iu ch kim loi

IU CH KIM LOI
I NGUYN TC IU CH KIM LOI
Trong t nhin ch c mt s rt t kim loi trng thi t do, hu ht cc kim loi tn ti
dng ion trong cc hp cht ha hc. Mun chuyn ha nhng ion ny thnh kim loi ta thc
hin qu trnh kh ion kim loi:
M
n+
+ ne M
II MT S PHNG PHP IU CH KIM LOI
1. Phng php thy luyn
- Phng php thy luyn cn gi l phng php t, c dng iu ch nhng kim
loi c hot ng ha hc thp nh Au, Ag, Hg, Cu
- C s ca phng php ny l dng nhng dung dch thch hp, nh dung dch H
2
SO
4
,
NaOH, NaCN ha tan kim loi hoc hp cht ca kim loi v tch ra khi phn khng
tan c trong qung. Sau cc ion kim loi trong dung dch c kh bng kim loi c tnh
kh mnh hn, nh Fe, Zn
V d 1:
Ngi ta iu ch Ag bng cch nghin nh qung bc sunfua Ag
2
S, x l bng dung dch
NaCN, ri lc thu c dung dch mui phc bc:
Ag
2
S + 4NaCN 2Na[Ag(CN)
2
] + Na
2
S
Sau , ion Ag+ trong phc c kh bng kim loi Zn:
Zn + 2Na[Ag(CN)
2
] Na
2
[Zn(CN)
4
] + 2Ag
V d 2:
Vng ln trong t c th ha tan dn trong dung dch NaCN cng vi oxi ca khng kh,
c dung dch mui phc ca vng:
4Au + 8NaCN + O
2
+ 2H
2
O 4Na[Au(CN)
2
] + 4NaOH
Sau , ion Au
3+
trong phc c kh bng kim loi Zn:
Zn + 2Na[Au(CN)
2
] Na
2
[Zn(CN)
4
] + 2Au
2. Phng php nhit luyn
- Phng php nhit luyn c ng dng rng ri trong cng nghip iu ch nhng kim
loi c hot ng ha hc trung bnh nh Zn, Cr, Fe, Sn, Pb,
- C s ca phng php ny l kh nhng ion kim loi trong cc hp cht nhit cao
bng cc cht kh mnh nh C, CO, H
2
hoc Al, kim loi kim hoc kim th
V d:
PbO + C Pb + CO
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3CO 2Fe + 3CO
2

WO
3
+ 3H
2
W + 3H
2
O
TiCl
4
+ 4Na Ti + 4NaCl
V
2
O
5
+ 5Ca 2V + 5CaO
Cc phn ng dng kim loi kim v kim loi kim th lm cht kh u phi thc hin trong
mi trng kh tr hoc chn khng
- Trng hp qung l sunfua kim loi nh Cu
2
S, ZnS, FeS
2
th phi chuyn sunfua kim
loi thnh oxit kim loi. Sau kh oxit kim loi bng cht kh thch hp V d vi ZnS:
2ZnS + 3O
2
2ZnO + 2SO
2

ZnO + C Zn + CO
- i vi kim loi kh nng chy nh Cr, ngi ta dng Al lm cht kh (phn ng nhit
nhm). Phn ng nhit nhm ta nhit mnh, lng nhit to ra c s dng un nng
chy Cr
2
O
3
, nh vy gim c chi ph cho nhin liu:
Cr
2
O
3
+ 2Al 2Cr + Al
2
O
3

- i vi nhng kim loi km hot ng nh Hg, Ag ch cn t chy qung cng thu c
kim loi m khng cn dng cht kh
HgS + O
2
Hg + SO
2

3. Phng php in phn
- Phng php in phn l phng php vn nng, c dng iu ch hu ht cc kim
loi, t nhng kim loi c hot ng ha hc cao n trung bnh v thp
- C s ca phng php ny l dng dng in mt chiu kh cc ion kim loi. Tc nhn
kh l cc ( ) mnh hn nhiu ln tc nhn kh l cht ha hc
- iu ch kim loi c tnh kh mnh nh Li, Na, K, Albng cch in phn nhng hp
cht (mui, baz, oxit) nng chy ca chng
V d: S thng in phn NaCl nng chy iu ch Na

- Nguyn liu l NaCl tinh khit
- Cc dng lm bng than ch, cc m bng thp
- iu ch kim loi c tnh kh trung bnh v yu nh Zn, Cu,..bng cch in phn dung
dch mui ca chng (xem thm bi in phn)
V d: ZnBr
2
Zn + Br
2

2CuSO
4
+ 2H
2
O 2Cu + 2H
2
SO
4
+ O
2

Bin son H Ch Tun - H Y H Ni