dung c bn gm:
-La chn b thuc thch hp: nh gi ton din cc mt yu mnh ca tng loi thuc
pht huy hiu qu cao nht tng loi thuc, em li hiu qu kinh t, nhng li an ton cho
ngi s dng, mi sinh, mi trng , khng d lng trn mi trng.
-Gim qui m dng thuc ( c tc dng gim tc hi ca thuc n mi trng, em li
hiu qu kinh t) thng qua vic p dng ngng kinh t ng ( nh gi tng hp tc ng gy
hi ca cc loi dch hi xut hin cng mt thi gian, trn tng loi cy trng v trn tng giai
on pht dc ca cy) trn c s xem xt ton b cc yu t mi trng sinh thi (cy trng,


dch hi, ngoi cnh v k sinh thin ch). Lp bng phn tch i sng trn c s hiu r c
im sinh hc, sinh thi hc ca dch hi v thin ch.
-S dng thuc ng k thut, chn phng php s dng thch hp cho tng trng hp
( x l ging, bn vo t, phun thuc) nhm tng cng tnh chn lc ca thuc, t gy hi cho
cy, cho k sinh thin ch.
-Ci tin v a dng ho cng c dng thuc: tr bnh v nhn cn my phun c
nhng git nh ( do cc i tng ny khng hay t di chuyn), tr su ch cn my phun c
git thuc trung bnh( kh nng di chuyn ca su mnh hn, iu kin tip xc vi thuc nhiu
hn), cn tr c, c th dng cc loi my bm phun ra cc git to hn ( bi c l i tng
trc tip cn tiu dit, khng di chuyn, nn d phun thuc git to vn trng c). Tr su bnh
trn cy n qu lu nm, c tn l rng, cao, cn dng cng c phun ri th cng c cht lng
cao, hay cc my bm ng c vi t l c cu thch hp.
S 5 th hin ngn gn nht 4 iu kin thuc BVTV pht huy c hiu qu v an
ton, ni dung s dng thuc BVTV mt cch hp l trong nguyn tc Bn ng.
2. NI DUNG K THUT CA NGUYN TC " BN NG"
TRONG VIC DNG THUC BO V THC VT :
ng thuc ng nng , liu
lng
ng lc ng cch

Ni dung nguyn tc Bn
ng

Thuc tip xc
c vi dch hi

Thuc xm nhp
c
vo c th dch hi

Cc loi
dch hi
Ngi, i
tng
khng phng
tr,
sinh vt c
ch,
mi trng

Thuc dch chuyn
c vo trung tm
sng dch hi


Thuc pht huy
c
tc dng ( tn ti
thi
gian di, vi
nng
c)

An ton

Hiu qu
Ghi ch: Tng cng Hn ch

S 5- An ton v hiu qu l 2 mc tiu khng th tch ri trong s dng thuc Bo v
thc vt mt cch hp l
1.1.Cch c nhn thuc:
a.nh ngha nhn thuc: Nhn thuc l bn vit, bn in, hnh v, nh, du hiu c in
chm, ni trc tip hay c dn, nh, ci chc chn trn bao b cung cp cc thng tin cn
thit ch yu v hng ho .
Ni dung v hnh thc ca cc nhn thuc BVTV u phi tun theo nhng quy nh c
th ca c quan chc nng c thm quyn .
Mc ch ca vic c k nhn thuc trc khi dng: ngi tiu dng hiu bit k
v loi thuc mnh nh s dng, bit cch dng thuc sao cho hiu qu v an ton.
b. Ni dung ca nhn thuc ( c 1-2 hay 3 ct ) : gm nhng phn chnh sau:
-Phn gii thiu chung gm:
-Phn loi v k hiu c:
c ca thuc BVTV Vit nam c qui nh c th bng 3 phn Mt, chng I
th hin bng cc ch v k hiu sau:
Nhm I: Ch Rt c mu en, pha trn, vch mu , biu tng u lu xng
cho trong hnh thoi vung (en trn nn trng).
Nhm II: Ch c cao mu en, pha trn, vch mu vng, biu tng Ch thp cho
en trong hnh thoi vung (en trn nn trng).
Nhm III: Ch Nguy him mu en, pha trn.Vch xanh nc bin, biu tng l
ng cho hnh thoi vung khng lin nt.
Nhm IV: Ch Cn thn mu en, vch mu xanh l cy, khng c biu tng. Gia
hai nhm III v IV nhiu khi khng c s phn bit . Trong trng hp ny , ngi ta ly nhng
k hiu ca nhm III thay cho c 2 nhm.
d c lng kh nng gy c ca mi nhm thuc ta hnh dung nh sau:
Rt c: nut nhm vi git, hay n mt nhm nh (5ml hay 5g)
c cao: nut 1-2 tha c ph( 5-10ml hay 5-10g thuc bt).
c trung bnh: > 2 tha c ph hay 2 tha canh
c nh : n vi lng ln ( 30-500g hay ml)


-Tn thuc: Gm 3 phn : Tn ho hc hay tn thng dng ca hot cht; hm lng cht
c biu th bng con s (mt hay 2 con s: tnh t l % trng lng/trng lng v theo 3 con
s : tnh theo trng lng hot cht/ th tch (w/v) v dng thuc ( biu th bng ch ci i km,
sau cc ch s).
Tn ho hc ( Chemical name): L tn gi theo qui tc cu trc ho hc ca cc
phn t hot cht c s dng lm thuc BVTV. C th c nhiu tn ho hc, tu theo c quan
t tn v ngi ta thng ghi c quan t tn gi . Tn ho hc thng di, kh nh, t c
ngi bn v ngi s dng quan tm.
Tn thng dng ( Common name): Do tn ho hc thng di, kh nh, nn
nh sng ch thng ngh mt tn ngn gn, d nh gi hot cht . Tn ny phi c
mt t chc tiu chun quc t hay quc gia cng nhn s dng trn ton th gii. Mi hot
cht c th c 1 hay vi tn thng dng tu theo t chc tiu chun quc gia hay quc t t tn.
Tn thng mi ( Trade name) = Tn thng phm (Product name) = Tn ring(
Private name) = Tn nhn (/Labele name): Tn ca cc nh sn xut, cng ty kinh doanh thuc
BVTV t ra nhm phn bit sn phm ca cc c s vi nhau. y l iu bt buc. Mt tn
thng dng c nhiu tn thng mi. Do mi cng ty c cch gia cng ring, thnh phn ph gia
khc nhau, nn cng hm lng hot cht, cng dng, nhng cht lng ca thuc c khng nh
nhau. Gi mt tn thng mi, ngi ta hiu ngay l sn phm ca cng ty no.
Trn nhn thuc thng c Tn thng dng v Tn thng mi gip ngi
c nhn bit thuc l g, do ai sn xut.
-Dng thuc: ( Xem k phn gia cng thuc)
-Thnh phn v Hm lng: hm lng ca hot cht v ph gia. Nu ch l cc ph gia
thng dng th khng cn ghi c th. Hm lng hot cht v ph gia c tnh theo t l phn
trm trng lng hay trng lng hot cht (g) trn mt n v th tch.
-Cng dng: Gii thiu khi qut nhng cng dng ca thuc.
-nh lng hng ho: c ghi bng trng lng tnh v th tch thc ca bao gi
-Ngun gc: Tn a ch ni sn xut, gia cng , nh phn phi.
-Thi hn: Ngy thng sn xut v thi hn s dng.
-Cc hnh v biu th c tnh ho l d gy nguy him cn lu trong vn chuyn, ct
gi, s dng ( nu c).
-Phn hng dn s dng :
Thuc phng tr c loi dch bnh hi no: Nng , lng dng cho mt n v din
tch, thi im dng, cch pha thuc, lng nc, cch bo qun thuc.
Lu : Trong phn ny ch c ghi cch hng dn phng tr nhng i tng c
ng k vi nh nc. Vi nhng i tng khc, tuy thuc c kh nng phng tr, nhng nu
cha ng k, cng khng c ghi vo.
Thi gian cch ly (Pre-havest interval -PHI): Ch s ngy ti thiu k t ln phun cui
cng n khi thu sn phm. c bit c ngha trn rau, qu n ti, ch...
Lu : cn dn nhng iu nn trnh v nhng im cn ch khi s dng.
-Phn hng dn cc bin php an ton trong v sau khi s dng thuc.
-Ch dn cch phng trnh nhim c; cc hnh tng cnh bo; ch dn s cp cu khi
ng c, cc cng c bo h cn c khi tip xc vi thuc.
-Cc hnh v yu cu khi tip xc vi thuc: Chia lm 2 nhm:
Hnh Bn tri ( phng h trong kho) Hnh Bn phi ( phng h ngoi ng)


1 Kho thuc phi c kho

1 Khi i phun thuc

2 Vo kho ly thuc
phi c ng

2 Phi i ng

3 Vo kho ly thuc phi
c knh, khu trang

3 eo khu trang,
knh bo h

4 Vo kho ly thuc
phi c gng tay

4 C gng tay

5 Ly thuc phi
cn ong

5 Tm ra sch sau
khi phun thuc

1.2. Ni dung ca nguyn tc"Bn ng "
a.ng thuc:
-Khng mt loi thuc no c th tr c tt c cc loi dch hi. Mt loi thuc ch c
th tr c nhiu hay t loi dch hi, thm ch ch mt loi dch hi. Thuc ch thch hp s
dng trong nhng iu kin thi tit, t ai, canh tc, cy trng nht nh.
Trc khi mua thuc, nng dn xc nh loi dch hi no ang ph trn rung chn
mua ng loi thuc thch hp. Nu khng t xc nh c th phi nh cn b k thut gip
chn c ng thuc mnh cn, em li hiu qu phng tr cao.
-Chn nhng thuc ph hp vi trnh s dng v iu kin k thut a phng:
Min Bc, do din tch canh tc t, nng dn c thi quen thy dch hi xut hin mi phng tr.
H thng chn nhng thuc c tc dng dit tr. Ngc li min Nam: t rng, nng dn quen phun
sm, phun phng v phun nhiu ln trong v, thng chn thuc c tc dng bo v.
Nhiu thuc tr c la, i hi phi gi nc trong mt thi gian nht nh. V vy ch nn s
dng cc thuc tr c ny nhng ni c iu kin gi nc tt, ti tiu ch ng, t bng phng.
-Cn hiu r cch tc ng ca thuc c cch s dng thuc ng.
Conphai v Actara l hai thuc tr ry nu c tc dng ni hp, c th phun trm trn ngn,
cng c th tiu dit ry nu gc la.
Ngc li Bassa ( Fenobucarb) v Applaud ( Buprofezin) u c tc dng tip xc v v c,
khng c kh nng ni hp, nn khi dng phng tr ry nu, cn r la, hng cng nh cng tt, v khi
phun phi phun trc tip vo gc la.
Hai thuc ny li c nhng c tnh khc nhau: Applaud ch c kh nng dit ry cm, hiu lc
di (3-4 tun), v vy c th phun sm, khi trn rung mi c ry cm; mt v ch cn phun 1 ln. Ngc
li Bassa ( Fenobucarb) c th tr c c ry cm v ry trng thnh, hiu lc li ngn ( 5-7 ngy),
nn c th phun khi trn rung c ry cm, ry trng thnh v nht nh phi phun t nht 2 ln/v mi
c hiu qu.
Thi gian hu hiu ca thuc quyt nh khong cch gia 2 ln phun, s ln phun/v.
-Khi chn thuc cn ch n yu cu v sinh thc phm ca sn phm v chu trnh thu
hi. Cc loi thuc dng cho rau v ch, c bit l rau sp thu hoch, cn c loi thuc c thi
gian cch ly ngn, c thi gian tn lu trn cy ngn v t c.
-Lu n hiu qu kinh t khi dng thuc, nht l i vi dch hi cn phun nhiu
ln/v. Khng nn s dng cng mt loi thuc trong sut v hoc t nm ny qua nm khc.


- Nu ca hng bn nhiu loi thuc c cng tc dng i vi loi dch hi cn phng tr
th nn u tin mua loi thuc c tc dng chn lc, t c vi mi sinh, khng gy hi cho cy
trng hin ti v cy trng v sau. Hiu qu cao.
-Khng dng thuc cm, thuc ngoi danh mc, thuc km cht lng v khng dng
thuc hn ch v vi phm qui nh hn ch
La chn b thuc thch hp cho tng loi cy trng trn c s nh gi ton din u
nhc im ca tng loi thuc pht huy hiu qu cao nht, em li hiu qu kinh t, nhng
li an ton cho ngi s dng, mi sinh, mi trng, khng d lng trn mi trng l vic
lm kh khn. y l vic lm ca nh nc, nhng cn b k thut cng ng gp khng nh
cho vn ny.
b. Dng ng liu lng, mc tiu dng v lng nc
Phun thuc vi liu lng v mc tiu dng thp s khng bo m hiu qu phng tr,
gy lng ph thuc, thm ch to iu kin cho dch hi quen thuc v dch hi pht trin mnh
hn. Ngc li phun vi liu lng cao s khng em li li ch kinh t, gy c cho ngi s
dng, cy trng, gia sc v thin ch, li d lng cao trn nng sn.
Phun thuc vi lng nc t, thuc s khng bao ph ton cy, dch hi khng tip xc
c nhiu vi thuc. Nhng nu phun vi lng nc qu nhiu, s lm cho thuc b mt nhiu,
hiu qu phng tr b gim, mt nhiu cng ch nc v gy c cho mi trng.
Hiu qu phng tr dch hi cng khng th nng cao, nu ch tng nng thuc dng
v gim lng nc phun. Lm nh vy ch tng c cho ngi s dng , mi sinh v mi
trng, nhng vn khng t c hiu qu phng tr mong mun.
c hiu qu phng tr cao, t gy hu qu xu cho mi trng, cn m bo ng
thi 3 yu t trn. Ba yu t ny lin quan cht ch vi nhau, trn c s c tnh ton k.
Cc dng thuc khc nhau c kh nng phn tn trong nc khng ging nhau. V th,
cn c cch pha thch hp cho tng dng thuc, to hiu qu phng tr cao nht ( xem chng
4- Gia cng thuc BVTV)
*Khi pha thuc:
a s ch phm thuc BVTV s dng trong nng nghip hin nay l cc ch phm th
lng hoc th rn, khi dng phi ho vi nc. Khi pha, cn ch phm phn tn tht ng
u vo nc. Khi phun, thuc phi c trang tri tht u trn b mt vt phun .
Tnh ton chnh xc lng thuc cn s dng trn tha rung nh phun, lng thuc cn
pha cho mt bnh bm v cn mang va , khng d trnh lng ph khng cn thit. Nu
khng r, cn hi cn b k thut
m bo pha ng nng , cn c cng c cn ong o thch hp ( ng ong, cn
thuc, que khuy, x pha thuc).
Rt thuc cn thn trnh trn , ch cn ong lng thuc cn.
Khng pha thuc gn ni c tr em, ni chn th gia sc v gn kho lng thc, thc
phm, ngun nc sinh hot. C qun o bo h.
*Pha ng nng thuc:
nh ngha nng dch phun: l t l phn trm gia trng lng ( hay th tch ) sn
phm trong th tch dch phun.
Thc t cch tnh phn trm theo trng lng v th tch sn phm trong th tch dch phun
c s sai khc, bi t trng ca sn phm c th ln hay nh hn 1. Nhng khi s dng trn
ng rung s sai khc ny c th b qua v chp nhn ml thuc c coi nh nng 1g v 1lit
nc nng 1kg. V d:


Padan 95SP pha nng 3/1000 tc trong 1 lit nc thuc c 3 g Padan 95SP
Bassa 50EC pha nng 2/1000 tc l trong 1 lit nc thuc c 2 ml Bassa 50EC
*Lng nc dng:
Lng nc cn thit, gip trang tri u lng thuc nh / din tch cn phun. Tnh
bng lit/ha. Lng nc dng thay i tu theo i tng phng tr, giai on v tnh hnh sinh
trng pht trin ca cy, mt cy. Phun thuc tr bnh ry, nhn cn nhiu nc hn tr cc
loi su ; Cy b, mt tha lng nc cn t hn cy ln v mt dy.
*iu chnh tc di chuyn my m bo trang tri u v nc:
Khi phun thuc, c nhiu trng hp do di chuyn my phun qu chm, nn cha phun
ht din tch cn phun ht thuc; ngc li khi di chuyn qu nhanh, phun ht din tch li
tha thuc. C hai trng hp ny u khng tt, hoc l lng thuc phun nhiu ( i chm) d
tht thot nc, gy c cho mi trng v ngi s dng; hoc qu t thuc ( i nhanh) s khng
trang tri u thuc, dch hi khng tip xc vi thuc, hiu lc ca thuc gim. V vy
chng ta phi xc nh c tc phun hp l bo m c tc di chuyn my bm ph
hp, phun va ht lng nc, va ht din tch cn phun. Cch lm:
-o lu lng my bm ( lit/pht): nc vo bnh phun, bm gi v x nc
ra x; sau thi gian nh, o li lng nc, tnh theo lit, chia cho thi gian x nc.
-o b rng lm vic ca my phun (m): Vi phun cch tn cy 20cm, bm kh
n ng ch lm vic, tin hnh phun bnh thng. o chiu rng ca vt phun.
-Xc nh tc di chuyn ca my phun:
Lu lng my phun ( lit/pht) x 10 000m
2

Tc di chuyn =
(m/pht) Lng nc qui nh(l/ha) x B rng lm vic ca my phun (m)
-iu chnh tc di chuyn my phun phun ng lng nc :
Thi gian i Chiu di on ng (m)
ht on ng =
nh trc (m) Tc di chuyn ca my phun (m/pht)
*Liu lng - Mc tiu dng:
Nhiu khi hai khi nim ny ln ln nhau. S khc nhau c bn ca hai khi nim ny l:
Lng thuc l lng thuc ti thiu cn thit em li hiu qu mong mun. Cn mc tiu dng
l lng thuc ti thiu cn thit em li hiu qu mong mun trn mt n v din tch hay
th tch. V vy, mun dit c dch hi c hiu qu phi gi nguyn c liu lng hay mc tiu dng.
Mc tiu dng ca sn phm c tnh theo cng thc:
Mc tiu dng ca sn phm (lit/ha) = nng (%) x lng nc dng (lit)
Nh vy, nu bit hai trong ba yu t trn ta d dng tnh c yu t cn li.
C trng hp thay i cng c phun thuc, lng nc dng c th s thay i, nhng mc
tiu dng khng thay i. m bo mc tiu dng khng thay i, ch c cch thay i nng .
V d : phng tr su rau, ngi ta cn phun Fastac 5EC nng 1/1000 (=
0.001) vi lng nc 600lit/ha. Vy nu dng my bm ng c, ch cn phun vi lng nc
300 lit/ha. Vy nng thuc cho bm ng c l bao nhiu?
Cch tnh: Dng cng thc: V1 x C1 = V2 x C2
Trong : V1: Lng nc dng cho bm thng; V2 : Lng nc dng cho bm
ng c
C1: Nng dng cho bm thng; C2: Nng dng cho bm ng c


Suy t cng thc trn ta c: Nng dng cho bm ng c C2 l :
V1 x C1
C2 = -----------------
V2
y ta c V1 =600 lit ; C1= 1/1000 = 0.001 V2 =300 lit
Thay vo cng thc ta c:
V1 x C1 600 lit x 0.001
C2 = ---------------- = --------------------- = 0.002 = 2/1000
V2 300lit
Nu phun bnh ng c, c th gim lng nc, nhng phi tng nng . Gim bao
nhiu ln nc th tng by nhiu nng cho ng vi liu lng cn.
Trong trng hp ta c cch hng dn pha nng ca mt sn phm no , nhng
trong tay ta c cc sn phm khc c cng hot cht, nhng c hm lng cao hn hoc thp
hn. Vy phi pha th no bo m mc tiu dng hot cht khng thay i.
V d: tr su hi ch, ngi ta thng dng 20gam Padan 95SP cho 1 so Bc b.
Nhng nu ta c Padan 50SP, lng thuc cn dng cho 1 so Bc b l bao nhiu?
Cch tnh: Cng dng cng thc V1 x C1 = V2 x C2
Trong : V1 Khi lng (g) hay th tch (ml) ca thuc ang c ti liu.
V2 Khi lng (g) hay th tch (ml) ca thuc c hm lng cao/ thp hn
C1 Hm lng ca thuc ang c ti liu
C2 Hm lng ca thuc c hm lng cao/ thp hn
Nh vy lng thuc Padan 50SP cn dng cho 1 so Bc b ch l:
V1 x C1 20g Padan 95SP x 95
V2 (lng Padan 50SP)= -------------- = ------------------------------- = 38g Padan 50SP
C2 50
c.ng lc :
- ng thi im: Dng thuc vo thi im dch hi d b tc ng, cy trng chu
thuc nht v iu kin ngoi cnh thun li cho thuc pht huy hiu lc tt nht .
Dch hi mn cm: Nn dng thuc khi su cn nh, c cn non, bnh mi xut
hin. Vi cc cn trng cn phun thuc lc su cn bn ngoi, ang kim n; bm cha s
mang li hiu qu cao.
tr c, phi nm vng thuc d tc ng vo giai on no ca c ( mm c,
c non hay c gi) mi em li hiu qu cao.
Cy trng chu thuc tt nht: Thc vt c nhng giai on chng chu thuc
tt, ng thi c nhng giai on rt mn cm vi thuc. Thuc BVTV d lm gim nng sut
nu phun vo lc cy ra hoa th phn. Tra nng to, thuc cng d gy chy l. Cn trnh phun
thuc BVTV vo giai on ny.
iu kin thi tit thun li nht cho thuc pht huy tc dng: Khng phun
thuc khi tri sp ma, qu nng nng. Nn phun vo sng sm hay chiu mt ( tt nht l phun
thuc lc chiu mt ), trnh phun thuc bui tra.
Phun vo sng sm, tuy t hi n ngi i phun, dch hi cha ln trnh, nn d b trng
c, dn n tra, nhit ln cao thuc d gy c cho dch hi; nhng sau khi phun, thuc gp nhit
cao, nng gt, thuc s b phn hu mt phn; mt khc, gp nhit cao, s trao i cht ca dch
hi mnh, nn thuc cng b thi ra nhiu.


