HUMAN E VOL UT I ON Vol . 6 - N.

3 ( 2 1 3 - 2 2 3 ) - 1991
M. Ferencz
Hungarian Natural History
Museum, Budapest
Key words: Av a r p e r i o d , No r t h e r n
a n d S o u t h e r n g r o u p s ,
a n t h r o p o l o g i c a l c o mp a r i s o n .
Comparison of Avar period anthropological
series
This study concerns human skeletal remains recovered from nine
Avar period cemeteries from two regions, one in Northern Hun-
gary and the other from Backa in Yugoslavia. Regional differ-
ences are compared using Penrose's generalised distance method,
Alexeyeva's indices and preauricular facio-cerebral indices.
In the interval between the Roman evacuation of the Karpathian Basin early in the
5th century and the Hungarian Conquest late in the 9th century, this part of Europe saw
great population movements. Research into the archaeological and anthropological heri-
tage of the people involved has traditionally been a significant focus of Hungarian
sciences.
The Avars were tribal nomads who settled in the region after the so called <<Avar
Conquestr~ in 568 AD. Their society combined clan traditions with a system of territorial
units. As a result they were strong enough to conquer the populations already living in the
area and conducted nomadic raids and wars on the surrounding states. Their warfare was
based on light cavalry equipped with powerful and flexible reflex-bows and with heavy
double-edged iron swords. These have proved to be one of the most characteristic
archaeological findings associated with these people together with the very peculiar metal
decorations used on their leather belts.
Their most famous ruler was Khan (Kagan) Bajan. Their empire spread from the
region of the present eastern-Austria to the river Don in the Russian steppe. The Avars
filled a kind of a power-vacuum between the eastern superpower Byzantium and the
Germanic groups of the West. Western Slav tribes formed the northern barrier in the way
of Avars while southern Slavs, especially ProtoBulgars, had an even more threatening role
in the South-East. The Avar empire finally collapsed in continuous wars with the
emerging Franks in the West and with the Bulgars in the East at the end of the 8th
century. When in 796 AD the Bulgar Khan Crum occupied all Avar territories east of the
Danube, the remaining Avars in Transdanubia capitulated to the Franks and put them-
selves under the protection of Charlemagne in 803 AD. This was the end of Avar
independence and they very quickly merged with the new settlers of the region leaving
traces only in the form of archaeological findings.
There is much controversy about the language of the Avar but little consensus on its
origins or fate.
Systematic archaeological excavations of the Avar period were started in the 1930s.
The number of cemeteries dug up till now is approximately 500. Their geographical spread
is roughly equal throughout the area with perhaps the majority situated to the East of the
Danube. Avar cemeteries have been excavated in southern Slovakia and in the Backa
region of Yugoslavia.
Methodical anthropological examination of the Avar series started in the 1950s.
Complex comparative analysis of cemeteries became the dominant form of research from
the end of the 1960s.
9 Editrice II Sedicesimo - Firenze ISSN 0393-9375
214 FERENCZ
Thi s st udy present s t he resul t s of an i nvest i gat i on i nt o regi onal di f f er ences bet ween
ni ne cemet er y series associ at ed wi t h t he Ava r peopl e.
Mat eri al s and Methods
Ni ne Ava r cemet eri es f or m t he basis of t hi s analysis. Four wer e i n t he nor t he r n par t
of Hungar y. The y and t he fi ve s out her n Yugosl av ones wer e chos en because t hei r dat a had
been publ i shed i n t he necessar y det ai l and each of t he m cont ai ned a r easonabl y l arge
number of i ndi vi dual s. The fol l owi ng cemet er i es dat e f r om t he earl y Ava r per i od (6-7t h
cent ury): - - Backa- Topol a (FARKAS & MARCSIK, 1984), Backo Pet r ovo Serl o (ERY, 1988),
Csakber eny (ToTI~, 1962), K6r nye (ToTH, 1971). Four series are f r om t he 7- 8t h cent ur y:
Ador j an I, I I (BARTUCZ & FARKAS, 1957), Sol ymar (FERENCZ, 1983), St ar a Mor avi ca
(CzEI(OS, 1985) and Vackavi csbanya (FERENCZ, 1981) dat es f r om t he 8- 9t h cent ur y. The
Nor t he r n Hungar i an gr oup consi st s of Csakber eny, KSr nye, Sol ymar and Vac-Kavi cs-
banya; t he r emai nder , t he Sout her n series, are f r om t he Backa area of Yugosl avi a.
