Chap2 Mobile Wireless Channels v3

Introduction
Wireless channel modeling

Chapter 2: Wireless Channel models
Wireless Communications Chapter 2: Wireless Channel models 1
Introduction
Multipath wireless propagation
Path loss, shadowing and fading
reflection and diffraction
Extracted from Digital Communication lecture notes, McGill Uni.
Introduction
The characteristic of (mobile) wireless channel is the variations of
the channel strength over time and frequency.
The variations can be divided into two types:
Large-scale fading is yielded by:
path loss of signal as a function of distance and
shadowing by large objects such as buildings and hills.
Small-scale fading is yielded by the constructive and destructive
interference of the multiple signal paths between transmitter and
receiver.
Introduction
An example of path loss, shadowing and fading
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
-150
-140
-130
-110
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
P
o
w
e
r
[
d
B
m
]
Traveled distance [m]
Pathloss
Fading +
Shadowing +
Pathloss
Shadowing +
Pathloss
Introduction
An example of path loss, shadowing and fading (cont.)
0
K (dB)
P
r
P
(dB)
t
log (d)
Path Loss Alone
Shadowing and Path Loss
Multipath, Shadowing, and Path Loss
Introduction
Path loss models
Shadowing
Fading channel model
Path loss models
It is well known that the received signal power decays with the
square of the path length in free space.
More specically, the received envelope power is
4
)
2
, (1)
where:
is the transmitted power,
and
are the transmitter and receiver antenna gains,

respectively
is the radio path length.
Introduction
Path loss models
Shadowing
Path loss models (cont.)
The signals in land mobile radio applications, however, do not
experience free space propagation. A more appropriate theoretical
model assumes propagation over a at reecting surface (the earth).
= 4
4
)
2
sin
2
(
2
)
, (2)
where
and
are the heights of the BS and MS antennas,

respectively.
Under the condition that
, (2) reduces to
4
)
2
, (3)
where we have used the approximation sin for small .
Introduction
Path loss models
Shadowing
Path loss models (cont.)
The path loss is dened by
()
= 10 log
10
(
)
= 10 log
10
{
4
(

4
)
2
sin
2
(
2
)
}
(4)
Several useful empirical models for macrocellular systems have been
obtained by curve tting experimental data.
Two of the useful models for 900 MHz cellular systems are:
Hatas model based on Okumuras prediction method and
Lees model.
Hatas empirical model is probably the simplest to use. The
empirical data for this model was collected by Okumura in the city
of Tokyo.
Introduction
Path loss models
Shadowing
Okumura-Hata models
With Okumura-Hatas model, the path loss between two isotropic
BS and MS antennas is
()
=
+log
10
() for urban area
+log
10
() for suburban area
+log
10
() for open area
(5)
where
= 69.55 + 26.16 log
10
(
) 13.82 log
10
(
) (
)
= 49.9 6.55 log
10
(
)
= 5.4 + 2 (log
10
(
/28))
2
= 40.94 + 4.78 (log
10
(
))
2
18.33 log
10
(
)
Introduction
Path loss models
Shadowing
Okumura-Hata models (cont.)
and
[1.1 log
10
(
) 0.7]
1.56 log
10
(
) + 0.8 for medium or small city

{
8.28 [log
10
(1.54
)]
2
1.1 for
200MHz
3.2 [log
10
(11.75
)]
2
4.97 for
400MHz
for large city
(6)
Okumura-Hatas model is expressed in terms of:
the carrier frequency: 150
1000(MHz),
BS antenna height: 30
200(m),
the mobile station (MS) height: 1
10(m),
the distance: 1 20(km).
Introduction
Path loss models
Shadowing
Numerical results of Okumura-Hata models
1 5 10 15 20
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
P
a
t
h

l
o
s
s

(
d
B
)

Distance d (km) under scale of log10
urban area
suburban area
open area
Figure 1: Path loss for
= 1.5m,
= 50m,
= 900MHz.
Introduction
Path loss models
Shadowing
Shadowing
A signal transmitted through a wireless channel will typically
experience random variation due to blockage from objects in the
signal path, giving rise to random variations of the received power at
a given distance.
Such variations are also caused by changes in reecting surfaces and
scattering objects.
Thus, a model for the random attenuation due to these eects is
also needed. Since the location, size, and dielectric properties of the
blocking objects as well as the changes in reecting surfaces and
scattering objects that cause the random attenuation are generally
unknown, statistical models must be used to characterize this
attenuation.
The most common model for this additional attenuation is
log-normal shadowing.
Introduction
Path loss models
Shadowing
Shadowing (cont.)
Empirical studies have shown that
has the following log-normal

distribution:
() =
2
2
exp
{
(
10 log
10
(dBm)
)
2
2
() =
2
2
exp
{
(
10 log
10

(dBm)
)
2
2
}
where:
and
denote the mean envelop and mean squared levels of

received signal (where the expectation is taken over the pdf of the
received envelope).
stands for standard deviation.
(dBm)
= 30 + 10[log
10

2
(dBm)
= 30 + 10[log
10

]
Introduction
Path loss models
Shadowing
Shadowing (cont.)
Sometimes
is called the local mean because it represents the

mean envelope level where the averaging is performed over a
distance of a few wavelengths that represents a locality.
This model has been conrmed empirically to accurately model the
variation in received power in both outdoor and indoor radio
propagation environments
Introduction
Path loss models
Shadowing
Two Main
Multipaths
Local
Scattering
The complex transmitted signal can be expressed by
() = Re
[
()
2
]
. (7)
Over a multipath ( physical paths) propagation channel, the
received signal can be obtained by
() =
()(
()) +(). (8)

Introduction
Path loss models
Shadowing
Fading channel model (cont.)
Substituting (7) into (8) yields the following
() = Re
[
()(
())
2
())
]
+()
= Re
[(
()(
())
)
]
+()
= Re
[
()
2
]
+()
As a result, the received baseband signal can be determined by
() =
()(
()) +
(). (9)
where
() is the receiver (thermal) noise signal.

