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Journal of Information & Computational Science 8: 16 (2011) 37853799

Available at http://www.joics.com
Design of the Lighting System for Energy Saving Based on
Wireless Sensor Network
Chunfeng FAN
a
, Shan JIN
a
, Yun MENG
a
, Weidan HONG
b
,
Qingzhang CHEN
a,
a
College of Information Engineering, Ningbo Dahongying University, Ningbo 315175, China
b
College of Computer, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
Abstract
As the energy conservation and environmental protection take more and more attentions, energy saving
is becoming increasingly vital. We can detect environment condition automatically through intelligent
control and adjust environments parameters according to the demands of peoples behavior so as to
meet peoples demand and save energy. This paper aims to construe a intelligent lighting energy saving
system. In this paper, we use constructed intelligent lighting energy saving system, the hardware of which
adopt sensor network technology, and that can implement without destroying the original lighting system.
Since it can not only reduces the cost of renovation, but also saves electricity. The systems hardware
is composed of wireless sensor node module and lighting node module. As an important component the
system software, Lighting control algorithm is the core of the whole system. After calculated the dimming
factors, it can control the brightness of our lights through these factors. In the algorithm proposed
concepts such as dimming Zone Zdim, illumination lighting Zone Zlamp and coverage. Dimming Zone
Zdim is circular area which takes users location as the center. The algorithm dimming the lights in this
zone. Experimental results show that the constructed system is eective and reliable. In the experiment,
we arranged 9 lighting nodes and 16 wireless sensor nodes. Experiment show the eect of two cell detected
person. The experiment verify correctness of the algorithm in small scale.
Keywords: WSN; Intelligent Control; Energy Saving; Interior Lighting
1 Introduction
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) is a combination of computing, communications and sensor tech-
nology, has become an active eld of computer science research branch now[1]. After the concept
of WSN proposed, it has a great development in application eld. Sensor networks, also known as
the Internet of things, refers to the perception of the physical world for the purpose of information
processing as its main task, network information exchange carrier, to achieve things with objects,

Corresponding author.
Email address: qzchen@zjut.edu.cn (Qingzhang CHEN).
15487741/ Copyright 2011 Binary Information Press
December 2011
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things and information exchange between the provision of perceptual information services, intel-
ligent integrated information system. In addition to sensor nodes of the network, sensor networks
can also work with the Internet, mobile communication network and other networks to achieve
full integration [2].
1.1 Background and signicance
Since 1995, the countrys generating capacity of 1.0023 million kwh to 3.4268 trillion kwh of
electricity consumption throughout the year 2008, the use of electricity has grown rapidly. Yet
the electricity for lighting has a considerable percentage, about 10-15%. In our country, the
electricity is made of coal, so the use of electricity is closely relative with environmental pollution.
we use new type illuminant, high luminous eciency, however, the lighting system is old and low
eciency. So there is a great potential for energy saving[3].
Nowadays, there are three kinds of intelligent lighting control techniques: cable control, power
line carrier(PLC) control and the radio frequency control. Each control methods has its own
advantages and disadvantages. The cable control transmit reliably, but the installation is incon-
venient. Because of the irregularity and the impact of random interference from the power line
carrier communications, the PLC is dicult to develop. The Radio frequency control transmit
may has some instability, but it is easy to install.
We mostly used cable control in the Intelligent lighting systems now. In order to install the
Energy-saving system in the existing lighting systems, it must destroy the original lighting system,
which not only aect the appearance, also Require a lot of renovation costs. In the paper, we
design the energy-saving lighting system through WSN. According to the current light intensity
and peoples location, the system automatically adjust environments parameters according to the
demands of peoples behavior so as to meet peoples demand and save energy. So it can overcome
the complex wiring, the high cost of reconstruction and so on.
1.2 Related research
In recent years, WSN in intelligent energy-saving lighting develops rapidly and a lot of relevant
papers issued. Several works [4-13] have investigated using WSN in light control for energy
conversation. In [4] proposes a lighting control algorithm and the lighting devices are divided into
two types the whole lighting device and local lighting device. It propose two decision algorithms
to determine the properilluminations of devices and to achieve the desired optimizationgoals. The
systems architecture is complex. The sensor networks is only used to detect the environment.
The sink node collected the data and then Connect with the master controller through RS232.
However, the master controller communicate with the whole lighting devices control server and
the Local control circuit separately via Ethernet and RS232. Whole lighting devices control
server links to Whole lighting dimmers through the RS232. So the installation of such a system
is inconvenience. Papers [7] [8]and [11] introduce light control using wireless sensors to save
energy for commercial buildings. A lighting control algorithm is proposed in [11], which is mainly
directed against the entire environment, and adjust all the lamps in it. If the the size of this room
is very large, the process of calculation is dicult. Papers [5] is mainly for media production,
and it denes several kinds of user requirements and their corresponding cost functions. The goal
is to adjust lights to minimize the total cost. In paper [13] designed a home lighting system for
C. FAN et al. / Journal of Information & Computational Science 8: 16 (2011) 37853799 3787
energy-saving, but it only control the lights on or o, when the user carrying a wireless device
RFD into the room lights in the region will open automatically.
1.3 Problem denition and technical means
Across the the above works analysis, we know that the systems are mainly used centralized
calculation. The wireless sensor nodes detect environment condition automatically and acquire
the Light intensity, then send to the Sink nodes through the WSN. The sink node communicate
with the master controller through RS232. The factors of lights are calculated on the master
controller, and then send the factors to the lighting control node. The process of the implement
forms a closed loop. But communication between the main controller and the lighting devices is
wired. The process of work is shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1: The closed-loop device control procedure
For example, paper [11] proposed an intelligent lighting control algorithm, which mainly direct-
ed against the entire environment, and adjust all the lamps in it. If the number of users in the
environment small, such calculation is not necessary.
Based on the above analysis,we know two shortcomings can be overcome. In our paper, we
design a distributed-computing and intelligent lighting control algorithm, which calculate the
factors of lights separately in every dimming zone.
1.4 Contributions
The purpose of this paper is to control the brightness of lamps through the calculated factors
of lights, so as to achieve the requirments of energy-saving. Main contents of this article are as
follows:
1) discussing of the techniques existed, and combined with the advantages of wireless sensor
networks, we proposed an energy-saving lighting system based on WSN;
2) proposed a lighting control algorithm based on WSN;
3) Take the experimental environment, consist of wireless sensor nodes and lighting nodes.
Through the experimental, we verify correctness of the algorithm in small scale.
3788 C. FAN et al. / Journal of Information & Computational Science 8: 16 (2011) 37853799
2 Lighting Control Algorithm
In the paper, we proposed an intelligent lighting control algorithm, which not only satisfy the
peoples parameters also the requirements of energy-saving. Through the algorithm, systrm can
turn on/o or adjust the lights automatically so as to achieve energy-saving .
2.1 Overview of algorithm
Ther is a room, with Length Rl and Width Rw. Fig. 2 shows the integration of ceiling and work-
plane. The workplane is divided into m

