4G Mobile interface
Mansoor tamimy, Student of fourth Semester; Telecomm Engg; Military College of
Signals; National University of Sciences and Technology, Rawalpindi.
Abstract:
Wireless communication is defined as transmission
of data or information without any use of wires.
Wireless is poised to become the next major event
in the history of technology. Wireless
communication will revolutionize how we live. Just
as personal computers in 1980s forever altered how
we work. Also internet in 1990s dramatically
changed how we acquire information, similarly
wireless technologies in 2000s will have an even
greater and more far reaching effect. The IT
industry and consumer market place are already
seeing dramatic changes based on wireless
technology. It is truly becoming a wireless world.
There are number of different technologies in
wireless communication. Like :-
 SWAP
 Bluetooth
 Satellite
 WAP
 Fixed Broad band Wireless
 WLAN
 Digital Cellular Technology
I. INTRODUCTION
igital Cellular Technology is one of the most
D deceptive technologies in wireless.
The most competitive and complex of all wireless
communication technologies.
Reason
 As there is no single underlying digital
technology.
There are varieties of computing technologies with
such familiar names GSM CDMA2000,
TXO across the world.
Advantages:-
Wireless applications can be found in any industry
whose employees need the mobility and freedom to
conduct the business without being confined by a
specific location. Some of the advantages are:
 Mobility
 Easier and less expensive installation
 Increased reliability
 Disaster recovery
 Education
 Military
 Business
 Entertainment
 Health care
Disadvantages:-
As with any new technology there are some merits
and demerits so wireless communication is not an
exception.
Some of the disadvantages are:
 Radio Signal Interference
 Health risks
 Security
Technologies:
Digital Cellular Technology consists of four
complex Generations namely:-
 First Generation 1 G
 Second Generation 2 G
 Second Generation 2.5 G
 Third Generation 3 G
Emerging Digital Cellular Technology:
Fourth Generation 4G
4G is the emerging cellular technology and it is
believed that 4G will bring true multimedia
capabilities such as high-speed data access and
video conferencing to the handset. It is also
envisioned that 4G systems will be deployed with
software-defined radios, allowing the equipment to
be upgraded to new protocols and services via
software upgrades. 4G also hold the promise of
worldwide roaming using a single handheld device.
The approaching 4G (fourth generation) mobile
communication systems are projected to solve still-
remaining problems of 3G (third generation) systems
and to provide a wide variety of new services, from
high-quality voice to high-definition video to high-
data-rate wireless channels. The term 4G is used
broadly to include several types of broadband
wireless access communication systems, not only
cellular telephone systems. One of the terms used to
describe 4G is MAGIC—Mobile multimedia,
anytime any- where, Global mobility support,
Integrated wireless solution, and Customized
personal service. As a promise for the future, 4G
systems, that is, cellular broadband wire- less access
systems, have been attracting much interest in the
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mobile communication arena. The 4G systems not Carrier
only will support the next generation of mobile CDMA)
service, but also will support the fixed wireless
networks. The features of 4G systems might be Forward Convolutional Concatenated
summarized with one word—integration. The 4G Error rate 1/2, 1/3 coding
systems are about seamlessly integrating terminals, Correction scheme
networks, and applications to satisfy increasing user
demands. The continuous expansion of mobile Smarter
communication and wireless networks shows Antennas,
evidence of exceptional growth in the areas of mobile Optimized
software
subscriber, wireless network access, mobile services, Component antenna
multiband
and applications. Design design, multi-
and
band adapters
wideband
Comparing Key Parameters of 4G with 3G radios
A number of
air link
protocols, All IP (IP6.0)
IP
3G (including include
4G
2.5G, sub3G) ing IP 5.0
Major Predominantly
Converged
Requirement voice driven -
data and
Driving data was
voice over IP
Architecture always add on

