B Y t

ha phn tch
l thuyt v thc hnh
Sch o to Trung hc Dc
Ch bin:
PGS.TSKH. L Thnh Phc - CN. Trn Tch
M s: T.60.Y.3









Nh xut bn Y hc
H Ni - 2007




Ch o bin son:
V Khoa hc v o to, B Y t
Ch bin:
PGS. TSKH. L Thnh Phc
CN. Trn Tch
Bin son:
PGS. TSKH L Thnh Phc
CN. Trn Tch
ThS. Nguyn Nh H
TS. Nguyn Th Kiu Anh
Tham gia t chc bn tho:
TS. Nguyn Mnh Pha
ThS. Ph Vn Thm





Bn quyn thuc B Y t (V Khoa hc v o to)





2
li gii thiu
Thc hin mt s iu ca Lut Gio dc, B Y t ban hnh
chng trnh khung v chng trnh gio dc ngh nghip cho vic o to
trung cp ngnh Y t. B Y t t chc bin son ti liu dy hc cc mn
c s v chuyn mn theo chng trnh trn nhm tng bc xy dng b
sch chun trong cng tc o to nhn lc y t.
Sch Ha phn tch (L thuyt v thc hnh) c bin son da trn
chng trnh gio dc ngh nghip ca B Y t bin son trn c s chng
trnh khung c ph duyt. Sch c cc nh gio lu nm v tm
huyt vi cng tc o to bin son theo phng chm: Kin thc c bn,
h thng; ni dung chnh xc, khoa hc; cp nht cc tin b khoa hc, k
thut hin i v thc tin Vit Nam. Sch c cu trc gm 4 phn bm
st chng trnh gio dc vi nhng ni dung c bn nht v phn tch
nh tnh v nh lng gip hc sinh sau khi hc c c nhng kin thc
c bn, k nng thc hnh phn tch nh tnh v nh lng p dng
trong thc t pha ch cc dung dch chun, thc hin cc php chun
th tch, nh lng theo phng php khi lng thng gp v tnh c
kt qu ca php phn tch. ng thi qua rn luyn c tc phong
lm vic khoa hc, thn trng, chnh xc, trung thc trong hot ng ngh
nghip khi ra trng. Sch l tin cc gio vin v hc sinh cc
trng c th p dng phng php dy hc tch cc.
Sch Ha phn tch (L thuyt v thc hnh) c Hi ng
chuyn mn thm nh sch v ti liu dy - hc ca B Y t thm nh
vo nm 2006. B Y t ban hnh lm ti liu dy - hc chnh thc ca
ngnh Y t. Trong thi gian t 3 n 5 nm, sch phi c chnh l, b
sung v cp nht.
B Y t xin chn thnh cm n PGS.TSKH. L Thnh Phc, CN. Trn
Tch, ThS. Nguyn Nh H v TS. Nguyn Th Kiu Anh ca Trng i hc
Dc H Ni dnh nhiu cng sc hon thnh cun sch ny, cm n
PGS.TS. Trn T An v ng Nguyn Vn Th c, phn bin cun
sch c hon chnh kp thi phc v cho cng tc o to nhn lc Y t.
V ln u xut bn nn cn khim khuyt, chng ti mong nhn c
kin ng gp ca ng nghip, cc bn sinh vin v cc c gi ln
xut bn ln sau sch c hon thin hn.

V khoa hc v o to
B y t
3
Mc lc
Li gii thiu 3
Phn I. L thuyt phn tch nh tnh
15
Bi 1: Mt s nh lut v khi nim c bn trong Ha phn tch 17
1. Cc nh lut 17
1.1. nh lut bo ton khi lng 17
1.2. nh lut thnh phn khng i 18
1.3. nh lut ng lng 18
2. Nhng khi nim c bn 22
2.1. Nng dung dch. Cc cch biu th nng 22
2.2. S in ly ca nc. Thang pH 25
2.3. iu kin kt ta v ha tan. Tch s tan 28
2.4. Phn ng oxy ha kh 30
2.5. Phc cht
Bi tp (Bi 1)
33
35
Bi 2: i cng v Phn tch nh tnh cc ion trong dung dch
40
1. Cc phng php phn tch nh tnh 40
1.1. Phng php ha hc 40
1.2. Phng php vt l - ha l 40
1.3. Phn tch t v phn tch kh 41
1.4. Phn tch ring bit v phn tch h thng 41
2. Cc phn ng dng trong phn tch nh tnh 42
2.1. Cc loi phn ng 42
2.2. nhy v tnh c hiu ca phn ng 43
2.3. Thuc th trong cc phn ng nh tnh 44
3. Phn tch nh tnh cation theo phng php acid-base 44
4. Phn tch nh tnh anion 47
5
5. Nhng k thut c bn trong thc hnh ha phn tch nh tnh 48
5.1. Ra dng c 48
5.2. Cch un nng 49
5.3. Lc 50
5.4. Ly tm 51
5.5. Ra kt ta 51
5.6. Thc hin phn ng
Bi tp (Bi 2)
52
54
Bi 3: Cation nhm I: Ag
+
, Pb
2+
, Hg
2
2+
56
1. Tnh cht chung 56
2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca cc cation nhm I 56
3. S phn tch
Bi tp (Bi 3)
61
61
Bi 4: Cation nhm II: Ca
2+
, Ba
2+
63
1. Tnh cht chung 63
2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca cation nhm II 63
3. S phn tch
Bi tp (Bi 4)
65
65(69)
Bi 5: Cation nhm III: Al
3+
, Zn
2+
66
1. Tnh cht chung 66
2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca cation nhm III 66
3. S phn tch
Bi tp (Bi 5)
69
70
Bi 6: Cation nhm IV: Fe
3+
, Fe
2+
, Bi
3+
, Mg
2+
, Mn
2+
71
1. Tnh cht chung
71
2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca cation nhm IV
71
3. S phn tch
Bi tp (Bi 6)
75
75
6
Bi 7: Cation nhm V: Cu
2+
, Hg
2+
77
1. Tnh cht chung 77
2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca cation nhm V 77
3. S phn tch
Bi tp (Bi 7)
79 (82)
79
Bi 8: Cation nhm VI: Cu
2+
, Hg
2+
80
1. Tnh cht chung 80
2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca cation nhm VI 80
3. S phn tch
Bi tp (Bi 8)
82
82
Bi 9: Anion nhm I: Cl
-
, Br
-
, I
-
, SCN
-
, S
2
O
3
2-
83
1. Tnh cht chung 83
2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca anion nhm I 83
3. S phn tch
Bi tp (Bi 9)
86
87
Bi 10: Anion nhm II: CO
3
2-
, PO
4
3-
, CH
3
COO
-
, AsO
3
3-
, AsO
4
3-
, SO
3
2-

