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Introduction
The industrial policy Resolution Act 1956, while emphasizing the role
of cottage and small scale industries, stated: They provide immediate
large scale employment, they offer a method of ensuring a more
equitable distribution of National Income, and they facilitate an
effective mobilization of capital and skill, which might otherwise
remain unutilized.
The small companies are defined those with less than US $180,000 in
capital equipment (USAEP, 1996). In India the definition of small scale
industry has undergone changes over the years in terms of investment
limits in the following manner.
19
Gross Invesment in Fixed Employment less than 50 Workers Per
60
Assets: Day (with the Use of
Value of Machinery Power) or Less than 100 Workers Per Day
(Original) (Without the Use
of Power) except that the Criteria based
on the employment
‘per day’ was henceforth replaced by a
‘per shift’ provision
Gross Investment in Fixed employment condition was dropped from
1959 Assets: the definition
Value up to Re. 0.5 Million
The
India has traditionally always had a vibrant and competitive SSI. Even
after the dawn of industrialization, British producers of textiles found
handmade Indian textiles such a threat that they lobbied hard to have
its import banned, succeeding in the late eightenth century (Gupta &
Sharma, 1996). During pre-economic liberalization time a wide variety
of incentives, concessions and institutional facilities were extended for
the development of small scale industries. But these socialistic
promotional policy measures, in many cases resulted in protection of
weak unit rather than the independent growth of units under
competitive business environment (Nyati, 1988).
Such situation was continued up to the mid of 1991. Under the period
of economic liberalization, the focus was shifted from “protection” to
“competitive promotion” (Raja & Rajashekar, 2002).
The public policy in India had been attaching lot of importance to
village and small scale industries on the following grounds. Small scale
industries being labor-intensive, helped to increase the volume of
employment, particularly in rural areas, it is estimated that about 2
cror persons are engagment in India in these industries. The handloom
industry alone employs 50 lakh people.
They account for 6% of GDP, 95 % of all industrial unit, and 34% of
total exports. Around 39 lakh SSIs in India has emerged versatile
producing over 8000 products, from traditional handicrafts to high-end
technical instruments.
In developed OECD economy, about 60 % of GDP is generated by small
enterprises, i.e., enterprises with maximum of 50 employees. The
reason being large number of small enterprises guarantees a high
degree of competition, and variety of economic activity that require
millions of enterprises to be reasonable competitive and efficient. The
indirect jobs created through forward and backward linkage are no less
important. In real terms, the small scale industries recorded a growth
rates of 10.1% in 1994-95 as against 7.1% in 1993-94 and 5.6% in
1992-93. By the year 2025, if not controled, this sector will grow even
more rapidly (Parthasarathy, 1996).
Generalization are difficult because though there are firms which are
growing rapidly, there
also exist 1,38100 sick units within the sector in India. The contribution
of small scale industries in India to national development was meager
as compared to the contribution of SSI in other countries of the world.
India’s small scale industry shared 95 % of all establishments, 42 % of
output, 45% of employment and 34 % of exports. But Taiwan ranked
first with a share of 97% of establishments, 80 % of output, 7% of
employment, 47 % of exports followed by Japan contributing highly
with 99 % of establishments, 53 % of output, 71 % of employment and
13 % of exports (SIDBI Report, 2000).
393
1994-95 122210
191.40 29068
1995-96 148290
197.93 36470
1990-00 234255
229.10 54200
2000-01 261289
239.09 69797
2001-02 282270
249.09 71244
2003-04 351427
271.36 N.A.
• The reservation policy was initiated in 1967 with 48 items which was
enlarged to 506 items by 1978. In 1978, the reservation list was recast into NIC
codes which converted these items to 807. Since then, from time to time some
items have been added and also some items have been deleted from the list. In
addition based on the requirements, the nomenclature of certain items has also
been changed. As on today, there are 836 items reserved for exclusive
manufacture in the small scale sector. It may be mentioned that the small scale
sector produces over 7500 items.