Hybrid -
Integration of ARCHITECTURES
Network Wide area
Wireless
Architecture cell-based 1. Architectural Core
LAN (WiFi,
Bluetooth) 4G wireless system is expected to be built on an IP-
and wide area based core network for global routing along with
more customized local area network that supports
dynamic hand off mechanism and Ad-Hoc routing.
384 Kbps to 2 20 to 100 Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) is the standardized IP- based
Speeds mobility protocol for IPv6. In 4G LANs will be
Mbps Mbps in
mobile mode installed everywhere like in trains, vehicles etc or
might be formed in an Ad-Hoc basis by random
collection of devices that happens to come in a
Dependent on
specific radio range. New routing protocols have to
country or Higher
Frequency be designed for such systems.
continent frequency
Band
(1800-2400 bands (2-8
1.2Core Architectural Model
MHz) GHz)
In 4G mobile systems, each terminal is assigned a
home agent, which has a permanent home IP
address. When terminal moves to another location
Bandwidth 5-20 MHz 100 MHz (or it obtains a new temporary address called the care-
more) of address. The user terminal regularly updates the
home agent with its current care-of address. If the
All digital user is at home, another device can communicate
Circuit and
Switching with with the user using its home IP address. When the
Packet
Design Basis packetized user moves to some other location communication
voice is carried out using another procedure. If a host
W-CDMA, wants to communicate with the user, it first sends a
Access 1xRTT, Edge OFDM and setup message to the user’s home agent (which the
Technologies MC-CDMA host knows). The home agent knows the care-of
(Multi address of the user and it forwards the setup

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message to the user terminal. The home agent also
forwards the care-of address of the user to the host
so that future messages can be sent directly to the
user.
1.3Proposed Architectures
Multimode Devices: In this configuration, a single
terminal employs multiple interfaces to access
different wireless system.The requirement for this
scheme is that the device should incorporate the
required hardware necessary to access the different
technologies. The flaw with this is that it increases
the complexity of the user device which might
make it more expensive to the common user. One
advantage of this architecture is that it does not
require any network modification or
internetworking devices. The QoS handling for this
type of
Architecture still remains an open issue.
Internet mobility support is one of the
main trends. So, it seems very natural to
think that network-layer mobility will be
a key issue in the mobility management
for the 4G system.
 Mobile IP represents a simple and
scalable global mobility solution.
However, it lacks support for real-time
location management and fast and
seamless handoff mechanism.
Additionally, QoS in the mobile IP
environment using DiffServ and/or
IntServ/RSVP need to be addressed.
4G Core Network

1.4Overlay network:

In this type of architecture, a user can access an

overlay network which consists of several UAP
(universal access points).The UAP selects an access
point depending on user choice, availability and
desired QoS. In this case the overlay network
performs the major operations such as hand off,
frequency translation, content adaptation etc,
instead of the terminal performing it. So the overlay fig2.1 Location Management
network will suffer an increase in complexity.
 When a mobile node moves among
networks, networks must update the
mobile node's location and its routes.
2.Mobility Management Mobile IP provides a simple and elegant
location registration and update scheme.
Mobility management contains two components: However, it lacks support for real-time
location tracking and optimal route
I. Location management selection. We propose an efficient
network architecture and intelligent
II. Handoff management route optimization schemes which will
be able to solve these problems.
2.1Mobility Management in 4G System

 Mobility management is very important

in the 4G wireless network systems.
Mobility usually involves mobile users
roaming among different network
segments. Link-layer mobility support is
usually restricted to homogeneous
networks, while network-layer mobility
support is provided for any kind of
networks without regard to link-layer
techniques employed. Moreover,