SO
4
2-
, (S
2
O
3
2-
)
88
1. ng li phn tch nhm II 88
2. Cc phn ng c trng ca anion nhm II 88
3. S phn tch
Bi tp (Bi 10)
92
93
Bi 11: Phn tch hn hp cation v anion trong dung dch
94
1. Nhn xt v th s b 94
1.1. Nhn xt nh gic quan 94
1.2. Th pH ca dung dch 95
1.3. Th tnh bay hi ca cht tan 96
1.4. Th mu ngn la 96
1.5. Th mt s phn ng 96
2. Phn tch anion 97
3. Phn tch cation 97
4. Nhn xt kt qu 98
7
Phn II. Thc hnh phn tch nh tnh
99
Ni quy phng th nghim ha phn tch nh tnh
101
Quy tc an ton phng th nghim
102
Vi quy nh v s dng ha cht
104
Bi 1: Dng c v k thut thc nghim c bn trong Ha phn tch
nh tnh
105
Bi 2: nh tnh cation nhm I: Ag
+
, Pb
2+
, Hg
2
2+
108
Bi 3: nh tnh cation nhm II: Ba
2+
, Ca
2+
v nhm III: Ae
3+
, Zn
2+
110
Bi 4: nh tnh cation nhm IV: Fe
2+
, Fe
3+
, Bi
3+
, Mg
2+
, Mn
2+
113
Bi 5: nh tnh cation nhm V: Cu
2+
, Hg
2+
v nhm VI: Na
+
, K
+
, NH
4
+
115
Bi 6: Phn tch tng hp cc nhm cation theo phng php acid - base
118
Bi 7: nh tnh anion nhm I: Cl
-
, Br
-
, I
-
, SCN
-
, S
2
O
3
2-
120
Bi 8: nh tnh anion nhm II: CO
3
2-
, CH
3
COO
-
, PO
4
3-
, AsO
3
3-
, AsO
4
3-
,
SO
3
2-
, SO
4
2-
, (S
2
O
3
2-
)
123
Bi 9: Phn tch hn hp cation v anion trong dung dch 127
Phn III. L thuyt phn tch nh lng
129
Bi 1. i cng v ha phn tch nh lng
131
1. i tng ca phn tch nh lng 131
2. Phn loi cc phng php phn tch nh lng 131
2.1. Cc phng php ha hc 131
2.2. Cc phng php vt l v ha l 132
3. Nguyn tc chung ca cc phng php ha hc dng trong
nh lng
133
4. Sai s trong phn tch nh lng ha hc 134
4.1. Mt s khi nim 134
4.2. Cc loi sai s 134
4.3. Cch ghi d liu thc nghim theo qui tc v ch s c ngha 136
Bi tp (Bi 1) 136
8
Bi 2. Phng php phn tch khi lng
137
1. Ni dung v phn loi 137
1.1. Phng php kt ta 137
1.2 Phng php bay hi 138
2. Nhng ng tc c bn ca phng php phn tch khi lng 139
2.1. Ha tan 139
2.2. Kt ta 139
2.3. Lc ta 140
2.4. Ra ta 140
2.5. Sy v nung 141
2.6. Cn 141
3. Cch tnh kt qa trong phn tch khi lng 141
3.1. Trong phng php kt ta 141
3.2. Trong phng php bay hi 143
4. Cn phn tch 143
4.1. Cn c hc 143
4.2. Cn in t 143
5. Mt vi th d p dng nh lng bng phng php khi lng 144
5.1. nh lng Clorid 144
5.2. nh lng Na
2
SO
4
145
Bi tp (Bi 2) 146
Bi 3. Phng php nh lng th tch
147
1. Ni dung ca phng php phn tch th tch 147
2. Yu cu i vi mt phn ng dng trong phn tch th tch 148
3. Phn loi cc phng php th tch 148
3.1. Phng php acid-base 148
3.2. Phng php oxy ha kh 148
3.3. Phng php kt ta 149
3.4. Phng php to phc 149
4. Cc k thut chun 149
9
4.1. nh lng trc tip 149
4.2. nh lng ngc 149
4.3. nh lng th 149
5. Cch s dng mt s dng c dng trong phng php th tch 150
5.1. S dng buret 150
5.2. S dng pipet 151
5.3. S dng bnh nh mc 152
6. Hiu chnh dung tch cc dng c ong o th tch chnh xc 153
6.1. Nguyn tc 153
6.2. Hiu chnh dung tch bnh nh mc 153
6.3. Hiu chnh dung tch ca pipet 155
6.4. Hiu chnh dung tch ca buret 155
7. Cch tnh kt qu trong phng php th tch 156
7.1. Quy tc chung 156
7.2. Tnh kt qu theo nng ng lng thuc th 156
7.3. Tnh kt qu theo chun ca thuc th 157
7.4. Mt s th d 158
Bi tp (Bi 3) 159
Bi 4. Pha cc dung dch chun
161
1. Khi nim v dung dch chun 161
2. Cc cch pha dung dch chun 161
2.1. Pha ch t cht chun gc 161
2.2. Pha ch t cht khng phi l cht gc 163
2.3. Pha t ng chun 164
2.4. Cch iu chnh nng dung dch 164
3. Pha mt s dung dch chun 165
3.1. Pha dung dch chun HCl 0,1N t HCl c 165
3.2. Pha dung dch chun KMnO
4
0,1N 166
3.3. Pha dung dch chun I
2
0,1N t I
2
tinh khit thng hoa 167
3.4. Pha dung dch complexon III 0,1M t complexon II tinh khit 167
10
3.5. Pha dung dch chun Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,1N t Na
2
S
2
O
3
.5H
2
O 168
Bi tp (Bi 4) 169
Bi 5. nh lng bng phng php acid - base
170
1. Mt s khi nim c bn 170
1.1. nh ngha acid, base theo Bronsted 170
1.2. Nc v pH 171
1.3. Cng ca acid v base 171
1.4. a acid, a base 171
1.5. Cng thc tnh [H
+
] v pH ca mt s dung dch 172
2. nh lng bng phng php acid-base 174
2.1. Nguyn tc 174
2.2. Cht ch th trong phng php acid-base 175
2.3. Mt s trng hp nh lng acid-base 178
2.4. Mt s ng dng nh lng bng phng php acid-base 182
Bi tp (Bi 5) 186
Bi 6. nh lng bng phng php kt ta - nh lng bng phng
php to phc
188
1. Chun kt ta 188
1.1. Mt s khi nim c bn 188
1.2. Phng php chun kt ta 190
2. Chun to phc 196
2.1. Mt s khi nim c bn 196
2.2. nh lng bng phng php to phc 198
Bi tp (Bi 6) 208
Bi 7. nh lng bng phng php oxy ha kh
210
1. Mt s khi nim c bn 210
1.1. nh ngha 210
1.2. Cng ca cht oxy ha v cht kh 210
1.3. Cn bng phng trnh phn ng oxy ha kh 211
11
2. nh lng bng phng php oxy ha kh 212
2.1. Nguyn tc 212
2.2. Cht ch th trong phng php nh lng oxy ha kh 213
2.3. Phn loi cc phng php oxy ha kh 214
2.4. Mt s ng dng nh lng 217
Bi tp (Bi 7) 221