• The term reservation for Small Scale Sector was introduced in Industries
(Development & Regulation) Act 1951. In 1984 through an amendment the
policy got a statutory backing. The 1984 amendment also provided for
constitution of an Advisory Committee on reservation, which meets
periodically and considers reservation issues. The Committee was
reconstituted in August, 1995. While taking a decision for reservation, the
Committee is required to go into aspects like, i) economy in production, ii)
level of employment generation, iii) scope of diffusing entrepreneurship and
iv) prevention of concentration of economic power.
• There are about 2.7 million small scale units producing around Rs. 3, 37,000
crores worth of goods and employing about 15 million people. At present, the
small scale sector accounts for about 40% of industrial production and 35% of
the exports of the country.
• It is argued that the policy of reservation has led to rapid growth of the
Small Scale Sector, since a significant number of units have come up in the
reserved field. According to the Second All India Census, while only about 11%
of items are reserved, the units producing reserved items accounted for 36%
of the total number of registered units and as such, employ a large number of
persons. It is also argued that the policy has also action a price control
mechanism for consumer items like biscuits, electrical and electronic goods,
safety matches, looks, etc. and that it has led to the promotion of ancillaries
as the large units have to obtain reserved components from the small scale
units in sectors such as auto mobiles, mechanical and electrical engineering
etc. It is also argued that it has helped export promotion, since it is obligatory
for the large scale units to export 75% of the produce in case they decide to
manufacture reserved items.
These cover SSI units [both in the factory and Non /Factory sectors] and power
loom units. Such units mostly use power driven machinery and possess
superior production techniques. Units in this sub-sector are generally located
in close proximity to large industrial centers or urban areas. These industries
are moving away from the traditional products to knowledge-based products.
This sector comprises tiny and cottage industry segments like handlooms,
Khadi and Village Industries, handicrafts, sericulture and silk, rubber and coir.
These units are labor- intensive, are generally located in rural and semi-urban
areas and are artisan based. Usually the capital invested is also nominal.
The small scale industry has played a very important role in the socio-
economy development of the country during the past 50 years. It has
significantly contributed to the overall growth in terms of the Gross Domestic
Product (GDP), employment generation and export . The performance of the
SSI, therefore, has a direct impact on the growth of the overall economies.
According to projection made by the Ministry of SSIs during 2000-01, the SSI
sector recorded growth in production of 8.09 per cent over the previous year.
The SSIs sector has recorded higher growth rate than the industrial sector as a
whole (4.8 per cent during 2000-01). This traditional sector in India is
considered to have huge growth prospect with its wide range of products.
With 40 percent share in total industry output and 35 percent share in
exports, the small-scale industrial sector in India is acting as Engine of Growth
in the new millennium.
The definition for SSI, undertakings has changed over time. Initially they were
classified into two category- those using power with less than 50 employees
and those not using power with the employee strength being more than 55
but less than 100. According to Ruddrdatt and K.P.M.
Sundaram1 the SSI is classified in to two categories i.e. traditional and modern
small-scale units. The traditional industries include khadi and handloom
village industry, handicrafts, sericulture, coir, etc. Modern small-scale industry
provide wide range of goods from comparatively simple items of sophisticated
products such as televisions, electronic control systems, various engineering
products, particularly as ancillary to the large industries. The traditional sector
is highly labour intensive and use less of machine power.
Till now the capital resources invest on plant and machineries building have
been the primary criteria to differentiate the SSI from the large & medium
scale sectors. An industrial unit can be categorized as a small scale unit if it
fulfils the capital investment limit fixed by the Government of India for the SSI.
Small Scale Sector: A Boon to the Indian Society
The SSI has acquired a prominent place in the socio-economic development of
the country. SSI aims at maintaining self sustainability in various sectors of
the economy SSI ensures a more equitable distribution of the national income
and they facilitate an effective mobilization of resources of capital and skill
which might otherwise would have remained unutilized.
The total number of small scale units in the country was 28.6 lakhs at the end
of 1996-97. Value of Production in 1996-97 aggregating at Rs.4,12,636
crore showed an increase of 15.8per cent over 1995-96.
