1

Giao thc truyn thng v cc

m hnh tham chiu
B/S ...
UBND Tnh...
VPCP
Router
PA1
PA2
MIn bc
MIn nam
B/S ...
UBND Tnh...
X25/Tel
X25/Tel
Router
CSE
3
Nhng ni dung chnh
Giao thc truyn thng l g
M hnh tham chiu OSI
B giao thc TCP/IP
Cc vn lin quan
CSE
4
Giao thc truyn thng
cc my tnh trn mng c th trao
i thng tin vi nhau, cn c mt b
nhng phn mm cng lm vic theo
mt chun no . Giao thc truyn
thng (protocol) l tp quy tc quy nh
phng thc truyn nhn thng tin gia
cc my tnh trn mng.
CSE
5
Giao thc truyn thng
Cc mng my tnh hin i c thit
k bng cch phn chia cu trc mc
cao nhm lm gim s phc tp khi
thit k. Cc giao thc mng thng c
chia lm cc tng (layer), mi tng c
xy dng da trn dch v ca tng di
n v cung cp dch v cho tng cao
hn.
CSE
6
M hnh tham chiu OSI
M hnh tham chiu cho vic kt ni
cc h thng m (Open System
Interconnection reference model - OSI)
c t chc tiu chun ho quc t
(International Standard Organization -
ISO) a ra vo nm 1984 nhm mc
ch lm c s cho vic kt ni cc
h thng m. Cc h thng c th kt
ni nu chng cng tun th mt s
quy tc.


CSE
7
Cc nguyn tc xy dng m
hnh tham chiu
n gin cn hn ch s lng cc tng
To ranh gii cc tng sao cho cc tng tc
v dch v l ti thiu
Cc chc nng khc nhau c tch bit
Cc chc nng ging nhau c t cng
mt tng
Chn ranh gii cc tng theo kinh nghim
thnh cng ca cc h thng trong thc
t
CSE
8
Cc nguyn tc xy dng m
hnh tham chiu
Cc chc nng c nh v sao cho c
th thit k li tng m khng nh hng
ti cc tng khc
To ranh gii gia cc tng sao cho c th
chun ho giao din tng ng
To mt tng khi d liu c x l mt
cch tch bit
Mi tng s dng dch v ca tng di
n, cung cp dch v cho cc tng trn
CSE
9
Cc nguyn tc p dng cho
cc tng con
C th chia mt tng thnh cc tng
con khi cn thit
To cc tng con cho php giao
din vi cc tng k cn
Cho php hu b cc tng con nu
thy khng cn thit
Kin trc phn tng ca
m hnh tham chiu OSI
Application
Presentatio
n
Session
Transport
Network
Physical
Data link
Tng ng dng
Tng trnh din
Tng phin
Tng giao vn
Tng mng
Tng vt l
Tng lin kt d
liu
7
6
5
4
3
1
2
CSE
11
Tng vt l
L tng thp nht ca m hnh tham
chiu
C chc nng truyn dng bit khng c
cu trc qua ng truyn vt l
Truy nhp ng truyn vt l nh cc
phng tin c, in, hm, th tc
Lin quan n vn c t tng
ng cc bit 0, 1 trn mi mi trng
truyn dn

CSE
12
Tng lin kt d liu
Cung cp phng tin truyn thng
tin qua lin kt vt l m bo tin cy
Gi cc khi d liu (frame) vi cc c ch
ng b ho, kim sot li v kim sot
lung d liu cn thit
DLP d b s dng cc bit c bit
tch cc k t truyn i
DLP ng b s dng cc k t c bit
bo hiu d liu ang i, n
CSE
13
Tng mng
Thc hin vic chn ng v chuyn
tip thng tin vi cng ngh chuyn
mch thch hp
Thc hin kim sot lung d liu,
ct/hp d liu khi cn thit
Lin quan ti cc vn o tr -
ng truyn, quyt nh chn ng,
cp nht cc thng tin s dng cho vic
chn ng
CSE
14
Chn ng trn tng mng
Vic chn con ng ti u truyn
cc gi tin i trn mng phi thc hin
mt s cng vic sau:
Quyt nh chn ng theo nhng tiu
chun ti u no .
Cp nht thng tin chn ng.
CSE
15
Cc k thut chn ng
Chn ng tp trung c trng bi s
tn ti ca mt s trung tm iu khin
mng thc hin vic chn ng sau
gi cc bng chn ng ti cc nt mng.
Cc nt mng u n gi thng tin
ca chng ti cc trung tm theo mt
khong thi gian hoc khi c mt s
kin no .