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 Network-layer Mobility
Fig2.2 Handoff Management
 Mobile IP does not provide fast and
seamless handoff scheme. Therefore, a
mobile node experiences data losses and
delays during the handoff process. For
real-time multimedia applications and
reliable transport protocols, those data
losses should be avoided and delays
should be reduced . We propose
efficient signaling and handoff protocols
which will be helpful in providing
solutions to these problems. The
proposed scheme will also consider
user's mobility pattern and geolocation
information to improve the performance.
3.Fundamental Changes Required in
Modulation and Signal processing for 4G
While 3G hasn't quite arrived, designers are already
thinking about 4G technologies. With it comes
challenging RF and base band design headaches.
Cellular service providers are slowly beginning to
deploy third-generation (3G) cellular services. As
access technology increases, voice, video,
multimedia, and broadband data services are
becoming integrated into the same network. The
hope once envisioned for 3G as a true broadband
service has all but dwindled away. It is apparent
that 3G systems, while maintaining the possible 2-
Mbps data rate in the standard, will realistically
achieve 384-kbps rates. To achieve the goals of true
broadband cellular service, the systems have to
make the leap to a fourth-generation (4G) network.
This is not merely a numbers game. 4G is intended
to provide high speed, high capacity, low cost per
bit, IP based services.
4. 4G processing
As 4G is based on a multicarrier technique, key
baseband components for the transmitter and
receiver are the FFT and its inverse (IFFT). In the
transmit path the data is generated, coded,
modulated, transformed, cyclically extended, and
then passed to the RF/IF section. In the receive path
the cyclic extension is removed, the data is
transformed, detected, and decoded. If the data is
voice, it goes to a vocoder. The baseband
subsystem will be implemented with a number of
ICs, including digital signal processors (DSPs),
microcontrollers, and ASICs. Software, an
important part of the transceiver, implements the
different algorithms, coding, and overall state
machine of the transceiver. The base station could
have numerous DSPs. For example, if smart
antennas are used, each user needs access to a DSP
to perform the needed adjustments to the antenna
beam.
4.1Receiver section
4G will require an improved receiver section,
compared to 3G, to achieve the desired
performance in data rates and reliability of
communication. As shown in Equation, Shannon's
Theorem specifies the minimum required SNR for
reliable communication:
where C is the channel capacity (which is the data
rate), and BW is the bandwidth.
For 3G, using the 2-Mbps data rate in a 5-MHz
bandwidth, the SNR is only 1.2 dB. In 4G,
approximately 12-dB SNR is required for a 20-
Mbps data rate in a 5-MHz bandwidth. This shows
that for the increased data rates of 4G, the
transceiver system must perform significantly better
than 3G.
4.2Transmitter section
The purpose of the transmitter is to generate and
send information. As the data rate for 4G increases,
the need for a clean signal also increases. One way
to increase capacity is to increase frequency reuse.
As the cell size gets smaller to accommodate more
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frequency reuse, smaller base stations are required.
Smaller cell sizes need less transmit power to reach
the edge of the cell, though better system
engineering is required to reduce intra-cell
interference.
One critical issue to consider is spurious noise. The
regulatory agencies have stringent requirements on
the amount of unwanted noise that can be sent out
of the range of the spectrum allocated. In addition,
excess noise in the system can seriously diminish
the system's capacity.
With the wider bandwidth system and high PAVR
associated with 4G, it will be difficult to achieve
good performance without help of linearity
techniques (for example, predistortion of the signal
to the PA). To effectively accomplish this task,
feedback between the RF and baseband is required.
The algorithm to perform the feedback is done in
the DSP, which is part of the baseband data
processing.
Power control will also be important in 4G to help
achieve the desired performance; this helps in
controlling high PAVR - different services need
different levels of power due to the different rates
and QoS levels required. Therefore, power control
needs to be a very tight, closed loop. Baseband
processing is just as critical whether dealing with
the receiver or transmitter sections. As we've seed,
RF and baseband work in tandem to produce 4G
signals. The baseband processing of a 4G
transmitter will obviously be more complicated
than in a 3G design. Let's consider the chain of
command.
The digital-to-analog converter (DAC) is an
important piece of the transmit chain. It requires a
high slew rate to minimize distortion, especially
with the high PAVR of the MCM signals.
Generally, data is oversampled 2.5 to 4 times; by
increasing the oversampling ratio of the DAC, the
step size between samples decreases. This
minimizes distortion.
In the baseband processing section of the transmit
chain, the signal is encoded, modulated,
transformed using an IFFT, and then a cyclic
extension is added. Dynamic packet assignment or
dynamic frequency selection are techniques which
can increase the capacity of the system. Feedback
from the mobile is needed to accomplish these
techniques. The baseband processing will have to
be fast to support the high data rates.
Even as 3G begins to roll out, system designers and