Actual production of the SSI has always exceeded the annual targets in recent
years. In 1996-97, the 11.3 per cent growth in production at 1990-91 prices
was much higher than the 7.1 per cent growth in overall industrial production.
Employment growth of 4.8 per cent in 1996-97 was also higher than the target
of 4.2 per cent for the year and the Union Budget 1997-98, the Small scale
industries Excise Exemption Scheme was further simplified and the
concessional excise limit was increased to Rs.100 lakhs from Rs.75 lakhs.
While clearances up to Rs.30 lakh are fully exempt from excise duties @ 3 and
5 per cent ad valorem are being charged for clearances between Rs.30-50
lakhs and Rs.50-100 lakhs, respectively. In June 1997, MODVAT, along with
concessional rate of 60 per cent of normal duty on clearances up to Rs.50
lakhs and 80 per cent on clearances up to Rs.100 lakhs were restored for the
SSI sector.
Developments that have taken place during the year 2001-02 for the SSI:
1) The investment limit for units in hosiery and hand tool sub sectors was
enhanced from
Rs. 1crore to Rs.5crore
2) The corpus fund set up under the Credit Guarantee Fund Scheme has
been raised to . Rs, 200crore from Rs.125crore
4.) 14 items were de reserved on June 29, 2001 related to leather goods,
shoes and toys.
5.) A new scheme named Market Development Assistance Scheme was
launched exclusively . for the SSI sector.
6. ) Under the Cluster Development Programmed, 4 UNIDO assisted projects
have been commissioned during the year.
Since independence, the SSI has rendered a major contribution to the gross
domestic product of the country and is important in stabilizing the economic
growth of the country.
They play a vital role in changing the industrial scenario and strengthening
the industrial sector tremendously. They assist the utilization of assets for
productive purposes with minimal initial resources. Small scale sector have
contributed greatly in nurturing private enterprise and in hastening the
economic development by generating employment, exports, and reducing
local unevenness.
This sector estimated to possess a huge potential in the growth of trade with
the array of products it offers. With 40 percent share in total industrial output
and 35 percent share in exports, small scale sector significantly contribute to
the fiscal intensification of the country.
The adored possession of India, the khadi handloom is a favorite product of
these industries. Household products to raw materials for large scale
industries mark the range of produce by these industries. They are
instrumental in transfiguring the areas of horticulture, sericulture, fishery, and
garments with the products they supply. The traditional small scale sectors
that have been at hand for a long time form the crafty portion and tap the
above fields.
In a nation like India small scale sector come as boon. They persuade
entrepreneurship and help in employment of local population. As per a report
about 273 lakh people are working in small scale sector with a turnover of
about 348,059 crores currently. The domestic talents are put to good use to
produce commodities that have found market worldwide.
Small scale sector to a degree avert needless urbanization. The number of
people migrating to cities in search of jobs shrinks by the employment options
domestic industries create thereby reducing pollution and over population in
cities and also helps in decentralized industrial expansion. The main reason of
a small scale sector is to achieve self reliance by utilizing the resources
available and harnessing the skills of local people to lay a platform that yields
a steady income.
The industries are characterized by the wise utilization of labor for the
commodity production and the advantage lies in the fact that is consumption
of ample laborers who are not qualified to work for the large scale industries
and thus reducing unemployment and poverty in the country as well. Small
Scale Sector helps the financial system in promoting even handed
development of industries across all the regions of the economy and also in
the efficient distribution of money.
Government has always supported the small scale sector. Government has
reserved certain products for manufacture in the small scale sector in areas
where there is an economic justification for such an approach to encourage
these industries, there are about 675 items reserved for the small industries
presently.. There are about 115.2 lakh small scale industries in the country
which have influenced the economy of the country by a great deal.
While examining the list of items reserved for exclusive production in the
small scale sector the committee of officials should keep in mind the following:
1. The interests of small industries.
2. The minimum economic scale of production.
3. The need for technological up gradation.
4. National and international competitiveness.
5. Productivity.
6. Serving consumer interests.
7. The import and export policies particularly export orientation of small
enterprises.