Phn IV. Thc hnh phn tch nh lng
223
Bi 1. Cn phn tch
Bi tp (Bi 1)
225
228
Bi 2. Xc nh m ca natri clorid v nh lng natri sulfat
Bi tp (Bi 2)
229
233
Bi 3. Thc hnh s dng cc dng c phn tch nh lng - nh
lng acid acetic
Bi tp (Bi 3)
234
239
Bi 4. Pha v xc nh nng dung dch acid hydrochloric 0,1 N
Bi tp (Bi 4)
240
244
Bi 5. Pha v xc nh nng dung dch natri hydroxyd 0,1 N
Bi tp (Bi 5)
245
248
Bi 6. nh lng natri hydrocarbonat
Bi tp (Bi 6)
250
252
Bi 7. nh lng natri clorid bng phng php Mohr
Bi tp (Bi 7)
253
256
Bi 8. nh lng natri clorid bng phng php Fonhard
Bi tp (Bi 8)
257
260
Bi 9. Pha v xc nh nng dung dch kali permanganat 0,1 N
Bi tp (Bi 9)
261
264
Bi 10. nh lng dung dch nc oxy gi 3%
Bi tp (Bi 10)
265
268
Bi 11. Pha v xc nh nng dung dch natri thiosulfat 0,1 N
Bi tp (Bi 11)
269
272
12
Bi 12. nh lng dung dch glucose 5 %
Bi tp (Bi 12)
273
276
Bi 13. Pha v xc nh nng dung dch EDTA 0,05 M
Bi tp (Bi 13)
277
280
Phn ph lc
281
Ph lc 1. Dng c thng thng bng s, thy tinh v mt s my
thng dng dng trong Ha phn tch
281
Ph lc 2. Danh php cht v c theo Dc in Vit Nam
289
Ph lc 3. Bng nguyn t lng cc nguyn t
298
Ph lc 4. Hng s in ly ca cc acid v base
301
Ph lc 5. Th oxy ha kh chun (E
o
)
302
Ph lc 6. Tch s tan ca mt s cht t tan
305
Ph lc 7. Hng s to phc
307
Gii p bi tp
Phn I. L thuyt phn tch nh tnh
Phn III. L thuyt phn tch nh lng
Phn IV. Thc hnh phn tch nh lng
309
309
312
313
Ti liu tham kho
314

13





PHN 1
L thuyt phn tch nh tnh
15
16

Bi 1
MT S |NH LUT VA KHI NIM CO BN
TRONG HA PHN TCH
MUC TIU
1. Gii thch c ni dung v ngha ca ba nh lut: nh lut bo ton khi
lng, nh lut thnh phn khng i v nh lut ng lng.
2. Trnh by c cc nh ngha v ba loi nng dung dch: nng phn
trm, nng mol/L, nng ng lng v cch vn dng gii cc bi
ton chuyn i gia cc loi nng y.
3. Trnh by c khi nim pH v s hnh thnh thang pH; khi nim ch th
mu v cch xc nh pH bng ch th mu.
4. Nu c iu kin kt ta-ha tan mt cht da trn khi nim tch s tan
5. Ch ra v c tn c cc thnh phn ca phc cht. Gii thch c ngha
ca hng s khng bn hoc hng s to phc nc v tng cng.
1. Cc nh lut
1.1. nh lut bo ton khi lng
Khi lng tng cng ca cc cht khng i trong mt phn ng ha hc.
S lng cc cht v tnh cht ca chng c th thay i, nhng khi
lng ca cc cht th gi nguyn khng i trc v sau phn ng. Ngay
c nhng bin i sinh hc phc tp trong c th c lin quan n nhiu
phn ng th khi lng vn c bo ton:
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6O
2
6CO
2
+ 6H
2
O
180g glucose + 192g kh oxy 264g carbon dioxyd + 108g nc
(372g nguyn liu trc phn ng 372g cht sau bin i)
* Nh nh lut bo ton khi lng m chng ta c th cn bng cc
phng trnh ha hc v tnh c khi lng ca cc cht tham gia phn
ng v cc cht sn phm theo tng quan t l thun khi da vo phng
trnh phn ng cn bng.
17
1.2. nh lut thnh phn khng i
Mt hp cht d c iu ch bng cch no th vn bao gm cng mt
loi cc nguyn t v cng t s khi lng ca cc nguyn t trong hp cht.
c kt qu sau y thu c v thnh phn khi lng ca cc nguyn
t trong 20,0 g calci carbonat:
Phn tch theo khi lng S phn khi lng Phn trm khi lng
8,0g calci 0,40 calci 40%
2,4g carbon 0,12 carbon 12%
9,6g oxy 0,48 oxy 48%
20,0 g 1,00 phn khi lng 100% khi lng
nh lut thnh phn khng i cho ta bit rng, calci carbonat tinh
khit thu c t hoa cng mt ngn ni, t san h ngm di bin,
hoc t bt k mt ngun no khc, th vn tm thy cng cc loi nguyn
t to thnh (calci, carbon, oxy) v cng mt s phn trm nh cho bit
bng trn.
Nh vy, nh nh lut thnh phn khng i m mi hp cht xc
nh c biu th bng mt cng thc ha hc nht nh.
C th suy ra khi lng nguyn t t t l khi lng ca n trong
hp cht:

Khi lng nguyn t = Khi lng hp cht
S phn khi lng nguyn t
1 phn khi lng hp cht

Chng ta c th biu din phn khi lng theo bt k n v o khi
lng no nu tin dng cho tnh ton.
Cng cn ch l thnh phn khng i ch hon ton ng cho
nhng hp cht c khi lng phn t nh trng thi kh v lng. i vi
cht rn hoc polymer, do nhng khuyt tt trong mng tinh th hoc
trong chui di phn t, thnh phn ca hp cht thng khng ng ng
vi mt cng thc ha hc xc nh. V d, t l oxy/titan trong titan oxyd
iu ch bng cc phng php khc nhau dao ng t 0,58 n 1,33; cng
thc ca st sulfid c th vit Fe
1-x
S vi x dao ng t 0 n 0,005; phn t
glycogen trong cc t bo gan v c c th gm 1000 n 500000 n v
glucose; v.v...
1.3. nh lut ng lng
T nh lut thnh phn khng i ta thy rng cc nguyn t kt
hp vi nhau theo cc t l v lng xc nh nghim ngt. Do , ngi ta
a vo ha hc khi nim ng lng, tng t nh khi nim khi
lng nguyn t v khi lng phn t.
18
1.3.1. nh ngha
Thc nghim ha hc xc nh rng: 1,008 khi lng hydro tc dng
va vi:
8,0 khi lng oxy to thnh nc (H
2
O)
35,5 - clor - hydro clorid (HCl)
23,0 - natri - natri hydrid (NaH)
16,0 - lu hunh - hydro sulfid (H
2
S)
3,0 - carbon - metHan (CH
4
)
v.v...
S phn khi lng m cc nguyn t tc dng va vi 1,008 phn
khi lng hydro li tc dng va vi nhau to thnh cc hp cht
khc. V d:
8,0 khi lng oxy + 3,0 khi lng carbon carbon dioxyd (CO
2
)
35,5 khi lng clor + 23,0 khi lng natri natri clorid (NaCl)
16,0 khi lng lu hunh + 3,0 khi lng carbon carbon disulfid (CS
2
)
v.v...
Ngi ta gi s phn khi lng m cc nguyn t tc dng va vi
1,008 phn khi lng hydro (v li tc dng va vi nhau) l ng
lng ca cc nguyn t, k hiu l E (equivalence), v vit: E
H
= 1,008; E
O

= 8; E
Cl
= 35,5; E
S
= 16; v.v.. ch rng, ng lng l s phn khi lng
tng ng gia cc cht trong phn ng nn c th s dng bt k n v
khi lng no biu th n (mg, g, kg...).
Do chnh t khi nim ng lng nu trn m vic xc nh ng
lng ca mt nguyn t hay ca mt hp cht khng nht thit phi xut
pht t hp cht ca chng vi hydro. V d, tm ng lng ca km
(Zn) khng th xut pht t phn ng ca km vi hydro, v iu kin
thng phn ng ny khng xy ra. Tuy nhin, thc nghim d dng cho
thy: 32,5 khi lng km tc dng va vi 8 khi lng oxy (1E
0
) to
thnh km oxyd (ZnO), vy, E
Zn
= 32,5. Hoc tm ng lng H
2
SO
4

khng th bng cch cho acid ny tc dng vi hydro hoc oxy, nhng thc
nghim cho bit: 49 khi lng H
2
SO
4
tc dng va vi 32,5 khi lng
km (1E
Zn
), vy = 49. T y, c th a ra nh ngha chung cho
ng lng:
4 2
SO H
E
ng lng ca mt nguyn t hay hp cht l s phn khi lng
ca nguyn t hay hp cht kt hp hoc thay th va vi 1,008 phn
khi lng hydro hoc 8 phn khi lng oxy hoc vi mt ng lng ca
bt k cht no khc bit.
19
Trong thc t ngi ta thng dng ng lng gam, vi quy c:
ng lng gam ca mt cht l lng cht c tnh bng gam
v c tr s bng ng lng ca n.
Nh vy, E
H
= 1,008 g ; E
O
= 8 g ; E
Na
= 23 g
E
Zn
= 32,5 g ; = 49 g
4 2
SO H
E
1.3.2. nh lut ng lng ca Dalton
Cc cht tc dng vi nhau theo cc khi lng t l vi ng lng
ca chng.
Ni cch khc: S ng lng ca cc cht trong phn ng phi bng
nhau.
nh lut c th hin qua h thc n gin:

B
A
m
m
=
B
A
E
E
hoc
A
A
E
m
=
B
B
E
m

y: m
A
, m
B
l khi lng tnh bng gam ca cht A v cht B trong
phn ng
E
A
, E
B
l ng lng gam ca cht A v B
nh lut ng lng cho php tnh khi lng mt cht trong phn
ng nu bit ng lng ca cc cht v khi lng tc dng ca
cht kia. V d, tnh khi lng kh clor tc dng ht vi 3,45g natri,
bit E
Na
= 23; E
Cl
= 35,5. p dng h thc nu trn d dng tm thy:

35,5
m
23
3,45g
Cl
= m
Cl
=
23
35,5 3,45g
= 5,33g
Vi khi nim nng ng lng l s ng lng gam cht tan c
trong 1 lt dung dch (k hiu N vit sau tr s ng lng), nh lut
ng lng c s dng rng ri trong php phn tch chun .
Chng hn, cn bao nhiu mL dung dch kim B (t l V
B
) trung
ha ht V
A
ml dung dch acid A c nng ng lng l N
A
. Bit
nng ng lng ca dung dch kim B l N
B
.
p dng nh lut ng lng: s ng lng ca cc cht trong
phn ng phi bng nhau, ta c:

A
A
.N
1000
V
=
B
B
.N
1000
V
V
B
=
B
A A
N
.N V

Phng trnh trn c p dng cho tt c cc phng php phn tch
th tch (phng php acid - base; phng php kt ta; phng php phc
cht; phng php oxy ha - kh).
20
1.3.3. ngha ha hc ca khi nim ng lng lin quan trc tip
n khi nim ha tr ca cc nguyn t. Trc y, ngi ta coi ha tr l
kh nng ca mt nguyn t ca nguyn t c th kt hp hoc thay th
bao nhiu nguyn t hydro hoc bao nhiu nguyn t khc tng ng.
Nh vy, ng lng ca mt nguyn t l s n v khi lng (s phn
khi lng) ca nguyn t y tng ng vi mt n v ha tr. Gia ng
lng (E), ha tr (n) v khi lng nguyn t (A) ca nguyn t c mi
tng quan sau:
E =
n
A