Phun vo chiu mt, kho ngi, t ng c; gi lng hn nn thuc b mt t hn. Sau
khi phun thuc, gp nhit xung thp, thuc t b phn hu; dch hi hot ng, ra khi ni n np, nn
d tip xc vi thuc, to iu kin thuc pht huy hiu lc).
Hn ch mt phn tc hi ca thuc i vi sinh vt c ch: Khng phun khi
thin ch cn t, thi im sinh vt c ch hot ng mnh. vng c nui ong mt, nn phun
thuc vo bui chiu khi ong v t, phun thuc ni hp, khng phun thuc khi ong i ly mt,
cy ra hoa. Trnh phun thuc nhiu ln, loi thuc tn lu gy c cho ong, chim v ng vt hoang d.
-V mt kinh t : Mi cy trng ch c tng giai on sinh trng nht nh, tc ng
ca dch hi d nh hng n nng sut. V vy ch nn phun thuc vo thi im mt hay
s ph hi ca dch hi vt ngng kinh t. Lm nh vy s gim c s ln phun thuc
(khng phun thuc tr su cun l la sm nhm bo v thin ch v tn dng kh nng t bi
p ca cy la). Lm tt cng tc d tnh d bo gim qui m dng thuc ( tr theo ). S
dng thuc trn c s ngng kinh t ng (xem xt ton b cc yu t sinh thi : cy trng, dch
hi, ngoi cnh v k sinh thin ch).

c.ng cch:
*ng cch khi phun ri:
- Phun ng ni dch hi c tr dch hi tip xc vi thuc nhiu nht.
-Chn phng php s dng thch hp nhm tng cng tnh chn lc ca thuc.
-Chn ng cng c phun ri thch hp cho tng mc ch s dng.
-Trong iu kin c th, nn dng lun phin cc thuc khc nhau gim tc hi ca
thuc n sinh qun v lm chm tnh khng thuc ca dch hi.
-Phi hn hp thuc BVTV ng cch.
*Bo h v an ton lao ng ng cch:
Tiu chun ngi i phun thuc: Ngi kho mnh, trng thnh. Khng tr em, ph
n c thai, thy thng, ngi c vt thng h, l lot i phun thuc.
Ch lm vic: Ti a 6 gi/ngy
Trc khi tip xc vi thuc:
Trang b bo h nhm lm gim s tip xc v xm nhp ca thuc vo c th , ng thi
hn ch nguy c b ng c. Khng lm vic trong kho, trong ca hng thuc BVTV, khng i
phun thuc trn rung, nu khng c b bo h thch hp.
C y qun o bo h v cng c bo lao ng khi tip xc vi thuc: Qun o di,
tp d bng nilon hay vi khng thm t, m, khu trang, knh. Khi tip xc vi thuc, khng
phi bt k trng hp no cng phi mang y trang b bo h lao ng. Trang b bo h
cho ngi lao ng nhiu hay t, tu thuc vo c ca loi thuc s dng. Thuc cng c,
cng phi trang b y . Trang b bo h cn tu thuc vo loi cy trng: Phun cy cao cn
c y bo h; cy thp cn t hn. Cn t to cho mnh b bo h y .
n no trc khi phun thuc.
Mang theo nc ung, x phng, khn mt v qun o sch dng ngay nu cn.
Kim tra bnh bm v khc phc s c trc khi em bm thuc ra rung.
Khi phun thuc ni ho lnh, cn c ngi i cng.
Trong khi phun thuc:
Khng dng bnh bm r r hay thuc dy ln da; Khng n ung ht thuc trong khi
phun thuc


Ngng phun thuc ngay khi pht hin bnh phun r r. X van kh trong bnh bm.
nc thuc ra x chu v tm cch khc phc.
Khi vi phun b tc, cn ln b, n ni sch c, tho vi, ra sch. Nu vi b tc, cn ly
cng cy mm, thng, khng dng mm thi thng vi.
Khng phun thuc ngc chiu gi, nn di vung gc vi chiu gi; khng phun thuc
khi tri c gi qu to.
Thay ngay qun o mi nu qun o ang mc b dnh thuc.
Gii lao: Chn ni thong mt, xa ni phun thuc ;Ch n ung ht thuc khi ra tay
mt mi sch
Khng chn th gia sc trong khu ang phun thuc
Sau khi phun:
Thu dn bao b, chai thuc v tiu hu ng cch: p bp v st, p v chai, chn bao
b ni ho lnh, cao, khng ng nc, c bin cnh bo hay ro chn; h o phi c chiu su
thp hn b mt mng nc gn nht. Khng t bnh cha thuc.
Ra sch trong ngoi bnh bm bng nc x phng. Tho ri tng b phn, dng vi
mm ra sch, thng vi phun bng nc x phng v nc sch. p ro nc, ct vo kho.
Khng bnh bm ba bi khi lm vic hay khi bo qun.
Khng nc thuc tha v nc ra bm xung rung, ngun nc.
Thuc dng khng ht phi y, ct vo kho ring, c kho. Kho phi xa nh .
Tm v git sch qun o bo h v cng c bo h bng x phng. Ch dng qun o bo
h khi tip xc vi thuc Khng chung qun o bo h vi qun o thng mc. Khng
qun o (k c qun o bo h) cng c phng h trong kho thuc.
Thi gian tr li khu vc x l: Bo m thi gian qui nh. Trng hp c bit cn vo
khu x l, cn c qun o bo h. Thi gian tr li khu vc x l di hay ngn, tu thuc vo loi
thuc. Bnh thng, sau khi phun 48h l c th quay li khu vc x l thuc.
*S cp cu ng cch:
Con ng thuc BVTV xm nhp vo c th :
Qua da: Trong qu trnh pha v phun thuc, tay, chn l b phn d b nhim thuc. Mt,
ming v b phn sinh dc l ni yu chu thuc nht. Thuc ry rt trn da ri xm nhp vo
bn trong c th. Tri nng nc, m hi ra nhiu l iu kin tt thuc xm nhp.
Qua ming: Thuc cng n, thc ung xm nhp vo h tiu ho, vo mu i n cc
trung tm sng ca c th. Bng con ng ny thuc d xm nhp vo c th vi lng ln
nht.
Qua h hp: Ht phi hi c ca thuc. Hi c, bi thuc v cc git thuc nh i qua
mi, xm nhp vo phi ri vo ngay mu. Con ng ny d gy ng c mnh nht.
Triu chng ng c thuc BVTV:
Tu loi thuc, cc triu chng ng c c trng c th th hin nhanh chm khc nhau:
Ton thn : Rt mt mi, b ph; Da: ty, vim, xm, m hi.
Mt : Nga, vim, chy nc, m, ng t b co hoc gin.
Ming v hng; nng rt; ra nhiu nc gii, bun nn, nn ma, au bng, tiu chy.
Nhc u, chng mt, ri lon, bn chn, c bp co git, i lo o, ni nhu, kh th,
ngi xu i.
Nhng vic cn lm gp :
-Bnh tnh, khn trng cp cu nn nhn, nhng khng bn thn b ng c trong khi
tham gia cp cu.


- Cc bc tin hnh:
Chuyn nn nhn n ni yn tnh, thong mt, nhng kn gi, t th thch hp.
Ni lng qun o nn nhn d th. Thay ngay qun o, giy dp nu dnh thuc; ng
mi dnh thuc vo mt ci x trnh thuc ry rt ra xung quanh.
Gi thn nhit nn nhn bnh thng: p khn mt nu nn nhn b nng v p chn,
nu nn nhn b lnh.
Khng nn nhn ung sa ( nu trn nhn thuc c ch nh), ung ru, ht thuc.
Ra tht sch bng x phng nhng ni b dnh thuc.
Nu thuc vo mt, th vch m mt, ra mt bng dng nc sch lin tc t nht trong
10-15 pht. Nu khng c nc, dng vi sch, mm thm nh nhng nhng ch b nhim thuc,
khng dng vi th rp c xt ln da.
Cho nn nhn nn nu ung nhm phi thuc v ch gy nn khi nn nhn cn tnh v trn
nhn thuc c ch nh.
Cch gy nn: nn nhn ngi dy; hai ngn tay bp vo m nn nhn, buc nn nhn
phi h rng ming, tay kia lun hai ngn tr vo gia vo hng nn nhn v c st nh. Khi nn
nhn nn c hay khng nn c cng cho ung than hot tnh (pha ba tha canh than hot
tnh vo mt cc nc). Sau t nn nhn nm nh c. C th cho nn nhn ung than hot
tnh vi ln trong khi ch i ch nn nhn i n c s y t gn nht.
Nu nn nhn b co git, phi dng mt vt lt gia hai hm rng, phng nn nhn cn
vo li. Lm nh nhng, khng dng sc mnh, cng bc nn nhn.
Nu nn nhn kh th , b ngt, tho b ngay nhng vt d gy tc hng v lm h hp
nhn to ngay.
Nu nn nhn ngng th, mt v li xm xanh, phi t nn nhn nm nga, u dc
xung di. Dng mt khn gc sch, bc vo u ngn tay ri th vo ming nn nhn lau sch
thuc v rt ri trong ming, sau gh ming vo mi ( tay bt ming nn nhn) hoc vo
ming ( bt mi nn nhn) nn nhn, lm h hp nhn to cho n khi nn nhn th u .
Cn a ngay nn nhn n c s y t gn nht. Phi c ngi bit c tnh tit qu trnh
ng c ca nn nhn i km v phi mang theo nhn chai thuc (hoc gi thuc) gy c cho
nn nhn bc s ra cc phc iu tr tt nht.
*Trnh c cho ngi s dng nng sn:
Gi ng thi gian cch ly l bin php quan trng hn ch lng thuc BVTV xm nhp
vo c th ngi tiu dng nng sn.
* Bo qun, ct gi thuc, dng c pha ch phun ri thuc gia nh ng cch:
Thuc BVTV mua v cha s dng hoc dng cha ht phi c trong bao chai
nguyn, c nt kn, xp theo nhm; thuc dng lng di thuc dng rn; c ct gi trong
cc phng ring, khng dt, c kho chc chn, xa ni , xa chung tri gia sc v xa ngun
nc sinh hot.
Khng thuc BVTV trong chai ng nc, nc mm, tng v cc dng c ng
thc n khc. Ngc li cng khng dng bnh, chai, thng cha thuc ng thc n, ung
Khng thuc, bnh bm trong nh, trn chung gia sc. Khng trt thuc tha, cha dng ht
sang bt k ng khc v khng dng bao b ng thuc vo mc ch khc. Phi tiu hu
chng.
Khng thuc chung hay ln vi thc n gia sc, lng thc thc phm, d chy.
*Tiu hu thuc tha, thuc mt phm cht v v bao b ht thuc ng cch:


-Trng hp ngi tiu dng v ca hng phi tiu hu: Khi c bao b b rch, r r v
trong vn chuyn, bc xp . Thuc lu kho lu ngy b hng hay km cht lng, sau khi kim
tra c th t hu hay chuyn tr ni sn xut.
-a im tiu hu ( t, chn) phi do c quan chc nng chn v thc hin; phi xa
dn, xa khu chn nui, vn cy, xa ni trng trt, xa ngun nc n, mch nc ngm. Phi c
ro cn, bin bo.

CU HI N TP:
1/ C s khoa hc ca vic s dng hp l thuc BVTV?
2/ Nhng hiu bit c bn khi c nhn thuc BVTV?
3/ C s khoa hc ca nguyn tc Bn ng ?
4/ Ni dung ca nguyn tc Bn ng ?

CHNG VI
MT S QUI NH CA NH NC V QUN L THUC BVTV
NHM BO M TNH AN TON V HIU QU TRONG LU THNG
V S DNG THUC BO V THC VT NC TA.

Cung cp cho hc vin c s khoa hc v ni dung ch yu cc qui nh ca nh nh
nc trong cng tc qun l thuc BVTV.
1.YU CU PHI QUN L THUC BO V THC VT
-Thuc BVTV l vt t khng th thiu trong sn xut nng nghip. Khi s dng ng,
thuc BVTV gip y li dch hi, gi nng sut cy trng cao v n nh. Nhng trong
qu trnh lu thng v s dng thuc BVTV, nu s dng khng ng n v thiu bin php
phng nga thch ng, thuc s gy nhng tc hi khng nh cho mi sinh v mi trng. Hu
qu l gy kh khn cho vic phng tr dch hi, chi ph phng tr tn km hn.
-Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy ra tc hi ny l do thiu s qun l cht ch, dng
thuc khng hp l, gy nhim mi trng, gy tn tht kinh t to ln cho tng vng rng ln,
gy tn tht cho ma mng trong nhiu nm lin.
- pht huy mt tch cc ca thuc BVTV trong bo v ma mng v nng sn, hn ch
nhng hu qu xu do thuc BVTV gy ra, khng nhng cn tng cng nghim cu s dng
hp l thuc BVTV, m cn cn c nhng qui nh cht ch ca nh nc trong vic thng nht
qun l cc khu: sn xut , kinh doanh, lu thng v s dng thuc BVTV trong phm vi c
nc.
2. MT S QUY NH CA PHP LUT M NGI SN XUT, KINH DOANH V
NNG DN S DNG THUC BO V THC VT CNG PHI NGHIM CHNH
THC HIN
Thuc BVTV c s dng nc ta t nm 1956. Cho n nay, hng nm chng ta phi
nhp hng trm triu USD thuc BVTV cc loi phng chng dch hi gy hi cho cy trng
cy rng, nng lm sn...


-Trng hp ngi tiu dng v ca hng phi tiu hu: Khi c bao b b rch, r r v
trong vn chuyn, bc xp . Thuc lu kho lu ngy b hng hay km cht lng, sau khi kim
tra c th t hu hay chuyn tr ni sn xut.
-a im tiu hu ( t, chn) phi do c quan chc nng chn v thc hin; phi xa
dn, xa khu chn nui, vn cy, xa ni trng trt, xa ngun nc n, mch nc ngm. Phi c
ro cn, bin bo.

CU HI N TP:
1/ C s khoa hc ca vic s dng hp l thuc BVTV?
2/ Nhng hiu bit c bn khi c nhn thuc BVTV?
3/ C s khoa hc ca nguyn tc Bn ng ?
4/ Ni dung ca nguyn tc Bn ng ?

CHNG VI
MT S QUI NH CA NH NC V QUN L THUC BVTV
NHM BO M TNH AN TON V HIU QU TRONG LU THNG
V S DNG THUC BO V THC VT NC TA.

Cung cp cho hc vin c s khoa hc v ni dung ch yu cc qui nh ca nh nh
nc trong cng tc qun l thuc BVTV.
1.YU CU PHI QUN L THUC BO V THC VT
-Thuc BVTV l vt t khng th thiu trong sn xut nng nghip. Khi s dng ng,
thuc BVTV gip y li dch hi, gi nng sut cy trng cao v n nh. Nhng trong
qu trnh lu thng v s dng thuc BVTV, nu s dng khng ng n v thiu bin php
phng nga thch ng, thuc s gy nhng tc hi khng nh cho mi sinh v mi trng. Hu
qu l gy kh khn cho vic phng tr dch hi, chi ph phng tr tn km hn.
-Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy ra tc hi ny l do thiu s qun l cht ch, dng
thuc khng hp l, gy nhim mi trng, gy tn tht kinh t to ln cho tng vng rng ln,
gy tn tht cho ma mng trong nhiu nm lin.
- pht huy mt tch cc ca thuc BVTV trong bo v ma mng v nng sn, hn ch
nhng hu qu xu do thuc BVTV gy ra, khng nhng cn tng cng nghim cu s dng
hp l thuc BVTV, m cn cn c nhng qui nh cht ch ca nh nc trong vic thng nht
qun l cc khu: sn xut , kinh doanh, lu thng v s dng thuc BVTV trong phm vi c
nc.
2. MT S QUY NH CA PHP LUT M NGI SN XUT, KINH DOANH V
NNG DN S DNG THUC BO V THC VT CNG PHI NGHIM CHNH
THC HIN
Thuc BVTV c s dng nc ta t nm 1956. Cho n nay, hng nm chng ta phi
nhp hng trm triu USD thuc BVTV cc loi phng chng dch hi gy hi cho cy trng
cy rng, nng lm sn...


Khi t nc cn chin tranh, thuc BVTV c nh nc nhp khu, phn phi, lu
thng v s dng. Cc B c trch nhim thc hin cc nhim v trn nh B Nng nghip,
Cng an, Y t, Giao thng, Lao ng... ra thng t lin b, qui nh cht ch nhng iu
khon phi thc hin nhm m bo an ton trong mi khu trn.
Sau chin tranh, nc ta chuyn sang nn kinh t th trng, Nh nc khng cn gi c
quyn trong vic cung ng thuc BVTV. m bo cho vic cung ng v s dng c hiu qu
thuc BVTV, nc ta ban hnh Php lnh v Bo v v Kim dch thc vt ca Uy ban
Thng v Quc hi cng b ln u thng 2/1993 v Php lnh mi cng b vo thng
08/2001 thay th cho Php lnh c ph hp vi tnh hnh thc t mi. Km theo l h thng
vn bn phc v cho cc Php lnh ny. Di y, chng ti xin trnh by ni dung ca h thng vn bn
mi nht.
-Php lnh v Bo v v Kim dch thc vt ca Uy ban Thng v Quc hi l vn bn
c tnh php l cao nht ca Nh nc ta v cng tc bo v v kim dch thc vt, trong c
mt chng ring (chng IV) chuyn v qun l thuc BVTV. Trong vn bn ny, thuc
BVTV c lit vo loi hng ho hn ch kinh doanh v kinh doanh c iu kin; nh nc
thng nht qun l mi khu t sn xut, xut nhp khu, bo qun, d tr, vn chuyn bun bn
v s dng thuc BVTV; c chnh sch u i vi vic s dng thuc BVTV c ngun gc sinh
hc, t c. Nh nc cng qui nh trch nhim c th ca B Nng nghip v PTNT, trch
nhim bo m an ton khi xy ra cc s c thuc BVTV, iu kin sn xut kinh doanh v s
dng thuc BVTV; nhng qui nh v vic tiu hu, d tr thuc BVTV v nhng iu nghim
cm trong vic sn xut, gia cng, sang chai, ng gi, nhp khu, tng tr , bun bn v s dng
thuc BVTV.
-Ngh nh 92 CP ca chnh ph ban hnh nm1993 c thay bng Ngh nh 58 ban
hnh nm 2002 v Hng dn thi hnh php lnh v Bo v l Kim dch thc vt, trong
c iu l Bo v thc vt( c iu qui nh iu kin ngi trc tip lm dch v BVTV, c
lin quan n vn kinh doanh thuc BVTV) v iu l qun l thuc BVTV .
-Trong iu l qun l thuc BVTV (06/2002) qui nh li phm vi thi hnh ca iu
l v a ra nhiu nh ngha v nhng khi nim dng trong iu l. iu l cng qui nh cc t
chc c nhn c hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh v s dng thuc BVTV Vit nam phi tun
theo php lut v qun l thuc BVTV Vit nam v nhng iu c quc t m Vit nam tham
gia. Hng nm B Nng nghip v PTNT s ra danh mc thuc BVTV c php s dng, thuc
hn ch s dng, thuc cm s dng. Nhng iu nghim cm trong vic sn xut, gia cng,
sang chai , ng gi, nhp khu, tng tr, bun bn, vn chuyn v s dng thuc cm, thuc gi
thuc ngoi danh mc, thuc khng r ngun gc, thuc khng c nhn, hoc c nhn nhng vi
phm qui nh v nhn hng ho, vi phm nhn c bo h; cm nhp khu bun bn v s
dng thuc ht hn s dng. Cm qung co nhng thuc khng c trong danh mc thuc
c php s dng , nhng thuc hn ch v thuc cm s dng trn lnh th Vit nam.
iu l cn qui nh c th iu kin, tiu chun trch nhim ca nhng t chc, c nhn
v trch nhim ca Nh nc trong cc lnh vc:
Sn xut, gia cng, sang chai ng gi thuc BVTV;
Xut nhp khu thuc v nguyn liu lm thuc BVTV;
Vn chuyn, bo qun, bun bn thuc BVTV trong nc;
S dng thuc BVTV
ng k, kim nh, kho nghim thuc BVTV
Ch qun l s dng d tr thuc BVTV.


-Ngh nh 78 CP ngy 27/11/1996 v c iu chnh, b sung lm r hn trong Ngh nh
s 26/2003 /ND-CP Qui nh x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc BV-KDTV. Trong Ngh
nh s 26/2003/ND-CP c qui nh phm vi iu chnh, i tng p dng, nguyn tc x pht,
nhng tnh tit gim nh v tng nng, cc hnh thc x pht v bin php khc phc hu qu. Ring
mc C trong chng II, qui nh c th hnh thc x pht v mc pht v qun l thuc BVTV.
-Km theo Php lnh, iu l v cc qui nh trn ca Nh nc, B Nng nghip v
CNTP (nay l B Nng nghip &PTNT) ban hnh nhng quy nh ca B v cng tc qun l
thuc BVTV nh :
+Quyt nh s 100/NN-BVTV/Q ban hnh ngy 23/02/1995 ri Quyt nh
165/1999/Q-BNN-BVTV v nay l Quyt nh 145/2003 Q-BNN-BVTV v qui nh th tc
thm nh sn xut, gia cng, ng k, xut khu, nhp khu, bun bn, lu tr, tiu hu, nhn
thuc, bao b ng gi, hi tho, qung co thuc BVTV. c bit trong quyt nh145/2003
Q-BNN-BVTV cn c mc IV qui nh v vic s dng thuc BVTV, trong qui nh r trch
nhim ca ngi trc tip s dng, trch nhim ca cc c quan qun l v n v kinh doanh thuc
BVTV.
+ Quyt nh 91/2002/Q-BNN qui nh v vic cp chng ch hnh ngh sn
xut , gia cng , sang chai ng gi bun bn thuc BVTV.
+ Quyt nh 150/NN-BVTV/Q ri Q 193/1998/Q,BNN-BVTV, tip n Q
34/2001/Q-BNN-VP b thay th bng Quyt nh 50/Q/2003/Q-BNN qui nh v kim nh
cht lng, d lng thuc BVTV v kho nghim thuc BVTV .
+ kim sot cht ch hn na cht lng d lng thuc BVTV, B Nng
nghip
& PTNT ngy 08/08/2003 ra Quyt nh 79/2003/Q sa i khon 2 &3 iu 11 trong 50/Q
/2003/Q-BNN qui nh Kim nh cht lng d lng thuc BVTV nhm mc ch ng k Vit
nam.
qun l cht ch hn cc loi thuc hn ch s dng, Cc Bo v thc vt gi cng vn s
286/HD-BVTV ngy 19/04/2004 hng dn s dng cc loi thuc BVTV b hn ch dng Vit nam.
Trong nhng vn bn ni trn chng t Nh nc ta rt coi trng vic qun l thuc
BVTV. ng thi Nh nc ta cng i hi cc nh sn xut, kinh doanh lu thng v ngi s
dng (nng dn) thuc BVTV phi qun trit nghim chnh thc hin.
bo m cho vic thi hnh h thng php l ni trn, ngy 18/12/1993, B Nng
nghip v CNTP ra Quyt nh s 703/NN-BVTV/Q v qui ch t chc v hot ng ca
Thanh tra chuyn ngnh v cng tc bo v v kim dch thc vt. Trong vn bn ny ghi r:
H thng thanh tra c thnh lp hai cp Trung ng (Cc Bo v thc vt) v cc tnh,
thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng (Chi cc Bo v thc vt); nhn s ch o trc tip ca Cc
trng Cc Bo v thc vt v Chnh thanh tra B ( Trung ng); ca Chi cc trng Chi cc
Bo v thc vt v Chnh thanh tra S Nng nghip v cng tc nghip v thanh tra. Trong Qui
nh ny cng qui nh r ni dung quyn hn ca thanh tra cc cp, tiu chun thanh tra vin.
Mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng ca thanh tra chuyn ngnh BVTV l thanh tra thuc
BVTV.
Quyt nh s 412/NN-BVTV/Q ca B Nng nghip &CNTP qui nh r sc phc, ph hiu,
cp hiu, th thanh tra v ch cp pht, s dng i vi vin chc thanh tra chuyn ngnh BVv KDTV.
ng v pha qun l thuc, cng tc thanh tra chuyn ngnh ng mt vai tr tch cc
trong vic hn ch thuc gi, thuc km cht lng, thuc ngoi danh mc lu hnh trn th


trng. Tuy nhin, do lc lng thanh tra cn mng, trnh chuyn mn c hn, nn cha
hon ton p ng c nhim v trc tnh hnh lu thng, qun l thuc rt phc tp hin nay.
3.KHI NIM V CC NHM THUC CM S DNG, C PHP S DNG,
HN CH S DNG V THUC NGOI DANH MC VIT NAM
Nh trn trnh by, thuc BVTV l nhng cht c ( nhiu hay t tu thuc vo bn
cht thuc, nng , dng thuc v iu kin s dng). Tu theo mc tc ng ca thuc n
ngi, ng vt mu nng, sinh qun v mi trng, ngi ta chia cc loi thuc vo cc nhm
c php s dng, hn ch s dng hay cm s dng.
Vit nam, cn c vo kt lun ca c quan thm nh thuc BVTV v Hi ng T vn
thuc BVTV Quc gia, hng nm Nh nc ban hnh Danh mc thuc BVTV c php s
dng, hn ch s dng, cm s dng Vit Nam.
3.1.Nhng thuc BVTV b cm s dng Vit Nam:
Bao gm nhng loi thuc c c cp tnh qu cao, hoc c kh nng gy ung th, gy
qui thai, sy thai hay tn lu lu trong mi trng, gy nguy him ln cho mi sinh, mi
trng s khng c ng k, khng c nhp , khng c bun bn v khng c s dng
Vit nam. Mc d cc thuc ny c th c hiu lc phng t dch hi cao, gi r.
3.2.Nhng thuc BVTV b hn ch s dng Vit Nam:
Thuc BVTV hn ch s dng l nhng thuc c hiu lc phng tr dch hi cao, gy c
cho sinh vt c ch, nhng vn cn dng cho mt s cy trng c th hay dng vi mc ch c
bit ( x l g, kh trng nng sn). Mc d chng c c cp tnh cao i vi ng vt
mu nng, nhng cha c thuc thay th nn vn phi s dng, nhng trong qu trnh s dng
phi tun theo nhng hng dn nghim ngt.
Cc thuc nm trong nhm hn ch s dng c th nm mt hay nhiu iu hn ch sau:
-Hn ch v hm lng hot cht trong sn phm
-Hn ch v dng thuc
-Hn ch v loi cy trng s dng v giai on s dng
-Hn ch v trnh ngi s dng
-Hn ch nhp khu.
Theo quy nh s 310TT/BVTV ngy 16/4/1992 ca B NNc&CNTP v cng vn
s106/Hot ng-BVTV ngy 13/2/1999 ca Cc BVTV th khi s dng thuc BVTV hn ch
s dng nc ta, cn tun th theo 4 nguyn tc:
-Ch nhng ngi c hun luyn, hoc di s hng dn trc tip ca CBKT mi
c dng cc thuc ny. Khi dng phi tun th nghim s ch dn nhn.
-Cm dng cc thuc tr su trong danh mc hn ch cho cc cy rau mu, lng thc,
thc phm, cy n qu sau khi ra hoa v cy dc liu.
-Nhn thuc phi ghi y v r rng v cch s dng cho ph hp vi qui nh.
-Khng tuyn truyn qung co cc loi thuc hn ch s dng
Danh mc thuc hn ch cc nc khng ging nhau. Theo gi ca FAO, cc nc
ang pht trin, ch nn cm hay hn ch mt loi thuc khi:
-C t nht 5 nc trong vng cm hay hn ch
-Cn c vo tnh hnh thc t sn xut, nu nhng thuc ny b cm hay hn ch khng
nh hng n cng tc bo v sn xut nc .