CSE
16
Cc k thut chn ng
Chn ng phn tn c thc hin ti
mi nt ca mng. Vic ny i hi s
trao i thng tin thng xuyn gia cc
nt.

CSE
17
Tng giao vn
Thc hin truyn d liu gia hai u
mt (end - to - end)
Kim sot li, kim sot lung d liu
gia hai u mt
Thc hin ghp knh (multiplexing),
ct/hp d liu nu cn
CSE
18
Tng phin
Cung cp phng tin qun l truyn
thng gia cc ng dng
Thit lp, duy tr, ng b ho v hu
b cc phin truyn thng gia cc ng
dng
CSE
19
Tng trnh din
Chuyn i c php d liu p
ng yu cu truyn d liu ca cc ng
dng qua mi trng OSI
Cung cp mt biu din dng chung
cho trong truyn thng v cho php
chuyn i t biu din cc b sang
biu din
CSE
20
Tng ng dng
Cung cp cc phng tin ngi dng
c th truy cp vo mi trng OSI
Cung cp cc dch v thng tin phn
tn
CSE
21
M hnh tham chiu OSI
Bn thn OSI khng phi l mt kin
trc mng bi v n khng ch ra
chnh xc cc dch v v cc nghi thc
c s dng trong mi tng. M hnh
ny ch ra mi tng cn thc hin
nhim v g. ISO a ra cc tiu
chun cho tng tng, nhng cc tiu
chun ny khng phi l mt b phn
ca m hnh tham chiu.

CSE
22
M hnh tham chiu OSI
Cc iu khon m t trong m hnh c
s dng rng ri trong l thuyt truyn
thng, do , trong thc t kh c th
ni v truyn thng m khng s dng
thut ng ca OSI.
Tuy nhin, m hnh OSI ra i sau khi cc
giao thc TCP/IP c s dng rng ri.
Nhiu cng ty a ra cc sn phm
TCP/IP, v vy, m hnh OSI ch c s
dng trong thc t nh mt chun v l
thuyt.


CSE
23
Gii thiu b giao thc TCP/IP
Vo cui nhng nm 1960 v u 1970,
Trung tm nghin cu cp cao (Advanced
Research Projects Agency - ARPA) thuc b
quc phng M (Department of Defense -
DoD) c giao trch nhim pht trin mng
ARPANET bao gm mng ca nhng t
chc qun i, cc trng i hc v cc t
chc nghin cu v c dng h tr cho
nhng d n nghin cu khoa hc v qun
i
CSE
24
Gii thiu b giao thc TCP/IP
. u nhng nm 1980, mt b giao
thc mi c a ra lm giao thc chun
cho mng ARPANET v cc mng ca
DoD mang tn DARPA Internet protocol
suit, thng c gi l b giao thc
TCP/IP hay cn gi tt l TCP/IP
(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol).
CSE
25
Kin trc b giao thc TCP/IP
B giao thc TCP/IP c phn lm 4
tng
Tng ng dng (Application Layer)
Tng giao vn (Transport Layer)
Tng Internet (Internet Layer)
Tng truy cp mng (Network access
Layer)
CSE
26
Cc lp tng ng gia OSI v TCP/IP
Application
Presentatio
n
Session

Application

Transport Transport
Network Internetnet
Physical
Data link Network
access
Cc giao thc tng ng vi cc lp
trong kin trc ca TCP/IP

