HW#1 AE-546 CFD on Unstructured Grids

Yosheph Yang ID: 1702364

Derive the equations governing the Conservation of Mass, Momentum and En-
ergy for the Incompressible Flow!
Since the ow is taken to be incompressible ow, the density is assumed to be constant with
respect to both time and space. Mathematically, these can be written as:

t
= 0 (1)

x
=

y
=

z
= = 0 (2)
The derivation of these equations are based on the Conservation Law which states that the
time variation of the quantity q, scalar quantity per unit volume, within the control volume
is equal to the net contribution from the incoming uxes.

q d +

S

F

dS = 0 (3)
In some cases, the dierential form of the equation is more preferred compared to integral
form. Changing from one type to the other type can be done by means of divergence theorem
which states that:

dS =

F d (4)
1 Conservation of Mass
For Conservation of Mass, the quantity that is going to be used is q , which is mass per unit
volume. Furthermore, the ux corresponding to this mass transfer is convective ux, which is

F
c
= q

V . Applying this to (3), this following is gotten:

d +

dS = 0 (5)
Since Control Volume is xed in space, equation (5) could also be written as:

t
d +

dS = 0 (6)
By applying equation (4) into equation (6), the conservation of mass in dierential form
can written as:

t
+

= 0 (7)

t
+

V +

V = 0 (8)
1
Based on the incompressibility assumption, which is equation (1) and (2), the conservation
of mass from equation could be written as:
Integral Form

S

V

dS = 0 (9)
Dierential Form

V = 0 (10)
2 Conservation of Momentum
The Conservation of Momentum Equation is achieved from Newtons 2nd Law of Motion which
states that the summation of forces is equal to the rate of change of linear momentum. Math-
ematically, this can be written as:

F = m

a =
d
dt

m

V

(11)
The types of force considered in here are consist of body forces and surface forces. Fur-
thermore, the quantity q dened in equation (3) for equation (11) is q

V . As a result, the
integral form of the conservation of momentum could be written as:

V +

V

dS =

f
b
d +

dS (12)
The stress tensor, , dene in equation (12) consist of pressure force and shear stress. As a
result, it is dened as:
ij
= p
ij
+
ij
. For Newtonian Fluid, the shear stress is dened as:

ij
=

ij
+

u
i
x
j
+
u
j
x
i

(13)
Apply the divergence theorem into equation(12), this following is gotten:

=

f
b
+

V
t
+

V

t
+

V

V =

f
b
+

V
t
+

V

t
+

V =

f
b
+

V
t
+

V =

f
b
p +

Applying above equation for X, Y, and Z-momentum, one can get:

u
t
+

u
u
x
+ v
u
y
+ w
u
z

=
p
x
+

f
b
x
+

x

V + 2
u
x

+

y

v
x
+
u
y

+

z

w
x
+
u
z

v
t
+

u
v
x
+ v
v
y
+ w
v
z

=
p
y
+

f
b
y
+

x

v
x
+
u
y

+

y

V + 2
v
y

+

z

w
y
+
v
z

w
t
+

u
w
x
+ v
w
y
+ w
w
z

=
p
z
+

f
b
z
+

x

w
x
+
u
z

+

y

w
y
+
v
z

V + 2
w
z

The following assumptions are going to be used in the latter derivation.

Incompressible Flow is constant both in time and space,

V =

u
x
+
v
y
+
w
z

= 0
Negligible Body Force

f
b

= 0
Velocity is Continuous

y

V
x

=

x

V
y

Viscosity is constant
Therefore, the conservation of momentum could be simplied as:
X-Momentum:

u
t
+

u
u
x
+ v
u
y
+ w
u
z

=
p
x
+

u
x

+

y

u
y

+

z

u
z

u
x
+
v
y
+
w
z

u
t
+

u
u
x
+ v
u
y
+ w
u
z

=
p
x
+
2
u
Y-Momentum:

v
t
+

u
v
x
+ v
v
y
+ w
v
z

=
p
y
+

v
x

+

y

v
y

+

z

v
z

u
x
+
v
y
+
w
z

v
t
+

u
v
x
+ v
v
y
+ w
v
z

=
p
y
+
2
v
Z-Momentum:

w
t
+

u
w
x
+ v
w
y
+ w
w
z

=
p
z
+

w
x

+

y

w
y

+

z

w
z

u
x
+
v
y
+
w
z

w
t
+

u
w
x
+ v
w
y
+ w
w
z

=
p
z
+
2
w
In the vector form, the Conservation of Momentum for the above equation could be written
as:

V
t
+

V = p +
2

V (14)
3
If the ow is assumed as an inviscid ow, then Euler Equation is achived:

V
t
+

V = p (15)
By using the vector identity

V =
1
2
(V
2
)

V

, steady ow

t
= 0
and irrotational ow assumption

V = 0

, equation (15) could be simplied as:

1
2
V
2

= p

1
2
dV
2

= dp (16)
d

p +
1
2
V
2

= 0 p +
1
2
V
2
= constant (17)
The last equation is what is called as the Bernoullis Equation. This equation is valid
for incompressible, invisicid, irrotational, and steady ow.
3 Conservation of Energy
The energy equation for a CV can be written as:

e
T
+

S
(e
T
)

V

dS =

S

q dS +

[]

V

dS +

f
B

d (18)
By using divergence theorem, the energy equation could be written as:
(e
T
)
t
+

e
T

V

+

q (19)
By assuming the ow is inviscid = 0 and adiabatic q = 0, the energy equation could
be written as:
(e
T
)
t
+

e
T

V

p

V

(20)
The total energy is dened as: e
T
= e +
1
2
V
2
+ gZ. In most cases, the contribution from
potential energy is neglected. Consequently, the total energy can be simplied as: e
T
= e+
1
2
V
2
.
Substitute back this equation into the 20 with neglect the transient contribution, one can write:

e
T

V

p

V

(e
T
+ p)

V

= 0
(e
T
+ p)

V + (e
T
+ p)

V = 0
(e
T
+ p)

V = 0

e +
1
2
V
2

+ p

V = 0

e +
1
2
V
2

+
p

V = 0
4
Based on the conservation of momentum for incompressible, inviscid, irrotational ow, one
can write:

1
2
V
2

= 0 (21)
Substitute the above equation to the nal conservation of energy equation, one get:
e

V = 0 (22)
The equation (22) tell us the gradient of internal energy is zero along the velocity direction
(streamline), i.e. the internal energy is constant along the streamline direction. The internal
energy itself is only a function of temperature. Consequently, for a steady, incompressible,
inviscid, irrotational ow, the temperature is constant along streamline direction.
5