V d, oxy c ha tr 2, khi lng nguyn t 16, nn:
E
O
=
2
16
= 8
Nu nguyn t c nhiu ha tr th ng lng ca n cng thay i
tu thuc vo ha tr m n th hin trong sn phm to thnh sau phn
ng. V d, carbon c ha tr 2 v 4. phn ng: 2C + O
2
= 2CO, carbon
th hin ha tr 2, nn E
C
=
2
12
= 6. Cn phn ng: C + O
2
= CO
2
,
carbon th hin ha tr 4, nn E
C
=
4
12
= 3.
M rng khi nim ng lng cho cc hp cht, ta vn nhn ra
ngha ha hc ca n l phn khi lng tng ng vi mt n v ha tr
m hp cht em trao i hoc kt hp vi cc hp cht khc trong phn
ng. Chng hn, H
3
PO
4
= 98. Nu trong phn ng, phn t H
3
PO
4
ch trao
i 1 proton, hp cht c xem nh th hin ha tr 1, th = 98/1 =
98; nu trao i 2 proton, hp cht c xem nh th hin ha tr 2, th
= 98/2 = 49; cn nu trao i c 3 proton th hp cht H
4 3
PO H
E
4 3
PO H
E
3
PO
4
c coi
l c ha tr 3 v phn khi lng tng ng vi 1 n v ha tr (tc ng
lng ca n) trong trng hp ny l: = 98/3 = 32,7.
4 3
PO H
E
Cc nh ha hc hin ti quan nim: ha tr ca mt nguyn t l s
lin kt ha hc m mt nguyn t ca nguyn t c th to ra kt
hp vi cc nguyn t khc trong phn t.
Cng vi khi nim ha tr, ngi ta cng dng khi nim s oxy ha
cho cc ion hoc cho cc nguyn t trong hp cht. Tuy khng c ngha
vt l r rng, nht l trong cc phn t phc tp, nhng s oxy ha kh
tin dng cho nhiu mt thc hnh ha hc.
21
Chnh v khi nim ha tr pht trin v m rng gn vi bn cht
nhiu loi lin kt, nn theo , khi nim ng lng cng cn c c
th cho cc trng hp (cch tnh ng lng ca cc hp cht c trnh
by mc biu th nng ng lng di y).
2. Nhng khi nim c bn
2.1. Nng dung dch. Cc cch biu th nng
Nng l cch biu th thnh phn nh lng ca mt dung dch.
N c th biu th lng cht tan trong mt th tch xc nh ca dung
dch, hoc lng cht tan trong mt khi lng xc nh ca dung dch
hoc ca dung mi. Lng cht tan trong dung dch cng ln th nng
cng ln v ngc li. Bng 1 tm tt cc loi nng thng c dng
trong ha hc v Y- Dc.
Bng1. Cc loi nng
Loi nng K hiu nh ngha
Phn trm theo khi lng (KL) % (KL/KL) S g cht tan trong 100 g dung dch
Phn nghn theo khi lng (KL/KL) S g cht tan trong 1000 g dung dch
Phn trm theo th tch (V) % (V/V) S mL cht tan trong 100 mL dung dch
Phn trm theo khi lng-th tch % (KL/V)
S g (hoc s mg) cht tan trong 100
mL dung dch
Phn nghn theo khi lng-th tch (KL/V) hoc g/L
S g cht tan trong 1000 mL (= 1 L)
dung dch
Mol M, mol/L S mol cht tan trong 1 L dung dch
ng lng N
S ng lng gam cht tan trong 1
L dung dch
Di y l mt s v d c th v cc loi nng hay gp.
2.1.1. Nng %, theo khi lng/khi lng
V d: Dung dch KNO
3
10% c ngha l c 10 g KNO
3
trong 100 g
dung dch. Dung dch cc acid c H
2
SO
4
, HNO
3
v HCl bn trn th trng
c nng tng ng bng 96%, 65% v 36%.
Bi v o th tch dung dch d dng hn o khi lng, nn ngi ta
thng ghi khi lng ring km theo cho loi dung dch ny, chuyn
i t khi lng cht cn ly sang th tch dung dch cn ong. V d, HCl
36% c D = 1,179 g/mL ( 20
o
C).
Dung dch NaCl 9c ngha l c 9 g NaCl trong 1000 g dung dch.
22
2.1.2. Nng %, theo khi lng/th tch (thng c vit g/100 mL;
g/L...):
V d, dung dch glycerin 10 g/100 mL, glucose 50 g/L c ngha l c
10 g glycerin trong 100 mL dung dch, c 50 g glucose trong 1 lt dung dch
cho 2 dung dch tng ng k.
2.1.3. Nng mol/L (M)
Mol l mt lng cht cha s ht cng kiu cu trc (phn t,
nguyn t, ion, electron, proton...) bng s Avogadro 6,022.10
23
. Thng s
dng l mol/L, s phn t gam/L.
Cc dung dch c nng mol bng nhau th cha cng s lng ht
cht tan trong nhng th tch dung dch bng nhau (ch : ht cht tan
phi cng kiu cu trc).
V d, dung dch NaOH 2M, ngha l trong 1 lt dung dch ny c 2
mol hay 2 mol 40 g/mol = 80 g NaOH.
Dung dch cha phenobarbital 0,001M v NaCl 0,1M, ngha l trong 1
lt dung dch nh th c 0,001 mol 232,32 g/mol = 0,2323 g phenobarbital
(C
12
H
12
N
2
O
3
= 232,32) v 0,1 mol 58,45 g/mol = 5,8450 g NaCl (M =
58,45).
Trong 1 lt dung dch NaCl 1M c 1 mol 58,45 g/mol = 58,45 g NaCl.
Xem NaCl in ly hon ton thnh cc ion, th trong 1 lt dung dch nh
th cng c 1 mol ion Na
+
(23 g Na
+
) v 1 mol Cl
-
(35,45 g Cl

).
Ngc li, dung dch Na
2
CO
3
1M c trong 1 lt dung dch ca n 1 mol
CO
3
2
(60 g CO
3
2
) v 2 mol Na
+
(2 mol 23 g/mol = 46 g Na
+
), vi iu kin
gn ng rng trong dung dch, c 1 phn t natri carbonat th in ly ra 1
ion CO
3
2
v 2 ion Na
+
.
2.1.4. Nng ng lng (N)
V d, H
2
SO
4
0,5N l dung dch cha 0,5 ng lng gam H
2
SO
4

trong 1 lt dung dch.
Khi nim ng lng ca mt cht xut pht t nh lut ng
lng ca Dalton nu ra nm 1792. Gi ng lng ca mt cht l E, ta
c th nu cc cng thc tnh E trong cc phn ng trao i v oxy ha kh
nh sau:

Khi lng nguyn t
Ha tr
E
nguyn t
=

V d: 8
2
16
E
oxy
= =
23
Khi lng ion
| in tch ion |
E
ion
=

V d, 9
3
27
E = =
+

3
Al

48
2
96
E = =

2
4
SO


Khi lng phn t acid
S ion H
+
in ly t mt phn t acid
E
acid
=

V d, 36,45
1
36,45
E = =
HCl

49
2
98
E = =
4 2
SO H



Khi lng phn t base
S ion OH in ly t mt phn t base
-
E
base
=

V d: 40
1
40
E = =
NaOH

Khi lng phn t mui
|in tch ion (dng hoc m)| x S ion (dng hoc m)
E
mui
=

V d: 57
2 3
342
E =

=
3 4 2
) (SO Al


Khi lng tiu phn (phn t, nguyn t, ion)
S electron nhn (hoc cho) ca mt tiu phn
dng oxy ha (hoc dng kh)
E
OX(Kh)
=

y, E
OX(Kh)
l ng lng ca dng oxy ha, hoc ca dng kh.
V d, tm ng lng ca cht oxy ha v cht kh trong phn ng:
2KMnO
4
+ 10FeSO
4
+ 8H
2
SO
4
= 2MnSO
4
+ 5Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 8H
2
O
Cn c theo s electron m mt phn t KMnO
4
nhn bng 5 v s
electron m mt phn t FeSO
4
cho bng 1, ta xc nh c ng lng
ca cht oxy ha l:
31,6
5
158
E = =
4
KMnO

v ng lng ca cht kh l:
24
151,8
1
151,8
E = =
4
FeSO

V ha tr ca nguyn t, s H
+
hay OH

in ly ca acid hay base, s

electron nhn hoc cho ca cht oxy ha hoc cht kh c th thay i tu
theo iu kin ca phn ng, nn ng lng ca mt cht cng c nhng
gi tr bin i.
ng lng l mt i lng khng c th nguyn. Trong ha hc
ngi ta thng dng:
ng lng gam ca mt cht l khi lng ca cht biu din
bng gam v c tr s bng ng lng ca n.
Mili ng lng gam, k hiu mE, bng 1/1000 ng lng gam v
ly n v khi lng l miligam.
2.2. S in ly ca nc. Thang pH
2.2.1. S in ly ca nc
Nc l dung mi lng tnh, va cho v va nhn proton:

H
2
O
H
2
O H
+
H
2
O H
2
O
+
+
Acid 1 Base 2
O H
-
H
3
O
+
H
3
O
+
O H
-
+
+
H
+
Acid 2 Base 1

v tng ng vi 2 cp acid - base lin hp theo thuyt Brnsted -
Lowry: H
2
O/OH

v H
3
O
+
/H
2
O.
Mc d s in ly ca nc rt b, ngi ta vn o c dn in
ca n v xc nh c gi tr ca hng s cn bng theo nh lut tc
dng khi lng:

18 -
2
2
-
3
3,24.10
] O H [
] [OH ] O [H
K = =
+
( 25
o
C)
K [H
2
O]
2
= 3,24.10
-18
(
18
1000
)
2
= K
n
= [H
3
O
+
] [OH

] = 1,0.10
-14
Hng s K
n
gi l tch s ion ca nc. Tch s ny thay i theo
nhit .
V mt ion H
3
O
+
v mt ion OH

c phn ly t mt phn t H
2
O, do
trong nc nguyn cht:
[H
3
O
+
] = [OH

] =
14
10

= 10
7
mol/L
25
(Nng nc nguyn cht =
02 , 18
1000
55,5M, vy c mi 555 triu
phn t nc ch c 1 phn t in ly ra cc ion). Da vo cn bng in ly
ca nc, ngi ta nh ngha dung dch acid, base v trung tnh tu theo
ln tng i gia [H
3
O
+
] v [OH

]:

Dung dch Gii hn chung 25
o
C
Acid [H
3
O
+
] > [OH

] [H
3
O
+
] > 10
-7
[OH

] < 10
-7
Trung tnh [H
3
O
+
] = [OH

] [H
3
O
+
] = 10
-7
[OH

] = 10
-7
Base [H
3
O
+
] < [OH

] [H
3
O
+
] < 10
-7
[OH

] > 10
-7
V K
n
l hng s nhit nht nh, nn khi bit nng ca mt
trong hai ion, ta c th tnh c nng ion kia.
V d: Bit [H
3
O
+
] ca mt dung dch bng 3,0.10
-4
M. Tnh [OH

] v
cho bit dung dch l acid, trung tnh hay base?
Gii:
[OH

] =
4 -
-14
3
n
10 0 , 3
10

] O H [
K

=
+
= 3,3 10
-11
M
y l dung dch acid v [H
3
O
+
] > [OH

].
2.2.2. Thang pH
Nng H
3
O
+
trong dung dch nc c th bin i trn mt phm vi
rng t 10M n 10
-15
M, gy kh khn v di dng trong tnh ton, do
Srensen ngh dng i lng pH biu th tim nng ion hydro
(hydrogen ion potential) vi nh ngha:
pH = -lg [H
3
O
+
] hoc [H
3
O
+
] = 10
-pH

v pOH = -lg [OH

] hoc [OH

] = 10
-pOH

V K
n
= [H
3
O
+
][OH

] = 1,0 10
-14
nn ngi ta cng hay dng i lng:
pK
n
= -lgK
n
= -lg([H
3
O
+
][OH

]) = -lg[H
3
O
+
] - lg[OH

] = pH + pOH = 14
( 25
o
C)
Thng thng ngi ta ch s dng thang pH, cc i lng khc c
suy ra theo phng trnh quan h (Bng 2).
26
Bng 2. Quan h gia [H
3
O
+
], pH, pOH v [OH

].
15
14
15
14
10
-15
10
-14
10
-13
10
-12
10
-11
10
-10
10
-9
10
-7
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
1
10
1
10
-15
10
-14
10
-13
10
-12
10
-11
10
-10
10
-9
10
-7
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
1
10
1
H
O

n

n
g

3
+
O
H

n

n
g

-
Trung tnh

b
a
s
e

t

n
g

a
c
i
d

t

n
g
[H O ]
3
pH pOH [OH]
+ -

Ch : V K
n
ph thuc nhit nn pK
n
, pH, pOH ca nc nguyn
cht cng thay i theo nhit (Bng 3).
Bng 3. Tch s ion (K
n
) ca nc nguyn cht mt s nhit .