The cemet er y gr oups wer e compar ed usi ng t hr ee met hods . The fi rst is based on t he
general i sed Penr ose di st ance D 2 (PENROSE, 1954) whi ch yi el ds an est i mat e of t he ~dis-
tancer> of any one cemet er y gr oup f r om any of t he ot her s on t he basis of t wel ve skull
measur ement s ( Tabl e 1,2). The resul t s are pr es ent ed i n t he f or m of dendr ogr ams. Fol l ow-
TABLE 1 - The values o/Penrose D 2 - - Males.
Series 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1. Adorjan I - - 5.49 12.23 9.30 4.52 12.61 4.63 4.50 6.66
2. Adorjan II - - 6.37 12.28 8.87 19.80 8.13 1. 45 13.42
3. Ba~ka Topola - - 25.80 17.42 34.45 16.10 6.30 26.96
4. Ba~ko Petrovo Selo - - 4.00 7.12 5.09 10.36 3.61
5. Cs~ber6ny - - 8.59 2.44 5.30 4.07
6. KSrnye - - 6.38 18.28 4.05
7. Sotyrn~ - - 5.48 2.66
8. Stara Moravica - - 1.16
9. V~c-Kavicsb~nya
TABLE 2 - The values o/ Penrose D 2 - - Females.
Series 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1. Adorjan I - 2.04 3.87 9.00 7.46 18.93 7.25 2.48 6.37
2. Adorjan I I - - 2.68 8.42 3.46 14.84 5.56 1.74 5.02
3. Ba~ka Topola - - 15.60 8.97 20.47 10.83 5:02 11.88
4. Ba~ko Petrovo Selo - - 6.13 9.11 3.87 8.50 3.46
5. Cs~ikber6ny - - 8.53 3.60 3.71 4.97
6. K/Srnye - - 6.40 13.80 9.63
7. Solymfir - - 6.94 1.34
8. Stara Moravica - - 6.74
9. Vfic-Kavicsb~nya
COMPARISON OF AVAR PERIOD SERIES 215
i ng RAHMAN (1962) t he ' gener al i sed di st ance' is consi der ed as a X 2 di st r i but i on f or whi ch,
wi t h t wel ve measur ement s, st at i st i cal si gni fi cance can be i nf er r ed at a val ue of 3. 057.
The second set of char act er s t o be compar ed is based on ALEXEYEVA'S i ndi ces (1966).
She f or mul at ed f our i ndi ces der i ved f r om seven skull meas ur ement s ( Ta b l e s 3 , 4 ) and t hen
cont r ast ed t wo pairs of t he f our i ndi ces. I n one, a composi t e i ndex based on crani al
hei ght crani al br eadt hcr ani al l engt h is r el at ed t o upper face hei ght . The ot her pai ri ng
consists of an i ndex based on crani al hei ght or bi t al hei ght r el at ed t o an i ndex based on
nasal br eadt hf aci al br eadt h.
For bot h analyses, males and femal es i n each series wer e t r eat ed separat el y.
The t hi r d set of char act er s t o be compar ed is based on t he pr eaur i cul ar faci o-cerebral
(PFC) i ndex (Dv.BETS, 1964) bas ed on six skull meas ur ement s ( T a b l e 5 ) . For t hi s i ndex
mal e and femal e dat a i n each cemet er y series wer e pool ed.
The i ndex values of t he ni ne cemet eri es wer e compar ed also t o t he PFC i ndex of
Eur opoi ds (Mi ddl e Ages), of Eur opo- Mongol oi ds ( Sar mat i an peri od), of Mongol oi ds
(Earl y I r on Age), (DEBETS, 1961) and of t he conquer i ng Hungar i ans (DEBETS, 1964;
TOTH, 1965, 1969).
TABLE 3 - The values of Al exeyeva' s indices - - Males.