Trong nhng nm qua, do chng ta lm tt cng tc qun l thuc, nn a vo danh
mc cm v hn ch, nhiu loi thuc c, nguy hi, k c nhiu loi thuc c hiu lc tr dch
hi cao, gi r, c dng ph bin. T l thuc hn ch chim t 40% trc kia, nay gim xung
cn 1%, nhng vn khng nh hng n vic kinh doanh thuc BVTV trong c nc, khng
nh hng n cng tc bo v cy trng v nng sn.
Hin nay c mt s kin cho rng: cn loi b cc thuc trong nhm hn ch s dng v
xp chng vo nhm thuc cm vi l do n gin: khng qun l dc cc lai thuc ny. y
l mt kin kh phin din, khng thy c tnh cht c bit khi s dng thuc BVTV, n
gin v hnh chnh ho cng tc qu l v thiu c s khoa hc.
3.3. Nhng thuc BVTV c php s dng Vit Nam:
Gm cc thuc c php ng k, nhp khu, bun bn, phn phi v s dng Vit
nam. Chng thng l cc loi thuc BVTV c c thp v trung bnh i vi ng vt mu
nng, d b phn hu v khng tn d lu trong mi trng.
3.4.Thuc ngoi danh mc:
Thuc khng nm trong danh mc thuc BVTV c php s dng Vit nam ( c tn
thng mi ln tn thng dng). y thng l nhng thuc nhp lu, khng qun l c cht
lng, c. y l vn nn hin nay nc ta m cha c g khc phc c.

4. MT S QUI NH C TH PHI TUN THEO:
4.1.Nhng ngi sn xut, kinh doanh v s dng thuc BVTV khng mua bn
thuc ng trong cc bao b khng ng qui cch:
Bao b ( chai thuc, bao gi thuc...) phi kn, kh b h hng trong lu thng v vn
chuyn, bc d, ct gi, c nhn r rng, khng rch bn vi y thng tin cn thit, c th.
y l nhng yu t tch cc gp phn hn ch s r r thuc trong qu trnh lu thng v ct gi,
ngn chn nhng lm ln ng tic c th gy ra ng c trong qu trnh s dng thuc BVTV.
4.2.Trch nhim ngi kinh doanh thuc BVTV
-Phi ng k kinh doanh thuc BVTV. Khng ng k m kinh doanh l vi phm
php
lut. Phi lin h vi c quan chuyn ngnh a phng c danh mc cc thuc cm, thuc
hn ch v thuc s dng Vit nam v nghim chnh thc hin qui nh ca nh nc.
-C chng ch hnh ngh bun bn thuc BVTV. Cn b qun l v cn b k thut cng
ty/ ca hng phi c trnh t trung cp nng nghip tr ln.
-C ca hng bn thuc v kho cha thuc v c trang thit b cn thit bo n an
ton cho ngi , mi trng ; phng chng chy n theo qui nh ca nh nc.
-Ngi bn hng phi c sc kho v cn c trnh chuyn mn, khuyn co nng
dn mua ng thuc, dng ng k thut, c v hiu c nhn.
-Tuyt i khng mua bn nhng thuc BVTV b cm, thuc gi, km cht lng, thuc
qu hn s dng, thuc ngoi danh mc, thuc BVTV khng r ngun gc, nhn khng r rng
hoc khng nhn v nhng thuc trn bao b khng ghi y r rng v cch s dng.
-Khng lu tr, by bn, khng mua bn cc loi thuc BVTV ng trong cc v cha


khng phi chai gi chuyn dng ng thuc BVTV hay trong cc ng thu tinh d v, nhng
chai bch thuc b h hng.
-Khng by bn thuc khng nhn, nhn b m, bn, nhn mang ting nc ngoi,
nhn khng ghi y ni dung theo qui nh ca nh nc. Ngi bn phi thng xuyn tm
hiu cc mt hng mnh c gii thiu cho ngi mua mua c hng ng yu cu, nm
vng cch s dng an ton c hiu qu.
-Khng c t sang chai, ng gi l, t gi ln sang gi nh. Mi loi thuc khi by
bn ti ca hng hay trong kho phi l bao b nguyn do c s sn xut gia cng ng gi vi
y du, tem nt, bo him chng hng gi.
-Khi bn nhng thuc BVTV b hn ch s dng, cn cung cp cho ngi mua nhng
iu hn ch c th vi tng loi thuc.
4.3.Trch nhim ngi mua thuc BVTV:
-Ch mua nhng thuc ng trong chai l bao gi cn nguyn. Khng mua thuc
nhng ca hng khng ng k kinh doanh thuc.
-Tnh lng thuc cn mua ng lng trnh phi lu tr thuc nh. Nn lin kt
cng nhau dng mua nhng bao b cha lng thuc ln.
-Khng t thay i bao b trong qu trnh lu tr.
-Khi dng cc thuc hn ch s dng, cn nm vng phm vi s dng thuc ( loi cy
trng v giai on sinh trng; trn nhng khu vc v cch dng).

4.4.X l v trong khi vn chuyn, bo qun thuc BVTV:
Nu thuc b ra t, sn xe: Tuyt i khng dng nc ra. Dng t bt, vi bt,
mn ca bao quanh khu vc r r, thm ht thuc, no sch lp t thm thuc, dn sch cho vo
ti nha ri chn. Ngn tr em, ngi khng c phn s vo ni thuc b .
Thng xuyn kim tra chai l ng thuc. Nu thy chai r r, ti thuc b v cn cho
cc chai ti y vo ti nha tin di chuyn, x l.
CU HI N TP:
1/ Nhng yu cu ca vic qun l thuc BVTV?
2/ Hiu th no v cc nhm thuc BVTV cm s dng, c php s dng, hn ch s dng v
thuc ngoi danh mc Vit nam?
3/ Nhng ni dung c bn phi tun theo ca ngi sn xut, kinh doanh v s dng thuc
BVTV ; bin php x l v trong qu trnh vn chuyn bo qun thuc BVTV ?


3/ Nhng c im ca cc loi thuc tr su tho mc?
4/ So snh c im ca cc nhm thuc pyrethroid, ln hu c, cacbamat, nereistoxin,
neonicotinoid, amidin, arylpyrrole, fiprole, focmamidin, oxadiazine, pyridazinon ?
5/ Nhng hiu bit v nhm thuc iu ho sinh trng cn trng: Khi nim, c im, phm vi
ng dng v u im ca chng so vi cc thuc tr su ho hc?
6/ Nhng hiu bit c bn v thuc tr su vi sinh : c im v cch s dng c g khc nhau
gia cc thuc trong nhm?
7/ Nhng hiu bit c bn v cc sn phm tr su vi sinh ?
8/ Nhng hiu bit c bn v cht dn d , xua ui, trit sn cn trng ?
9/ Nhng hiu bit v thuc tr nhn ?
10/ Nhng hiu bit v thuc tr cc loi nhuyn th?
11/ Nhng hiu bit v thuc tr tuyn trng?
12/ Nhng hiu bit v thuc tr chut thng thng, thuc chng ng mu v thuc sinh hc?

CHNG VIII
THUC TR BNH
Thuc tr bnh cn gi l thuc tr nm , gm cc hp cht c ngun gc ho hc (v c
v hu c) v sinh hc (vi sinh vt v cc sn phm ca chng, ngun gc thc vt), c tc dng
ngn nga hay dit tr cc loi vi sinh vt ( theo quan nim trc y ch gm cc loi nm v vi
khun ) gy hi cho cy trng v nng sn ( bng cch phun ln b mt cy, x l ging v x l
t... T gia thp nin 90 ca th k 20, xut hin mt s ch phm thuc tr bnh c kh
nng phng tr bnh mt s bnh do virut gy ra trn cy h c. Bn cnh kh
nng tr bnh, mt s thuc tr bnh cn c kh nng tr tuyn trng, tr su v tr c. Thuc
tr bnh khng c tc dng cha tr nhng bnh do yu t phi sinh vt (thi tit khng thun li
cho s pht trin ca cy; do t; do ng; hn...). Thuc tr bnh c tc dng bo v cy trng
tt hn l dit ngun bnh. Tr mt s thuc tr bnh thu ngn hu c, rt c vi ng vt c
v, cn ni chung, c cp tnh ca cc thuc tr bnh thp hn cc thuc tr su. C nhiu
cch phn loi thuc tr bnh: -Cn c vo i tng tc ng, thuc tr bnh c ba nhm:
+Thuc tr vi khun (Bactericide) : l thuc tr bnh nhng c hiu lc ch yu vi cc
loi vi khun. +Thuc tr nm ( Fungicide) : l thuc tr bnh, nhng c hiu lc cao i vi
nm gy bnh. Thng thng, thuc tr nm t c kh nng tr vi khun; nhng thuc tr vi
khun cn c kh nng tr nhiu loi nm bnh. +Thuc tr virut ( Viruside): l thuc tr
bnh, c hiu lc tr cc bnh virut hi cy trng. Nhng thuc ny cng c kh nng tr c
mt s bnh do nm v vi khun gy ra. Ring t Fungicides, nu dng chung, phi hiu l
thuc tr bnh. Chng bao gm cc hp cht c hiu lc tr vi khun, tr nm hay c hai v
hin nay gm c mt s thuc tr virut. -Da vo c tnh tc ng thuc tr bnh c chia
thnh 3 nhm: +Thuc tr bnh c tc dng dit tr: L cc thuc c tc dng ni hp v
khng sinh, hoc cc sn phm chuyn ho ca chng c kh nng ngn nga hoc tiu dit cc
giai on sinh sn ca nm, vi khun c bn ngoi v bn trong cy gip cy phc hi. Mt s
khc, thuc c th gy nn nhng bin i trong qu trnh sinh l, sinh ho ca cy, to nn min
dch ho hc ca cy i vi vt gy bnh. Chng c tc dng c phng v tr bnh. tr cc
bnh, cc loi thuc trong nhm c th c s dng mun hn thuc tr bnh c tc dng
phng. Nhng tt nht, cc thuc ny nn s dng sm, khi bnh mi pht, s em li hiu qu
cao hn.


+Thuc tr bnh c tc dng phng hay l thuc tr bnh c kh nng ngn nga s xm
nhp: l cc thuc c tc dng tip xc, c kh nng ngn chn s ly lan ca nm v vi khun,
nhng khng c tc dng tiu dit nm bnh khi chng xm nhp vo bn trong cy trng.
Cc thuc tr nm hin nay phn ln nm trong nhm ny. tr bnh c hiu qu, cn dng
cc thuc ny sm, khi ngun bnh mi chm pht hay c kh nng xut hin. Cc thuc ny
phi c tri u trn b mt cc b phn thn, l, qu ca cy v ht ging. + Thuc tr
bnh c tc dng ngn cn kh nng hnh thnh c th mi: l cc thuc tr bnh, tuy khng c
kh nng tiu dit hay ngn nga vi sinh vt gy hi xm nhp, nhng li tc ng trc tip n
vi sinh vt gy hi, hoc lm tng sc khng cho cy, ngn cn vi sinh vt gy hi khng hnh
thnh c cc c th mi, ko di thi gian bnh, gip cy vt qua c giai on nhim
bnh. Hin c 7 hot cht thuc dit virut u nm trong nhm ny.Ningnanmycin: l mt loi
khng sinh mi, do Streptomyces noursei var. xichangensis ln men to thnh, c c thp
vi ng vt. Ninnangmycin c ph tc ng rng, tr c nhiu loi bnh do nm, vi khun
trn nhiu cy trng nh la, rau mu, cy cng nghip ngn ngy, di ngy v c bit c hiu
qu vi mt s bnh virus nh TMV, CMV v PYV trn thuc l, t, c chua, khoai ty.
Ninnangmycin l hn hp ca 17 acid amin, mt s vitamin thit yu nht cho c th
sinh vt v mt s nguyn t vi lng.V th, Ninnangmycin l cht iu tit sinh trng ca sinh
vt theo hai hng khc nhau: +Vi cy trng: iu tit sinh trng ca cy theo hng
c li: kch thch cy ht cht dinh dng mnh v cn i hn, gip cy tng hp cht dinh
dng nhiu v tt hn, gip cy kho, tng sc chng chu vi nhng iu kin thi tit bt li
( kh hn, rt ), lm tng kh nng chng chu ca cy vi cc loi sinh vt gy hi ( bnh v su
hi), lm tng nng sut v cht lng nng sn. +i vi sinh vt gy hi: iu tit qu trnh
sinh trng ca nm v vi khun bng cch km hm cc qu trnh sinh trng ca nm v vi
khun, km hm hot ng ca cc loi men c trong c th chng, cn tr qu trnh to nguyn
sinh cht ca vi khun, ngn cn s hnh thnh vch t bo nm v s hnh thnh bo t dn n
vch t bo ca nm bnh v nguyn sinh cht ca vi khun khng hnh thnh c.
Ninnangmycin ngn cn s hnh thnh cc phn t virus ( ngn cn s tng hp protein v ARN),
lm gim nng virus trong cy, ko di thi gian bnh, gip cy vt nhanh qua giai on
d nhim bnh. Thm ch trong mt s trng hp, ninnangmycin cn c tc dng lm ngng tc
th s pht trin ca virus trn cy b bnh.
- lu ngi dng thuc tr bnh c thc hn ch s hnh thnh tnh chng thuc
ca vt gy bnh, ngi ta cn phn loi thuc tr bnh theo c ch tc ng ca thuc, nh:
Km hm sinh tng hp protein. km hm phn bo c t; Km hm sinh tng hp mng t bo;
Km hm s kh methyl ca cc steroid; Km hm sinh tng hp ergosterol; Km hm h hp
ca ty th.
- Di y l cch phn loi cc thuc tr bnh da theo ngun gc ho hc:
1. NHM THUC CHA THU NGN
Bao gm cc hp cht thu ngn v c v hu c, c dng phun ln cy, x l ht
ging la cho nhiu loi cy mu, cy n qu, cy cng nghip; mt s rt t c dng x l
t ( ngoi tc dng tr nm v vi khun, cn c tc dng tr su). Cc thuc tr bnh hu c
thu ngn c hiu lc tr bnh khng cao bng cc hp cht v c. bay hi ca thuc cng
cao, hiu lc tr bnh cng mnh.
Khi xm nhp vo c th, cc thuc thu ngn v c gy ngng t nguyn sinh cht,
lm cho sinh vt b cht.


Cc hp cht thu ngn hu c li phn ng vi cc acid amin ca protid hoc ca men
amilase, cytocromoxidase v h men c cha sulfuhidrin, ph hu chc nng sng ca sinh vt.
Tt c cc thuc trong nhm ny u rt c i vi ngi v ng vt mu nng v tn
lu v tch lu trong mi trng. Trong c th ng vt c v, chng gy hi h thn kinh trung
ng, gy ri lon c ng, ging ni run, sc nhn v nghe b gim, hot ng ca tim, phi,
gan, thn b thay i, gy ng c ton thn.
Tuy c c vi dch hi cao, nhng do thuc qu c vi ng vt v tn ti lu trong
mi trng, nn hin nay, nhm thuc ny hu nh khng cn c dng trong nng nghip.
Vit nam, cc thuc trong nhm u nm trong danh mc cm s dng.
2. NHM THUC CHA NG
L nhm thuc tr bnh ln, c dng t lu. Cc thuc c dng ph bin trong nhm
l cc loi hp cht v c. y l nhng thuc c ph tc ng rng, ngoi tc dng tr nm v
vi khun, chng cn c hiu lc cao vi ru, to v l thuc gy ngn cho cn trng. Ngoi ra
thuc cn c dng x l vi, da thuc...
L nhng thuc tr bnh tip xc, c dng phun ln l vi tc dng bo v. Thuc c
tc dng hn ch s ny mm ca bo t. Ion ng (Cu
++
) hp th trn b mt bo t, tch lu
n nng cao, dit bo t.
Cc thuc trong nhm t c vi ng vt mu nng, khng nh hng xu n cy
trng( v ng cng l mt nguyn t vi lng rt cn thit cho cy). Khng tch lu trong t.
Cc thuc trong nhm hin nay: Bn thuc c dng ph bin nht hin nay l Copper
citrat, Copper hydroxide (ru, nm, vi khun); Copper oxychloride (tr nm v vi khun);
Copper sulfat (dng n tr nm, vi khun, to hay lm nguyn liu iu ch cc thuc
khc). Ngoi ra cn Copper octanoate (nm, vi khun, to); Copper sulfat tribasis; Coprous
oxid; Oxine copper-8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate (nm, vi khun). Dung dch Bordeaux (booc)
c hiu lc tr nm v vi khun cao, nhng pha ch phc tp, nn b hn ch dn).
3. NHM THUC LU HUNH V C
Lu hunh nguyn t:
c dng n ( ch yu xng hi) hay lm nguyn liu iu ch hay hn hp vi
cc thuc tr bnh khc.
L cht phn ng thiol khng c trng, c ch h hp. Thuc tr nm tip xc, c tc
dng bo v; ph rng, ngoi tc dng tr nm cn c kh nng dit nhn.
Thuc t c vi ng vt mu nng. B phn hu kh nhanh v khng tch lu trong c
th. Khng c vi chim ct, c, ong v nhiu loi cn trng c ch khc (b ra n cn trng),
nhng c th gy c cho mt s loi ong k sinh.
Calcium polysulfide (CaS. Sx) : Thuc tr nm v tr nhn
iu ch bng cch nu 2 phn lu hunh nguyn t + 1 phn vi sng + 10 phn nc.
Nc ct thu c dng lng, mu mn chn, c mi trng thi. T trng t cao nht 1.285
tng ng 32
o
B. Tan tt trong nc. B CO2 v cc axit phn hu, to thnh mui sunfua
khng tan. Sn phm phn hu l lu hunh, kh H2S v mui sulfua kim loi.
Calcium polysulfide c tc dng tr nm v khi phn hu to thnh lu hunh nguyn t
cng c tc dng phng bnh. Thuc c tc dng tr nm ph rng; ngoi ra cn tr c rp
sp v nhn. Hin nay c thuc gia cng sn bn trn th trng. It c vi ng vt mu
nng.
4. CC THUC TR BNH SINH HC


4.1. Cc thuc khng sinh:
L nhng sn phm do sinh vt sn sinh ra, c tc dng km hm s pht trin ca vi
khun v nm gy bnh cho ng thc vt. C hng trm loi khng sinh khc nhau c pht
hin v lp x khun Artinomycetales l ngun sn sinh cc loi khng sinh ln nht. Bn cnh
cc loi khng sinh phng tr ng vt, cn c nhiu loi khng sinh dng tr bnh hi cy
trng gm:
Blasticidin-S: Sn xut bng s ln men ca Streptomyces griseochromogenas.
Thuc tr nm tip xc c tc dng bo v v dit tr. Km hm sinh tng hp protein. Tr o
n la Pyiricularia oryzae (c bit giai on Magnaporthe grisea) liu 10-40g/ha. Thuc tuy
c vi ng vt c v, nhng trong thc t li rt an ton do dng vi lng thp.
Gentamicin sulfate: Thuc tr vi khun, khi phun ln l. It c. D b phn hu trong
mi trng.
Griseofunvin: Sn phm chuyn ho ca Penicillium griseofulvum c kh nng tr nhiu
bnh hi cy trng.
Kasugamycin : Sn xut bng s ln men ca Streptomyces kasugaensis.
Thuc tr nm v tr vi khun ni hp, c tc dng bo v v dit tr. Kasugamycin km
hm sinh tng hp protein, km hm s kt ni Met-RNA n phc mRNA 30S, ngn cn s
hp nht cc amino acid. Km hm mnh s pht trin ca si nm o n la Pyricularia
oryzae, km hm yu s ny mm bo t, hnh thnh gic bm trn b mt hay lm gim s xm
nhp ca nm vo t bo biu b. Xm nhp nhanh vo m cy v vn chuyn trong cy. Ngc
li Kasugamycin, km hm mnh bo t Cladosprium fulvum khoai ty ny mm, nhng km hm
yu s pht trin ca si nm. c dng phng tr bnh nm v vi khun hi la, rau, cy
n qu, ma v nhiu cy trng khc. Thuc t c vi ng vt c v, c, chim v ng vt
hoang d.
Mildiomycin: C hiu lc chng bnh r st, mc sng trn 15 cy trng.
Ningnanmycin: thuc khng sinh mi, do Streptomyces noursei var. xichangensis ln
men to thnh. C c thp vi ng vt. Ningnanmycin c ph tc ng rng. Tr c nhiu
loi bnh do nm, vi khun trn nhiu cy trng nh la, rau mu, cy cng nghip ngn ngy,
di ngy v c bit c hiu qu vi mt s bnh nh TMV, CMV, v PYV trn thuc l, t, c
chua, khoai ty.
Ningnanmycin l hn hp ca 17 acid amin, mt s vitamin thit yu nht cho c th
sinh vt v nguyn t vi lng. V th, Ningnanmycin l cht iu tit ca c th sinh vt theo
hai hng khc nhau :
Vi cy trng: iu tit sinh trng ca cy theo hng c li: kch thch cy ht dinh
dng mnh v cn i hn, gip cho cy trng tng hp cht dinh dng nhiu v tt hn, gip
cy kho, tng sc chng chu vi nhng iu kin thi tit bt li ( kh hn, rt), lm tng kh
nng chng chu ca cy vi cc loi sinh vt gy hi (bnh v su hi), lm tng nng sut v
cht lng nng sn.
i vi sinh vt gy hi: iu tit qu trnh sinh trng ca nm v vi khun bng cch
km hm qu trnh sinh trng ca nm v vi khun , km hm hot ng ca cc loi men c
trong c th ca chng, cn tr qu trnh to nguyn sinh cht ca vi khun, ngn cn s hnh
thnh vch t bo nm v s hnh thnh bo t dn n vch t bo ca nm bnh v nguyn sinh
cht ca vi khun khng c hnh thnh. Ningnanmycin ngn cn s hnh thnh cc phn t
virus (ngn cn s hnh thnh protein v ARN), lm gim nng virus trong cy, ko di thi