Nhit (
o
C) K
n
10
-14
pK
n
pH = pOH
0 0,11 14,96 7,48
10 0,29 14,54 7,27
25 1,00 14,00 7,00
50 5,66 13,25 6,62
100 51,30 12,29 6,15
300 400,00 11,40 5,70
2.2.3. Cht ch th acid - base
C hai cch thng dng o pH trong phng th nghim l o bng
my (pH-meter) v o bng cht ch th acid-base (cn gi l cht ch th
mu). Nguyn l o pH bng my s cp chuyn mc ring.
Cht ch th acid-base l nhng thuc th c bit c mu sc thay i
tu theo nng ion H
3
O
+
trong dung dch, tc l tu theo pH mi trng.
Ni chung, c th xem cht ch th mu l mt acid hu c yu m dng
acid (k hiu HInd) c mu, gi tt l mu acid, khc vi mu ca dng
base lin hp vi n (Ind

), gi tt l mu base. Nh vy, s thay i mu

ca ch th l do s bin i cu trc phn t gia hai dng acid v base.
27
Trong dung dch, s bin i gia hai dng th hin qua cn bng in
ly ph thuc vo pH:
HInd + H
2
O H
3
O
+
+ Ind

Acid 1 Base 2 Acid 2 Base 1

Mu acid Mu base
Trong vng pH chuyn mu, mu ca dng acid v dng base ang
trong qu trnh chuyn i nhau: mu ca dng ny dn dn sang mu ca
dng kia, hoc ngc li.
Bng 4 cho bit khong pH chuyn mu ca mt s ch th acid - base
thng gp.
Bng 4. Mu, khong pH chuyn mu ca mt s ch th acid - base hay gp
Mu
Cht ch th
Acid Base
Khong pH chuyn mu
Da cam Methyl (Heliantin) Hng Vng 3,1 4,4
Qu Xanh 5,0 8,0
Phenolphthalein Khng mu 8,2 10,0
Vng Alizarin Vng Tm 10,0 12,0
2.3. iu kin kt ta v ha tan. Tch s tan
Khi nim v Tch s tan
Khi ha tan mt cht in ly t tan M
m
X
n
vo nc s to ra mt dung
dch bo ha, trong tn ti cn bng d th gia lng cht rn cn d
v cc ion ca n trong dung dch:

M
m
X
n
(r)
(rn)
m M
n+
+ n X
m-

(dung dch)


Lng M
m
X
n
tan vo dung dch rt t, gi l tan S, c coi l
in ly hon ton thnh cc ion M
n+
v X
m
. Ging nh cc h cn bng
khc, i vi dung dch bo ha ca cht ang xt ta c biu thc tc dng
khi lng:

) r ( n m
n - m m n
] X M [
] [X ] [M
K
+
=

Nng pha rn l hng s, nn:
[M
n+
]
m
[X
m
]
n
= K [M
m
X
n
]
(r)
=
n m
X M
TT
28
K hiu sau cng gi l tch s tan ca M
m
X
n
. Nh vy:
Tch s nng cc ion ca cht in ly t tan trong dung dch bo
ha, mi nng c lu tha tng ng vi h s trong phng trnh
in ly, l mt hng s nhit nht nh gi l tch s tan, k hiu T.
Cc gi tr ca T cho bit tan tng i ca cc hp cht ion. Khi
cc cht in ly ra cng s ion, ngha l m+n nh nhau, th T ca cht no
cng ln, tan ca n cng ln, v ngc li. iu ny c th hin qua
Bng 5.
Bng 5. Quan h gia T v tan 25
o
C ca mt s hp cht.

S ion Cng thc cation/anion T tan (M)
2 MgCO
3
1/1 3,5 10
-8
1,9 10
-4
2 PbSO
4
1/1 1,6 10
-8
1,3 10
-4
2 BaCrO
4
1/1 1,2 10
-10
1,4 10
-5
3 Ca(OH)
2
1/2 6,5 10
-6
1,2 10
-2
3 BaF
2
1/2 1,5 10
-6
7,2 10
-3
3 CaF
2
1/2 3,2 10
-11
2,0 10
-4
3 Ag
2
CrO
4
2/1 1,1 10
-12
8,7 10
-5
iu kin kt ta hay ha tan mt cht in ly t tan:
Mt cht s kt ta khi tch s nng cc ion ca n trong dung dch
ln hn tch s tan. Ngc li, khi tch s nng cc ion cn b hn tch s
tan th cht cha kt ta, hoc nu c ta th ta s tan ra.
V d:
Cho bit kt ta c hnh thnh hay khng trong cc trng hp sau:
a) Trn ln 0,100 L Ca(NO
3
)
2
0,30 M vi 0,200 L NaF 0,060 M.
b) Trong nc mt dng sng tm thy [Ca
2+
] = [PO
4
3
] = 1,0 10
-9
M.
Choo bit = 3,2 10
2
CaF
TT
-11
; = 1,2 10
2 4 3
) PO ( Ca
TT
-29
.
Gii:
a) Cc ion c mt trong hn hp l Ca
2+
, Na
+
, NO
3

v F

. Ch c CaF
2

l c th kt ta theo cn bng:
CaF
2
(r) Ca
2+
+ 2F
-
Tnh nng mol/L cho cc ion:
S mol Ca
2+
a vo hn hp = 0,30M Ca
2+
0,100L = 0,030 mol Ca
2+
29
v [Ca
2+
] =
L 0,200 L 100 , 0
mol 030 , 0
+
= 0,10 M Ca
2+
S mol F