Series N
17 100 48 100 52 100 54 100
/1 + 8/:2 17 17 45
1. Adorjan I. Main road 7-8c. 21 32.5 51.8 24.4 18.4
2. Adorjan II. Farm No 5.7-8c. 18 77.3 54.6 25.6 19.6
3. Ba~ka Topola 6-8c. 43 78.9 57.9 27.4 20.1
4. Ba~ko Petrovo Selo 6-7c. 21 80.2 51.8 24.8 19.2
5. Cs~ikber~ny 6-7c. 16 81.5 51.9 25.6 18.1
6. KSrnye 6-7c. 14 83.6 50.5 23.9 19.4
7. Solymhr 7-8c. 20 83.1 51.1 25.1 19.2
8. Stara Moravica 7-8c. 60 79.6 54.4 26.0 19.0
9. Vhc-Kavicsb~inya 8-9c. 24 83.7 48.0 24.0 19.0
TABLE 4 - The values of Al exeyeva' s indices - - Females.
Series N
17 100 48 x 100 52 100 54 x 100
/1 + 8/:2 17 17 45
1. Adorjan I. Main road 7-8c. 12 77.8 53.5 26.2 20.3
2. Adorjan II. Farm No 5. 7-8c. 21 79.4 52.5 26.5 19.0
3. Ba~ka Topola 6-8c. 44 78.8 56.3 26.9 20.3
4. Ba~ko Petrovo Selo 6-7c. 22 80.2 50.0 25.7 19.5
5. Cs~ber6ny 6-7c. 7 81.4 51.7 27.2 19.1
6. KSrnye 6-7c. 6 83.3 51.3 25.1 18.3
7. Solym~ 7-8c. 12 82.2 49.8 25.7 20.6
8. Stara Moravica 7-8c. 48 79.3 53.0 26.3 18.4
9. V~oKavicsb~inya 8-9c. 22 82.6 47.6 24.9 20.4
216
TABLE 5 - The values of PFC index.
FERENCZ
Series N PFC
1. Adorjan I. Main road 7-8c.
2. Adorjan II. Farm No 5. 7-8c.
3. Ba~ka Topola 6-8c.
4. Ba~ko Petrovo Selo 6-7c.
5. Cs~kber6ny 6-7c.
6. KSrnye 6-7c.
7. Solym~r 7-8c.
8. Stara Moravica 7-8c.
9. V~c-Kavicsb~nya 8-9c.
10. Europoids, Med. Epoch, North R. SU (DEBETZ, 1961).
11. Europoids, Med. Epoch, South R. SU (DEBETZ, 1961).
12. Europo-mongoloids, Sarmatian per. North R. SU (DEBETZ, 1961).
13. Mongoloids, Early Iron Age, SU (DEBETZ, 1961).
14. Conquering Hungarians (10th c.) (DEBETZ, 1964; TOTH, 1965, 1969).
32 91.0
37 91.8
84 93.9
43 9O.7
21 91.3
20 88.8
32 88.7
108 91.6
46 88.2
1771 89.9
251 90.0
277 91.6
25 97.7
122 91.5
Results
(a) Generalised Penrose dktance DP 2 . The dendrogram of males shows two distinct
clusters (Figure 1). One is made up of the series Adorjan II, Stara Moravica, Adorjan I and
Backa Topola. The other one consists of the series Solymar, Csakbereny, Vac-kavics-
banya, Backo Petrovo Selo and KSrnye. The Southern cemeteries are all in the same
cluster with the exception of Backo Petrovo Selo. The other cluster contains all the
Northern series together with Backo Petrovo Selo.
Distance
14.0 13.0 12. 0 11.0 10.0 9.0 B0 70 6.0 50 /+.0 3.0 20 1.0 0
I ~ 1 I I 1 I I I I - - I 1 I I I
cr
- - A D O R J A N II
S T A R A I M O R A V I C A
A D O R J A N I
B A ( ~ K A T O P O L A
S O L Y M ~ , R
C S A K B E R E N Y
VZ, C- K AVIC S B~,N YA
BACKO PETROVO SELO
KORNYE
Figure 1 - Dendogram of males Penrose D 5).
