in phn

I KHI NIM
S in phn l qu trnh oxi ha kh xy ra b mt cc in cc khi c dng in mt
chiu i qua cht in li nng chy hoc dung dch cht in li
- S in phn l qu trnh s dng in nng to ra s bin i ha hc
- Trong qu trnh in phn, di tc dng ca in trng cc cation chy v cc m (catot)
cn cc anion chy v in cc dng (anot), ti xy ra phn ng trn cc in cc (s
phng in)
- Ti catot xy ra qu trnh kh cation (M
n+
+ ne M) cn ti anot xy ra qu trnh oxi ha
anion (X
n-
X + ne)
- Ngi ta phn bit: in phn cht in li nng chy, in phn dung dch cht in li trong
nc, in phn dng in cc dng tan
II S IN PHN CC CHT IN LI
1. in phn cht in li nng chy
Trong thc t, ngi ta thng tin hnh in phn nhng hp cht (mui, baz, oxit) nng
chy ca cc kim loi c tnh kh mnh nh Li, Na, K, Ba, Ca, Mg, Al
V d 1: in phn NaCl nng chy c th biu din bng s :
Catot ( ) NaCl Anot ( + )
2| Na
+
+ e Na 2Cl
-
Cl
2
+ 2e
Phng trnh in phn l: 2NaCl
2Na + Cl
2

Cn c mng ngn khng cho Cl
2
tc dng
tr li vi Na trng thi nng chy lm
gim hiu sut ca qu trnh in phn. Mt
s cht ph gia nh NaF, KCl gip lm gim
nhit nng chy ca h
V d 2: in phn NaOH nng chy c th biu din bng s :
Catot ( ) NaOH Anot ( + )
4| Na
+
+ 1e Na 4OH
-
O
2
+ 2H
2
O + 4e
Phng trnh in phn l: 4NaOH 4Na + O
2
+ 2H
2
O
V d 3: in phn Al
2
O
3
nng chy pha thm criolit (Na
3
AlF
6
) c th biu din bng s :
Catot ( ) Al2O3 Anot ( + )
4| Al
3+
+ 3e Al 3| 2O
2-
O
2
+ 4e
Phng trnh in phn l: 2Al
2
O
3
4Al + 3O
2

Criolit (Na
3
AlF
6
) c vai tr quan trng nht l lm
gim nhit nng chy ca Al
2
O
3
t 2050
o
C
xung khong 900
o
C, ngoi ra n cn lm tng
dn in ca h v to lp ngn cch gia cc sn
phm in phn v mi trng ngoi. Anot lm
bng than ch th in cc b n mn dn do chng
chy trong oxi mi sinh: C + O
2
CO
2
v 2C
+ O
2
2CO
2. in phn dung dch cht in li trong nc
Trong s in phn dung dch, ngoi cc ion do cht in li phn li ra cn c cc ion H
+
v
OH
-
ca nc. Do vic xc nh sn phm ca s in phn phc tp hn. Ty thuc vo
tnh kh v tnh oxi ha ca cc ion c trong bnh in phn m ta thu c nhng sn phm
khc nhau.
V d khi in phn dung dch NaCl, cc ion Na
+
, H
+
(H
2
O) chy v catot cn cc ion Cl
-
,
OH
-
(H
2
O) chy v anod. Ion no trong s chng s phng in cc in cc.
C s gii quyt vn ny l da vo cc gi tr th oxi ha kh ca cc cp. Trong
qu trnh in phn, trn catot din ra s kh. V vy khi c nhiu dng oxi ha th trc ht
dng oxi ha ca cp c th ln hn s b kh trc. Ngc li trn anot s din ra s oxi ha
dng kh ca cp c th oxi ha kh nh nht trc.
a) Kh nng phng in ca cc cation catot: catot c th xy ra cc qu trnh kh sau
y:
- Mn
+
+ ne M
- 2H
+
(axit) + 2e H
2

- Hoc ion hiro ca nc b kh: 2H
2
O + 2e H
2
+ 2OH
-

Dng oxi ha ca nhng cp c th cng ln cng d b kh. Theo dy th oxi ha kh th
kh nng b kh ca cc ion kim loi nh sau:
- Cc cation t Zn
2+
n cui dy Hg
2+
, Cu
2+
, Fe
3+
, Ag
+
d b kh nht v th t tng dn
- T Al
3+
n cc ion u dy Na
+
, Ca
2+
, K
+
khng b kh trong dung dch
- Cc ion H
+
ca axit d b kh hn cc ion H
+
ca nc
b) Kh nng phng in ca cc anion anot: anot xy ra qu trnh oxi ha cc anion gc
axit nh Cl
-
, S
2-
hoc ion OH- ca baz kim hoc nc
- 2Cl
-
Cl
2
+ 2e
- 4OH
-
O
2
+ 2H
2
O + 4e
- Hoc ion OH
-
ca nc b oxi ha: 2H
2
O O
2
+ 4H
+
+ 4e
Dng kh ca nhng cp c th oxi ha kh cng nh cng d b oxi ha. Theo dy th oxi
ha kh th kh nng b oxi ha ca cc anion nh sau:
- Cc anion gc axit khng cha oxi d b oxi ha nht theo th t: RCOO
-
< Cl
-
< Br
-
< I
-
<
S
2-

- Cc anion gc axit nh NO
3
-, SO
4
2-
, PO
4
3-
, CO
3
2-
, ClO
4
-khng b oxi ha
- Ring cc ion OH
-
ca kim hoc ca nc kh b oxi ha hn cc ion S
2-
, I
-
, Br
-
, Cl
-