Application
Layer

SNMP SMTP TELNET FTP DNS
Token Ring Fiber Token Bus Ethernet

Network access
Layer
RIP
Transsmission
Control Protocol
User Datagram
Protocol
Transport
Layer
Internet Protocol
ICMP
ARP

Internet
Layer
CSE
28
FTP (File transfer Protocol): Giao thc
truyn tp cho php ngi dng ly hoc gi
tp ti mt my khc.
Telnet: Chng trnh m phng thit b u
cui cho php ngi dng login vo mt my
ch t mt my tnh no trn mng.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Mt
giao thc th tn in t.
DNS (Domain Name server): Dch v tn
min cho php nhn ra my tnh t mt tn
min thay cho chui a ch Internet kh
nh.
CSE
29
SNMP (Simple Network Monitoring
Protocol): Giao thc qun tr mng cung
cp nhng cng c qun tr mng t xa.
RIP (Routing Internet Protocol): Giao thc
dn ng ng.
ICMP (Internet Control Message
Protocol): Nghi thc thng bo li.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Giao thc
truyn khng kt ni cung cp dch v
truyn khng tin cy nhng tit kim chi
ph truyn.
CSE
30
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Giao
thc hng kt ni cung cp dch v truyn
thng tin tng.
IP (Internet Protocol): Giao thc Internet
chuyn giao cc gi tin qua cc my tnh
n ch.
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): C
ch chuyn a ch TCP/IP thnh a
ch vt l ca cc thit b mng.
CSE
31
Cng ging nh trong m hnh tham
chiu OSI, d liu gi t tng
Application i xung ngn xp, mi
tng c nhng nh ngha ring v d
liu m n s dng. Ti ni gi, mi
tng coi gi tin ca tng trn gi xung
l d liu ca n v thm vo gi tin cc
thng tin iu khin ca mnh sau
chuyn tip xung tng di. Ti ni
nhn, qu trnh din ra ngc li, mi
tng li tch thng tin iu khin ca
mnh ra v chuyn d liu ln tng
trn.

CSE
32

DATA


Application


DATA


TCP Header


Transport


DATA


TCP Header


IP Header


Internet


DATA


TCP Header


Ethernet
Trailer


IP Header


Ethernet
Header
Network


Application
Layer


Application
Layer

Identical Message
Transport
Layer

Transport
Layer
Identical Packet
Internet
Layer

Internet
Layer
Identical Datagram

Network access
Layer

Network access
Layer
Physical Net
Identical Frame
CSE
34
C ch a ch Internet
Mng Internet dng h thng a ch
IP (32 bit) "nh v" cc my tnh
lin kt vi n.
H thng a ch ny c thit k
mm do qua mt s phn lp. C 5 lp
a ch IP l : A, B, C, D, E. S khc
nhau c bn gia cc lp a ch ny
l kh nng t chc cc cu trc con
ca n.

CSE
35
C ch a ch Internet
Netid Hostid 0
Class
A
Netid Hostid 1 0
Class
B
Netid Hostid 1 1 0
Class
C
Multicast address 1 1 1 0
Netid 1 1 1 1 0
Class
D
Class
E
CSE
36
a ch lp A, B
Lp A Cho php nh danh 126 mng vi ti
a 16 triu host trn mi mng. Lp ny dng
cho mng c s trm cc ln: 16.777.214


Lp B Cho php nh danh ti 16128 mng
vi ti a 65534 host trn mi mng.
0 1 7 8 15 16 23 24 31
0 Netid Hostid
0 1 7 8 15 16 23 24 31
1 0 Netid Hostid
CSE
37
a ch lp C, D, E
Lp C Cho php nh danh ti 2 triu mng
vi ti a 254 host trn mi mng.

Lp D Dng gi cc IP datagram ti mt
nhm cc host trn mt mng.

Lp E D phng v dng trong tng lai.