gian bnh gip cy vt qua giai on d nhim bnh. Thm tr trong mt s trng hp,
Ningnanmycin cn c tc dng lm ngng tc th s pht trin ca virus trn cy b bnh
Oxytetracycline: Thuc tr vi khun. Sn xut bng s ln men ca Streptomyces
rimosus. Oxytetracycline km hm sinh tng hp protein ca vi khun bng cch bao vy s kt
ni on phn t ribozom 30S n 50S ca vi khun. t c vi ng vt c v. Trn cy,
thuc xm nhp nhanh qua l (qua kh khng), vn chuyn nhanh n cc m khc ca cy. L
loi thuc khng sinh tr vi khun, nhng thng c hn hp vi Streptomycin ngn nga
vi khun hnh thnh tnh khng thuc vi Streptomycin . Dit tr cc bnh vi khun nh
Erwinia amylovora, cc bnh gy ra do Pseudomonas v Xanthomonas. Cng c hiu lc chng
cc bnh do mycoplasma gy ra.
Polyoxins: Thuc tr nm. Sn xut bng s ln men ca Streptomyces cacaoi var.
asoensis. Gy sng ng mm bo t v nh si nm bnh, lm cho chng khng th gy bnh
c. Mt khc, Polyoxins km hm to vch t bo nm bnh. Polyoxins c hiu lc phng tr
nhiu loi nm gy bnh nh : nm m l Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Sphaeroteca
spp. v cc nm phn trng khc, Sclerotium sclerotiorum, Corynespora melonis, Cochliobolus
miyabeanus. Khng c hiu lc chng vi khun v cc loi men khc.
Streptomycin : Sn xut bng s ln men ca Streptomyces griseus v c bn dng
sesquisulfat. Thuc tr nhiu loi vi khun gy bnh trn cy n qu, rau, khoai ty, c chua,
bng v cy cnh vi tc ng ni hp. Streptomycin km hm sinh tng hp protein ca vi
khun bng cch bao vy kt ni on phn t ribozom 30S ca vi khun v c nhm cc m
gen trong qu trnh sinh tng hp protein. Vi khun d hnh thnh tnh khng thuc.
Validamycin: Thuc tr nm khng ni hp. Sn xut bng s ln men ca Streptomyces
hygroscopicus var. limoneus. Validamycin tuy khng dit trc tip nm Rhizoctonia solani,
nhng gy phn nhnh bt thng nh nm bnh, lm nm ngng pht trin. c tr nm
Rhizoctonia solani. Validamycin c kh nng km hm men trihelase trong nm Rhizoctonia
solani. Triheloza l ni ct gi hydratcacbon ca nm bnh v s tiu ho triheloza ch yu nh
men ny v vn chuyn gluco n u si nm.
Xeloxidin: Sn xut bng s ln men ca Streptomyces chibaensis, c hiu tr bnh bc
l la. Khng sinh ny n gin, d tng hp.
4.2. Cc nm v vi khun k sinh tr bnh:
Nhiu loi nm v vi khun c kh nng cnh tranh vi nm v vi khun c nghin
cu tr nhiu nm v vi khun hi cy trng. Cc loi ph bin c dng hin nay gm:
Bacillus subtilis: Sn xut bng qu trnh ln men. Vi khun Bacillus subtilis h r
cnh tranh vi cc sinh vt tn cng h r. c dng x l ht ging tr Rhizoctonia solani,
Fusarium spp., Alternasria spp... trn bng, hnh v cc cy trng khc. Phun ln l tr
Botrytis cinyrea trn c chua, du ty v Sphaerotheca aphanis trn du ty.
Candida oleophila: Sn xut bng qu trnh ln men. Nm chn lc chng cc bnh sau
thu hoch ca cy c mi v cc cy n qu nc.
Coniothyrium minitans: Sn xut bng qu trnh ln men. Xm nhp vo t bo bng
phn hu men v p lc, gy x cng mi b mch. T bo cht ca t bo b lan to gy co
nguyn sinh, kt t li v to nhng hc nh v vch tError! Reference source not found. bo
b ph hu dn. Qu trnh ny bao gm c s sn sinh chitin v -1,3-glucanase. Si nm ca C.
minitans trong v t bo thng c lysin. Cc nm k sinh pht trin nhanh, th ng cng v
cc ti bo t c to thnh trong v trn b mt ca th cng di 15 ngy trong iu kin
l tng.


Fusarium oxysporum: Sn xut bng qu trnh ln men lng. Fusarium oxysporum chng
Fo 47 khng gy bnh. N pht trin trong vng r cy trng, cnh tranh vi cc chng gy
bnh. Fusarium oxysporum chng Fo 47 cnh tranh dinh dng mnh hn cc vi sinh vt khc
vng r; ngn khng cho cc vi sinh vt t khc trn b mt h thng r n gy bnh. Suy ra
rng Fusarium oxysporum chng Fo 47 hot ho h thng min dch t ng ca cy, to iu
kin cho cy sn sinh cht alexin, cht km hm Fusarium sn sinh cc men tiu hu v gii c
acid fusaric do cc chng gy bnh sinh ra.
Gliocladium catenulatum: Sn xut bng qu trnh ln men. Thuc tr nm vi sinh vi
tc dng bo v mnh hn dit tr. Dit cc nm trong t Pythium spp.; Rhizoctonia spp. v
Phytop hthora spp.; cc nm trn nng sn sau thu hoch hay trn l Botrytis spp., Didymella spp.
v Helminthosporium spp. Dit nm bnh bng: sn sinh ra khng sinh dit bnh; k sinh trn
nm bnh v cnh tranh dinh dng.
Mildiomycin: Sn xut bng qu trnh ln men. Km hm sinh tng hp protein trong
nm bng cch km hm men peptidyltransferase. C tc dng dit tr vi tnh ni hp yu. Dit
tr bnh phn trng Erysiphe spp., Uncinula necator, Podosphaera spp. v Sphaerotheca spp.
trn cy cnh liu 5-10g/100lit nc.
Streptomyces griseoviridis: Sn xut bng qu trnh ln men. Hiu lc tr bnh ph thuc
vo cc nhn t, gm s cnh tranh sng trn b mt v dinh dng; to thm cc men phn
hu cellulose tiu hu vch t bo nm bnh v sn sinh ra cc cht khng nm th cp.
Streptomyces griseoviridis chng K 61 cn lm tng sc sng, lm tng s pht trin ca cy
trng kho, tng tnh khng nm trong t ca cy.
Trichoderma harzianum v cc loi Trichoderma khc: Pht hin kh nng dit nm
1987. Nm 1998 hng lot chng nm mi ra i. Trichoderma spp. l thnh phn ca qun th
vi sinh vt t, c sn xut bng qu trnh ln men. C nhiu chng khc nhau c dng
chng cc loi nm trong t Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Thelaviopsis, Cylindroclaium,
Myrothecium, Botrytis v Sclerotinia. Chng l nhng nm k sinh, km hm s pht sinh ca
nm gy bnh bng cch xm thc v k sinh si nm; cnh tranh dinh dng mnh hn cc
nm gy bnh. Nm Trichoderma harzianum chng T-22 c hiu lc mnh hn trong r cy
trng v s ho tan ca cc cht dinh dng khc nhau. iu ci thin h thng r cng
vi s cung cp dinh dng nhiu hn trong t.
4.3. Cc thuc tho mc tr bnh :
Gn y, mt s hp cht ngun gc tho mc c dng tr bnh hi cy trng.
L nhng thuc tr bnh tip xc v ni hp, c hiu lc km hm si nm pht trin,
khng ly lan. Tr nhiu loi nm v vi khun hi la, rau v nhiu loi cy trng khc. Rt an
ton vi cy trng, con ngi, mi sinh v mi trng nh Acide acrylic v Acide ginkgoic. Cc
t hp du thc vt c tc dng tr nm tip xc nh Eugenol ( c trong du inh hng
Syzygium aromaticum; du qu Cinnamomum spp. v hng nhu Ocimum spp.) tr bnh kh
vn hi la; gi sng mai (Pseudoperonospora) v phn trng hi da chut, sng mai c
chua; m nu, m xm hi ch; phn trng hi hoa hng; TP-Zep (du mng tang, du x, du
hng, du hng nhu, du chanh) c dng tr mc sng c chua; m nu, m xm, thi
bp ch; phn trng, m en hoa hng; o n, bc l la; nm mui en Capnodium sp. nhn .
4.4.Cc thuc tr bnh sinh hc khc:
Mt s sn phm c ngun gc sinh hc khc cng c dng tr bnh nh Oligo-
chitosan ( cht c chit xut t v tm, c tc dng tr bnh cho cy, bo qun hoa qu v tr


bng cho ngi); Olicide tr c nhiu loi bnh nh r st trn ch, sng mai bp ci . Phun
phng nh k khi cy ang sinh trng v dng bo qun hoa qu.
5. NHM ALKYLLENBISDITHIOCARBAMAT
L nhm thuc c s dng rt lu. Thuc c tc ng tip xc ( tc dng bo v l
ch yu), c ph tc ng rng. C ch tc ng: Phn ng khng c trng vi nhm thiol, gy
nh hng n qu trnh h hp. Ring c ch tc ng ca Propioneb l cha r. t c vi ng
vt mu nng. Cc thuc ph bin trong nhm: Mancozeb; Maneb; Metiram; Nabam;
Propioneb; Mancopper.
6. NHM ANALIN PYRIMIDINE
Nhm thuc tr nm mi, khng ln, cha c ph bin rng, nhng c trin vng. C
ch tc ng l: km hm sinh tng hp v s sn sinh cc men thu phn; dn n km hm
sinh trng ca si nm. Mt s thuc trong nhm khng gy khng cho vi cc thuc tr nm
nhm benzimidazole, carbamat, dicarboximid, imidazole, morpholine, quinolin, strobilurin hay
triazol ( nh Cyprodinil ); mt s khc c tc dng ni hp hay ch c tc dng tip xc. Cc
thuc ch yu trong nhm : Cyprodinil v Mepanipyrim.
7. NHM AROMATIC HYDROCARBON
Mt nhm thuc mi, nh, cha c nhiu sn phm. Cc thuc trong nhm u peoxi ho
lipid ca t bo nm bnh; c tc dng bo v l chnh v dit tr. Ph rng. It c vi ng vt
mu nng. Mt s cn c dng ngm tm giy bc qu chng s xm nhim ca nm bnh.
Cc thuc ph bin trong nhm: Etridiazole, Biphenyl, Chlorophenyl, Dicloram, Tolilofos-
methyl
8. NHM BENZIMIDAZOL
Nhm thuc tr bnh mnh, c dng kh ph bin, c tc dng ni hp, c tc dng
phng v tr. Ph tc ng rng. Ngoi vic phng tr bnh cho cy, cn c thuc c dng x
l bo v nng sn sau thu hoch (Thiabendazole). Thuc xm nhp qua r v l, vn chuyn
hng ngn ch yu. C ch: km hm phn bo c t bng cch bao vy - tubulin v lm gim
s sinh trng v pht trin ca nm. Mt s nm khng c mt s thuc trong nhm
(Carbendazim b cc nm Botrytis, Cercospora, Colletotrichum, Erysiphe, Fusarium, Monilia,
Mycosphaerella, Penicillium, Pseudocercosporella, Pyrenophora, Septoria, Venturia khng).
Thuc t c vi ngi, ng vt mu nng v cy trng cng nh mi trng. Cc thuc c
dng ph bin trong nhm: Benomyl; Carbendazim; Debacarb; Fuberidazole; Thiabendazole;
Thiophanate- methyl; Thiophanate- ethyl.
9. NHM CARBOXAMID
Nhm thuc mi c dng x l ht ging(ch yu), phun ln cy v x l t. Ph
rng, ni hp, c tc dng bo v v dit tr. Tc ng ch yu n s vn chuyn in t trong
ty th. Cc thuc ch yu trong nhm: Boscalid; Carboxin; Flutolanil; Furametpyr;
Oxycarboxin; Thifluzamide .
10. NHM CINNAMIC ACID
Nhm thuc tr nm nh, c pht hin vo cui nhng nm 80 ca th k 20. C tc
dng bo v v dit tr. Dit cc loi nm trong b Oomycetes bng cch km hm s to vch
t bo, chng bo t ny mm. Cc thuc trong nhm: Dimethomorph v Flumorph .
11. NHM CYANO ACETAMIDE OXIME


Nhm thuc tr nm nh, c pht hin vo cui nhng nm 80 ca th k 20. Thuc
tr nm c tc dng bo v, dit tr v hiu lc ko di. Km hm bo t ny mm v s pht
trin ca tn nm. Hai thuc ng ch : Cymoxanil tr Peronospora trn nhiu cy trng v
thng hn hp vi cc thuc tr bnh khc; Monilia, Sclerotinia, Alternarria, Corticium,
Fusarium, Helminthosporium, Phoma, Rhizoctonia... trn nhiu cy trng khc nhau.
12. NHM DN XUT CA AXIT CACBAMIC
Gm nhiu nhm thuc tr nm nh, c pht hin cui thp k 70 ca th k 20.
-Thuc Cacbamat: Thuc tr nm ni hp c tc dng phng v tr. Xm nhp qua l v
r. Ph rng, tr nhiu loi nm bnh trn nhiu cy trng khc nhau bng cch km hm gim
s sinh trng ca si nm v s pht trin ca bo t. Cc thuc thng dng: Propamocarb v
Propamocarb hydrochloride
-Amino acid amid carbamat: Nhm thuc tr nm bo v v dit tr. Ph rng. Km
hm sinh tng hp mng t bo, nh hng xu n sinh trng ng mm ca du ng bo t v
bo t ti; s pht trin ca si nm v ny mm bo t ca nm Oomycet. Mi c
Benthiavalicarb- isopropyl v Iprovalicarb bn trn th trng.
-N-phenyl carbamate: Mi c Diethofencarb trn th trng. Km hm phn bo c t,
bng cch bao vy beta-tubulin. Thuc tr nm ni hp vi tc dng bo v v dit tr. Thm
nhanh qua r v l, vn chuyn trong cy. Km hm s phn bo c t trong ng mm mc xanh.
Dng tr nhng nm chng benzimidazol ca nm Botrytis, Cercosporra, Venturia... t c
13. NHM DICARBOXIMIDE
Thuc tr nm tip xc c tc dng bo v v dit tr. Km hm s ny mm ca bo t
v s pht trin si nm. Thuc tr nm ph rng, tr nhiu loi nm nh Alternaria, Botrytis,
Corticium, Fusarium, Helminthosporium, Monilia, Phoma, Sclerotinia trn nhiu cy trng khc
nhau. Cc thuc trong nhm: Chlozolinate; Iprodione( c bit ph bin); Procymidone,
Vinclozolin.
14. NHM DIMETHYL DITHIOCARBAMATE
Nhm thuc tr nm c t lu. Gm cc loi mui ca acid dithiocacbamic, acid ethylen-
bis-dithiocacbamic v thiuramdisulfua, c dng phun ln cy, x l ging, x l t. Hot
tnh tr nm tng t nh nhau.
Cc loi thuc tr nm tip xc c tc dng bo v. Mt s trong chng cn c kh
nng gy min dch vi thc vt.
Thuc khng gy hi i vi thc vt; t c vi ng vt mu nng.
Thuc tr bnh c tc dng bo v. Ph tc ng rng. Dng n hay hn hp vi cc
thuc tr bnh khc. C ch tc ng cha c nghin cu cha ; nhng chng c th
km hm mt s men cha ng v nhm sulhydryl (Ziram); hay phn ng thiol khng in hnh,
km hm h hp(Zineb). Cc thuc ch yu: Ferbam; Thiram; Zineb; Ziram.
15. NHM GUANIDIN
Nhm thuc tr nm nh, c tc dng bo v l chnh; dng phun ln cy (t), x l
ging. C ch tc ng l km hm chc nng mng t bo v sinh tng hp lipid ti cc im
khc nhau ca cc thuc tr nm km hm s kh methyl ca cc steroid. Cc thuc chnh trong
nhm: Dodin; Guazatine; Iminoctadine.
16. NHM IMIDAZOLE


Nhm thuc tr nm mi, c pht trin t nm 1977, nay vn cn ang pht trin
mnh, c nhiu trin vng. Phn ln cc thuc trong nhm mang tnh ni hp, c tc dng phng
v tr nm. Dng phun ln l hay x l ging, tr nhiu loi bnh trn nhiu loi cy trng.
C ch cc thuc trong nhm l km hm s kh methyl (sinh tng hp ergosterol). Dng liu
trung bnh. Cc thuc trong nhm: Imazalil; Oxapoconazole fumarate; Pefurazoate;
Prochlorax; Triflumizole
17. NHM MEN KH (Reductase)
c pht trin mnh trong thp k 70 ca th k 20. Thuc tr nm ni hp, phun ln l
hay x l ht vi tc dng bo v, tr bnh o n la (nh Tricyclazole, Pyroquilon ) hay tr
cc bnh nm khc (nh Pyroquilon, Phthalid) bng cch km hm sinh tng hp melanin (lm
gim1,3,8-trihydroxynaph-thalene). Cc thuc chnh trong nhm: Phthalid, Tricyclazole ( hai
thuc ny c dng ph bin Vit nam); Pyroquilon v Vermelon.

18. NHM MEN KH NC (Dehdratase)
Nhm thuc tr nm c pht hin vo nhng nm 80 v pht trin r vo nhng nm
90 ca th k 20; hin cha c nhiu trn th trng, nhng l nhm thuc c trin vng cho ng
cc. Dng phun ln cy v x l ging, c tc dng bo v v hiu lc di. Liu dng kh thp.
C ch tc ng kh phc tp: Carpropamide v Fenoxanil cng km hm cc men kh nc t
scytalon n trihydroxynaphthalen v t vermelon n dihydroxy-naphthalen ca bnh o n;
ngoi ra Carpropamide lm tng s sn sinh phytoalexin trong cy la nhim bnh o n; cn
Fenoxanil km hm sinh tng hp melanin ca bnh o n. Diclocymet: km hm s to thnh
vch ngn v s pht trin ca si nm; Fenfuram: km hm chc nng ca ty th bng cch gy
ri phc II ( men succinate dehydrogenase) vn chuyn in t trong qu trnh h hp; Flutriafol:
km hm sinh tng hp ergosterol ( ph hu vch t bo nm v km hm s pht trin si
nm). Cc thuc chnh trong nhm: Carpropamide; Diclocymet; Fenfuram; Fenoxanil;
Flutriafol.
19. NHM MORPHOLIN
Nhm ln cha nitrogen. Thuc tr nm ni hp phun ln l c tc dng bo v v dit
tr, lan truyn khp cy. Thuc c hiu lc tr bnh phn trng Erysiphae spp. trn nhiu loi
cy trng. Ngoi ra cn tr c mt s bnh trn mt s cy trng khc. Km hm sinh tng
hp ergosterol bng cch km hm s kh steroid ca men steroid-
14
-reductase v s ng phn
ho ca men
8
n
7
isomerase. Cc thuc trong nhm c: Dodemorph; Fenpropidin;
Fenpropimorph; Morpholine; Piperidine; Spiroxamine: Tridemorph .
20. NHM PHENYL AMID ACYLALANINE
c pht hin t cui nhng nm 70 ca th k 20. Thuc tr nm ni hp c tc dng
bo v v tr bnh. Ph rng. Thm qua r, thn, l, vn chuyn hng ngn, n mi b phn
ca cy. Km hm sinh tng hp protein trong nm bng cch gy tr ngi cho vic tng hp
RNA ca ribosom (Furalaxyl, Metalaxyl v Metalaxyl M) hay km hm men nucleic RNA-
polymerase (Benalaxyl). Liu dng 250-400g/ha. Cc thuc chnh trong nhm: Benalaxyl,
Furalaxyl, Metalaxyl v Metalaxyl M.
21. NHM PHTHALMIDE
C 3 thuc chnh Captafol; Captan; Folpet. Thuc tr nm v vi khun tip xc c tc
dng bo v v dit tr. Ph rng, tr nhiu bnh phn trng, m l, so, thi, l c r trn cy


n qu , cy c mi, nho, khoai ty, c chua, da chut, hnh, cy cnh... bng cch phun ln cy
v x l t vi c ch phn ng thiol khng c trng. Km hm h hp v bo t ny mm.
22. NHM PYRIMIDIAMINE
Nhm thuc tr nm nh (c 3 thuc trong nhm), pht trin cui nhng nm 70 v thp
k 80 ca th k 20. Cc thuc trong nhm u l nhng thuc c tc dng bo v v dit tr,
nhng vi c ch rt khc nhau: km hm phc I ca h hp (Diflumetorim); km hm sinh tng
hp ergosterol (km hm kh methyl) (Fenarimol); km hm s kh methyl ca steroid (sinh
tng hp ergosterol), gy ri phn chia bo t (Nuarimol).
23. NHM QUINONE
Nhm thuc nh. c tnh cc thuc trong nhm rt khc nhau. Dithianon dit nm bng
cch phn ng li vi nhm thiol v gy ri s h hp ca t bo; Ethoxyquin km hm s oxi
ho ca men -farnesene c tc dng sn sinh c t gy cht biu b t bo. Quinoxyfen gy ri
sinh trng; km hm s kh methyl ca sterol, nhng km hm s vn chuyn in t trong ty
th, khng km hm men dihydroyortate dehydrogenase( mt enzym c trong s sinh tng hp
pyrimidin). C tc dng bo v thng qua km hm s pht trin gic bm.

24. NHM STROBIN
Nhm thuc tr nm ni hp, c tc dng phng bnh v dit tr gm 2 nhm nh:
Azoystrobin ( nhm Metoxy acrylate ) v Azoystrobin ( nhm Oximino acetamide ). Km hm
h hp ca ty th bng cch bao vy s vn chuyn in t trong cytochrom b v cytochrom c1
ti nhng im oxi ho, km hm ca men 14-demethylase; gy km hm bo t ny mm v
pht trin ca si nm, ng thi c tc dng ngn hnh thnh bo t. Chng li cc loi nm
bnh khng cc thuc tr bnh thuc nhm phenylamin, dicarboxamid hay benzimidazol. Mi
ch c Dimoxystrobin bn trn th trng.
25. NHM STROBULIN DIHDRODIOXAZIN
Gm nhiu nhm nh ( Strobulin dihdrodioxazin, Strobulin imilazolinone, Strobulin
methoxy carbamat, Strobulin oxazolidiine dione, Strobulin oximino acetat). Cc thuc trong
nhm u km hm h hp ca ty th bng cch km hm s vn chuyn in t cc v tr khc
nhau ( tu nhm thuc). Chng u l nhng thuc tr nm phun ln l, ni hp, c tc dng
phng v dit tr. C ph tc ng rng, tr c nhiu loi nm bnh trn nhiu cy trng khc
nhau. t c vi ng vt mu nng. Cc thuc thng gp: Famoxadone; Fenamidone;
Fluoxastrobin; Kresoxim-methyl; Metominostrobin; Pyraclostrobin; Trifloxystrobin
26. NHM THUC TR NM LN HU C: C 2 nhm nh:
26.1. Phosphorothiolate: Xut hin vo cui nhng nm 60 ca th k 20. Km hm sinh
tng hp phospholipid (Edifenphos v Iprobenfos) hay km hm sinh tng hp melanin
(Pyrazophos). Tr bnh trn la, ng cc. Cc thuc trong nhm: Edifenphos; Iprobenfos;
Pyrazophos.


