Chemistry Form 5: Chapter 1 - Effect of Concentration on Rate of

Reaction


Chemistry Form 5: Chapter 1 - Effect of Concentration on Rate of Reaction
Experiment to show the effect of concentration on reaction rate


Sodium thiosulphate solution react with dilute sulphuric acid to form a yellow precipitate of
sulphur. In this experiment, the time taken for the formation of sulphur to cover the mark 'X'
until it disappears from sight can be used to measure rate of reaction.

As the concentration of sulphuric acid is increased, the rate of reaction between sulphuric
acid and sodium thiosulphate increases.


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bm6-RgmGGoY

Explanation using collision theory


When the concentration of the solution of a reactant increases, the number of particles per
unit volume of the solution also increases.
With more particles per unit volume of the solution of the reactant, the frequency of collision
increases.
This causes the frequency of effective collision to increase. Hence, the rate of reaction
increases.
























Chemistry Form 5: Chapter 1 - Catalyst Affects the Rate of Reaction


Chemistry Form 5: Chapter 1 - Catalyst Affects the Rate of Reaction
Catalyst is a chemical substance that change the rate of chemical reaction.

Characteristics of catalyst:

Catalyst remains chemically unchanged during reaction. Its chemical composition still the
same before and after reaction.
Catalyst only change the rate of reaction.
Catalyst does not change the quantity of the product formed.
Catalyst is specific in its action.
Only a small amount of catalyst is needed to achieve a big increase in rate of reaction.

How catalyst increase the rate of reaction:

When a positive catalyst is used in a chemical reaction, it enables the reaction to occur
through an alternative path which requires lower activation energy.
As a result, more colliding particles are able to overcome the lower activation energy.
This causes the frequency of effective collision to increase.
Hence, the rate of reaction increases.
Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by catalyst of manganese (IV) oxide

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7_X8c2b0BB0


Chemistry Form 5: Chapter 1 - Collision Theory


Chemistry Form 5: Chapter 1 - Collision Theory
According to the collision theory, particles of reactant that achieve activation energy and collide with
correct orientation will result in reaction.
1. Correct Orientation



Click on the diagram below to play!



2. Activation Energy

Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy that must be overcome by the colliding particles
so that the reaction can occur.






























Chemistry Form Five: Chapter 1 - Rate of Reaction


Chemistry Form Five: Chapter 1 - Rate of Reaction
Rate of reaction = change of quantity in reactant or product per unit time.
We usually use water displacement method to collect gas in school laboratory as shown
below:




The reaction is fastest at the start when the reactants are at a maximum (steepest
gradient)
The gradient becomes progressively less as reactants are used up and the reaction
slows down.
Finally the graph levels out when one of the reactants is used up and the reaction
stops.
The amount of product depends on the amount of reactants used.
The initial rate of reaction is obtained by measuring the gradient at the start of the
reaction. A tangent line is drawn to measure rate of reaction at instataneous time.























Chemistry Form 4: Chapter 2 - Rutherford Atomic Model


Chemistry Form 4: Chapter 2 - Rutherford Atomic Model

The Gold Foil Experiment

Rutherford bombarded a very thin leaf of element gold with a stream of high speed
positively charged particles. These positively charged particles are alpha radiation from
helium nuclei.

As expected, most alpha particles went right through the gold foil but to his amazement, a
few alpha particles rebounded almost directly backwards due to same positive charge
repulsion force.


Click on the diagram to play!

http://student-sc.blogspot.com/2012/12/chemistry-form-4-chapter-2-rutherford.html

This proved that:

1. the atom had a dense but very small positive nucleus
2. the electrons were far away from the nucleus
3. the electrons were separated from the nucleus by a lot of empty space