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Bonding
1.
(a)
Name the type of force that holds the particles together in an ionic crystal.
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(1)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
A molecule of hydrogen chloride has a dipole and molecules of hydrogen chloride attract
each other by permanent dipole-dipole forces. Molecules ot chlorine are non-polar.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(f)
Show, by means of a diagram, how two molecules of hydrogen fluoride are attracted to
each other by hydrogen bonding; include all lone-pair electrons and partial charges in
your diagram.
CHEM 1 Bonding
(3)
(g)
2.
The table below provides some information regarding the metals sodium, magnesium and iron.
M e lt in g p o in t /K
M e t a llic r a d iu s /n m
C r y sta l stru c tu re
(a)
s o d iu m
m a g n e s iu m
ir o n
371
923
1808
0 .1 8 6
0 .1 6 0
0 .1 2 6
b o d y -c e n tre d
c lo se -p a c k e d
b o d y -c e n tre d
Complete the electronic configurations for the metals sodium and iron. In each case state
the block in the Periodic Table to which the element belongs.
Electronic configuration of sodium 1 s2 ..................................................................
Block to which sodium belongs ..................................................................................
Electronic configuration of iron 1 s2 .......................................................................
Block to which iron belongs .......................................................................................
(4)
(b)
(c)
Use data from table above and your knowledge of the bonding in these metals to explain
why the melting point of magnesium is higher than that of sodium.
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CHEM 1 Bonding
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(3)
(d)
State and explain the similarities and differences in electrical conductivity of sodium,
graphite and diamond.
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(4)
(Total 14 marks)
3.
Si
Si
Si
(a)
O
O
(b)
Name the type of bonding between silicon and oxygen in this crystal.
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(1)
(c)
(d)
CHEM 1 Bonding
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(2)
(e)
In terms of structure and bonding, describe what happens to the atoms in this crystal
when it melts.
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(2)
(f)
Explain why this crystal is a non-conductor of electricity in the solid state and why
graphite is a good conductor.
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(2)
(Total 9 marks)
4.
(a)
Co-ordinate bonding can be described as dative covalency. In this context, what is the
meaning of each of the terms covalency and dative?
Covalency....................................................................................................................
Dative .........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
(c)
(d)
CHEM 1 Bonding
(e)
(f)
Explain, in terms of covalent bonding, why the element iodine exists as simple molecules
whereas the element carbon does not.
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(3)
(Total 12 marks)
5.
The boiling temperatures, Tb, of some Group IV and Group V hydrides are given below
Compound
CH4
SiH4
NH3
PH3
Tb/K
112
161
240
185
(a)
(ii)
Explain briefly, in terms of its shape, why a CH4 molecule has no overall polarity.
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(3)
(b)
Name the type of intermolecular forces which exist between CH4 molecules in liquid
methane.
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(1)
(c)
Explain why the boiling temperature of PH3 is greater than that of CH4.
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(3)
CHEM 1 Bonding
(d)
Explain why the boiling temperature of NH3 is greater than that of PH3
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(2)
(e)
(3)
(f)
Suggest why the strength of the CH bond in CH4 is greater than that of the SiH bond in
SiH4. State the relationship, if any, between the strength of the covalent bond in CH 4 and
the boiling temperature of CH4
Reason for stronger C-H bond....................................................................................
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Relationship between covalent bond strength and boiling temperature.....................
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(2)
(Total 14 marks)
6.
(a)
(i)
State one feature which molecules must have in order for hydrogen bonding to
occur between them.
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(1)
(ii)
Give the name of the type of intermolecular bonding present in hydrogen sulphide,
H2S, and explain why hydrogen bonding does not occur.
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(2)
CHEM 1 Bonding
(iii)
Account for the much lower boiling point of hydrogen sulphide (61 C) compared
with that of water(100 C).
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(2)
(b)
Protein molecules are composed of sequences of amino acid molecules that have joined
together, with the elimination of water, to form long chains. Part of a protein chain is
represented by the graphical formula given below.
R
N
7.
(a)
The diagram below represents a part of the structure of sodium chloride. The ionic charge
is shown on the centre of only one of the ions.
(i)
(ii)
What change occurs to the motion of the ions in sodium chloride when it is heated
from room temperature to a temperature below its melting point?
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(2)
(b)
CHEM 1 Bonding
(i)
(ii)
A chloride ion has one more electron than a chlorine atom. In the formation of
sodium chloride, from where does this electron come?
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(2)
(c)
(ii)
(d)
(i)
(ii)
What property of the atoms joined by a covalent bond causes the bond to be polar?
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(3)
(Total 9 marks)