n regular grids, labeled as G


11
, , G
1n
, , G
m1
, ,
G
mn
. Each grid has a wireless sensor node. In the ceiling xed k lamps. Each of them has
equipped with a lighting control node, named C
i
.
Fig. 2: Integration of ceiling and workplane
The summarization of algorithm is as follows:
1) After deployed, the location of node is xed and store its own location information. Wireless
sensor nodes detect the environment whether someone enter and whether the lamps need to
adjust. If need to adjust, the whole system is triggered;
2) The wireless sensor node calculate the illuminance of the grids need to adjust, and then store
in the user-demanded illumination array. In the same time, the grids location information also
store in an array of location information. They are all broadcasted to the lighting nodes;
3) According to the array of location information, the lighting node calculate the illumination
of these grids. They are deposited into the single illumination array and then sent to the wireless
sensor nodes;
4) In the wireless sensor nodes using two arrays calculated the factor of lights, which are then
returned to the lights node.
The algorithm include initialization phase, generation of the user-demanded illumination array
E, the generation of the single illumination array A
i
and calculation of infactor of lights d.
C. FAN et al. / Journal of Information & Computational Science 8: 16 (2011) 37853799 3789
2.2 Initialization
The main task of Initialization phase is as follows: to initializing the node location information,
the user-demanded illumination E
sat
, the radius l
sat
of dimming area Z
dim
, and illumination
lighting zone Z
lamp
. After nodes deployed, the location of nodes are known. E
sat
and l
sat
are
decided by the architectural lighting designing standards, and the users preferences. The Z
lamp
determined depending on the lamp we choosen.
2.3 The user-demanded illumination array E
Fig. 3: The location of the user
Fig. 4: The ow chart of L
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As shown in Fig. 3, Zdim is an area to the users location as the center. We should calculate the
demanded illumination, and then store them in the user-demanded illumination array E. Firstly,
we generate the users position array L(the length of the array lvector). At the same time, the
grids location information array H(the length of it 2lvector) is generated. The ow chart shown
in Fig. 4.
If nore than one users in the neighboring grids, some will be covered by multiple Z
dim
. It will
make some grids bright particularly. So we put forward the concept of coverage to address this
situation. As is shown in Fig. 5, s is the distance between the calculaten point and the grid user
in. The coverage is: D
cover
= 1 (2(l
sats
))
_
_
(R
w
/m)
2
+ (R
l
/m)
2
.
Fig. 5: Multiple coverage
Now, we Transform L into E. Scaning the L and read out the value of L to calculate the
illumination, and then deposit into the E. The ow chart of E shown in Fig. 6.
Fig. 6: The ow chart of E
C. FAN et al. / Journal of Information & Computational Science 8: 16 (2011) 37853799 3791
2.4 The single luminaire illumination array Ai
Each luminaire has illumination lighting zone. In order to calculate A
i
, we should count the
illumination the luminaire supplied. If the calculated point is not in Z
lamp
, the illumination aect
is 0, otherwise is the calculated values. Fig. 7 Shows the lamps and grids in Z
dim
.
Fig. 7: The lamps and grids in Z
dim
2.4.1 Illuminance calculation
In Fig. 8, the system detects the location of the user Q (x, y), point P(x
i
, y
i
) is the lamps
location. h is the height of lamp installation. According to the formula A = I