0 1 7 8 15 16 23 24 31
1 1 1 0 Multicast address
0 1 7 8 15 16 23 24 31
1 1 0 Netid Hostid
CSE
38
C ch a ch Internet
d dng cho vic s dng a ch
IP, ngi ta dng 4 s thp phn tng
ng vi 4 nhm 8 bit v d
190.002.002.001
a ch lp A c s thp phn u tin
<128
a ch lp B c s thp phn u tin
trong khong 128..191
a ch lp B c s thp phn u tin >
191
CSE
39
Mng con v mt n mng con
Mng Internet s dng a ch IP 32 bit
v phn chia ra cc lp rt mm do. Tuy
nhin, vi mt h thng a ch nh vy
vic qun l vn rt kh khn.
Nu nh mt mng c cp mt a ch
lp A th c ngha n cha ti
16*1.048.576 my tnh
Do vy ngi ta dng mt n bit phn
chia mng ra thnh nhng mng con gi l
Subnet.
CSE
40
Mng con v mt n mng con
Mt n mng con (Subnet mask) l mt con
s 32 bit bao gm n bit 1 (thng l cc bit
cao nht) dng nh a ch mng
con v m bit 0 dng nh a ch my
trong mng con vi n+m=32
Subnet Number Host Number
Host Number Network Number
Network Number
1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 0000 0000
CSE
41
t a ch IP v Subnet
mask
CSE
42
Mt s giao thc lp di

Giao thc lp mng
Internet Protocol - IP
Giao thc tng giao vn
Transmission Control Protocol - TCP
User Datagram Protocol - UDP
CSE
43
Internet Protocol - IP
Tng Internet cung cp mt h thng
chuyn giao khng kt ni
Khng kt ni bi mi gi tin c truyn i
trn mng mt cch c lp
S kt hp d liu ca cc gi tin c cung
cp bi cc dch v lp trn
Chnh vic d liu c th i ti ch trn
nhiu ng khc nhau to nn s mm do
cho Internet
CSE
44
Cu trc gi tin IP
VERS SERVICE TYPE HLEN TOTAL LENGTH
IDENTIFICATION FLAG FRAGMENT OFFSET
TIME TO LIVE PROTOCOL HEADER CHECK SUM
SOURCE IP ADDRESS
DESTINATION IP ADDRESS
IP OPTION (IF ANY) PADDING
DATA
* * *
DATA
CSE
45
Transmission Control Protocol
TCP cung cp dch v chuyn giao thng
tin c kt ni (connection - oriented)
N bao gm c vic kim tra v sa li.
TCP cung cp dch v tin cy vi mt c
ch gi l "Positive Ackowledgment with
Retransmission" (PAR). n gin l trm
ngun tip tc gi thng tin i cho ti khi
n nhn c thng bo d liu c
nhn chnh xc ti trm ch.
CSE
46
Cu trc gi tin TCP
SOURCE PORT DESTINATION PORT
SEQUENCE NUMBER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT NUMBER
IP OPTION (IF ANY) PADDING
DATA
* * *
DATA
RESERVED CODE BITS WINDOW HLEN
CHECK SUM URGENT POINTER
CSE
47
Phn knh, Port v im kt
ni
V c nhiu giao thc ng dng lp trn cng s
dng dch v ca TCP do cn c mt c
ch nhn bit gi tin no thuc ng dng
no
TCP cung cp mt c ch gi l c ch
cng (Port Mechanism) gn mi ng dng vi
mt s hiu cng (Port number) v d FTP
gn vi cng 21, HTTP gn vi cng 80
Vic la chn tin trnh tng ng vi s hiu
cng gi l Phn knh (Demultiplex)

