Architecture

In fact,the rapid evolution of WSN technology has accelerated the development and
deployment of various types of wireless sensors wireless sensors arebecoming smaller and
cheaper, and at the same time more powerful and ubiquitous System consists of slave as
sensor nodes and master control unit with wireless zigbee module. The master node will
collect the information of temperature, humidity, gas and smoe detection these parameters
from slave nodes and depending on values of slave sensor nodes.
there are typically four main components in a sensor node ,
!" sensing unit ,
#" processing unit,
$ communication unit
%" power supply.
The sensing unit may be composed of one or more sensors and &nalog'to'(igital )onverters
*&()s". Sensors are hardware devices that measure some physical data of the monitored
system+s state such as temperature, humidity, pressure,or speed. The analog signals produced

by the sensors are digitized by &()s and sent to the processing unit for further processing.
Within the processing unit, there is a microcontroller associated with a small storage unit
including on'chip memory and flash memory. The processing unit is responsible for
performing tass, processing data, and controlling the functionality of other components of
the sensor node. & wireless sensor connects with other nodes via the communication unit,
where a transceiver encompasses the functionality of both transmitter and receiver.
Thewireless transmission media may be radio frequency, optical *laser", or infrared. &t
present, the main type of power supply for wireless sensor node are sbatteries, either
rechargeable or non'rechargeable. ,nergy is consumed for sensing, data processing, and
communication. -or small wireless sensor nodes *with limited computing capacity", data
communication will e.pend the ma/ority of energy, while sensing and data processing
are much less energy'consuming.
Master node Architecture
pacet to slave node I( via zigbee wireless module. In response the requested slave sensor
node sends the data pacet sensors values to the master node I( which provides routing
security to the networ. The master node and the slave nodes will be deployed with unique
I(. The master node will send request.
Base
station ,
Adjcent node ,non- adjacent node
)onsider the sensor node routing protocols where each sensor communicates
either directly or indirectly with a base station. where the range of a base station
is e.tended employing nodes that are ad/acent to the base station to serve as
intermediaries for non'ad/acent nodes

Base station, adjacent sensor nodes A, B and non adjacent
node C
Message format
0reamble header payload
The message format in which the preamble contains the address of the sending
node. The header contains the recipient+s address. The payload contains a
command or data e.changed between the node and the base station. The base
station is deployed with the unique I( and symmetric encryption ey of each
node in the micro sensor networ. Similarly, each node is deployed with the
unique I( that it shares with the base station and its cloc is synchronized with
the base station+s cloc.
transmission in adjacent node
& node is called an ad/acent node if it is within the broadcast range of the base
station. The base station sends a 1,23,ST command for sensor data to each
node. If the node & 1,045 with a sensor values, then the node & is ad/acent to
the base station and the base station adds that node to its route table

data transmission in ad/acent node
Data transmission in non adjacent node

& non'ad/acent node is one which is not reachable directly by the base station .
The base station tries all the ad/acent nodes to reach the non'ad/acent node
Networ model
The base station sends a message containing the 1,23,ST command to be
forwarded to the non'ad/acent node, to each of the ad/acent nodes. The ad/acent
node adds the address of slave ) at 6eader and transmits the new message to
the non'ad/acent node which contains the 1,23,ST command


data transmission in non ad/acent node
To respond to the 1,23,ST command, the non ad/acent node ) constructs a
1,045 message with measured sensor values and shares it with the base
station. The message is transmitted adding the ad/acent nodes address to the
header and address of ) at preamble In turn, the ad/acent node receives the
transmission which changes the header as address of 7ase Station and adds the
preamble as a address of & and transmits it to the base station. The base station
after receiving the 1,045 adds the ad/acent node & as one of the route to reach
the non'ad/acent node ).
Sensor network architecture
8ost common architecture for WSN follows the 9SI 8odel. 7asically in sensor
networ we need five layers: application layer, transport layer, networ layer,
data lin layer and physical layer.
WSN &rchitecture
The layers are used to manage the networ and mae the sensors wor together in order to
increase the overall efficiency are power management plane, mobility management plane and
tas management plane.
; 8obility management plane: detect sensor nodes movement. Node can eep trac of
neighbours and power levels *for power balancing".
Tas management plane: schedule the sensing tass to a given area. (etermine which nodes
are off and which ones are on

WSN OSI layers

rans!ort layer"
(esigned to provide this function are either applied on the upstream *user to
sin, e.: , ST)0 ", or downstream *sin to user, e.: 0S-2 and". These protocols
use different mechanisms for loss detection *&)<, The function of this layer is
to provide reliability and congestion avoidance where a lot of protocols N&)<,
and Sequence number" and loss recovery *,nd to ,nd or 6op by 6op" . This
layer is specifically needed when a system is organised to access other
networs.
0roviding a reliable hop by hop is more energy efficient than end to end and
that is one of the reason why T)0 is not suitable for WSN