services providers are looking forward to a true
wireless broadband cellular system, or 4G. To
achieve the goals of 4G, technology will need to
improve significantly in order to handle the
intensive algorithms in the baseband processing and
the wide bandwidth of a high PAVR signal. Novel
techniques will also have to be employed to help
the system achieve the desired capacity and
throughput. High-performance signal processing
will have to be used for the antenna systems, power
amplifier, and detection of the signal.
5.APPLICATIONS OF 4G
5.1MULTIMEDIA – VIDEO SERVICES
4G wireless systems are expected to deliver
efficient multimedia services at very high data
rates. Basically there are two types of video
services: bursting and streaming video
services. Streaming is performed when a user
requires real time video services, in which the
server delivers data continuously at a playback rate.
Streaming has little memory requirement as
compared to bursting. The drawback of streaming
video is that it does not take advantage of available
bandwidth. Even if the entire system bandwidth is
available for the user, streaming video service will
transmit data only at a particular playback rate.
Bursting is basically file downloading using a
buffer and this is done at the highest data
rate taking advantage of the whole available
bandwidth. The flaw with this type of transmission
is that it demands a large memory requirement. So
work is being done to come up with a new scheme
that limits the memory requirements and can
exploit the available bandwidth of the system.
5.2Virtual Presence:
This means that 4G provides user services at all
times, even if the user is off-site.
5.3Virtual navigation:
4G provides users with virtual navigation through
which a user can access a database of the streets,
buildings etc of large cities. This requires high
speed data
transmission.
5.4Tele-Medicine:
4G will support remote health monitoring of
patients. A user need not go to the hospital and can
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get videoconference assistance for a doctor at
anytime and anywhere.
5.5Tele-geoprocessing applications:
This is a combination of GIS (Geographical
Information System) and GPS (Global
Positioning System) in which a user can get the
location by querying.
5.6Crisis management:
Natural disasters can cause break down in
communication systems. In today’s world it might
take days or weeks to restore the system. But in 4G
it is expected to restore
such crisis issues in a few hours.
5.7Education:
For people who are interested in life long
education, 4G provides a good opportunity. People
anywhere in the world can continue their education
online in a cost effective manner.
According to the historical indication of a
generation revolution occurring once a decade, the
present appears to be the right time to begin the
research on a 4G mobile communication system.
4G T his new generation of wireless is intended to
complement and replace the 3G systems, perhaps in
5 to 10 years. Accessing information anywhere,
anytime, with a seamless connection to a wide
range of information and services, and receiving a
large volume of information, data, pictures, video,
and so on, are the keys of the 4G infrastructures.
The future 4G infrastructures will consist of a set of
various networks using IP (Internet protocol) as a
common protocol so that users are in control
because they will be able to choose every
application and environment. Based on the
developing trends of mobile communication, 4G
will have broader bandwidth, higher data rate, and
smoother and quicker handoff and will focus on
ensuring seamless service across a multitude of
wireless systems and networks. The key concept is
integrating the 4G capabilities with all of the
existing mobile technologies through advanced
technologies.
6.Vision and prospects:
4G vision poses the challenge of seamless
networking, which involves
I. Connection to many radio access networks
(RANs) using a multimode device.
II. (2) Assistance for decision, execution, and
adaption processes during vertical
handovers,
III. (3) Minimization of latency effects to
support real-time services.
IV. (4) Related management issues such as
access control, accounting, and security in
the new consolidated platform.
7.Conclusion
4G is the emerging cellular technology and it is
believed that 4G will bring true multimedia
capabilities such as high-speed data access and
video conferencing to the handset. It is also
envisioned that 4G systems will be deployed with
software-defined radios, allowing the equipment to
be upgraded to new protocols and services via
software upgrades. 4G also hold the promise of
worldwide roaming using a single handheld device.
4G seems to be a very promising generation of
wireless communication that will change the
people’s life in the wireless world. There are many
striking attractive features
proposed for 4G which ensures a very high data
rate, global roaming etc. New ideas are being
introduced by researchers throughout the world, but
new ideas introduce new challenges. There are
several issues yet to be solved like incorporating
the mobile world to the IP based core network,
efficient billing system, smooth hand off
mechanisms etc. 4G is expected to be launched by
2010 and the world is looking forward for the most
intelligent technology that would connect the entire
globe.
. 8. REFERNCES
I have prepared this term paper from
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2. www.bechteltelecoms.com/docs/A
rticle2.pdf
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3. www.docomoeurolabs.de/pdf/publi
cations/ FNL-active-networks-
IWAN-02.pdf
4. www.kn-s.dlr.de/Groups/
Mobile/Welcome/group_mobile_u
s.html - 9k