Introduction
Path loss models
Shadowing
Wireless channel modeling (cont.)
The next step in creating a useful channel model is to convert the
continuous-time channel to a discrete-time channel.
We take the usual approach of sampling theorem.
Assuming that the input waveform is band-limited to , the
baseband equivalent can be represented by
() =
sinc( ), (10)
where
= (/) and sinc()

sin()
.
This representation follows from the sampling theorem, which says
that any waveform band-limited to /2 can be expanded in terms
of the orthogonal basis functions sinc( ) with coecients by
samples (taken uniformly at integer multiples of 1/)
Introduction
Path loss models
Shadowing
As a result, the baseband received signal can be determined by
() =
()
sinc ((
()) ) +
()
=
()sinc ((
()) ) +
().
The sampled outputs at multiples of 1/ is
(/) then
(/)sinc (
(/)) +
(/).
(11)
Introduction
Path loss models
Shadowing
Let then one can have
(/)sinc (
(/)) +
(/)
Then, the discrete-time channel model can be given by
,
+
(/) (12)
where
,
=
(/)sinc (
(/))
This simple discrete-time signal model is widely used in
physical-layer transmission techniques in OFDM systems (e.g., WiFi,
WiMAX, LTE)
Introduction
Path loss models
Shadowing
Examples of transmitted baseband signal
01
00
10
11
I
+1 1
1
+1
Q
b
0
b
1
0
1
I
+1 1
1
+1
Q
b
0
11 10
11 11 10 11
10 10
I
+1 1
1
+1
Q
b
0
b
1
b
2
b
3
+3
11 01
11 00 10 00
10 01
+3
00 10
00 11 01 11
01 10
00 01
00 00 01 00
01 01
3
3
BPSK
QPSK
16-QAM
Over multipath channels, the received signal at MS is:
,
+
(/) (13)
It is noted that multipath fading gains
,
(channel impulse
response) is time-variant (depend on time index ).
Introduction
Path loss models
Shadowing
Channel estimation in mobile communications
Source
encoder
Channel
encoder
Digital
modulation
Channel
Source
decoder
Channel
decoder
Digital
demodulation
S
h
r = Sh + n
Pilot
S
Data
S
Data
S
Pilot
S
Data
S
Data
S
Pilot
S
h h h h h h
Introduction
Path loss models
Shadowing
Literature Review of Channel Estimation in Wireless
Communications
Detection/decoding
in communications
3 dB f
Rx signal
vector
Tx signal
matrix
CIR
vector
Rx noise
vector
Noncoherent Coherent without using CSI
3-dB performance
loss
use CSI
require Channel Estimation (CE)
vector matrix vector
(CSI)
vector
r = Sh + n
require Channel Estimation (CE)
with channel parameters as:
Deterministic unknowns Random variables
Fisher approaches:
LS ML
Bayesian approaches:
MMSE MAP LS, ML, MMSE, MAP,
Multipath fading channel (freq. selective) in multi-carrier transmissions (e.g.,OFDM)
Time-invariant (quasi-static) Time-variant (Time-selective)
Perfect
Synch.
Imperfect
Synch.
Channel Estimation (CE)
Blind Pilot Semi-blind
Joint CE and Synch.
Semi-blind
Perfect
Synch.
Imperfect
Synch.
Channel Estimation (CE)
Pilot
Joint CE and Synch.
Semi-blind Pilot
Pilot design to minimize:
MSE CRLB
MSE CRLB
MSE BCRLB
Turbo-based
Decision-direct.
MSE CRLB MSE CRLB MSE BCRLB
Introduction
Path loss models
Shadowing
Time-variant path gain
,
under mobile speed of 5 km/h
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
Time (in OFDM symbol duration)
A
b
s
o
l
u
t
e

v
a
l
u
e

o
f

a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

o
f

o
n
e

p
a
t
h

g
a
i
n

h
l
Mobile user speed = 5 km/h,
f
c
= 2 GHz,
128FFT, CP length = 10,
f
s
= 1.92 MHz,
2 time slots in LTE are considered,
Jakes model is considered.
pilot OFDM symbol
for channel estimation
Introduction
Path loss models
Shadowing
,
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
0.95
1
1.05
1.1
1.15
A
b
s
o
l
u
t
e

v
a
l
u
e

o
f

a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

o
f

o
n
e

p
a
t
h

g
a
i
n

h
l
f
c
= 2 GHz,
128FFT, CP length = 10,
f
s
= 1.92 MHz,
Jakes model is considered
Data OFDM symbol
Introduction
Path loss models
Shadowing
,
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
A
b
s
o
l
u
t
e

v
a
l
u
e

o
f

a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

o
f

o
n
e

f
a
d
i
n
g

g
a
i
n

h
l
f
c
= 2 Ghz, 128FFT, CP length = 10, f
s
= 1.92 Mhz,
Jakes model is considered.
Data OFDM symbol

Chap2 Mobile Wireless Channels v3

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Chap2 Mobile Wireless Channels v3

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Introduction

Wireless channel modeling

is the transmitted power,

are the transmitter and receiver antenna gains,

are the heights of the BS and MS antennas,

) + 0.8 for medium or small city

has the following log-normal

denote the mean envelop and mean squared levels of

stands for standard deviation.

is called the local mean because it represents the

()) +(). (8)

() is the receiver (thermal) noise signal.

= (/) and sinc()

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