26.2. Phosphonat: Km hm s ny mm ca bo t, hoc bng bao vy s pht trin ca
tn nm v s hnh thnh bo t (Fosetyl-Aluminium) hoc trc tip gy min dch cho cy hay
trc tip khng nm (Phosphonic acid).Cc thuc trong nhm: Fosetyl-Aluminium; Phosphonic acid.
27-NHM THUC TR NM TRIAZOLE:
L nhm thuc mi, vi nhiu hot cht tr nm, ph rng, c pht trin t nhng nm
70 ca th k 20 cho n nay. C ch tc ng: u km hm s tch methyl ca steroid, dn n
km hm sinh tng hp ergosterol. Mt s thuc khc cn km hm sinh tng hp gibbellelin v
ergosterol (Triadimenol). Hu qu lm ngng s pht trin ca ng mm v si
nm; ngn cn hnh thnh gic bm hay gic mt v km hm bo t ny mm.
Cc thuc trong nhm u l loi thuc ni hp c tc dng bo v v dit tr, ph rt
rng, c dng phun ln cy, x l ging. Mt s thuc trong nhm ch c tc dng x l
ging. Lng dng thp. Thuc c th xm nhp vo cy nhanh, vn chuyn hng ngn. Cc
thuc ph bin trong nhm: Azaconazole; Bitertanol; Bromuconazole ; Cypro- conazole;
Difenoconazole; Diniconazole; Epoxiconazole; Fenbuconazole; Fluqinconazole; Flusinazole;
Hexaconazole; Imibenconazole; Ipconazole; Metconazole; Myclobutanil; Penconazole;
Propiconazole;Simeconazole; Tebuconazole; Tetraconazole; Triadimefon; Triadimenol;
Triticonazole.
28.CC THUC TR BNH KHC:
Gm nhiu nhm thuc nh, mi xut hin, mi nhm c 1-2 loi thuc v c nhiu c
ch rt khc nhau:
28.1. Nhm Alinopyrimidine: Nhm thuc tr nm nh, i din Pyrimethanil. Km
hm sinh tng hp methionin dn n km hm nhng men cn thit cho s xm nhim. C tc
dng bo v v dit tr.
28.2. Nhm Benzamide: Nhm thuc tr nm nh, i din Zoxamide Thuc tc ng
nhanh v bo v di. Trnhiu loi nm trong b Oomycete bng cch loi b s phn chia nhn
bng b cu trc siu phn t ca tubulin v gy ri vi ng ca b khung cyto.
28.3. Nhm Benzene sulfonamide: Nhm thuc tr nm nh, i din Flusulfamide.
Thuc km hm s ny mm ca bo t. Dng x l t tr bnh Polymyxa betae ca ma,
Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Phytophthora brassicae, Fusarium.
28.4. Nhm benzoic axit: in hnh l Salicylic acide, bn cnh tc dng dit khun
trong y t, cn c tc dng phng tr nhiu loi nm v vi khun khc hi la, rau.
28.5. Nhm Carboxilic acid: Nhm thuc tr bnh nh, i din Oxolinic acid. Thuc
tr khun ni hp; c tc dng bo v v dit tr cc vi khun nhum gram m (Pseudomonas v
Erwinia spp.) trn la bng cch km hm men DNA topoisomerase.
28.6. Nhm Chloronitrile: Nhm thuc tr nm nh, nhng ch c Chlorothalonil c
bn trn th trng. Chlorothalonil l thuc tr bnh tip xc phun ln l, c tc dng bo v.
Dit nhiu loi nm bnh trn nhiu loi cy trng. Chim nhm thiol ca glutathion ca nm khi
ny mm, gy ri sn sinh glycolysis v nng lng.
28.7. Nhm Cyanat: Nhm thuc tr nm nh, c t lu. i din Methyl
isothiocyanate Dng x l ging v xng hi t tr tuyn trng, nm, cn trng t v c
di.
28.8 Nhm Dimethyl pyrimidine: Nhm thuc tr nm nh, mi. i din Ferimzone
tr mt s bnh hi l la bng phn tch qu trnh oxi ho phosphoryl ho.


28.9. Nhm Dinitrophenyl: Nhm thuc nh, tr nm tip xc c tc dng phng v tr
bnh. Quan trng nht l Dinocap (Tch ri qu trnh oxi ho phosphoryl ho). c tr bnh
phn trng v cc bnh mc sng, sng mai trn nhiu cy n qu, rau, khoai ty, cy cnh.
28.10. Nhm Hetero aromic: i din Hymexazol. C th km hm sinh tng hp
DNA/RNA. Thuc tr nm x l t v x l ging. Tr nhiu nm bnh trong t cho nhiu
loi cy trng.
28.11. Nhm Hydroxy anilide: i din Fenhexamid. Km hm sinh tng hp sterol
(SBI lp III), tc ng n men kh 3-keto-dructase trong kh methyl, c kh nng khng thuc
trung bnh. Km hm s ko di ca ng mm v pht trin ca tn nm. Thuc tr nm phun ln
l c tc dng bo v. Tr Botrytis, Monilia trn cy n qu, rau, cy cnh.
28.11. Nhm Oxathiin: Nhm thuc tr nm nh, thuc i din l Furametpyr, c tnh
ni hp, lan truyn khp cy, bng cch tc ng km hm men oxi ho succinat dehydrogenasa
trong chu trnh axit tricacboxylic ca ty th. Thuc c dng phun ln cy hay x l ging
tr bnh o n la, Rhizoctonia, Puccinia, Corticium v cc loi trong lp nm m. Thuc
dng phun ln l v x l ging la, ng cc, cc cy trng khc v thm c. Khi phun ln l, x
l ging thuc tht s hiu qu tr bnh Ustilago, Tilletia, Pyrenophora .
28.12. Nhm Phenyl amid butyrolacton: Ofurace: Km hm sinh tng hp protein ca
nm bnh, bng cch gy ri s sinh tng hp RNA ca ribosom. Thuc ni hp c tc dng bo
v v dit tr. Thm nhanh qua l v r. Vn chuyn 2 chiu. Km hm s ny mm v bao vy
s hnh thnh bo t.
28.13. Nhm Phenyl amid oxazolidione: i din l Oxadixyl. Thuc ni hp c tc
dng bo v v dit tr. Xm nhp nhanh qua l v r. Vn chuyn hng ngn, nhng c th
vn chuyn xung gc bng cch lan truyn tr bnh sng mai, phn trng, gi sng mai
trn nhiu cy trng. Km hm sinh tng hp protein ca nm bnh, bng cch gy ri s sinh
tng hp RNA ca ribosom. Thng hn hp vi thuc tr bnh tip xc v d to tnh hp lc.
28.14. Nhm Phenyl maleimide: Nhm thuc tr nm nh. i din Fluoroimide. Km
hm h men sulfuhydryl ca nm bnh. Thuc tr nm phun ln l vi tc dng bo v. Km
hm bo t ny mm. Tr nhiu bnh trn cy n qu, hnh, ch , khoai ty...
28.15. Nhm Phenyl pyrrole: Thuc tr nm ni hp yu, tip xc, hiu lc di, c tc
dng bo v mnh hn dit tr. C kh nng hn ch s ny mm ca conidi ca nhiu loi nm
bnh v km hm km hn s pht trin ca ng mm v si nm vi c ch km hm men
MAP-kinase truyn tnh trng thm. c dng x l ht ging chng cc bnh Fusarium
spp.; Microdochium, Rhizoctonia; Tilentia, Helminthosporium v Septoria trn cc loi ng cc
v cc cy khc; phun ln l tr Botrytis, Monilia; Sclerotinia v Alternaria trn cy n qu, rau
v cy cnh. Cc thuc ch yu trong nhm: Fenpiclonil v Fludioxonil.
28.16. Nhm Phenyl pyridiamine: Nhm thuc tr nm nh, mi. i din
Fluazinam. Thuc tr nm c tc dng bo v; tc dng dit tr v ni hp km, nhng hiu lc
di v chng ra tri. Tr mc xanh, phn trng trn cy n qu, mc sng khoai ty v nhiu
bnh trn mt s cy trng khc. C ch : phn tch qu trnh oxi ho phosphoryl ho trong ty
th, km hm bo t ny mm, xm nhp ca si nm, s pht trin v ny mm ca bo t.
28.17. Nhm Phenyl urea: Thuc i din l Pencycuron c pht hin nm 1981.
Km hm phn chia t bo. Thuc tr nm tip xc c tc dng bo v, tr bnh Rhizoctonia
solani v Pellicularia spp. trn khoai ty, la, bng, ma, rau cy cnh bng phun ln cy, x l
ging hoc x l t.


28.18. Nhm Phthalamic acide: Nhm thuc tr bnh nh, mi. i din Tecloftalam.
Km hm s pht trin ca vi khun. Dng tr bnh bc l la (Xanthomonas campestri pv.
oryzea).
28.19. Nhm Phthalat: Nhm thuc tr bnh nh, i din Nitrothal-isopropyl. Thuc
tr nm tip xc c tc dng bo v. Thng hn hp vi cc thuc tr nm khc. Tr phn
trng trn to, nho, rau, cy
cnh; so trn to.
28.20. Nhm Piperazine: i din Triforine. Km hm sinh tng hp ergosterol. Thuc
tr nm ni hp c tc dng
bo v v dit tr. Thm nhanh qua l v km hm nhiu giai on pht trin ca nm. Tr phn
trng Erysiphales, Monilia, Ascochyta trn nhiu cy trng v nhn.
28.21. Nhm Pyperazinone: Nhm thuc nh pht hin vo cui thp nin 80 ca th k
20. Thuc tr nm ni hp c tc dng bo v v dit tr. Xm nhp qua l v r, vn chuyn
hng ngn. Ph rng, tr cc bnh phn trng, so v bnh khc thuc cc lp Ascomycetes,
Basidiomycetes, Deuteromycetes trn bu b, cy n qu, lc, ma, rau, cy cnh; bng cch km
hm sinh tng hp ergosterol. Cc thuc chnh trong nhm: Dichlomezine v Pyrifenox.
28.22. Nhm Pyrimidinol: Nhm thuc tr nm nh. i din Bupirimate. Km hm
men kh amin ca adenosin. Thuc tr nm ni hp c tc dng bo v v dit tr. Xm nhp
qua l v h mch. Tc ng lan to. Km hm bo t ny mm. Tr phn trng trn nhiu cy
n qu, nho, hoa cy cnh.
28.23. Nhm Sulfamid: i din Tolylfluanide. Phn ng thiol khng in hnh, km
hm h hp. Thuc tr nm phun ln l; tr Venturia, Podosphaera leucotricha trn to v nhn
. Thng c hn hp vi cc thuc chng Uncinula necator, Plasmopora viticola, Botrytis
cinerea, Perenospora spp. trn nhiu cy trng.
28.24. Nhm Thiadiazole: Thuc ni hp; tr vi khun. in hnh l thuc Saikuzuo, c
hiu lc cao chng bnh bc l la Xanthomonas oryzae.
28.25. Nhm Thiazloe carboxamide: Nhm thuc tr bnh nh, mi. i din
Ethaboxam. Km hm s pht trin ca nm v hnh thnh bo t. Thuc thm su, ni hp, lan
truyn ton cy, dit tr. Dng tr bnh phn trng nho Plasmopora viticola, mc sng
khoai ty Phytophthora infestans).
28.26. Nhm Thiophen carboxamide: Nhm thuc tr nm nh, i din Silthiofam
km hm s vn chuyn ATP trong ty th n t bo cht. Thuc tr nm bo v, thi gian tc
ng di. Dng x l ging.
28.27. Nhm thuc gy sc khng cho cy ch (plant host defence inducer):
Nhm thuc c c ch rt mi, nhiu trin vng. i din l Acibenzolar-S-methyl.
Khng trc tip dit mm bnh, nhng kch thch c ch khng bnh t nhin ca cy trng, nn
hn ch c s pht trin ca bnh. Phng nga nhiu loi nm v vi khun hi la, rau. C th
hn hp vi nhiu thuc tr su v bnh khc. Albendazole:Thuc tr bnh ni hp, c hiu lc
vi lp nm lp m ; tng sc khng ca cy ch vi bnh, tng kh nng khng bnh.
28.28. Nhm thuc tr bnh asen hu c : in hnh: MAFA. Thuc tr nm tip xc
c tc dng bo v, ph tc ng hp. Phun ln cy, tr kh vn la, thi tri nho, da hu.
Thuc hn ch s dng Vitt Nam.
28.29. Nhm thuc tr nm cha thic: L cc mui hay hydroxit ca trifenyl thic.
y l nhm thuc tr nm, tr nhn v su; c tc dng tip xc l chnh. i din l Fentin.
Km hm bo t ny mm v cc chuyn ho cc c quan trong nm bnh, c bit l h hp.


Thuc tr nm tip xc, c tc dng bo v l chnh, tc dng dit tr yu. Tr sng mai ( c
chua, khoai try), m l ( ma) v nhiu bnh trn cc cy khc.
28.30. Nhm thuc tr nm xyclopropan cacboxamit: i din l Carpropamid.
Thuc tr bnh ni hp, c tc dng bo v, hiu qa tr bnh km, hiu lc di. C hiu qu cao
vi bnh o n hi la bng cch c ch s sinh tng hp melanin ca nm gy bnh. Thuc
lm tng tnh khng bnh ca cy do gia tng s sn sinh phyto alxin trong cy. Cn phun thuc
sm khi bnh chm xut hin. Dng phun ln cy v x l ht ging.
28.31. Nhm Mt s thuc tr bnh khc khng r nhm:
Bronopol: Thuc tr vi khun. Oxi ho nhm mercapto ca cc men ca vi khun. Km
hm hot tnh ca men dehydrogenase, dn n s ph v mng t bo. c dng x l ht
bng tr vi khun Xanthomonas spp. hi bng.
Chinomethionat : Thuc tr nm tip xc, chn lc, c tc dng bo v v dit tr. Tr
nm phn trng v nhn trn cy n qu, cy cnh, da chut, bng, c ph, ch, thuc l, rau,
cy c ch v cy trong nh knh. Ngoi ra cn c tc dng tr nhn.
Cyflufenamide: Thuc tr nm trc sau ny mm. Tr bnh phn trng trn la m,
mch, ngn cy n qu v rau.
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?

CHNG IX
THUC XNG HI
1. NHNG HIU BIT CHUNG
Thuc xng hi (fumigant) (theo AAPCO) l cc cht hay hn hp cc cht sn sinh ra
kh, hi, ga, khi, sng c tc dng tiu dit mi giai on pht trin ca cc loi dch hi ( cn
trng, vi khun, nm, chut... ). Thuc xng hi c th l cht lng hay cht rn bay hi, hoc
ngay c cc cht dng kh. Chng c dng tit trng trong nh, x l t, nng sn hng
ho, cc vt liu khc v cy trng.
Hiu qu v k thut s dng thuc xng hi ph thuc vo nhng c tnh sau y :
- bay hi: l lng hi thuc ti a c th t c trong mi n v th tch khng kh
trong nhng iu kin n, m nht nh. c biu th bng mg/lt khng kh hoc gam/m
3

khng kh. bay hi v nng thuc xng hi tn ti trong khng kh ca ph thuc vo
im si v trng lng phn t: phn t lng cng ln, im si cng cao; im si cng cao
i bay hi cng thp.
Cn c vo im si, c th chia thuc xng hi lm hai loi:
+Loi c im si thp (nh Methyl Bromua): c nn vo bnh kim loi di
p lc cao (chuyn thnh th lng).
+Loi c im si cao ( nh Phosphua nhm AlP): thng th rn hoc th
lng, khi tip xc vi m s hnh thnh kh c.
-Tc bay hi: l khi lng hi bay ln t 1cm
2
b mt thuc xng hi trong 1 giy.
Tc bay hi t l thun vi nhit xng hi v t l nghch vi nhit si v p sut.
-S khuch tn ca thuc xng hi vo khng kh: l kh nng lan truyn ca hi thuc
vo khong khng gian c xng hi. Kh c c khuch tn trong khng kh t ch mt
phn t cao n ch mt phn t thp. S khuch tn ca hi thuc nhanh hay chm c lin
quan n nhit . Tc khuch tn ca kh c trong khng kh nhanh hn khi nhit khng
kh cao v chm hn khi nhit thp.
-T trng hi thuc: T trng hi ca thuc xng hi lin quan rt nhiu n k thut
xng hi. Nu t trng hi nh hn 1, thuc thng t di ng hng; hoc ln hn 1, thuc
c t trn ng hng; hay t trng xp x 1, v tr t thuc s gia ng hng.
Theo nh lut Graham, tc khuch tn ca cht kh trong khng gian t l nghch vi
bnh phng t trng ca chng. Thuc xng hi c t trng ln khuch tn chm hn so vi
loi thuc c phn t lng nh.
S hp ph (adsorption) l qu trnh thu ht cc phn t kh c ln b mt vt phm v
S hp th (absorption) l qu trnh thm nhp kh c su vo th khi vt phm. S hp ph v
hp th ca thuc vo hng ho kh trng tu thuc vo c tnh ca loi thuc, loi hng ho,
cch bao gi, cch xp hng ho, hm m, nhit v m khng kh. Nu s hp ph/th qu
ln, nng ca thuc s gim, lng thuc dng s tng v tng chi ph. Thm vo , thi gian
x thuc ( cho thuc bay ht khi l hng ) s lu.
-Tnh d bt la, bc chy: Mt s loi thuc xng hi d bt la, d gy chy v gy n.
V d: kh PH
3
d t bc chy nng 26,15-27,06g/m
3
khng kh.
-Tnh n mn kim loi: hi ca mt s thuc xng hi c kh nng n mn kim loi, hoc
hp kim ca chng (ALP, Mg
3
P
2
n mn ng, hp kim ng, vng, bc). V vy, khi xng hi ,
cn bt kn hoc dn nhng kim loi ny khi phng xng hi.


-Nng thuc xng hi l lng thuc phn tn trong khng kh thi im nht nh
v ph thuc vo liu lng s dng.
-Liu lng dng: Liu lng thuc xng hi c biu th bng n v trng lng (kg,
g, mg) hoc th tch (l, ml) thuc xng hi trn n v th tch (m
3
) kho hng, phng tin vn
chuyn hoc trng lng hng ho (tn).
Liu lng s dng ph thuc vo loi thuc, loi dch hi cn dit, loi vt phm, thi
gian kh trng v nhit khng kh. Trong iu kin nhit v m khng kh khng i,
th tch ca nng thuc xng hi ( C) vi thi gian xng hi (T) l mt hng s.
k = C x T
Ni cch khc, trong mc nht nh, nu s dng nng thuc thp, thi gian xng
hi phi ko di. Ngc li, mun gii phng hng ho nhanh ( rt ngn thi gian xng hng) th
phi tng nng thuc.
Ring vi PH
3
nu tng nng thuc qu mc cng khng lm tng hiu qu kh trng,
tri li cn c th lm cho su mt chuyn sang trng thi u m t v. V vy, vi PH
3
ko di
thi gian xng hi quan trng hn l tng nng rt ngn thi gian kh trng.
Cc thuc xng hi thng c dng dit su, mt hi nng lm sn: ht v bt ng cc,
bt sn, ht u , hng nan, my tre an vv...Ngoi ra thuc cn c tc dng dit chut; mt s
cn c tc dng tr tuyn trng. Do thuc xng hi rt c vi ngi v ng vt c v, nn khi
tip xc vi cc loi thuc ny cn thc hin nghim qui nh bo h lao ng. Cc thuc xng
hi u nm trong nhm thuc hn ch s dng.
2. NHNG THUC XNG HI THNG DNG:
2.1.Phosphin v nhng hp cht to phosphin dng trong kh trng:
kh trng kho, ngi ta dng 2 dng mui: Aluminium phosphide (photphua nhm)
v Magnesium phosphide (photphua manh). Thuc c s dng di dng bnh, dng bt
trong cc kho nng sn, hm tu, cc ng hng nng lm sn c ph bt kn, dit tr chut,
cc loi mt hi . Khng c xng hi cho cy sng, rau qu ti.
Aluminium phosphide(AlP): Tinh th mu vng ti xm m. Ap sut hi rt thp. Bn
trong iu kin kh; d ht m trong khng kh v phn ng mnh lit vi acid to photphin.
Rt c vi ng vt c v. LD50 qua ming chut 8.7mg/kg.
Do d phn ng vi nc, nn Aluminium phosphide c dng xng hi trc tip do
thuc gp m trong khng kh, gii phng ngay photphin theo phn ng:
2AlP + 3H
2
0 2PH
3
+ Al(OH)
3

Magnesium phosphid (Mg
3
P
2
): Tinh th mu vng lc. Bn trong mi trng kh. t ht
m nhng d phn ng vi axit to phosphin . Rt c vi ng vt c v. LD50 qua ming
chut 11.2mg/kg.
Do Magnesium phosphide kh phn ng vi nc trong khng kh, nn gii phng
nhanh PH3 cc sn phm Magnesium phosphide gm 2 thnh phn ring : Magnesium
phosphide dng thng phm v mt l axit nh. Khi dng, ln vo nhau, gii phng
photphin theo phn ng:
Mg
3
P
2
+ 6HCl 2PH
3
+ 3MgCl
2

Phosphine (PH
3
): Dng kh khng mu, c mi ti hay mi tanh kh . T trng so vi
khng kh 1.18. Tan trong nc 26cm
3
/100ml (17
o
C); trong etanol 0.5; ete 2 (% th tch photphin
/ dung mi ). D b oxi ho thnh axit photphoric. Bc chy tc th trong khng kh (do c s


hin din ca nhng hydrorua photpho khc) v d n ( nng gy n 26.1- 27.1 mg/l khng
kh). n mn ng v hp kim ng bc.
Phosphin l cht c ch vn chuyn in t trong h hp; phn hu nc v chim oxi
trong c th cn trng v chut to thnh axit photphoric. C th thiu oxi, b ngt cht. Ngoi
ra cn c gy c thn kinh.
Phosphin khng thm qua da; nhng l thuc xng hi cc c. LC50 h hp (4 gi) vi
chut 11ppm (0.015mg/l). Trong mi trng c nng 10mg/m
3
trong 6 gi hay 300ml kh/m
3

trong 1 gi, c th gy cht cho sinh vt. Nng cho php khi tip xc vi phosphin 1ppm (
ti a 15 pht/ln vi khong cch 1 gi/ ln v 4 ln/ngy). Khng li d lng trong nng
sn nn khng cn xc nh ADI ca phosphin c trong nng sn. MRL trong bt m, u , qu
kh, c ph, thuc l, ch, dc liu, cam qut, lc, ci da, to, khoai ty 0.01ppm; ng cc
0.05-0.1ppm.
2.2. Methyl bromide (CH
3
Br):
Dng kh khng mu, khng mi nhit thng. Khi nng cao, c mi clorofom.
Tan trong nc 17.5g/l (20
o
C). Tan nhiu trong hu ht cc dung mi hu c nh: ru, este,
ete, keton, hydratcacbon thm, hydratcacbon halogen ho v cacbondisunfit. B thu phn chm
trong nc, mnh hn trong mi trng kim. Khng bc chy.
Methyl bromide khng gy hi cho bng, vi, giy, thuc nhum, khng lm gim kh
nng ny mm ca ht, khng gy chy l cy, khng n mn kim loi ( tr nhm, manhe v hp
kim ca chng). nng 500g/m
3
, methyl bromide c th bc chy nu gp tia la in hoc
cc ngun la khc. Trong kh trng, methyl bromide ch dng nng 15-70g/m
3
( thi gian
xng hi 1-3 ngy) nn an ton.
Nhng methyl bromid d gy hi cho: hng ho cha mui it, cc vt liu bng cao su
t nhin v nhn to, da, si nhn to ch t cacbondisulfua, than hot tnh, xelophan, ho cht
nh, giy nh, u tng (methyl bromid d gy hi cc hng ho ny).
Metyl bromide c ng trong bnh thp, nn p sut cao, c kho. Khi dng, t bnh
thuc ln cn. Vi ca bnh c ni vi dy cao su nhiu nhnh; ng dy dn kh c t
trn cao; ri m kho cho thuc thot ra. Kho vi khi t lng thuc cn.
Metyl bromide c bay hi cao, c tnh khuych tn mnh, nn xm nhp vo hng
nhanh v su. Dng vo nhiu mc ch: tr cn trng, nhn, chut trong kho nng sn, hng
ho, tu thuyn; xng hi t dit cn trng, tuyn trng, mm bnh v ht c; xng hi nh
knh, nh nui nm. Rt c vi cy trng ang pht trin.
Do methyl bromid rt c v kh nhn bit nng thp, nn trong methyl bromid c
cha 2-3% clopicrin lm cht bo hiu ( gy cay mt). Li dng tnh methyl bromid nng
thp s lm ngn la ca n acetylen chuyn sang mu xanh lc, xanh da tri pht hin s r
r ca hi methyl bromid v xem hng x ht thuc cha.
Methyl bromide gy chy da v mt. LC50 (4 gi) h hp i vi chut 3.03mg/l. Rt
c vi ngi. Nng ngng khi lm vic 0.019mg/l. ADI 1.0 mg/kg. Cng nhn c th b
cht nu lm vic trong nhiu gi khng kh nng 100-200ppm hoc ht th trong 30-60
pht trong nng 1000ppm. Khng gy c cho ong. Thi gian cch ly 14 ngy.
Methyl bromide c th gy m cho sinh vt do trong c th, methyl bromide b chuyn
ho thnh ru metylic ( gy t lit h thn kinh) v hydrobromua; tip ru metylic li b oxi
ho thnh formandehit ( gy bin i su sc cho nhng thnh phn trong t bo).