CSE
48
Phn knh, Port v im kt
ni
i vi ngi lp trnh, mt a ch IP
hay mt cng khng nh danh
mt thc th duy nht trn mng
TCP a ra nh ngha im kt ni
(endpoint) l mt cp s nguyn (host,
port) trong , host l a ch IP ca
mt my tnh cn port l port number
m my tnh s dng. V d:
(190.2.2.1,23)
CSE
49
User Datagram Protocol
UDP cho php chng trnh ng dng truy
cp trc tip n gi tin ca dch v
chuyn giao ging nh dch v m giao
thc IP cung cp.
N cho php ng dng trao i thng tin
qua mng vi t thng tin iu khin nht.
UDP l giao thc khng kt ni, km tin
cy v n khng c c ch kim tra tnh
ng n ca d liu truyn.
CSE
50
Cu trc gi tin UDP
SOURCE PORT DESTINATION PORT
IP OPTION (IF ANY) PADDING
DATA
* * *
DATA
UDP MESSAGE LENGTH UDP CHECKSUM
CSE
51
V sao la chn UDP
Nu mt s lng ln cc gi tin nh c truyn,
thng tin cho vic kt ni v sa li c th ln
hn nhiu so vi thng tin cn truyn. Trong tr-
ng hp ny, UDP l gii php hiu qu nht.
Nhng ng dng kiu "Query-Response" cng
rt ph hp vi UDP, cu tr li c th dng lm
s xc nhn ca mt cu hi. Mt s ng dng
t n cung cp cng ngh ring chuyn
giao thng tin tin cy
CSE
52
Cc giao thc ng dng
File Transfer Protocol - FTP
Domain Name System - DNS
Simple Net Management Protocol -
SNMP
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol - SMTP
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol - HTTP
CSE
53
File Transfer Protocol - FTP
y l mt giao thc ng dng cung
cp cho ngi dng phng php sao
chp tp t mt my tnh xa
Chng trnh s dng giao thc ny
dng cng 21 v thit lp hai knh
truyn logic
Knh truyn lnh tn ti sut phin lm
vic
Knh truyn d liu c thit lp mi khi
c d liu truyn v gii phng sau khi s
dng
Giao thc ny c c t trong RFC
959
S dng FTP
$ ftp sco5
Connected to sco5.
220-
220 sco5.cse.com.vn FTP server (Version 2.1WU(1)) ready.
User (sco5.cse.com.vn:(none)):binhnn
331 Password required for binhnn.
Password:
230 User binhnn logged in.
Remote system type is UNIX.
Using binary mode to transfer files.
ftp> get nettcp.c
local: nettcp.c remote: nettcp.c
200 PORT command successful.
150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for nettcp.c (46 bytes).
226 Transfer complete.
46 bytes received in 0 seconds (0.04 Kbytes/s)
ftp> bye
221 Goodbye.
$

CSE
55
Domain Name System - DNS
a ch IP khng mang thng tin v
a l, t chc hay ngi dng.
Ngi ta xy dng h thng t tn gi
l Domain Name System cung cp
cho ngi dng cch t tn cho cc my
tnh vi cch t tn thng thng quen
thuc
Tn_ngi_dng@Tn_min

CSE
56
Telnet
Telnet cho php ngi s dng t trm
lm vic ca mnh c th ng nhp
(login) vo mt trm xa nh l mt u
cui (teminal) ni trc tip vi trm xa
.
c t v Telnet c th tm thy trong
RFC 854..861, 884, 885, 1091, 1097 v
1116
CSE
57
Telnet
TCP/IP
Internet
Users
Terminal













H iu
hnh
Telnet
Client













H iu hnh
Telnet
Server
Server
gi
thng
bo ti
my
tnh
thc
hin
pseudo
termina
l
Server
nhn thng
bo t client
Client
gi
thng
bo
n
server
Client c
t trm cui
CSE
58
Phn cp domain name
vn
gov edu com mil nic org
vnuh hau
fit
CSE
59
Domain Name System
Mt my tnh c th c nhiu tn trn
mng
Mi tn l duy nht
Vic nh x a ch IP - Domain
Name c thc hin bi
Nane server ci t ti cc my server
Name resolver ci t ti cc my trm
DNS c c t trong RFC 1034, 1035
CSE
60
Simple Network Monitoring Protocol -
SNMP
H thng qun tr mng cn gi l m hnh
Manager/Agent bao gm
Tin trnh qun tr cung cp giao din
gia ngi qun tr mng vi cc thit b -
c qun tr
H b qun tr bao gm tin trnh Agent
thc hin cc thao tc qun tr v cc i
tng c qun tr nh my ch, hub, knh
truyn