16
COMPARISON OF AVAR PERIOD SERIES 217
D i s t a n c e
1 4 i 0 1 ] ~ 1 2 i 0 1 1 i 0 1 0 i 0 9 ~ a i O ? i O 6 i 0 5 i 0 4 i 0 3 i 0 2 1 0 l i 0 0
9
A D O R J , ~ , N I1
S T A R A M O R A V I C A
A D O R J A N I
BA(~ K A T O P O L A
S O L Y M Z R
- - V A C - K A V I C S B Z N Y A
B A C K O P E T R O V O S E L O
C S ~ , K B E R E N Y
K O R N Y E
Figure 2 - Dendogram of females Penrose D 2).
The distance bet ween t he Adorjan II and Stara Moravica series in one cluster and t he
Solymar and Csakbereny series in t he second cluster can be considered to be statistically
~close>> significantly.
The dendrogram of t he females (Figure 2) is broadl y similar to t hat of t he males
except for t he differing relationship among t he cemeteries wi t hi n t he Nor t her n group
where t he Vac-kavicsbanya series is significantly <~close~> to t he Solymar series. These two,
and Backo Pet rovo Selo appear to form a subgroup wi t hi n t he cluster. In t he second
cluster t hree series are significantly ~close~>: Adorjan II, Stara Moravica, Adorjan I.
(b) Al exeyeva' s (1966) indices. Figures 3, 4 present t he results of t he analysis of t he data
for the males of the series for t he first and second ALEXEYEVA'S i ndex pairings respective-
T A B L E 1 - Measurements of Penrose D 2 analysis.
Martin No- M 1; M 5; M 8; M 9; M 17; M 40; M 45; M 48; M 51; M 52; M 54;
M 55.
TABLE 2 - Measurements of Alexeyeva's method.
Martin No - M 1; M 8; M 17; M 45; M 48; M 52; M 54.
TABLE 3 - Measurements in PFC index analysis.
Martin No - M 5; M 9; M 17; M 40; M 45; M 48.
2 1 8 FERENCZ
48x i 00
17
58.
57
56
5 5
53
I
5 2 i
511
50-
49-
48.
8"
~
@
9
@
1
7e 9
3 ~
o
2
0
L
t ~ ' ' 7 ' 9 ' ' 8 ' 2 "8'3
7 7 7 8 8 0 8 1
84 ~'
17x100
(1@) : 2
Figure 3 - Correlations of male series (Alexeyeva I st index pairing).
Sequence of series o/ Fi gures 3-7 are the Jollowing:
1. Cs~kber6ny
2. K6rnye
3. Solym~r
4. V~ic-Kavicsb~nya
5, Adorjan I
6. Adorjan II
7. Ba~ko Petrovo Selo
8 . Ba ~ka T o p o l a
9 . Stara Moravica
10. Europoids, Medieval Epoch, North Region SU
11. Europoids, Medieval Epoch, South Region SU
12. Europo-Mongoloids, Sarmatian period, North Region SU
13. Mongoloids, Early Iron Age SU
14. Conquering Hungarians (10th c.)
ly while Figures 5, 6 present the corresponding dat a for the female series.
Sex differences. The first Alexeyeva pairing showed a broadly similar pat t ern for the
males and the females of the nine series. However, the relative position of males and
females in the Adorjan I series showed interesting differences, wi t h the females being
placed much higher and to the left in the two-dimensional space representing this
particular comparison. Adorjan I males, on the other hand, were positioned at an
intermediate height on the right. In fact there was a general trend for males to be
positioned to the right of females in the same series. This was reversed only in the case of
C O M P A R I S O N O F A V A R P E R I O D S E R I E S 219
5&xl O0
/,5
21
20
19
18
2 ~
i i
&
5'
7 " 3 "
Q
6
o
I
9
,
~ 2 ' 3 2 ' ~ 2 ' s J o 2 ' 7 2 ' s '
52xi 00
17
Figure 4 - Correlations of male series (Alexeyeva 2 nd index pairing).
&Sx100
17 '
57.
56-
55.
5Z,.
53-
52.
51.
50-
49.