Sau khi xng hi, phi thng gi hoc ht ht kh c khi ni xng hi. Bnh cha
methyl bromid cn c di chuyn nh nhng, trnh va chm, bo qun ni rm mt, c kho
tt, trnh thuc tht thot.
Methyl bromide l cht kh ph hu tng ozon, nn b hn ch dng khng ch trong nng
nghip, m cn c trong cc ngnh cng nghip khc v tin ti cm hn. V vy, methyl bromid
b hn ch nghim ngt (ch c php dng khi kh trng trong kim dch v tit trng cc tu,
thuyn).
2.3. Cc thuc xng hi khc:
Chloropicrin (CCl
3
NO
2
): Loi thuc xng hi c ph tc ng rng, tr c cn trng,
nhn, chut, tuyn trng, nm, vi khun. Thng c dng xng hi kho rng, kho ng
ng cc v nng sn, t. Lng dng 16-40g/m
3
vi thi gian xng hi l 3-5 ngy.
bay hi 184.5g/m
3
. Tc bay hi 2.5g/pht. Trng lng ring ca chloropicrin l
1.65; hi chloropicrin c t trng 5.67. Khng gy chy, n. Khi b phn hu to thnh fotgen rt
c vi ngi, to ra acid c th n mn kim loi, lm, hi vi, giy, bng, t, la. Chloropicrin
d b hp ph, khuych tn chm; sau khi xng hi, cn thi gian di x ht hi c. Thuc rt
c vi ng vt c v.
Khng dng chloropicrin kh trng cho cy ang sinh trng v ht ging, v thuc d
gy c ging cy trng.
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN): L loi thuc xng hi c ph tc ng rng, tr c cn
trng, nhn, chut. t c hiu lc tr nm v vi khun. Th lng c t trng 0.688, d tan trong
nc v trong nhiu dung mi hu c. T trng th kh 0.9 (20
o
C). Rt c vi ng vt c v.
LD50 qua ming chut l 1mg/kg. C th b cht nu ht th khng kh c nng 120-150mg
HCN/m
3
trong 30 pht c th b cht. Do thuc qu c, nn hin nay t dng.
Anhydric sulfur; Ethylen dibromide; Methyl iodide; Methyl isothiocyanate.cng c
dng xng hi, nhng t dng nc ta.

CU HI N TP:
1/ Nhng hiu bit c bn v k thut s dng thuc xng hi ?
2/ c im c bn ca mt s thuc xng hi chnh: Phosphin, Methyl bromide ?


CHNG X
THUC TR C
Nm 1890, nhng thuc tr c v c nh dung dch Booc, acid sulfuric, c dng
u tin. Tip n nm 1920, nhm thuc tr c Chlorat c s dng. Chng u l nhng
thuc tr c khng chn lc, tn ti lu trong mi trng. Thuc tr c chn lc u tin l
Dinoseb c s dng vo nm 1930. Nm 1940, thuc tr c 2,4-D c pht hin, m u
cho hng lot thuc tr c thuc nhm phenoxy ra i. Nm 1966, thuc tr c 2,4,5-T (hot
cht ch yu ca cht c mu da cam) ln u, c M s dng nh mt v kh ho hc chng
li nhn dn Vit nam, li nhng hu qu rt xu cho mi sinh, mi trng, m n nay vn
cha khc phc c.
Nm 1996, c trn 300 hot cht tr c, gia cng thnh hng nghn ch phm khc nhau
c s dng trong nng nghip. Phn ln nhng ch phm ny l nhng hp cht hu c c
hot tnh tr c cao, nhiu loi dng liu lng rt thp v kh an ton vi cy trng.
u im ca thuc tr c : Tin li, hiu qu, d dng, kinh t v an ton.
C nhiu cch phn loi thuc tr c khc nhau:
-Da vo thnh phn ho hc ca thuc tr c (xem thm phn nhm thuc tr c)
-Tu vo c tnh chn lc ca thuc tr c chia ra:
+Thuc tr c trong iu kin nht nh c tc dng dit hoc lm ngng sinh
trng i vi mt s loi c di m khng hoc t nh hng n cy trng v cc loi c di
khc, c gi l nhng thuc tr c c chn lc. V d: Thuc tr c l rng, thuc tr c ho
tho, ci lc, thuc tr c m ly, thuc tr c nc... Thuc tr c c tc ng chn lc c
dng tr c trn rung c cy trng ang sinh trng.
Tnh chon lc ca thuc tr c mang tnh cht tng i v ph thuc vo liu lng v iu
kin s dng. Khi dng mt thuc tr c c tnh chn lc vi liu lng cao hn liu qui nh, tnh chn
lc ca thuc c th gim hoc mt hn, thuc d dng gy hi cy trng. Nhiu loi thuc th hin tnh
chn lc khi c dng vo thi k m cy trng c sc chng chu cao i vi thuc, c di ang giai
on chng chu thuc yu. i vi thuc tr c dng x l vo t, tnh chn lc ca thuc cn tu thuc
vo thnh phn c gii, c im nng ho th nhng ca t, lng ma trong thi gian dng thuc.
+Nhng thuc tr c khi dng gy c cho mi loi c v cy trng gi l thuc
tr c khng chn lc.
-Tu thuc phng thc tc ng m ngi ta chia ra:
+Thuc tr c tip xc: ch gy hi cho thc vt nhng ni thuc c tip xc
vi c v thng ch dit nhng phn trn mt t ca c di. Nhng thuc ny cn gi l thuc
gy tc ng cc b nh thuc Propanil, Paraquat.
+Thuc tr c ni hp hay vn chuyn: cn c gi l thuc tr c c tc
ng ton b. Sau khi xm nhp qua l hoc qua r, thuc dch chuyn khp trong cy v gy
c cho c di. Nhng thuc ny c hiu lc dit c lu nm, c thn ngm ( c tranh, c gu
v.v...) nh Dalapon, Glyphosat.
-Da vo thi gian s dng thuc tr c: Tu theo c im ca loi thuc m thi gian
p dng khc nhau:
+ Dng thuc tr c khi cha lm t: Trn rung cha gieo trng c nhiu c di,
c th x l thuc tr c dit c di, sau mt thi gian thuc b phn hu, khng hi cy trng,
tin hnh lm t gieo trng cy.
+ Dng thuc tr c sau khi gieo ht (ngay sau khi gieo hoc mt vi ngy sau
khi gieo ht) thng l nhng thuc tr c x l t; ch dit c di mi ny mm ( cn gi l


thuc tr c tin ny mm). Chng l nhng thuc c chn lc, khng gy hi mm cy trng
v khng nh hng xu n sinh trng pht trin ca cy trng.
+ Thuc tr c dng rung c cy trng ang sinh trng phi l nhng thuc tr c
chn lc v phi dng vo thi k m cy c sc chng chu cao, cn c di c sc chng chu
yu i vi thuc; hoc phi c dng theo phng php phun nh hng ( khng phun thuc
vo phn xanh ca cy) trnh thuc gy hi cy trng.
-Tu theo kh nng xm nhp ca thuc vo c di qua r hoc qua l m nhng loi
thuc c phun ln l hay x l t. Ngoi ra, cn c nhng loi thuc tr c xm nhp vo
thc vt qua r l ch yu, nhng phn no cng c th xm nhp qua l v ngc li, chng
c xp vo nhng nhm trung gian: thuc tr c dng x l t v phun ln l, hoc thuc tr
c dng phun ln l v x l t.
Mt s thuc tr c c kh nng dit c nhng cy thn g, c gi l thuc dit cy
thn g , dng tr nhng bi cy di trn t khai hoang.
Mt s thuc tr c c dng lm rng l cy, lm kh thn thu hoch nng sn
d dng hn. Nhng hp cht ny c gi l cht lm rng l, kh cy.
-Da vo phng php x l thuc tr c: Tu trng hp c th m p dung phng
php x l thuc cho thch hp. Vi thuc tr c chn lc cao, ch dit c m khng gy hi cy
trng, c th x l thuc trn ton b din tch trng trt ( nh: phun thuc Sofit trn ton b
din tch la gieo vi, thuc Rifit trn la cy. C trng hp ch dng thuc tr c dit c di
gia hai hng cy, cn trong hng v xung quanh gc dng th cng.
- lu ngi dng thuc tr c c thc hn ch s hnh thnh tnh chng thuc ca
c di, ngi ta cn phn loi thuc tr c theo c ch tc ng nh : km hm sinh tng hp
thc vt, km hm sinh h hp, km hm s chuyn ho acid nucleic, gy ri phn chia t bo,
km hm sinh tng hp lipid, km hm sinh tng hp amino acid...
1. CC NHM C TRN 3 LOI THUC TR C :
1.1. Nhm Acid Benzoic: Thuc tr c ni hp, chn lc, hu ny mm Xm nhp qua
l v r, vn chuyn ngay trong cy. Tc ng nh mt auxin iu khin sinh trng. Tr c l
rng hng nm v lu nm trn cy mu. Thng hn hp vi cc thuc tr c iu ho sinh
trng khc tr c l rng hng nm v lu nm cho cy trng cn. Cc thuc trong nhm :
Chloramben, Dicamba, 2,3,6-TBA.
1.2. Nhm Acid Pyridine carboxylic: L cc auxin tng hp, c tc dng iu khin sinh
trng, ging indolyl acetic acid, ni hp chn lc, xm nhp qua l v r; vn chuyn hng
gc v hng ngn. Tch lu trong m sinh trng. Tc ng ko di t bo v h hp. Tr c l
rng hng nm v lu nm cho cy trng cn, t khng trng trt. Cc thuc thng dng trong
nhm : Clopyralid, Fluroxypyr, Picloram, Picolinafen, Triclopyr.
1.3. Nhm Aryloxyphenoxy propionate: Km hm sinh tng hp axit bo bng cch
km hm men acetyl CoA carboxylaza trong c l hp. L thuc tr c chn lc, tip xc v ni
hp. Xm nhp qua l v vn chuyn c hng ngn ln xung r, ti r v thn r. Tr c c ho
tho hng nm v lu nm hu ny mm cho khoai ty, u , u tng, rau, bng, v.v... Khi
hn hp vi mefenpyr-dietyl (cht an ton) c th tr c hng nm v lu nm cho ng cc.
Thuc c th hn hp vi cc thuc tr c ho tho khc v cc thuc tr c hu ny mm l
rng. Khng gy c cho cy trng l rng. Cc thuc trong nhm: Clodinafop-propargyl,
Cyhalopop butyl, Diclofop-methyl, Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, Fluazifop butyl, Fluazifop p


butyl, Haloxyfop-R (methyl ester), Quizalofop, Quizalofop-P, Quizalofop-P-ethyl,
Propaquizafop.
1.4. Nhm Auxin tng hp (Aryloxyalkanoic acid): Tc ng nh auxin tng hp (tc
ng tng t indolylaxetic axit). Thuc tr c chn lc, ni hp, xm nhp qua l v r. Tp
trung m phn sinh, km hm sinh trng. Dng mui c r hp th, cn dng este c l
hp th. Vn chuyn trong cy v tch lu vng m phn sinh ca r v mm. c vi c hai l
mm hn c mt l mm. Ch yu dng phun ln l, d b vi sinh vt phn hu, tn ti ngn
trong t. It c vi ng vt c v; c dng tr c chn lc cho ng cc, t khng trng trt.
Cc thuc chnh trong nhm: Clomeprop, 2.4D, 2.4DB, 2,4-D-butotyl, 2,4-D-butyl, 2,4-D-
dimetylamonium, 2,4-D-diolamin, 2,4-D-2-etylhexyl, 2,4-D-isoctyl, 2,4-D-isopopyl, 2,4-D-
sodium, 2,4-D-trolamine, Di clomeprop, Di clomeprop P, MCPA amin, MCPA dimetyl amin,
MCPA thioethyl, Kali -MCPA.... Natri -MCPA, MCPB, Mecoprop, Mecoprop P, Triclopyr
butoxyethyl ester (triclopyr-butotyl) , Triclopyr-trietylamonium, Clomeprop.
1.5. Nhm Benzamide: Nhm thuc tr c nh, ni hp, chn lc, xm nhp qua r, vn
chuyn qua thn v l. Tr c l hp hng nm v lu nm trn cy n qu v cy trng cn. Cc
thuc trong nhm: Ixozaben, Propyzamide, Tebutan.
1.6. Nhm Chloroacetamide: Thuc km hm phn chia t bo v s ko di r bng cch
km hm sinh tng hp protein v c th km hm tng hp cc chui rt di acid bo. L nhng
thuc tr c chn lc, tr c tin ny mm, hu ny mm sm, hoc dng trc khi cy trng.
Hp th qua tr di l mm, tr gian l mm, l bao mm, r v r th cp ca mm cy. Tch
lu trong cc b phn dinh dng nhiu hn l cc phn sinh sn; phn no gi li mm r.
Tr c nhiu loi c l rng, ci lc v c l hp hng nm trn rung la cy v la gieo
thng, ng, bng, ma, khoai ty, lc, u tng, rau, cy n qu, cy cnh v nhiu cy trng
khc. Thuc c th hn hp vi mt s thuc tr c khc. Trong ng c men glutation transferasa
c tc dng phn gii thuc nhanh, nn khng b cc thuc trong nhm gy hi. Cc thuc trong
nhm: Acetochlor; Alachlor, Butachlor, Dimethenamid, Metazachlor, S- Metolachlor,
Metolachlor, Pretilachlor, Propachlor, Propisochlor, Thonylchlor.
1.7. Nhm Cyclohexanedione oxime: Km hm tng hp acid bo bng cch km hm
hot tnh men acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase). C th km hm phn bo c t (Sethoxydim,
Cycloxydim), hay km hm phn chia t bo (Tralkoxydim). Thuc tr c chn lc ni hp, xm
nhp ch yu qua l; vn chuyn hng ngn (Tralkoxydim) hay hng gc (Clethodim,
Tepraloxydim) hoc c hai (Sethoxydim) n cc im sinh trng. Hu ny mm, tr c l hp
hng nm v lu nm cho cy trng cn l rng. Cc thuc trong nhm: Alloxydim, BAS 625H,
Butroxydim, Clefoxydim, Clethodim, Cycloxydim, Flumeturon, Sethoxydim Sethoxydim,
Tepraloxydim, Tralkoxydim.
1.8. Nhm dn xut Glycin: Km hm men 5-enolpyruvylshikimat-3-photphatsynthaza
(EPSPS), mt men trung gian trong qu trnh sinh tng hp cc axit thm; ngn cn sinh tng
hp cc amino axit thm cn cho s tng hp protein. Thuc tr c ni hp, khng chn lc,
c hp th qua l, vn chuyn nhanh trong cy cng vi vn chuyn ng, trong qu trnh
tng hp ca cy. Thuc b kh hot tnh khi tip xc vi t. Dng tr nhiu c l hp v c l
rng hng nm v lu nm trc thu hoch, sau cy trng/trc ny mm trn ng cc, u;
phun trc tip vn cy n qu, nho v oliu, cy rng. Triu chng trng c th hin chm; t
c vi ng vt mu nng. C b thuc tc ng, khng c kh nng mc li. Hn hp vi
cc thuc tr c khc c th lm gim hiu lc ca glyphosat. Cc hot cht c dng ph bin


Glyphosate, Glyphosate amonium salt, Glyphosate- sodium salt, Glyfosate dimethylamine
(Glyphosat DMA), Glyphosate IPA salt (Glyphosateisopropylammonium), Glyphosate-
trimesium, Sulfosate.
1.9. Nhm Dinitroanilin: Km hm s phn chia v tng trng t bo. Thuc tr c
chn lc, Pendimethalin xm nhp qua r v l. Trifluralin l thuc tr c x l t; xm nhp
vo tr di l mm, km hm s pht trin r. Gy cht cho c trong thi gian ngn sau khi ny
mm hoc mi nh mm. Ph rng, tr c nhiu loi c l rng v c l hp hng nm, dng
trc khi gieo cy, trc mc hoc ngay sau khi mc trn ng cc, rau mu, cy cng nghip
ngn v di ngy, cy n qu, cy rng v cc loi cy bi. Thuc cng c dng tr c trn
t khng trng trt, lm rng l trc khi thu hoch bng, v.v... Cng c dng x l chi
thuc l. Kh nng gy c cho cy: c th gy hi cho ng nu trn thuc vo t trc khi
gieo hay cng lc gieo ng. Trong nhm ny c hot cht : Befluralin, Dinitramin,
Ethalfluralin,Oryzalin, Pendimethalin, Trifluralin; ph bin: Pendimethalin, Trifluralin.
1.10. Nhm Diphenyl ether :
Km hm qu trnh oxi ho protoporphyrinogen. Ring Aclonifen li km hm sinh tng
hp caroten. Thuc tr c chn lc tip xc, xm nhp qua l v r, t vn chuyn trong cy.
Thuc tr c tin v hu ny mm cho c l rng, cho nhiu loi cy trng cn. Cc thuc trong
nhm: Acifluorfen- sodium, Aclonifen, Bifenox, Fluoroglycofen-ethyl, Fomesafen, HC-252,
Latofen, Oxyfluorfen
1.11. Nhm Imidazolinon: Km hm sinh tng hp chui axit amin mch nhnh (ALS
hay AHAS), km hm sinh tng hp protein v ADN. Thuc tr c ni hp, tip xc, tn lu lu,
xm nhp qua r v l, vn chuyn trong mch dn v tch lu min sinh trng. Tr c
trc khi trng, tin hay hu ny mm sm, tr c l rng cho u tng v nhiu cy trng
khc. to tnh chn lc cho u tng v lc, thng cho thm cht gii c vo thuc, nh
cc cht kh methyl v glycosyl ho. Cc thuc trong nhm : Imazamethabenz-methyl,
Imazamox, Imazapic, Imazapyr, Imazaquin, Imazethapyr
1.12. Nhm mt s thuc tr c Ln hu c: Thuc tr c hng nm, ni hp, chn lc.
Xm nhp ch yu qua r (Anilofos), qua r, bao l mm v l non (Piperophos). Tr c ho tho
v c ci lc hng nm trn la gieo thng v la cy. Km hm phn chia t bo (Anilofos,
Piperophos). Hay thuc tr c tip xc vi tnh ni hp yu; xm nhp qua l, r v chi; km
hm sinh trng bp. Tr c thn g vng t khng trng trt (Fosamine). Mt s thuc trong
nhm: Anilofos, Fosamine, Piperophos
1.13. Nhm n-phenylphthalimide:
Km hm hot tnh men oxi ho protoporphyrinogen; cy tch lu porphyrin, tc ng
nh cht mn cm nh sng, thc y s to thnh cc loi cht oxi ho c bn trong t bo, ri
peroxi ho cht bo mng t bo, ph v khng th hi phc chc nng v cu trc mng t
bo. Triu chng th hin nhanh v in hnh : kh l, ho r, bc l, nu v cht hoi. Thuc tr
c l rng, tip xc, hu ny mm cho cc cy trng cn hng nm. Liu dng thp. Cc thuc
trong nhm: Cinido-ethyl, Flumiclorac-pentyl, Flumioxazin.
1.14. Nhm Pyrazole:
Km hm men p-Hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase. Thuc tr c chn lc ni hp,
xm nhp qua r (Benzofenap ) hay r v thn non (Pyrazoxyfen). D vn chuyn n cc b
phn ca cy. Dng tr c cho la l ch yu. in hnh trong nhm : Benzofenap,


Pyrazolynate, Pyrazoxyfen.
1.15. Nhm Pyrimidinyloxybenzoic: Km hm s tng hp axetolactat, bao vy sinh
tng hp cc chui nhnh amino axit. Thuc tr c ni hp, chn lc, hu ny mm; hp th qua
l v r. Thuc tr nhiu loi c, c bit c lng vc Echinochloa spp. trn la gieo thng.
Lng dng thp. Thuc c th hn hp vi nhiu thuc tr c khc. Cc thuc trong nhm :
Bispyribac-sodium, Pyribenzoxim, Pyribenzoxim, Pyriminobac-methyl, Pyrithiobac-sodium.
c dng ph bin Bispyribac-sodium, Pyribenzoxim.
1.16. Nhm Sulfonylurea:
Km hm sinh tng hp amino axit c bn valin v isoleuxin, dn n km hm tng hp
mch nhnh amino axit (axetolactatesynthaza hay ALS), lm ngng s phn chia t bo v pht
trin ca cy. Tnh chng chu thuc ca cy ph thuc vo tc chuyn ho ca thuc trong
cy. Thuc tr c ni hp, chn lc, xm nhp qua l v r; vn chuyn nhanh n m phn sinh.
Tc ng liu thp, c hiu lc cao tr c l rng hng nm v lu nm; c m ly (nh ci,
nn, lc... v mt s c l rng khc) trc v sau ny mm. Thuc c th xm nhp qua l v r
nn c dng phun ln l v x l t. Cn lu n kh nng tn lu lu ca thuc trong
t. C th hn hp vi cc thuc tr c khc. Cc thuc chnh trong nhm: Amido sulfuron,
Azimsulfuron, Bensulfuron-Methyl, Chlorimuron ethyl, Chlorsulfuron, Cinosulfuron,
Cyclosulfamuron, Ethametsulfuronmethyl, Ethoxysulfuron, Flazasulfuron, Flupyrsulfuron
methylsodium, Imazosulfuron, Iodosulfuron, Methylsodium, Metsulfuron methyl,
Nicosulfuron, Oxasulfuron, Primisulfuron-methyl, Prosulfuron, Pyrazosulfuron ethyl,
Rimsulfuron, Sulfosulfuron, Sulfumeturon methyl, Thifensulfuron-methyl, Triasulfuron.
Cc hot cht c dng ph bin trong nhm: Bensulfuron-Methyl, Chlorimuron ethyl,
Ethoxysulfuron, Imazosulfuron, Metsulfuron methyl, Pyrazosulfuron ethyl, Triasulfuron.
1.17. Nhm Thiocacbamat: Thuc km hm s tng hp lipid (khng km hm ACCase).
L thuc chn lc, mt s c tnh ni hp. Xm nhp qua l, r hay l mm. Tr c l rng trn
cc cy mu l ch yu; mt s tr c c l hp v l rng cho la gieo thng v la cy. Dng
liu cao. C th hn hp vi nhiu thuc tr c khc. Cc thuc trong nhm c tnh bay hi mnh
nn cn vi trong t; hiu lc mnh hn chng c hng nm; xm nhp mnh qua chi; km hm
phn chia t bo. Cc thuc trong nhm: Butylate, Cycloate, Dimepiperate, EPTC, ES-Procarb,
Molinate, Orbencarb, Pebulate, Prosulfocarb, Thiobencarb, Tiocarbaril, Tri-allate, Vernolate.
Hai thuc dng ph bin: Molinate xm nhp nhanh qua r; vn chuyn hng ngn,
km hm ny mm; tr mm c ci lc v c lng vc Echinochloa spp. giai on sau mc trn
rung la. Thiobencarb xm nhp vo cy qua bao l mm v tr gian l mm, qua r v l, km
hm s sinh trng ca mm ht. Dit c giai on tin v hu ny mm sm.
1.18. Nhm 1.3.5. triazin : Tr c chn lc, c tnh ni hp, xm nhp qua l v r; vn
chuyn hng ngn v tch lu trong m phn sinh ngn v l. Tr c tin v hu ny mm. Km
hm phn ng Hill ( km hm s vn chuyn in t ti h thng quang ho II trong quang hp).
C bc hi thp, khng b phn hu bi nh sng Tr c liu cao. Tc ng chm vi c
mn cm v c thp vi ng vt mu nng. Ph tc ng rng tr c hng nm v c l rng
trn u tng, khoai ty, c chua, ng da, ma, chui, cam chanh, c ph, ch v.v... v t
khng trng trt. Ng chng chu c cc hp cht triazin do trong ng c men glutathion S-
transferaza gii c nhanh, phn hu simazin thnh hydroxi simazin khng gy c cho ng. Cc
thuc trong nhm c th hn hp vi thuc tr c khc. X l t l ch yu, mt s cng c
phun ln cy; xm nhp qua r, vn chuyn trong mch g. Hiu lc chng mm c l rng v c