/l
2
= I

/h
2
cos ,
we rst should compute cos .
Fig. 8: Integration of ceiling and workplane
s is the horizontal distance from the calculated point to lamp. s =
_
(x x
i
)
2
+ (y y
i
)
2
, l =
3792 C. FAN et al. / Journal of Information & Computational Science 8: 16 (2011) 37853799

s
2
+ h
2
, so cos = h/l = h
_
_
(x x
i
)
2
+ (y y
i
)
2
+ h
2
. Finally, we can calculate
A = I

_
h[(x x
i
)
2
+ (y y
i
)
2
+ h
2
] . (1)
2.4.2 Calculation of Ai
After the lighting node receives H, taking outthe rst two elements as Q(x, y), while the location
of Ci as P(x
i
, y
i
). First, check whether s is large than Z
lamp
, if yes, the the Ai will be set as
illumination derived using the formula 1, or set 0. The ow chart of Ai shown in Fig. 9.
Fig. 9: The ow chart of Ai
2.5 The factor of lighting d
Through the above process, there has been user-demanded illumination array E and the single
illumination array A
i
in the wireless sensor node. Suppose d
i
is the factor of lamp i(i = 1 k).
So, we can know that E.
E =
k

i=1
d
i
A
i
=
k

i=1
d
i
{A
i
[0], , A
i
[l
vector
]} (2)
Substitute the E and A
i
into the Equation 2:
E =
_

_
A
1
[0] A
2
[0] A
k
[0]

A
1
[l
vector
] A
2
[l
vector
] A
k
[l
vector
]
_

_
d = Ad (3)
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The purpose of algorithm is saving energy, while the sum of factor d represents energy_saving.
So we can transform into solving the following Linear Equations:
_