48-
47
T
8 ~
9
5
91111
6
o
7
o
3"
2"
17
( I ~ 8 ) : 2
Figure 5 - Correlations of female series (Alexeyeva 1 ~t index pairing).
220 FERENCZ
54x100
45
21
20
19
18
|
4" 3
5"
6"
e
7
9 9
2 9
,
O
1
?
24 25 26 27 28 5 2 x 1 0 0
17
Figure 6 - Correlations of female series (Alexeyeva 2 na index pairing).
the Adorjan II cemetery series where the males were positioned to the left of their
corresponding females. There was no obvious trend for male groups to be positioned
higher or lower than females in the two-dimensional space-frame of the first index pairing.
Series differences. From figures 3 and 5 it can be seen that there is evidence of
clustering into the two geographical regions, North and South. In females, the Southern
cemeteries of Adorjan I (1), Adorjan (2), Backa Topola (3) and Stara Moravica (8) are
positioned in the left upper space. In males, Adorjan II (3), Backa Topola (3) and Stara
Moravica (8) are also found in this position. The Northern group (Csakbereny (5), K6rnye
(6), Solymar (7), Vac-Kavicsbanya (9)) in both sexes occupy the lower right position. In
males, the Adorjan I series is also found in this area. The Southern series from Backo
Petrovo Selo (4) is somewhat intermediate in position between the upper left and lower
right groupings in both sexes.
When the distribution according to the second of Alexeyeva's index pairings was
examined (Figures 4, 6) , there was no discernible grouping pattern. All series are fairly
closely clustered in both male and female index pairing comparisons. There is a tendency
for female placings to be somewhat higher than those of the corresponding males. The
males from the Southern Backa Topola (3) series were positioned further to the right than
any other series, male or female.
(c) PFC i ndex. The index values are shown for each series in Figure 7. Male and
female indices were pooled in each series. The three Northern series (K6rnye, Solymar
and Vac-Kavicsbanya) had indices of < 89. All of the five Southern series had indices of
> 90, with that of Backo Petrovo Selo highest at almost 94. The PFC index of the
Northern series Csakbereny however was over 91, well within the Southern group range
and considerably above the rest of the Northern series.
COMPARISON OF AVAR PERIOD SERIES 221
PFC
g8
07
06 ~
-/
9s ~
94 ~
93 r
90 . . . . . . . - ~ . . . . . . . Eu r o p o i d s
aa ~
W/A ~
1 2 3 4 5 8 7 8 g 10 11 12 13 t 4
SERI ES
Figure 7 - Comparison of Preauricular Facio Cerebral index, males and females combined.
Discussion
Interestingly, all three methods suggested that the series of nine different cemetery
populations could be broadly separated, on the basis of anthropological features, into two
geographical groups, one from Northern Hungary and the other from Yugoslavia.
From the D 2 analysis it seems that only one series did not conform to the geographi-
cal clustering. It is noteworthy that bot h males and females of the Backo Petrovo Selo
series were aligned with the Northern series on the dendrograms constructed on an
analysis based on twelve skull measurements. This series also occupied an intermediate
position between the Northern and Southern clusters on the ALF.XEYEVA (1966) first
index pairing in both sexes. However, in the PFC index comparison this particular series
fell clearly within the Southern group range.
The different association of the Backo Petrovo Selo group may be attributed to the
fact that in this cemetery there are no Mongoloids. The Northern cemeteries and Backo
Petrovo Selo have a strong Europoid character while the Southern ones present more
individuals with typically Mongoloid skulls. To separate Europoid and Mongoloid com-
ponents one can use the method of differential diagnosis (TOTH, 1958), in which particular
facial flatness measurements are examined and compared.
Analysing the values of D 2 highlights a particular problem. VacKavicsbanya, Solymar
and Backo Petrovo Selo form a subgroup within the cluster of females. This occurrence
can be explained by the presence of chamaecrania within these three series. Chamaecrania
is defined as a value of less than 72.5 for the index derived from Martin' s characters 17
and 1. In these cemeteries the values of this skull length- height index was generally about
70.0 or less. About 30% of the measurable skulls from Backo Petrovo Selo and 25% in
the Solymar series were in this category.