thng. Ho tan km, nn ch c dng WP, F hay ht; B hot ho vi ma hay nc ti. Tnh
chn lc ph thuc vo su lp r. Cc thuc trong nhm: Ametryn, Amitrole, Atrazin,
Cyanazine, Dimethametryn, Metribuzin, Prometon, Prometryn, Propazine, Simazine,
Simetryn, Tebumeton, Tebuthiazine, Terbutryn, Terbuthylazine, Trietazine.
1.19. Nhm Triazolinon: Thuc tr c tip xc, chn lc. Km hm men oxi ho
protoporphyrinogen (Azafenidin, Carfentrazone ethyl, Sulfentrazone) hay km hm quang hp
(Amicarbazone). Xm nhp qua r, mm l c (Amicarbazone), hay r v chi (Azafenidin)
hoc qua r v l (Sulfentrazone) hoc qua l (Carfentrazone ethyl). tin v hu ny mm. t
vn chuyn trong cy. Tr c hai l mm trn cy trng cn (Amicarbazone), c l rng cho cy
ng cc (Carfentrazone ethyl); c l rng, ci lc v mt s c ho tho (Sulfentrazone) cho cy
trng cn. Cc thuc thng dng: Amicarbazone,Azafenidin, Carfentrazoneethyl,
Sulfentrazone
1.20. Nhm Triazolopyrimidine:Thuc tr c chn lc. Km hm cc men tng hp
acetolactat (ALS) (nh Diclosulam, Cloransulam - methyl) hay km hm sinh tng hp chui
amino acid ( leucin, isoleucin v valin) mch nhnh ( ALS hay AHAS) ( nh Florasulam). Xm
nhp qua r v l; vn chuyn n cc im mi sinh trng, tch lu trong m phn sinh, hn
ch phn chia t bo, cui cng l cy cht. Tch lu rt t trong r cy. Thuc tr c l rng,
hu ny mm, v nhiu cy h thp t trn ng cc, ng. Liu dng thp. Cc thuc thng dng:
Cloransulam - methyl, Diclosulam, Florasulam, Flumetsulam.
1.21. Nhm Uracil: Km hm phn ng Hill (km hm s vn chuyn in t trong quang
hp ); c bc hi thp; khng b phn hu bi nh sng, tit trng t liu cao. c cy
hp th ch yu qua r, t hn qua l v thn. Tc ng chm vi c mn cm v c thp vi
ng vt mu nng. X l t l ch yu, mt s cng c phun ln cy; xm nhp qua r, vn
chuyn trong mch g. Hiu lc chng mm c l rng v c thng; tr cy bi v cc loi c
t khng trng trt, liu dng cao; tr c hng nm v lu nm trn cam chanh, da (thm).
Thuc c th hn hp vi nhiu thuc tr c khc. Ho tan km, nn ch c dng WP, F hay ht;
B hot ho vi ma hay nc ti. Tnh chn lc ph thuc vo su lp r. Cc thuc trong
nhm: Bromacil, Lenacil, Terbacil.
1.22. Nhm Urea: Km hm quang hp ( c ch phn ng Hill), km hm s vn
chuyn in t trong quang hp ti h thng quang ho II) hay km hm phn chia t bo
(Cumyluron, Daimuron ). Thuc tr c ni hp, chn lc, hp th ch yu qua r, vn chuyn
hng ngn. Thuc c tc dng chn lc khi dng tr c l hp v c l rng ang mc mm trn
nhiu cy trng cy n qu, nho, da, chui, chui, ma , bng, ng cc, ng v c lu nm mc
t ht. Cc thuc trong nhm: Chlorbromuron, Chlortoluron, Cumyluron, Daimuron,
Dimefuron, Diuron, Fenuron, Fluometuron, Isouron, Linuron, Methabenzthiazuron,
Metobenzuron, Metobromuron, Metoxuron, Monolinuron, Neburon, Sidurn, Tebuthiuron
1.23. Nhm V c.: Thuc tr c khng chn lc, xm nhp qua l v r. Tr c cho cy c thn
g, c l rng hng nm, cc c ho tho khc t khng trng trt, t rng, t trng cy (Ammonium
sulfate); tr nhiu loi c hng nm khi gieo ht, hu ny mm cho mt s cy trng cn, t khng trng
trt (Acid Chloro acetic); hoc tr c trn t khng trng trt; c th dng lm cht kh cy, rng l cho
bng, u tng v mt s cy trng khc (Sodium clorate). C th tr ru (Ferrous sulfate= sulfat st).
Khng an ton vi cy trng, dng lng ln.


1.24. Nhm cht tng hiu qu tr c:
Esterified vegetable oil: lm tng hiu qu thuc tr su pyrethroit, cacbamat; thuc tr
c hu ny mm thuc cc nhm xyclohexanedion, sunfonyl urea, bipyridium...; thuc tr bnh
nhm triazole do kh nng lm mm biu b l v ngoi b ca cn trng, tng tnh thm, tnh gi
m v tng loang dnh ca thuc tr su, bnh v c. Ho thm vo dch phun trc khi dng.
Nng dng <1% dch phun.
Fenclorim: Cht an ton thuc tr c la. Tc ng n qu trnh chuyn ho Pretilachlor
bng cch lin hp vi glutathion trong cy la. Xm nhp nhanh vo cy qua r mm la, bo
v mm la khng b pretilachlor gy hi .
Flurenol butyl: Cht hp lc thuc tr c. Xm nhp qua l v r. Vn chuyn hng
ngn v hng gc. Tch lu nh sinh trng ca chi v r. Km hm sinh trng v pht
trin ca chi v mm. Hn hp vi cc thuc tr c phenoxy tr c l rng trn ng cc, c
ho tho trn la hu ny mm.
2. CC NHM C 2 THUC TR C I DIN:
2.1. Nhm Acetamide: Tr c chn lc, xm nhp qua r, vn chuyn trong cy. Km
hm phn chia t bo, km hm sinh trng v pht trin r. Tr c l hp hng nm v mt s
c l rng trn nhiu cy trng cn; tr c tin ny mm. Cc thuc trong nhm: Diphenamid ,
Naproanilide.
2.2. Nhm Acid alkanoic halogen ho: Thuc tr c ni hp chn lc, xm nhp qua l
v r, dch chuyn trong cy, gy kt ta protein, km hm s sn sinh axit pantotenic. Dng tr
c l hp hng nm v lu nm trn vng t khng trng trt, knh mng, vn cy, rung
nho, rng, chui, ma, khoai ty, u tng , ng, c ph, ch, cao su, bng... i din Dalapon
sodium, TCA sodium
2.3. Nhm Acid quinolinecaboxylic: L mt auxin tng hp, tc ng ging nh IAA
(indol axetic axit) hay nhng thuc tr c dng auxin ca nhm axit benzoic v pyridin. Khng
nh hng n phn ng Hill. Xm nhp vo l nhanh. Thuc tr c tin v hu ny mm tr cc
loi c lng vc Echinochloa spp. v c ho tho khc; c in ma Aeschynomene spp.; in in
gai Sesbania spp. v cc loi c khc trn la cy v la gieo thng. An ton vi la. C th gy
hi cho cy trng h hoa tn rung lin k, nu dng chung ngun nc ti. Thuc c kh
nng hn hp vi cc thuc tr c la khc khng c hiu lc tr c lng vc. Cc thuc trong
nhm: Quinclorac v Quinmerax, trong Quinclorac c dng thng dng hn.
2.4. Nhm anilide: Km hm s vn chuyn in t trong quang hp. Thuc tr c chn
lc, tip xc, hu ny mm, thi gian hu hiu ngn. Tr c l rng v l hp trn rung la.
c hn hp vi MCPA tr c cho ng cc. D gy c cho cy trng l rng. Cc hot
cht trong nhm: Dicloanilin v Propanil; trong Propanil ( DCPA) c dng thng dng.
Propanil s gy c cho mi loi cy trng- k c la- nu trc hay sau phun propanil
trong vng 1 tun m c phun, rc cc thuc tr su bnh thuc cc nhm ln hu c v
cacbamat. Trong cy la: propanyl b men aryl axylamidaza phn hu thnh 3,4-dicloanilin, axit
propionic, nn khng gy c cho la.
2.5. Nhm Benzofuran: Km hm sinh tng hp lipid, nhng khng km hm ACCase.
Thuc tr c ni hp, chn lc. Xm nhp qua mm r (c l hp) v qua r ( c l rng), vn
chuyn n l. Khng xm nhp vo l c biu b thun thc. Km hm s sinh trng ca


m phn sinh, lm chm s phn chia t bo v hn ch to sp. X l tin hay hu ny mm.
Tr c cho cc cy mu. Liu dng thp. Cc thuc trong nhm: Befxyresate, Ethofumesate.
2.6. Nhm Benzonitrile: Km hm sinh tng hp vch t bo, nhng khng nh hng
n h hp v quang hp. Thuc tr c chn lc, km hm phn chia m phn sinh s ny mm
ca ht v hu hoi thn r. Tnh chn lc i vi cy thn g, cy cnh, cy n qu v cy
rng. Cc thuc trong nhm: Chlorothiamid, Diclobenil
2.7. Nhm benzothiadiazinon: Km hm s vn chuyn in t trong qu trnh quang
hp. Thuc tr c tip xc, chn lc, hp th qua l( ch yu) v qua r; t vn chuyn trong cy.
c phun ln l tr cc loi c l rng, ci lc trn nhiu cy trng nh lc, ng, u, la,
u tng. Thuc c th hn hp vi nhiu thuc tr c khc. Thuc trong nhm: Benazolin,
Bentazone; trong Bentazone dng thng dng hn.
2.8. Nhm Bipyridylium: Tc ng n lc lp, nh hng n chc nng quang hp ca
thc vt. Thuc tr c tip xc, khng chn lc, phun ln l, xm nhp qua l v t vn chuyn
trong cy, d ho tan trong nc, khng hot ho t, tc ng mnh hn khi c nh nng chiu.
Triu chng trng c th hin nhanh ( trong 1 gi); c c cao. Ph rng, tr c l rng v
cc loi c l hp khc trn nhiu cy n qu, cy cng nghip lu nm, chui, ma, da cy rng
v cc loi cy bi. Thuc cng c dng tr c trn t khng trng trt, tr c trc khi trng
mi c chn nui; tr c di knh mng. Ngoi ra cn c dng rng l trc lc thu hoch
bng bng my. Khng hn hp vi thuc mang tnh kim, cht hot ng b mt anionic. Cc
thuc trong nhm: Diquatdibromide, Paraquat dichloride.
2.9. Nhm Bis Carbamate: Km hm s vn chuyn in t trong qu trnh quang ho
II. Thuc tr c ni hp chn lc, xm nhp qua l, vn chuyn trong ht. Tr c l rng. Hu
ny mm cho cy trng cn. Cc thuc trong nhm: Desmedipham, Phenmedipham.
2.10. Nhm Carbamate: Km hm sinh tng hp men dihydroteroate synthease (Asulam)
hay km hm to phn bo c t (Carbetamide). Thuc tr c ni hp, chn lc, xm nhp qua
l v r. Vn chuyn trong mch g v libe, n cc b phn ca cy, lm cy chm xanh. Tr
c l hp v l rng hng nm v lu nm trn cy trng cn.Thuc trong nhm: Asulam,
Carbetamide.
2.11. Nhm Dicarboximide: Nhm tr c mi. Km hm phn chia t bo, km hm sinh
trng ca r v chi. X l trc trng v trc ny mm tr c ho tho v c l rng hng
nm trn t khng trng trt, cy cnh, thm c v ht g cng. Cc thuc trong nhm: MK-
616, Prodiamine.
2.12. Nhm Dinitrophenol: Thuc tr c tip xc, khng chn lc. Tch qu trnh oxi
ho v phosphoryl ho, gy ri to mng t bo. Tr c l rng hng nm, hu ny mm cho cy
mu ngn ngy. Cc thuc tr c thng dng trong nhm: Dinoterb, DNOC.
2.13. Nhm Hydroxybenzonitrile: Km hm s vn chuyn in t trong chu trnh
quang ho II, cng gy bt cp qu trnh oxi ho v phosphoryl ho. Thuc tr c chn lc, tip
xc l chnh, ni hp yu. Xm nhp qua l v vn chuyn yu. Tr c hu ny mm cho c l
rng. Cc thuc trong nhm: Bromoxynil, Ioxynil.
2.14. Nhm Oxadiazol: Km hm men protoporphyrinogen IX oxidaza. Thuc tr c c
tc dng chn lc, tin ny mm v hu ny mm sm, tr c hai l mm, c l hp v c nn lc


hng nm trn rung m; cy trng cn ( khoai ty, rau, ma), da, cc cy n qu, cam chanh
khc. Cc thuc trong nhm: Oxadiargyl, Oxadiazon.
2.15. Nhm Oxyacetamide: Km hm chuyn ho axit bo dn n km hm phn chia t
bo v sinh trng ca c di. Kh nng phn gii thuc ca men glutathion transferase c trong
cy quyt nh tnh chng chu ca cy i vi thuc. Thuc tr c tin v hu ny mm sm, c
tc ng chn lc v ph rng, tr c l hp v mt s loi c l rng. c phun trc khi
trng tr c cho ng, u tng c chua, khoai ty hoc phun sau ny mm tr c cho ng,
la. Hot cht Flufenacet , Mefenacet c s dng trong nng nghip.
2.16. Nhm Phenylpyrazole: Km hm hot tnh men oxi ho protoporphyrinogen. Khi
phun ln l, gp nh sng, thuc xm nhp nhanh vo m cy, nhanh chng gy cht hoi hay
kh thn l. Thuc tr c tip xc, chn lc, hu ny mm dng tr c l rng trn la
(Pyraflufen-ethyl) hay tr c ho tho v c l rng cho ng cc trc ny mm (Fluazolate).
Liu dng thp. Cc thuc trong
nhm: Fluazolate, Pyraflufen-ethyl.
2.17. Nhm Pyridazinone: Thuc tr c ni hp, chn lc. Xm nhp qua r, vn chuyn
hng ngn. Tr c l rng hng nm (Chloridazon); c ho tho v c l rng (Norflurazon);
hu ny mm. Km hm s vn chuyn in t trong quang hp h quang ho II (Chloridazon)
hay bao vy s tng hp carotenoid bng cch km hm men kh bo ho phytoen
(Norflurazon). Thuc in hnh trong nhm: Chloridazon, Norflurazon.
2.18. Nhm Pyridin cacboxamide: Nhm thuc tr c nh, i din l Diflufenican,
Picolinafen. Thuc tr c tip xc , vi cc loi c l hp v c l rng, tin v hu ny mm
sm cho la m, la mch; tn lu lu, c mm r c mi mc hp th, t di chuyn trong
cy. Km hm tng hp caroten v dng in t trong quang hp. Thng hn hp vi cc thuc
tr c khc.
2.19. Nhm 1.2.4. triazinone:Thuc tr c tip xc, khng chn lc (Hexazinone) hay
ni hp, chn lc (Metribuzine), xm nhp qua r v l, vn chuyn hng ngn. Tr nhiu c l
hp v l rng, tin v hu ny mm cho cy trng cn ; hay tr c trn t khng trng trt
(Hexazinone). Cc thuc thng dng trong nhm : Hexazinone, Metribuzine
3. CC NHM MI C 1 THUC TR C I DIN
3.1. Nhm Acid arylaminopropyonic:
Nhm thuc tr c nh , mi, i din l Flamprop-M ( gm Flamprop-M-isopropyl v
Flamprop-M-methyl). Km hm tng hp acid bo; km hm ko di v phn chia t bo , nn
km hm cy pht trin. Tnh chn lc ph thuc vo liu lng thu phn n acid t do.
Trong cy chu thuc, acid b gii c do to thnh cc phc hp. Thuc tr c ni hp chn lc,
xm nhp qua l.
3.2. Nhm Acid Benzendicarboxylic: Nhm thuc tr c nh, i din Chlorthal-
dimethyl: Km hm s lp rp vi ng. Thuc tr c chn lc, tip xc, xm nhp qua bao l mm
( c l hp) v tr di l mm. Dit mm ht. Tr c tin ny mm cho c l hp v mt s c
l rng trn cy trng cn.
3.3. Nhm Acid carboxylic: i din l Flurenol. Cht iu khin sinh trng tng hp.
Ni hp, vn chuyn hng ngn v hng gc. Gy km hm sinh trng, cy ln, km hm
phn nhnh v vn chuyn auxin.


3.4. Nhm Acid halogenate alkanoic: i din l Flupropanate. Thuc tr c ni hp
mnh, tip xc yu. Xm nhp qua r. Tr c ho tho hng nm v lu nm trn ng c v t
khng trng trt.
3.5. Nhm Acid photphinic: Km hm hot ng ca men glutaminase, dn n tch lu
ion NH4
+
v km hm quang hp. L thuc tr c tip xc v ni hp yu, khng chn lc.
Thuc ch dch chuyn trong l ( t cung n mt l) . Dng tr nhiu c l hp v c l rng
hng nm v lu nm trn vn cy n qu, nho, cy cnh, khoai ty v cc cy trng chng chu
glufosinate-amonium (c du, ng, u tng, c ci ng) c pht trin thng qua k thut
bin i gen; cy bi v t khng trng trt; tr c trc khi mc cho t trng rau. Lm kh l
u tng, hng dng trc thu hoch. Thuc c th hn hp vi diuron, simazin, MCPA v
mt s thuc tr c khc. Cc thuc trong nhm Bilanafos v Glufosinate ammonium; trong
Glufosinate ammonium c dng rng ri.
3.6. Nhm Aniline: i din l Fluchloralin: Km hm phn chia t bo. Thuc tr c
chn lc; xm nhp qua chi v r; vn chuyn hng ngn . Tc ng xu n mm ht v cc
qu trnh sinh l khc, c bit l r con. Tr c ho tho v c l rng hng nm trn bng, la
cy, u tng. lc, cc loi u khc, hng dng, khoai ty v mt vi loi rau. X l t
trc khi trng hay trc khi ny mm.
3.7. Nhm Carboxamide: i din l Cafenstrole: Km hm phn chia t bo. Tr c ho
tho v c hng nm, tin v hu ny mm trn la.
3.8. Nhm Cineol: Nhm thuc tr c nh v mi ; i din c Cinmethylin c bn
trn th trng. Tr c ho tho, c ci lc trong rung la nc, tin ny mm hay hu ny mm
sm. Thuc c hp th qua r v mm c di ang ny mm hoc c mc. Vn chuyn
trong cy v hn ch s pht trin ca nh sinh trng v chp r c. Ngoi ra, Cinmethylin
cn c hiu lc tr bnh o n Pyricularia oryzae hi la. Thuc thng c hn hp vi mt
s thuc tr c l rng khc.
3.10. Nhm dn xut ca Acid propionic: Km hm hot ng ca acetyl CoA
carboxylase. Tnh chn lc ph thuc s chuyn ho khc nhau trong la v c. Tr c hi la.
Tnh mn cm ca c lng vc ph thuc vo ca s chuyn ho nhanh ca dng este thnh dng
axit hot ho. Vit Nam, hot cht Cyhalofop -butyl c khuyn co tr c ho tho (sau
mc) cho la gieo thng.
3.11. Nhm Dione: i din l Indanofan. Tr c tin v hu na mm trn la cy (
lng vc, ci lc v nhiu c ho tho khc) v tr c tin ny mm cho bi c, cho la m,
mch.
3.12. Nhm Isoxazole:
Nhm thuc tr c nh, i din Isxaflutole. Chuyn ho nhanh trong cy; trong t m
vng isoxazol to mt diketonitril, tc ng n nhiu loi, km hm men p-hydroxyphenyl
pyruvat dioxigenase. Men ny bin i p-hydroxyphenyl pyruvat n ng th, mt bc ch
yu trong qu trnh sinh tng hp plastoquinon. Km hm qu trnh sinh tng hp carotenoid,
lm tng bin vng b phn mi pht trin. Thuc tr c ni hp, khng vn chuyn c ln l
v r. Tr c l rng trn ng, ma, trc ny mm v trc khi trng. m rng ph tc ng,
c th hn hp vi cc thuc tr c khc.


3.13. Nhm Oxazolidinedione:
Nhm thuc tr c nh, i din l Pentoxazone. Km hm s oxi ho
protoporphyrinogen. Km hm men thu phn s hon i ca protoporphyrinogen IX n
protoporphyrin IX trong qu trnh sinh tng hp dip lc ca cy. Thuc tr c tin v hu ny
mm sm, tr c lng vc, ui phng trn la.
3.14. Nhm Isoxazolidinon: Nhm thuc tr c nh, i din l Clomazone. Km hm
sinh tng hp carotenoit. Thuc tr c chn lc, xm nhp nhanh qua r v chi, vn chuyn ln
trn. C vn mc nhng khng c sc t. Tr c l rng v cc loi c ph bin trn u tng,
u, ng, ma, thuc l. X l tin ny mm hay ngay trc khi trng. L cc loi cy mn cm,
khi tip xc vi nc thuc hoc hi thuc d b mt mu l. C th hn hp vi cc thuc tr
c khc.
3.15. Nhm Phenyl urea: i din l Methyldymron. Km hm phn chia t bo. Thuc
tr c chn lc, xm nhp ch yu qua r, vn chuyn n min sinh trng. X l tin n hu
ny mm sm tr c ci lc v mt s c ho tho trn bi c.
3.16. Nhm Phosphoroamidate: Nhm thuc tr c nh, i din Butamifos. Km hm
s lp rp vi ng. Thuc tr c ni hp, tip xc, khng chn lc. Dng trc khi mc mm.
Tr c hng nm, c bit c ho tho trn u, la, rau.
3.17. Nhm Phosphorodithioate: Nhm thuc tr c nh, i din Bensulide: Km hm
sinh tng hp lipid, nhng khng km hm men ACCase. Thuc tr c tin ny mm, chn lc,
xm nhp qua b mt r; mt lng nh xm nhp qua chi. Bn thn Bensulide khng vn
chuyn n l, nhng cc cht chuyn ho li c chuyn n l. Tc ng bng cch km hm
s ny mm.
3.18. Nhm Phthalamate: i din l Naptalam. Km hm s vn chuyn acid
indolylacetic. Thuc tr c chn lc, xm nhp ch yu qua r, mt phn qua l v tch lu
min sinh trng. Km hm ht ny mm. Thuc tr c l rng v mt s c l hp tin ny mm
trn bu b, da chut, u , lc, cc cy cnh thn g.
3.19. Nhm Pyridine: i din l Dithiopyr. Km hm phn chia t bo bng cch ph v
s hnh thnh cc ng nh mc thng. Thuc tr c tin ny mm. Dng tr c tin v hu ny
mm sm cho c ho tho hng nm v c l rng.
3.20. Nhm Pyridinon: i din l Fluridone. Lm gim sinh tng hp carotenoid bng
cch km hm phytoen bo ho, ph hu dip lc v km hm quang hp. Thuc tr c ni hp,
chn lc. Cy trong nc, xm nhp qua l v r; cy trng cn xm nhp ch yu qua r v vn
chuyn ln l. Nng dng cho cy di nc : 45-90ppb; ti a 150ppb.
3.21. Nhm Pyrimidione: i din l Butafenacil. Km hm men oxi ho
protoporphyrinogen . Thuc tr c tip xc khng chn lc, xm nhp qua l. Vn chuyn ch
trong l. Tr nhiu c l rng hng nm v lu nm trn cy n qa, cy cnh v t khng trng trt.
3.22. Nhm Pyrrolidinon
i din l Flurocloridone. Km hm sinh tng hp carotenoid ( cht loi tr dip lc
trong qu trnh quang oxi ho) bng cch km hm men bo ho phytoen. Thuc tr c chn lc,
xm nhp qua r, thn v bao l mm. Tr nhiu c l rng, tin ny mm cho ng cc, khoai
ty, hng dng.


