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8 .
. . .
4
l
r n p
Q
Where Q= flow rate, vol/time unit
p = Pressure drop across the capillary system
r = Radius of the capillary
= Viscosity of the liquid
n = number of capillaries
l = Length of capillary
If we consider two capillary radii systems, having the same
capillary fraction (same void fraction), and capillary radii r1 and
r2 then the ratio between the volume flow rates Q1 and Q2 of the
two systems under a given pressure drop p wiil be
Q1 = (r1)
2
Q2 (r2)
Both the capillary radii and void fraction of the press felt are
much larger than those of paper.The capillary suction p of a
wetted capillary is given by:
p = 2/r, where = surface tension of water/ air and
r = capillary radius
The suction in a capillary has a reciprocal relationship to
the capillary radius
The capillaries of paper are much larger than those of felt
The capillary suction of paper are much stronger than
those of the felt
Sheet transfer
Suction pick-up arrangement
Straight-through press arrangement
Suction transfer press arrangement
Twinver press arrangement
Modern three-nip no draw press
FACTORS INFLUENCING WATER REMOVAL PERFORMANCE
PRIMARY (Influencing out
going sheet dryness
by 4% or more)
SECONDARY
Post nip rewet Initial fabric flow
resistance
In-going sheet dryness In-going fabric dryness
Furnish properties Rewet in the nip at speed
Double felting Shape of pressure profile
Sheet temperature Roll covers
Impulses Fabric design
Fabric pressure
uniformity
Roll venting
Press loading:
Nip load (pounds per lineal inch, pli or kilonewtons per
meter, kNm).
Higher nip loading decreases felt life and increases press
drive load and increases press drive load
Losses are offset by appreciable gains in moisture removal
and improved sheet consolidation
Nip load (kN/m) = Total roll load (kN)
Width of roll face (m)
Nip load (pli) = Total roll load (lb)
Width of roll face (m)
Press action is a function of nip loading per unit area
(pressure) in the nip
Average nip pressure (kPa) = Nip load (kN/m)
Nip width (m)
Average nip pressure (kPa) = Nip load (pli)
Nip width (in)
Press load uniformity:
The largest factor in nip pressure uniformity is the fabric
Peak pressure variations
Bliesner and MacGregor prepared special baseless fabrics
using a fiber diameter of 43 m in one fabric and 19 m in
another. The smaller diameter fiber produced a dryness
nearly 7% higher on 50 g/m
2
sheet (31lb/3000 ft
2
)
Dryness vs fabric fineness
Machine speed:
As speed is increased water removal from the sheet will
decrease with other conditions held constant
The more fundamental variable is nip residence time (NRT)
NRT (msec) = Machine direction nip width
Machine speed
Press impulse:
The effect of press loading and NRT has been
considered as independent variable
Campbell showed that increase in out going sheet
consistency is proportional to the product of pressure
per unit area and duration of press application
Wahlstorm and Schiel used the pressure time product in
relation to wet press water removal
Beck summarized the definition by giving the following
definition:
t
Impulse =
c
P (t) dt = Pave X (tctb)
t
b
= Press load
Machine speed
Impulse is usually expressed as Mpa-sec or psi-sec
Where:
Pave = Average nip pressure, Mpa or psi
P(t) = Pressure any time, Mpa or psi
tb = Time profile begins (entering the nip), sec
tc = Time profile ends (leaving the nip), sec
Two roll press sections is of the order of 0.013-0.02 MPa-
sec
Pressure pulse parameters
Dryness vs impulse, kraft Dryness vs log impulse, kraft
Dryness vs impulse, newsprint Dryness vs impulse,
linerboard
The dryness changes from near 30% at a press impulse of
under 0.007 MPa-sec to near 60% dryness at a press
impulse of 0.07 MPa-sec.
Dryness vs log impulse, roll and extended nip press
Sheet temperature:
Temp of the sheet as it is being pressed can have
significant effects on water removal and thus qualifies as a
primary variable.
As the temp in the sheet is raised both surface tension and
viscosity of water decrease, which lowers resistance of
water movement through the sheet and to ultimate removal
in to a fabric at the press.
Dryness vs sheet temperature
At 33% ingoing moisture level the dryness has increased
from 40% to near 45% with an increase in temp 27
0
C to 82
0
C or 1% drier for each 11
0
C
Interrelationship of process parameters
In-going sheet dryness
At the 35 to 45% dryness level, a near linear relation of
approximately 1% change in outgoing dryness was for
each 2% change in in-going dryness.
Effect of in-going sheet dryness
Basis weight
A change in out going sheet dryness from about 43 to 39%
was observed when basis weight changed from 45 to 120
g/m
2
Effect of basis weight on dryness
Furnish properties
Fiber quality will depend on:
1. Tree species
2. Age of tree
3. Condition of the fiber in the chip entering the pulping
process
4. Chip thickness
5. Types of pulping process
6. Pulping variables
7. Bleaching operations
8. Beating
9. Sheet consolidation
A comparison of cross-sections and stress-strain behavior of
fiber models
When a sheet is pressure controlled, little resistance is
offered to flow of water out of the mat and the mat
elastically rebounds after the sheet emerges from the nip.
The rapid rebound of such furnishes probably influences
their rewet gain.
The deformation of sheet will depend upon higher fiber
surface area, higher basis weight or more swollen
components, then pressing this sheet will be more flow
controlled.
Flow controlled pulps acts as viscous elements, where
sheet resists both deformation upon entering the nip and
elastic expansion once out of the nip.
Deformation of Kelvin elements when either the spring or the
dapshot determines the compression response.
Dryness vs retention value
Felting
The wet fabric is the receptor that acts as an absorptive
interface between the roll and the sheet
Fabric compressive properties are controlled by fabric
condition and design.
The difference in void volume between the compressed
and relaxed conditions is a first approximation of the
fabrics absorptive capacity.
Double felting has been an effective method of
increasing water removal in the press.
Rewet
The quantity of water going back in to the sheet
(rewet) in the expending zone of the nip varies
from 3-35 g/m
2
(WAHLSTORM)