_
E = Ad
mind
1
= min(|d
1
| + + |d
k
|)
0 < d
i
< 1
2.6 Adjustment of d
In Fig.10, users A, B, C enter the dierent grids at the same time. The wireless sensor nodes
calculate the factors d and send them to lighting nodes Ci. Some can receive more than one
factors, such as C1(3), C2, C3 and C4(2). So we should adjust the factor d.
We take the Maximum received factors, and then to control the lighting nodes.
Fig. 10: Three users in the dierent grids
Wireless sensor nodes send d to the lighting nodes C
i
in Zdim. When C
i
received d, it will
transform d into control signals to control dimming circuit.
3 Architecture of the System
3.1 The structure of the system
The system uses the ZigBee to build the wireless sensor network. The system including the
lighting nodes deployed in the ceiling, the wireless sensor nodes arranged in the workplane, the
communication protocol between the two kinds of nodes and the lighting control algorithms.
There is a adjustable lamp in the lighting node. In order to adjust the lamp, the system should
3794 C. FAN et al. / Journal of Information & Computational Science 8: 16 (2011) 37853799
chang the dimming signal. The wireless sensor nodes have two sensors. They use to detect the
people and monitor the optical. They are implemented by infrared sensors and lighting intensity
sensors separately.
3.2 Hardware of system
The systems hardware includes WSN nodes design, sensor design and dimming control circuit
design. WSN node used to process the information collected by sensors, Receive and send data,
and calculate, and then to control the lighting control circuit. The overall system hardware block
diagram shown in Fig. 11.
Fig. 11: The hardware block diagram
3.2.1 Wireless sensor nodes
Wireless sensor node mainly consists of two parts: the sensor and the CPU section. Because the
lighting intensity sensor output is analog, in this node, A/D converter to convert this signal into
a luminance signal. Then compare it to Pre-set luminance.
Sensors have the following two functions:
(1) people detection: system detected the people through infrared sensors. If someone enter, it
will turn on the lights, or they will automatically turn o lights.
(2) luminance detection: The lighting intensity sensors detects the rooms luminace. Compare
the measured values with the pre-set luminace, if they are not epual to each other, system
automatically adjust the lights, so as to meet the required luminance.
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3.2.2 Lighting nodes
The primary function of lighting nodes is transforming the lighting factors into the luminance
level to adjust the lamps. The node including CPU part and the light intensity control section.
In the paper, we use PT4115 chips as LED dimming driver, and choose the way of PWM
dimming. The PWM is a way that control the time LED light through the pulse duration
ratio to relize the energy_saving. The NE555 is PWM modulation which controled by X9241
potentiometer can realize the pulse duration ratio at range of 64 levels in 0% to 100%. The LED
control schematic diagram shown in Fig. 12. In the gure, X9421 is programmed to control the
NE555s pulse duration ratio output. And this signal goes to PT4115s dim_port to control the
1W LED.
Fig. 12: The LED control schematic diagram
3.3 Software of system
The software of system includes the lighting control algorithm and the nodes networking proto-
cols. As follows:
(1) the lighting control algorithm: since the system consists of two types of nodes, the software
in dierent type of nodes is not the same. In the second chapter we have described elaborately,
it is the core of our system.
(2) the communication between the two nodes using ZigBee protocol. It is widely used in low-
power short-distance transmission applications, especially those applications based on wireless
sensor network. In the paper, nodes using TIs ZigBee protocol stack, which integrates the
ZigBee implementation from the physical layer to the network layer.
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4 Algorithm Verication in the System
4.1 Experiment environment
According to the size of the room and a variety of factors, we distribution the lamps through the
DIALux 4.7 lighting calculation software plug-in DIALux 4.7, and make sure the luminance of
the room meet the requirements of architectural lighting design manual. The layout of the lamps
as shown in Fig. 13. In the workplane, arranged 4*4 wireless sensor nodes. In the experiment,
we deploy 9 lighting nodes and 16 wireless sensor nodes, also dene a dimming zone Zdim, radius
lsat = 0.8m and illumination lighting zone of Zlamp = 0.6m.
Fig. 13: The layout of the lamps
4.2 Analysis of experimental results
More than one users enter the No. 7 and NO. 10 grids at the same time. In the experiment set
the No. 7 and NO. 10 wireless sensor nodes P0.1 as 1.
In Fig. 14, users in No. 7 and NO. 10 grids at same time, through calculation, lamps D, E, G,
H in the zone Zdim1, and lamps B, C, E, F in the zone Zdim2. The result is shown in Fig. 5. We
also measure the pulse duration ratio of E as shown in Fig. 16, the pulse duration ratio is 50%.
5 Conclution and Prospect
5.1 Conclution
This paper presents a Wirelessly Sensor Networked lighting system for Energy saving and a
lighting control algorithm based on it. The factor of light is the index of the algorithm. The
lower the sum of the factors of lights are, the more the amount of power that we save.
C. FAN et al. / Journal of Information & Computational Science 8: 16 (2011) 37853799 3797
Fig. 14: Users in No.7 and NO.10 grids at same time
Fig. 15: Users in No.7 and NO.10 grids at same time
3798 C. FAN et al. / Journal of Information & Computational Science 8: 16 (2011) 37853799
Fig. 16: The pulse duration ratio of E
The algorithm proposed concepts of dimming zone, coverage and so on:
1. in the dimming process, it takes users location as the center, according to the users activities
and then ring out a dimming zone. Only the lamps in the zone need lighting decision. The process
is unassisted;
2. in the above-mentioned point, when multiple users simultaneously in the neighboring grides,
it will make some grides covered with more dimming zone. So we put forward the concept of
coverage, which is the extent of a zone covering a gride.
In the paper, also designes a LED-dimming modul of PWM modulation signal, use 1W LED
as luminaire.
5.2 Prospect
The system is veried correctness of the algorithm in small scale through experiment. Because of
the wirelessly communicate, the hardware installation can not be undermine the existing lighting
system, which will reduce the systems installation costs. Of course, the limitations of the system
still exist. As follows:
1. in the actual environment, algorithm designing did not consider the various eects, such
as the walls, oors, ceilings will absorb parts of light and the obstacles in the environment may
obstruct the light to penetrate. All these will aect our system implementation.
2. because each lamp has dierent distribution curve of light with and deposit these datas
are cumbersome, it is dicult to read light intensity from the distribution curve of light. In the
futrue, we can considered another way to deal withit.
3. there is no back-oce software in the system, so it is hard for user to set parameters
C. FAN et al. / Journal of Information & Computational Science 8: 16 (2011) 37853799 3799
arbitrarily.
4. the system can predigest the wireless sensor node, make it only have the function of wireless
communication.
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