3.23. Nhm Semi Carbamate: i din l Diflufenzopyr. Km hm s vn chuyn
auxin, bng cch bao vy s vn chuyn protin trn mng t bo. Khi hn hp vi Dicamba,
vn chuyn trc tip Dicamba n cc im sinh trng, lm tng hiu lc tr c l rng. Thuc
tr c ni hp, hu ny mm. Cc cy l rng mn cm b cong trong vi gi; c mn cm b cn
ci. Tr c hu ny mm vi c l rng hng nm v c l hp lu nm trn ng, bi c rng v
t khng trng trt. Trong thng mi thng c hn hp vi Dicamba. C hai u dng
dng mui natri.
3.24. Nhm Striketone:
i din l Sucotrione. Km hm men p-Hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase. Xm
nhp ch yu qua l, mt phn qua r. Tr c l rng v ho tho, hu ny mm cho ng ma.
3.25. Nhm Tetrazolinon :
Nhm thuc tr c nh, i din l Fentrazamide. Km hm s chuyn ho axit bo. Km
hm s phn chia t bo r v chp r, lm ngng s sinh trng, thn cy b vn vo, cc m
ko di. Thuc tr c lng vc, cc loi c ho tho v ci lc hng nm trn la gieo thng v
l cy t trc khi c ny mm n khi c c 3 l tht.
3.26. Nhm Thiadiazole:
Nhm thuc tr c nh, i din l Fluthiacet-methyl. Km hm men oxi ho
protoporphyrinogen, lm tch lu protoporphyrin, lm tng peroxi ho cht bo ca mng, ph
hu cu trc mng v chc nng si. Tr c l rng, hu ny mm cho ng, u tng.
3.27. Nhm Triketone:
i din l Mesotrione. Km hm men p-Hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase, cui
cng tc ng n sinh tng hp carotenoid. Xm nhp qua r v l; dch chuyn c hng gc
v ln ngn. Lm trng l v cht hoi min sinh trng. Tr c l rng tin ny mm.
4. CC THUC KHC KHNG R NHM:
Acrolein: Phn ng vi nhm cc men c gc sulfuhydryl. Thuc tr c tip xc, ph v
vch t bo. Thuc tr c nc knh mng. Phun trn mt nc, nng 1-15mg/l.
AKH-7088: Thuc tr c l rng, hu ny mm cho cy trng cn .
Benzobicyclon: Km hm men p-Hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase. Thuc tr c
chn lc, xm nhp qua r v thn c; vn chuyn ton cy, gy mt mu l non. Tr c hng
nm v lu nm, tin n hu ny mm sm trn la gieo thng v la cy.
Bromobutide: Thuc tr c chn lc cho la; hiu lc chng ci lc, c ho tho, c l
rng trn la nc; cng c hiu lc tr c trn la cn.
Etobenzanid: Tr c tin v hu ny mm cho la.
Oxaziclomefon: Cht km hm sinh trng mi, km hm ko di t bo, nhng cha xc
nh c i tng. Cy b trng c, l v chi b a vng, hi , cht hoi, ri cht. Tr
c lng vc, ci lc v mt s c l rng trn la; trc ny mm.


BNG 7. TNG HP PHNG THC TC NG CA THUC TR C
(Trch t Herbicide Resistance Action Commitee Clasification of Herbicides by Mode Action.)
Nhm Phng thc tc ng Tn nhm thuc Nhm
WSSA*
A Km hm acetyl CoA
carboxylase ACCase
Aryloxyphenoxy propionates
Cyclohexanediones

1

E
Km hm acetolactat syn thase
(ALS)( acetohydroxyacidsynthase
(AHAS))
Sulfonylureas
Imidazolinones
Triazolopyrimidines
Pyrimidinylthiobenzoates

2

C1

Km hm h quang hp II
1,3,5-Triazines, Triazinones
Uracils, Pyridazinone
Phenyl carbamates

5
C2 Km hm h quang hp II Phenylureas, Amide 7
C3 Km hm h quang hp II Nitriles, Benzothiadiazole
Phenyl pyridazine
6
D Sai lch in t h quang hp I Bipydyliums 22

E

Km hm protoporphyrinogen
oxidase (PPO)
Diphenyl ethers,
N-Phenylphthalimides
Thiadiazoles, Oxadiazoles
Triazolinones

14

F1
Ty trng: Km hm sinh tng hp
carotenoide ti men phytoene
desaturase (PDS)
Pyridazinones,
Nicotinanilides,
Cc loi khc

12

F2
Ty trng: Km hm men 4-
hydroxyphenyl pyruvate
dioxygenase (4-HPPD)
Triketones,
Isoxazole,
Pyrazole

28
Triazoles 11 F3 Ty trng: Km hm sinh tng hp
Carotenoid (khng r i tng) Isoxazolidinone, Phenylurea 13
G Km hm sinh tng hp EPSP Glycines 9
H Km hm sinh tng hp glutamine Phosphinic acids 10
I Km hm men dihydropterate
synthase (DHP)
Carbamates 18

K1

Micrptubule ases
Dinitroanilines,
Phosphoroamidates
Pyridazines, Benzoic acid

5
K2 Km hm gin phn Carbamates, Benzylethers 23

K3

Km hm phn chia t bo
Chloroacetanilides,
Carbamates, Acetamides
Benzamides,Oxyacetasmides

15
Nitriles 20 L Km hm sinh tng hp vch t bo
(cellulose) Benzamides 21
M Khng cp i (ri lon mng) Dinitrophenol 24
Thiocarbamates,


N Km hm sinh tng hp lipid,
nhng khng km hm ACCase
Phosphorodithioates,
Benzofurans,
Chloro-carbonic acids
8

C

Sinh tng hp auxins
Phenoxy alkanoic acids
Benzoic acids
Pyridinecarboxylic acids
Quinoline carboxylic acids

4
P Km hm tc ng indolacetic acid Phthalamates 19
Arylaminopropionic acids 25
Cc asen hu c 17

Z

Cha bit
Cc loi khc 27 & 8
Ghi ch: WSSA: Phn loi ca Hip hi Khoa hc c di M (Weed Science Society of
America)

CU HI N TP:
1/ Nhng hiu bit chung v thuc tr c : nh ngha, phn loi v phng thc s dng?
2/ c im chung ca cc nhm thuc tr c : acid alkanoic halogen ho, acid photphinic, acid
quinolinecaboxylic, anilide , aryloxyphenoxy propionate, auxin tng hp, benzamide,
bipyridylium , chloroacetamide, cineol, cyclohexanedione oxime, dn xut glycin, dinitroanilin,
diphenyl ether, oxadiazol, oxyacetamide, pyrimidinyl -oxybenzoic, sulfonylurea, thiocacbamat,
1.3.5. triazin, urea?


CHNG XI
CHT IU KHIN SINH TRNG CY TRNG
Cht iu ho sinh trng thc vt (Plant growth regulator - PGR) cn c gi l cht/thuc kch
thch sinh trng cy trng. nng thch hp, cc hp cht ny kch thch cy sinh trng v pht
trin, tng t l ny mm, tng sc sng ca mm, gip cy nhanh ra r, l, hoa, qu, rt ngn thi gian
sinh trng... , tng nng sut v cht lng nng sn. nng cao thuc d gy hi cho thc vt.
Thuc t c vi ng vt c v, mi sinh v mi trng.
Trong mt s nm gn y, Vit nam, mt s cht kch thch sinh trng c s dng n (
kch thch cy trng) hay gia cng thnh cc loi phn bn l.
Mun s dng cht kch thch sinh trng cy trng c hiu qu cn:
-Cc cht kch thch sinh trng cy trng ch pht huy c tc dng trn c s c cht dinh
dng. V vy, mun cht kch thch sinh trng cy trng mun t c hiu qu ti u, cy trng cn
c cung cp dinh dng.
-Khng nn lm dng cht kch thch sinh trng cy trng v khi s dng qu mc c th gy
thoi ho ging, hoc lm tng sinh khi nhng gim cht lng nng sn. Nn nh, cht kch thch sinh
trng khng th thay th cc loi phn bn.
Nhm thuc kch thch sinh trng cy trng gm mt s nhm nh sau:
1. NHM PURIN: i din l cc Cytokinin, cc hoocmon thc vt, kch thch qu trnh phn
bo; lm tng sinh trng cy. Ngoi ra cng vi cc auxin khc v gibberellin, tham gia iu
tit cc qu trnh sinh trng ca cy trng nh m chi, tr hoa, to qu, lm cng l, lm chm
qu trnh gi ca cc b phn x l. Thuc cn c tc dng tr tuyn trng.
2. NHM ETYLEN: i din l Ethephon. iu khin sinh trng cy trng mang tnh ni
hp. Thm vo m cy, phn hu thnh etylen. Thc y s chn trc thu hoch ca cc loi
cy n qu, c chua; tng u qu c ph, to, nho, mn, cam chanh, chui, xoi...; thc y tri
cy thu hoch mau chn; gim dai d thu hoch; tng kh nng u qu v ra chi ...
Khng hn hp vi cc cht c tnh kim v thuc tr bnh cha kim loi (st, km, mangan).
3. NHM CC HP CHT GIBBELLERIN: iu khin sinh trng cy nng rt thp.
Di chuyn trong cy v ch tc ng n cc b phn trn mt t. X dng nhiu mc ch: tng
u qu, tha chm qu v tng kch c qu nho, km hm chn (km hm s xut hin sc t
vng trn cam chanh), kch thch la pht trin v tr u; lm tng chiu cao hay lm ln cy
(tu nng s dng), ph v trng thi ng v thc mm khoai ty, tng nng sut nhiu cy
trng. Lm p cy cnh, hoa. Khng hn hp vi cc cht cha kim v dung dch c ion Cl
-
.
Vit Nam, thuc c ng k kch thch sinh trng da chut, da hu, u, rau ci, bp
ci, la. Gibberellic acid cn c hn hp vi cc cht khc to cc sn phm kch thch
sinh trng cy.
4. NHM AMONI BC BN: i din l Chlormequat chloride ( km hm ko di t bo,
cy thp, cng thn; tng pht trin r, lm tng dip lc, tng lm tng s phn nhnh, ra hoa v
n hoa; chng rng ht v lm tng nng sut ca cy) v Mepiquat chloride ( xm nhp v
vn chuyn khp cy, km hm sinh tng hp acit gibberelli)c. Dng lm gim sinh trng dinh
dng ca bng v lm qu chn sm; km hm m chi ca hnh, ti.
5. NHM AUXIN TNG HP: Gm cc cht 2-(1- naphthyl) acetamide: Km hm to lp
tch cung qu, nn c dng ngn rng qu non ca to, l , anh o. Acid N-
phenylphthalamic: Ko di thi gian sng ca phn hoa, ci thin iu kin th phn, tng u
qu v ci thin nng sut ca c chua, h tiu, u, u tng, rau khc, hng dng, nho v


cc loi cy n qu. Acid 2- napthyloxyacetic: nng thp, thc y to r v ko di r;
nng cao km hm sinh trng cy. Dng kch thch s to r cho nhng cy thn g,
thn tho v nho; ngn ra hoa sm, rng qu cho l, to, nho, i, xoi, cy c mi, c tm, da
chut, bng, u nnh v.v... tng u qu, lm mng v qu to, l, cy c mi, thc y da
ra hoa. Vit nam, thuc c dng n hoc hn hp vi cc cht kch thch sinh trng
khc. C th pha trn vi cc nguyn t vi lng, va lm phn bn l v sn phm kch thch
sinh trng cho cy. Acid 4 - indol -3-ylbutyric: tc ng n s phn chia v ko di t bo.
6. NHM DINITROANILINE: i din l Butralin ngn cn sinh trng ca chi, nhnh v
chi r; km hm s sp xp ng mm. Ngn cn m chi thuc l. Thuc c hiu lc dit c (
tr c chn lc, thm qua r, mm ht, vn chuyn hng ngn chm).
7. NHM HN HP CC NITROPHENOL: i din l mt thng phm Atonik gm 3
cht: sodium-5-nitroguaiacolate; sodium- o- nitrophenolat v sodium- p- nitrophenolat.
Kch thch hot tnh ca endoauxin (iu khin qu trnh oxi ho ca acid indol-3-acetic acid) v
hot tnh cc men trong qu trnh chuyn ho khong cht. Dng kch thch sinh trng, lm
tng s huy ng dinh dng trong cy bng, la v u tng liu 2l/ha.
8. NHM TRIAZOLE / AZOLE: i din l Paclobutrazol: Km hm sinh tng hp
gibberellin v sterol, tc ng n phn chia t bo. Xm nhp qua l, thn, r vo m g v dch
chuyn n vng phn sinh, lm cy rn chc li, thc cy tng n hoa v u qu. c dng
trn cy n qu km hm sinh trng dinh dng v tng u qu, nh dng cy cnh v cy
hoa. Lm tng nhnh hu hiu ca la, hn ch lp v tng nng sut; km hm s pht
trin cc bi c, c gieo pht trin ng u. Dng phun ln l, ti hay bm vo t. Cn
c hiu lc chng nm phn trng v g st. C th gy vt m trn l khi nhit cao.
9. NHM PHENYLUREA: i din l Thiadiazuron: tng hot tnh ca cytokinin, mt
hoocmon thc vt. Xm nhp qua l, kch thch s to thnh lp tch gia thn v cung l, gy
rng l xanh.
10. NHM VITAMIN : i din l ATCA . Lm tng hot ng ca t bo. Hn hp vi acid
foric lm cht kch thch sinh trng cy trng. Vit nam, hn hp ATCA (axit N-axetyl
thiazolidin -4 -cacboxilic) 5% vi acid folic 0,1% lm cht kch thch sinh trng cho la.
11. PYRIMIDINYL CARBINOL: i din l Ancymidol: Km hm sinh tng hp gibberellin.
Xm nhp qua l v r, vn chuyn trong b libe. Km hm ko di lng cy chc hn. Dng
trong nh knh hay phun ln cy hoc x l t rt hiu qu. Khi phun ln cy dng nng 6-
66ppm; trn khay ging 3 -33 ppm; ra hoa 20-50ppm.
12. CC CHT IU KHIN SINH TRNG KHC:
Carvone: Km hm khoai ty ny mm v chng mt s bnh trong bo qun khoai ty
nh vy bc Helminthosporium solani, thi kh Fusarium sulfureum.
Chlorflurenol methyl: 1964. Km hm auxin. iu ho sinh trng v tr c. Xm nhp
qua l v r; vn chuyn hng ngn v gc, mm; bi tit vo t v lm r n ln trn t.
Dng lm chm sinh trng.
Clofencet: Thuc ni hp. Km hm to phn hoa.
Cloprop: Xm nhp qua l nhng chm vn chuyn. Km hm sinh trng chi da
tng kch thc v trng lng qu, chi v cy, lm qu chn chm. Lm mng v qu.


4-CPA: Ci thin s ra qu ca c chua( 15-30ppm) v km hm s to nhnh ca u
xanh. Qu mng v.
Cyclanilide: Km hm s vn chuyn cc auxin phn cc. Dng iu khin sinh
trng bng. Hn hp vi ethephon dng cui v bng n tt hn, lm rng l, km hm bng
ra l cui.
Daminozide: Km hm sinh tng hp acid gibberellic. Thm qua l v vn chuyn trong
cy. Km hm ra lng ca cc, chi t hng... v cc cy cnh khc.
n-Decanol: Tc dng tip xc. Dng n hay hn hp vi cc cn bo dit mm ca
c chua.
Dikegulac: Xm nhp qua l v vn chuyn trong cy. Dng mui natri c dng
gim u th tri nh, gim s ra cnh v ra hoa ca cy kh,
Ethychlozate: Tc ng ging mt auxin, kch thch s sn sinh ethylen, to lp tch
nhng qu non. Vn chuyn ngay trong r v lm tng hot tnh ca r. Dng cho qu v mng,
lm tng mu sc v, ci thin cht lng ca cam chanh, c bit nh quit.
Flumetralin: iu khin sinh trng vi tc ng ni hp b phn. Kim sot s pht
trin chi thuc l.
Inabenfid: Km hm sinh tng hp gibberellin. Cht iu ho sinh trng vi tc ng
lm ngn lng gc v phin l trn, chng la b bng cch phun ln b mt t.
Prohexadione-calcium: Km hm qu trnh sinh tng hp 3-hydroxyl ha ca GA20 v
GA1 trong gibbrellin. Do gim gibbrellin nn lm chm s sinh trng ca cy. Phun ln l v
thm trong m xanh, vn chuyn trong cy hng gc cng tt nh hng ngn. c dng
chng rng ht ng cc, lng 0.075-0.1kg/ha; cng c th lm chm s sinh trng ca c, lm
chm ko di cnh mi ca cy n qu, lc, hoa.
Sodium-5-nitroguaiacolate,Sodium-O-nitrophenolate,Sodium-P-nitrophe-nolate: Lm
tng kh nng ra r, tng sinh trng, tng cht lng v nng sut nng sn.
Tribufos: Cht iu ho sinh trng thc vt, xm nhp qua l. Kch thch s to m
tch gia thn v cung l, gy rng l xanh; lm rng l bng d thu hoch.
Trinexapac-ethyl : Km hm qu trnh sinh tng hp 3-hydroxyl ha ca GA20 v GA1
trong gibbrellin. Mc gim gibbrellin lm chm s sinh trng ca cy. Cht iu ho sinh
trng thc vt, lm gim s sinh trng ca cy, bng cch km hm ko di lng thn. Thm
qua l v vn chuyn ngn. Dng chng rng ht ca ng cc v c du, dng cho thm c
pht trin u; lm chm s chn v chng to bc cho ma.
Uniconazole: Km hm qu trnh sinh tng hp gibbrellin. Cht iu ho sinh trng
thc vt, thm qua thn v r, vn chuyn qua b mch n cc im sinh trng. Dng gim
rng ht la, lm chm sinh trng ca rau, s ra hoa ca cy cnh; gim sinh trng sinh thc
ca cy d ta cy.

CU HI N TP :
Vic s dng cc cht kch thch sinh trng trong nng nghip c khc g vi cc nhm thuc
BVTV khc? ( phm vi; ch ).


TI LIU THAM KHO CHNH

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wiley & Sons. New york. Chichester . Brisbane . Toronto
3. C.D.S. Tomlin (A world compendium, 2000): The Pesticide Manual . Twelfth edition.
The British Crop Protection Council. London (UK).
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edition Published by The British Crop Protection Council. London (UK).
5. D.A. Knowles (1998): Chemistry and Technology of Agrochemical formulations.
Kluwer Academic Publishers. Netherland.
6. FAO- Plant production and protection (2000)- Manual on the Development and Use of
FAO specifications for plant protection products. Fifth edition, including the new produces.
Rome.
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Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Produce for Certain Hazardoux Chemicals and
Pesticides in International Trade.
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(UK), Newyork (USA).
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Nov. 9
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MC LC
Tn mc Trang

LI NI U 1

M u: VAI TR CA BIN PHP HO HC BO V THC VT TRONG
SN XUT NNG NGHIP; LCH S PHT TRIN, XU HNG V
TNH HNH S DNG THUC BVTV TRN TH GII V VIT NAM 2
1.Vai tr v ngha ca bin php ha hc bo v thc vt trong sn xut nng nghip:
2
2. Lch s pht trin ca bin php ho hc, tnh hnh sn xut v s dng thuc
bo v thc vt trn th gii v vit nam:
3
Phn A: NHNG HIU BIT CHUNG V THUC BO V
THC VT QUN L V S DNG 6
Chng I: C S C CHT HC NNG NGHIP 6
1. Khi nim chung v cht c 6
2. Yu cu cht c dng trong nng nghip 9
3. Phn loi thuc bo v thc vt 10
Chng II: C S SINH L, SINH THI HC CA THUC BO V
THC VT TRONG PHNG TR DCH HI 12
1. iu kin ca mt loi thuc c th gy c cho sinh vt: 12
2. Cc hnh thc tc ng ca cht c: 15
3. Nhng nhn t lin quan n tnh c ca thuc bo v thc vt 16
Chng III: THUC BO V THC VT, MI TRNG & HU QU
XU CA CHNG GY RA CHO MI SINH. 26
1.Tc ng ca thuc n mi trng v con ng mt i ca thuc 26
2.Thuc bo v thc vt v mi trng sng: 28
3. Hu qu do thuc bo v thc vt gy ra cho qun th sinh vt 33
Chng IV: CC DNG THUC BO V THC VT V PHNG PHP
S DNG 48
1.Cc dng thuc bo v thc vt 48
2. cc phng php s dng thuc bo v thc vt 67
3. Hn hp thuc bo v thc vt 72


Chng V: BO M AN TON V T HIU QU CAO TRONG
S DNG THUC BO V THC VT 74
1. An ton v hiu qu l hai mc tiu khng th tch ri trong vic s dng thuc
bo v thc vt ca ngi nng dn. 74
2. Ni dung k thut ca nguyn tc " bn ng" trong vic dng thuc Bo v thc vt : 75
Chng VI: MT S QUI NH CA NH NC V QUN L THUC BO V
THC VT NHM BO M TNH AN TON V HIU QU TRONG LU
THNG V S DNG THUC BO V THC VT NC TA. 85
1.Yu cu phi qun l thuc Bo v thc vt 85
2. Mt s quy nh ca php lut m ngi sn xut, kinh doanh v nng dn s dng
thuc Bo v thc vt cng phi nghim chnh thc hin 85
3. Khi nim v cc nhm thuc cm s dng, c php s dng, hn ch s dng
v thuc ngoi danh mc Vit nam 87
4. Mt s qui nh c th phi tun theo 88
Phn B: CC THUC BO V THC VT 90
Chng VII: THUC TR SU V CC NG VT GY HI KHC 90
1. Thuc tr su 90
2.Thuc tr nhn: 114
3. Thuc tr cc loi nhuyn th 116
4. Thuc tr tuyn trng 117
5.Thuc tr chut 118
6. Thuc tr chim 122
Chng VIII: THUC TR BNH 123
1. Nhm thuc cha thu ngn 124
2. Nhm thuc cha ng 124
3. Nhm thuc lu hunh v c 125
4. Cc thuc tr bnh sinh hc 125
5. Nhm Alkyllenbisdithiocarbamat 128
6. Nhm Analin pyrimidine 128
7. Nhm Aromatic hydrocarbon 129
8. Nhm benzimidazol 129
9. Nhm Carboxamid 129
10. Nhm Cinnamic acid 129
11. Nhm Cyano acetamide oxime 129
12. Nhm Dn xut ca axit cacbamic 129
13. Nhm Dicarboximide 130
14. Nhm Dimethyl dithiocarbamate 130


15. Nhm Guanidin 130
16. Nhm Imidazole 130
17. Nhm men kh (Reductase) 130
18. Nhm Men kh nc (Dehdratase) 130
19. Nhm Morpholin 131
20. Nhm Phenyl amid acylalanine 131
21. Nhm Phthalmide 131
22. Nhm Pyrimidiamine 131
23. Nhm Quinone 131
24. Nhm Strobin 132
25. Nhm Strobulin dihdrodioxazin 132
26. Nhm Thuc tr nm ln hu c: C 2 nhm nh 132
27-Nhm thuc tr nm Triazole 132
28.Cc thuc tr Bnh khc 132
Chng IX: THUC XNG HI 138
1. Nhng hiu bit chung 138
2. Nhng thuc xng hi thng dng 139
Chng X: THUC TR C 142
1. Cc nhm c trn 3 loi thuc tr c : 143
2. Cc nhm c 2 thuc tr c i din: 148
3. Cc nhm mi c 1 thuc tr c i din 151
4. Cc thuc khc khng r nhm: 154
Chng XI: CHT IU KHIN SINH TRNG CY TRNG 156
1. Nhm purin 156
2. Nhm Etylen 156
3. Nhm cc hp cht gibbellerin 156
4. Nhm amoni bc bn 156
5. Nhm auxin tng hp 156
6. Nhm Dinitroaniline 157
7. Nhm Hn hp cc nitrophenol 157
8. Nhm triazole / azole 157
9. Nhm Phenylurea 157
10. Nhm Vitamin 157
11. Pyrimidinyl carbinol 157
12. Cc cht iu khin sinh trng khc 157

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