8. Labour intensity.
9. Other related considerations as deemed appropriate.
The modern small scale sector is mostly defined in terms of the size of
investment and labour force. The Industries (Development & Regulation)
Act 1951 defines Small scale sector having less than 50 workers with the aid
of power or less than 100 workers working without the aid of power. The more
formal definition is in terms of the fixed assets less than Rs. 35 lakh (1981). In
1991 the limit was raised to Rs. 60-75 lakh. The Ninth Plan fixed the ceiling at
Rs. 100 lakh and the Tenth Plan increased to it to 50 corers in the case of hi-
tech and export oriented sectors.
Small scale sector are facing many problems. The following are some of their
major problems:
Scarcity of inputs
Inadequate capital
Marketing
Under-utilization of capacity
High cost of production
Small and insecure markets, due to low rural incomes, seasonality, poor
access to large markets, and severe competition;
Raw material shortages, often compounded by wasteful processing,
restrictive regulations, poor distribution, and lack of working capital;
Shortage of finance, in particular working capital, worsened by problems
of access to what is available and by its cost;
Non-availability of appropriate technology in the form of suitable tools
and equipment;
Managerial weaknesses, which serve to worsen all the other problems
since FB-SSI entrepreneurs often lack capacity to analysis situations and
chart ways to minimize adverse impacts of problems;
Lack of organization of the enterprises in a manner which enables them
to make effective use of available support services.
One of the measures of the policy support for promoting SSI’s is the policy of
reservation of economically viable and technically feasible items for exclusive
manufacture in small scale industry sector. The policy of reservation initiated
in 1967 primarily as promotional and protective measure vis-à-vis the large
and medium scale sector, grant protection to small scale industry units by
preventing fresh capacities being created in the large scale sector in areas
which are techno-economically highly suitable for being taken up in the SSI.
The only exception being the case of large-scale units, which undertake
minimum level of exports as 75% of their total production. The IDR act was
amended in 03/ 1984 empowering Government to reserve items for small
scale industry sector. Reservation of items for manufacture in small scale
industry sector is a continuing process monitored by an advisory Committee
on Reservation constituted under IDR Act. The total number of items reserved
for SSI is 675 as on 3rd June 2003 and 605 as on 20th October 2004.
The Small Scale Sector has acquired a prominent place in the socio-economic
development of the country
during the past five decades, contributing to the overall growth of the gross
domestic product towards employment generation and exports. During the
year 2002-03 SSI contribution to the Gross Domestic product was 6.81
percent. Having emerged as the engine of growth for Indian Industry,
performance of SSI sector has had a direct impact on the growth of the
national economy.
There has been a steady increase in number of SSI units, their production,
employment and exports over the years. On the production front also, there
has been a steady increase over the previous years. The increase was 9.19%
in1997-98, 7.84% in 1998-99, 7.09% in 1999-2000 & 8.04% in 2000-01
respectively. In the year 2001-02 the increase over the previous year was
registered 6.06% at constant prices i.e. 1993-94 prices. Similarly the increase
in production in the year 2002-03 & 2003-04 were 7.68%, 8.59% respectively.
The Laghu Udyami Credit Card Scheme has been provided to SSI where they
can credit up to Rs.10 lakhs. Apart from this, credit facilities up to maximum
of Rs.25 lakh are provided through Credit Guarantee Fund Trust in
collaboration with SIDBI and Government of India.
Table X provides further insight into credit related information. The SSI is
provided working
capital by commercial banks and in some cases by cooperative banks and
regional rural banks.
Term loans are provided by State Financial Corporations (SFCs), Small
Industries Development
Corporations (SIDCs), National Small Industries Corporation (NSIC) and
National Bank for
Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD). Financial assistance from NSIC
and to some
extent from SIDCs is available in the form of supply of machinery on hire
purchase
basis/deferred payment basis. Small sized SSI and tiny units also get some
term loans from
commercial banks along with working capital in the form of composite loans.
The Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) provides refinance to
these institutions.
Such refinance comprises assistance provided to State Financial Corporation
Bills, Finance
Scheme, Special Capital/Seed Capital Scheme, and new debt instruments and
to National Small Industries Corporation. Long-term loan are provided to the
smalls scale industrial units by SFCs
mainly through Single Window Scheme and National Equity Fund as also direct
assistance
provided to State Financial Corporations in the form of refinance. Some part of
working capital for pre-operative expenses is also provided by State Financial
Corporations to Small Scale Industrial Units under the Single Window Scheme.
SSI’s have always been regarded for their high employment intensity. SSIs
today employ over 192 lakhs persons and this is targeted to grow at 4% per
year during the 10th Plan period of 2002-2007. Though often described as
ideal vehicles for promotion creation of jobs in the economy, at the same
time, it is true that the nature of employment in the sector is undergoing
change. Employment generation figure declined from 6.3 persons per SSI in
1987-88 (2nd Census) to 3.6 persons per SSI in 1999-2000 (Sample Survey).
Expert committees which have looked at this issue have also come up with
different sets of recommendation. The Task Force on Employment
Opportunities under Shri Montek Singh Ahluwalia had identified SSIs as an
important source of employment & as an important incubator for
entrepreneurship. The Task Force however called for a shift in policy from
protection to promotion. The Task Force felt that almost 70% of the total
employment opportunities generated over the next 10 years were likely to be
in the services sector. On the other hand, a Special Group on Employment for
creation of 10 million employment opportunities per year over the 10th Plan
under Dr. S.P. Gupta has recommended that since more than 92% of
employment generation in the economy is coming from small and medium
enterprises, including agriculture - commonly defined as the unorganized
sector, there is need to give special focused attention for meeting the
requirements of small and medium enterprises to enable them to create more
jobs in the future.
During the 1990s, jobs in the organised sector grew at less than 1% per year
while jobs in the SSI sector increased by 3.5% every year. In the changing
scenario, on account of globalization and liberalization, what shall be the
impact on the creation of new jobs by SSIs? Does increase in capital intensity
of SSIs, as they go in for technological up gradation
.
2.) Further study is needed in order to identify which forest based activity
have the potential for viable growth as small-scale enterprises; this
information should be widely disseminated to policy makers and sector
managers
4.) The forest based activity of many small scale industries are closely
integrated with other of their processing, agricultural and household activities,
and therefore can not effectively be dealt with in isolation
10.) Because of the nature of the forest resource, it is impossible for FB-small
scale industry to provide for their own raw material base. Measures to
improve their raw material situation include the following:
11.) FB-small scale industries need improved access to finance from formal
sources. Such assistance needs to be adapted to the different circumstances
of micro, workshop and intermediate enterprises; in order to be effectively
used it needs to be accompanied by technical assistance to entrepreneurs in
organisation, record keeping and accounting, and to institutional lenders to
improve their ability to service small enterprises
Under the policy measures for promoting and strengthening SSIs and tiny
industries, it has been enunciated that adequate and equitable distribution of
raw materials, problem –free production processes, advanced technology and
infrastrustral facilities, would be ensured to small sector. Thus there is a
significant change in the overall strategy for small scale industry development
. It maybe too early to judge the sufficiency of the strategy to bring out the
desired outcome. But internationally rapid technological Changes are
revitalizing the SSIs and it is perceived that future role of SSIs will be based on
competition, productivity and efficiency . .
Bibliography :
2. http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=9408
3. www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in/Books/11/Econ-EM/Chapter_07.pdf
4. http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/15/8P/88/8P880402.htm
5. http://www.books.iupindia.org/overview.asp?bookid=IB1100165
6. http://www.smallindustryindia.com/ssiindia/reservitems.html#list2
7. http://dcmsme.gov.in/publications/reserveditems/itemrese.htm
8. http://dcmsme.gov.in/publications/reserveditems/itemrese.htm