222 FERENCZ
The comparison of PFC index shows that the cemeteries of the Northern group are
similar to each other and that their PFC values are dose to that of Europoids. The
Southern group also shows similarities with values close to that of Europo-Mongoloids.
There is a remarkable exception in the Northern group - - Csakbereny, which is closer to
Europo-Mongoloids in its PFC value. This difference is probably due to the dissimilar
character of the bizygomatic breadth (M, 45) compared to the other Northern series. The
mean bizygomatic breadth of the Northern male series (without Csakbereny) is 131-7,
while for the Southern cemeteries it is 135.2 which is the mean bizygomatic breadth for
the Csakbereny series. The deviation of one measurement i which is among the 6 ones
used in the calculation - - also appears in the value of PFC index.
There has been a long standing, sometimes bitter, debate on the Avars, their history,
and their relationship with other peoples among East European archaeologists, historians
and anthropologists.
Geographic and anthropological grouping are certainly interlinked with the Avar
history but the limited amount of information available restricts our ability to determine
precise relationships.
The invading Avars obviously encountered earlier populations in the region and they
almost certainly interbred with them. The Longobards inhabited the territory where the
Northern cemeteries described here were situated. Presumably in this region the Avars
mixed with the indigenes and this may explain the basically Europoid character of the
Northern series. In this context the separate standing of Backo Petrovo Selo within the
Southern group remains a problem. The Southern group was geographically located in
something of a rare occurrence of history - - a power vacuum between the Longobard state
in the West and the Gepida state in the East. Before the arrival of Avars, this area was
probably inhabited by a number of peoples from the Migration Period. This native
Southern population was small in numbers and so they may not have influenced the
invading Avars to the extent that the natives in the North did. For this reason, this
Southern Avar population may have preserved its Mongoloid character to a greater degree
than the Northern group. On the other hand the Northern series may reflect some Frank
influence while the Southern series reflects some Bulgarian influence.
In conclusion, it is the opinion of the author that these series are of Avar origin with
more and less admixture. The existence of some isolated indigenous populations being
included among the Avar groups cannot be excluded, but it is unlikely that such a
population is one of the series investigated here.
The history and anthropology of the Avars still contains a number of unresolved
questions. The extent of their contribution, and the nature of their relationship to the
Hungarians, the later inhabitants of the Karpathian Basin, needs to be evaluated. Further
research based on large-scale comparisons of the wealth of data available from the skeletal
series of this period should help resolve the debate and controversy surrounding the Avar
period.
References
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37.
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COMPARISON OF AVAR PERIOD SERIES 223
CZ~KUS G., 1985. A Moravicai (Stara Moravica) avar temet8 csontvdmaradvdnyainak embertani jellemz~se.
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t~gY K., 1988. Anthropological studies on an early Avar period population at Bagko Petrovo Selo (Yugoslavia).
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(Pubblication of data). Acta Biologica, 30: 191-205.
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FERENCZ M., 1983. The Avar-age cemetery at Solymdr. Anthropologia hungarica, 18: 9-41.
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PENROSE L.S., 1954. Distance, Size and shape. Annals of Eugenics, 18: 337-343.
RAHMAN N.A., 1962. On the Sampling Distribution of the Studentized Penrose Measure of Distance. Annals of
Human Genetics, 26: 97-106.
TOTH T., 1958. Profilation horizontale du erdne ]acial de la population ancienne et eontemporaine de la
Hongrie. Crania hungarica, 3: 3-126.
TOTH T., 1962. Le cimeti~re de Csdkberdny provenant des d~buts de l'@oque avare (Vie et VIIe si~cles).
Esquisse paldoantthropologique. Annuals Hist. Nat. Mus. Nam. Hung., 54: 521-549.
TOTH T., 1965. A honfoglal6 magyarsdg ethnogenezis3nek probldmdja (Probl$mes de l'ethnogen$se des hongrois
conqudrants). Anthropol6giai K~Szlem6nyek. 9: 139-149.
TOTH T., 1969. On the diagnostic significance of morphological characteres III. (A methodological study).
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Received: 20 August 1989. Accepted: 3 February 1990.