CSE
61
- C s thng tin qun tr
(Management Information Base -
MIB) c lu tr c h thng qun
tr v h thng b qun tr cha
cc thng tin cn thit cho vic qun
tr
CSE
62
M hnh Manager/Agent
ca h thng qun tr mng
Manager Process
Managed System Management
System
Agent Process

Management
Database


Managed
Object

Commands
Responses
Notifications

Management
Database

CSE
63
Simple Network Monitoring
Protocol - SNMP
Giao thc qun tr mng cung cp ph-
ng thc lin lc gia manager, cc i
tng c qun tr v cc agent
Giao thc qun tr mng ci t trong
b giao thc TCP/IP s dng giao thc
khng kt ni UDP
c t SNMP c th tm thy trong
RFC 1155..1158

CSE
64
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
- SMTP
L giao thc s dng cho vic trao i th
in t gia cc ngi dng trn mng
Ch ra cch thc mt h thng phn pht
mail chuyn cc thng ip qua mt kt
ni t mt my ny n mt my khc.
c im ni bt l vic x l khng trc
tuyn - off line, th in t c lu ti hm th
ca ngi s dng mt trung tm my tnh
no
CSE
65
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Tin trnh server cn c quyn ROOT
ghi vo hm th ca mi ngi, y
l mt l hng trong vn bo v
an ton thng tin trn mng
c t cho SMTP c trong RFC 821
CSE
66
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
chun truyn cc siu vn bn trn
Web.
HTTP hot ng gn ging FTP nhng
khng duy tr kt ni truyn lnh, knh
truyn d liu c thit lp v gii
phng ngay sau khi ti liu c truyn -
nhn
CSE
67
World Wide Web - WWW
World Wide Web c xy dng v hot ng
theo m hnh Client/Server. Cc Client dng
mt phn mm gi l Web Browser. Web
Browser tip nhn thng tin yu cu t ngi
dng sau gi cc yu cu ti my Server x
l.
Web Server cng l mt phn mm chy trn
cc my phc v, nhn Request thc hin
theo yu cu ri tr thng tin (Response) cho
ngi s dng.
CSE
68
Trao i thng tin
Web Browser - Server
Other Server Web Browser Web Server Gateway
Gopher Server
Gopher
FTP Server
FTP
HTTP
CSE
69
Nhng vn c bn ca
mng
Kim sot li
Kim sot lung d liu
nh a ch
nh gi tin cy
An ton thng tin trn mng
Qun tr mng
CSE
70
An ton thng tin trn mng

Nhng vn v an ton thng tin
Cc lp ro chn bo v thng tin
Bc tng la - gii php an ton thng
tin trn Internet
CSE
71
An ton thng tin
Nhu cu bo v thng tin
Bo mt
Bo v ton vn
m bo tnh sn sng
Cc phng php tn cng
Nghe trm
Tn cng vo nhng l hng ca h
thng
Tn cng vo yu t con ngi
CSE
72
Cc lp ro chn bo v
thng tin
Thng tin
Quyn


truy


cp
M





ho
UID





Passwor
d
Bo

v

vt

l
Bc


tng


la
Mng
ngoi
CSE
73
Bc tng la
Mt gii php an ton thng tin c s
dng rng ri nht hin nay trn Internet
L mt tm chn gia mng ni b v
mng bn ngoi
Bao gm c phn cng v phn mm
C nhiu loi bc tng la khc nhau
C th xem chi tit trong ti liu
Firewall ca CSE
CSE
74
Ngi bin son: Nguyn Hu Tun
E-commerce and IT Department.
Ministry of Trade

Cc thng tin cn thit
CSE
75
Ti liu tham kho
Andrew S.T., Computer Network, Prentice
Hall, 1988.
Douglas E.C., Internetworking With
TCP/IP, v.1, Prentice Hall, 1991.
Douglas E.C., Internetworking With
TCP/IP, v.2, Prentice Hall, 1994.
Request for Comments - RFCs