- Nu khi in phn khng dng cc anot tr nh graphit, platin (Pt) m dng cc kim loi
nh Ni, Cu, Agth cc kim loi ny d b oxi ha hn cc anion v th oxi ha kh ca
chng thp hn, v do chng tan vo dung dch (anot tan)
c) Mt s v d:
- in phn dung dch CuCl
2
vi anot tr c th biu din bng s :
Catot ( ) CuCl
2
Anot ( + )
Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu 2Cl
-
Cl
2
+ 2e
Phng trnh in phn l: CuCl
2
Cu + Cl
2

- in phn dung dch K
2
SO
4
vi anot tr c th biu din bng s :
Catot () K
2
SO
4
Anot (+)
H
2
O, K
+
(H
2
O) H
2
O, SO
4
2-

2| 2H
2
O + 2e H
2
+ 2OH
-
2H
2
O O
2
+ 4H
+
+ 4e
Phng trnh in phn l: 2H
2
O 2H
2
+ O
2

- in phn dung dch NaCl bo ha vi in cc tr c mng ngn c th biu din
bng s :
Catot ( ) NaCl Anot ( + )
H
2
O, Na
+
(H
2
O) Cl
-
, H
2
O
2H
2
O + 2e H
2
+ 2OH
-
2Cl
-
Cl
2
+ 2e
Phng trnh in phn l: 2NaCl + 2H
2
O 2NaOH + H
2
+ Cl
2

Nu khng c mng ngn th: Cl
2
+ 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H
2
O nn phng trnh
in phn l: NaCl + H
2
O NaClO + H
2

- in phn dung dch NiSO
4
vi anot tr c th biu din bng s :
Catot ( ) NiSO
4
Anot ( + )
Ni
2+
, H
2
O (H
2
O) H
2
O, SO
4
2-

2| Ni
2+
+ 2e Ni 2H
2
O O
2
+ 4H
+
+ 4e
Phng trnh in phn l: 2NiSO
4
+ 2H
2
O 2Ni + 2H
2
SO
4
+ O
2

- in phn dung dch NiSO
4
vi anot bng Cu c th biu din bng s :
Catot ( ) NiSO
4
Cu ( + )
Ni
2+
, H
2
O (H
2
O) H
2
O, SO
4
2-

Ni
2+
+ 2e Ni Cu Cu
2+
+ 2e
Phng trnh in phn l: NiSO
4
+ Cu CuSO
4
+ Ni
- in phn dung dch CuSO
4
vi anot bng Cu (nh hnh v sau y):
catot ( ): Cu
2+
(dd) + 2e Cu lm gim nng ion Cu
2+

bn nhnh tri ca ng ch U
anot ( + ): Cu(r) Cu
2+
(dd) + 2e lm tng nng ion Cu
2+

bn nhnh tri ca ng ch U v anot dn dn b ha tan
Phng trnh in phn l: Cu(r) + Cu
2+
(dd) Cu
2+
(dd) +
Cu(r)
- in phn dung dch hn hp cha FeCl
3
, CuCl
2
v HCl
vi anot tr c th biu din bng s :
Catot ( ) FeCl
3
, CuCl
2
, HCl Anot ( + )
Fe
3+
, Cu
2+
, H
+

2| Fe
3+
+ 1e Fe
2+

Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu 2Cl
-
Cl
2
+ 2e
2H
+
+ 2e H
2

Fe
2+
+ 2e Fe
Qu trnh in phn ln lt xy ra cc in cc l:
2FeCl
3
2FeCl
2
+ Cl
2

CuCl
2
Cu + Cl
2

2HCl H
2
+ Cl
2

FeCl
2
Fe + Cl
2

III NH LUT FARADAY
Khi lng cht gii phng mi in cc t l vi in lng i qua dung dch v ng
lng ca cht
m =
Trong :
- m: khi lng cht gii phng in cc (gam)
- A: khi lng mol nguyn t ca cht thu c in cc
- n: s electron m nguyn t hoc ion cho hoc nhn
- I: cng dng in (A)
- t: thi gian in phn (s)
- F: hng s Faraday l in tch ca 1 mol electron hay in lng cn thit 1 mol
electron chuyn di trong mch catot hoc anot (F = 1,602.10
-19
.6,022.10
23
96500
C.mol
-1
)
- : ng lng gam ha hc
Biu thc lin h: Q = I.t = 96500.n
e
n
e
= (n
e
l s mol electron trao i in
cc)
V d: in phn 100 ml dung dch NaCl vi in cc tr c mng ngn vi cng dng
in I = 1,93A. Dung dch thu c sau khi in phn c pH = 12. Bit th tch dung dch
khng i, clo khng ha tan trong nc v hiu sut in phn 100%. Thi gian tin hnh
in phn l:
A. 50 s B. 60 s C. 100 s D. 200 s
Gii:
pH = 12 [OH
-
] = 10
-2
nOH
-
= 10
-3
M
Ti catot () xy ra phn ng: 2H
2
O + 2e H
2
+ 2OH
-
n
e
= 10
-3
mol t = =
= 50 s
hoc mH
2
= 10
-3
gam t = = 50 s p n A
IV - NG DNG CA IN PHN
S in phn c nhiu ng dng trong cng nghip
1. iu ch cc kim loi (xem bi iu ch cc kim loi)
2. iu ch mt s phi kim nh H
2
, O
2
, F
2
, Cl
2

3. iu ch mt s hp cht nh NaOH, H
2
O
2
, nc Gia ven
4. Tinh ch mt s kim loi nh Cu, Pb, Zn. Fe. Ag, Au
5. M in

in phn vi anot tan cng c dng trong m in, nhm
bo v kim loi khi b n mn v to v p cho vt m. Anot
l kim loi dng m (nh hnh v l vng) cn catot l vt
cn m (ci tha). Lp m thng rt mng, c dy t 5.10
-5

1.10
-3
cm




Bin son H Ch Tun - H Y H Ni