a vo hn hp = 0,060M 0,200L = 0,012 mol F

v [F

] =
L 0,200 L 100 , 0
mol 012 , 0
+
= 0,040M F

Trong hn hp, ta c tch s nng cc ion, k hiu Q

m
, l:
Q
m
= [Ca
2+
] [F

]
2
= 0,10 0,040
2
= 1,6 10
-4
> = 3,2 10
2
CaF
T
-11
Vy, kt ta CaF
2
phi c to thnh.
b) Tm Q
m
ca Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
theo cn bng:
Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
(r) 3Ca
2+
+ 2PO
4
3-
v s dng cc d liu cho, ta c:
Q
m
= [Ca
2+
]
3
[PO
4
3
]
2
= (1,0 10
-9
)
3
(1,0 10
-9
)
2
= 1,0 10
-45
< = 1,2 10
2 4 3
) PO ( Ca
TT
-29
.
Vy, cha th hnh thnh kt ta Ca
3
(PO
4
)
3
dng sng ang xt.
2.4. Phn ng oxy ha - kh
2.4.1. Cc nh ngha
Phn ng oxy ha - kh l phn ng c s chuyn dch electron gia
cc cht phn ng, do lm bin i s oxy ha ca cc nguyn t.
Cht oxy ha (phn t, nguyn t, ion) l cht nhn electron v gim
s oxy ha, n l cht b kh.
Cht kh (phn t, nguyn t, ion) l cht cho electron v tng s oxy
ho, n l cht b oxy ha.
Theo suy ra: s kh l s nhn electron, s oxy ha l s cho i electron.
Rt cn lu khng nhm ln cc thut ng: cht oxy ho, s oxy
ha, cht kh, s kh.
V d: trong dung dch nc xy ra phn ng:
Fe + Cu
2+
Fe
2+
+ Cu
Ion Cu
2+
nhn electron (t Fe) l cht oxy ha, s oxy ha ca n gim
t +2 n 0, n b kh v gi l s kh ion Cu
2+
(bi Fe).
St cho electron nn l cht kh, s oxy ha ca n tng t 0 n +2,
n b oxy ha v gi l s oxy ha st (bi Cu
2+
).
30
2.4.2. S oxy ha (S.O)
S oxy ha (cn gi l mc oxy ha, trng thi oxy ha) l in tch
hnh thc ca nguyn t trong n cht, ion hay hp cht khi qui c
cc cp electron dng chung lch hon ton v nguyn t c m
in ln hn.
Ch rng, S.O ca nguyn t c gi tr i s khc ha tr. S.O c
th l s m, s dng hoc bng khng. Tri li, ha tr tnh theo s
electron tham gia lin kt nn ch c gi tr dng.
S S.O ca mt nguyn t c xc nh theo nhng quy tc sau:
+ Quy tc chung:
1. Nguyn t trong n cht (Na, Cu, O
2
, N
2
, S): S.O = 0.
2. Nguyn t trong ion n nguyn t: S.O = in tch ion.
3. Tng i s S.O ca cc nguyn t trong phn t = 0, cn trong ion
nhiu nguyn t = in tch ion.
+ Quy tc c th cho cc nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t trong Bng
tun hon:
1. Nhm IA: S.O = +1 trong tt c cc hp cht.
2. Nhm IIA: S.O = +2 trong tt c cc hp cht.
3. Hydro: S.O = +1 trong cc hp cht vi phi kim
S.O = -1 trong cc hp cht vi kim loi v Bor
4. Fluor: S.O = -1 trong mi hp cht
5. Oxy: S.O = -1 trong cc hp cht peroxyd
S.O = -2 trong tt c cc hp cht khc (tr vi fluor)
6. Nhm VIIA: S.O = -1 trong cc hp cht vi kim loi, vi phi kim
(tr vi oxy) v vi cc halogen khc pha di nhm.
+ Lu :
1. S.O dng cao nht ca cc nguyn t trong cc nhm chnh A bng
s th t ca nhm (tr O v F).
2. S.O m thp nht ca cc phi kim v mt s kim bng s th t
ca nhm tr 8.
V d: Lu hunh c S.O dng cao nht l +6 (v nguyn t S nhm VI
A) nh trong hp cht SF
6
; v c S.O m thp nht = 6 - 8= -2 nh trong FeS.
3. V nguyn tc, xc nh s oxy ha cn phi bit cu to phn t
v m in ca cc nguyn t. m in c th suy ra gn ng t v
31
tr ca nguyn t trong Bng tun hon. Cn nu khng bit r cu to
phn t th S.O xc nh c t cc nguyn tc nu c th l S.O gi.
Chng hn, t S.O ca Lu hunh l x, tm c S.O ca n trong S
2
O
8
2-

qua phng trnh: (x.2) + (-2.8) = -2 x = +7. y l s oxy ha gi, v Lu
hunh nhm VIA, S.O cao nht ca n ch l +6 ph hp vi cng thc
cu to:
O
S
O O
O O
S
O
O O
O
S
O
O
O
O
S
O
O
O
hoc
O
S
O O
O O
S
O
O O
O
S
O O
O O
S
O
O O
O
S
O
O
O
O
S
O
O
O
hoc

Hn na, cn gp s oxy ha gi v l, nh S trong Na
2
S
4
O
6
c S.O = +2,5.
Tuy nhin, S.O tht hay gi u c gi tr nh nhau trong cn bng
phng trnh ca phn ng Ox-Kh.
2.4.3. Cn bng phn ng oxy ha kh theo phng php S.O c
thc hin theo cc bc sau:
1. Vit cc cht u (cht phn ng) v cc sn phm. V d:
HClO
3
+ P HCl + H
3
PO
4
(D nhin cht u bit, nhng sn phm l g th phi da vo cc
php phn tch ha hc hoc cn c vo quy lut bin i ca cc nguyn t
v hp cht cc iu kin).
2. Xc nh S.O ca cc nguyn t trc v sau phn ng. v d
trn, tm thy:
HCl
5+
O
3
+ P
0
HCl
1-
+ H
3
P
5+
O
4
3. Tm s electron m mt phn t cht kh cho v s electron m mt
phn t cht oxy ha nhn, t lp phng trnh trao i electron tm
h s chnh ca cht kh v cht oxy ha. Tip v d trn, thnh lp:
+
+
+

1 5
5 0
Cl e 6 Cl 5
P e 5 P 6

Ch : cc h s chnh phi c mt bi s chung nh nht biu th tng
s electron m cht kh cho bng tng s electron m cht oxy ha nhn.
4. t h s chnh ph hp vo cc cht kh v cht oxy ha ban u,
kim tra s nguyn t ca mi nguyn t 2 v phng trnh cn bng
chng nhng cha cn ch n s nguyn t H v O (nu 2 nguyn t
ny khng trc tip l cht kh hay cht oxy ho). Tip theo v d trn,
thu c:
5HClO
3
+ 6 P = 5HCl + 6 H
3
PO
4
32
5. Kim tra s nguyn t H 2 v tm s phn t nc tham gia
hoc to thnh. Vi v d ang xt, cn 9 phn t H
2
O tham gia phn ng.
Vy:
5HClO
3
+ 6P + 9H
2
0 = 5HCl + 6H
3
PO
4
6. Kim tra li s nguyn t O 2 v v tin rng thc cht phng
trnh c cn bng.
Vi 6 bc tin hnh nh trn, mi phng trnh phn ng oxy ha -
kh vit di dng phn t u c th c cn bng. Tuy nhin, nhiu
trng hp khng cn thc hin cc bc v khi quen th ch cn
nhm tnh trn mt phng trnh phn ng.
Lu : Khi vit phng trnh phn ng cn bng di dng phng
trnh ion th in tch 2 v phi bng nhau
2.5. Phc cht
2.5.1. nh ngha
Bn cnh cc mui n gin nh K
2
SO
4
, Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
, KI, HgI
2
, KCN,
Fe(CN)
2
... cn c cc mui kp (gi l phn) nh: K
2
SO
4
.Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.24H
2
O
(phn chua), (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
.FeSO
4
.6H
2
O (phn st amoni hay mui Mohr)...
Mui n gin v mui kp ging nhau ch, khi ha tan trong nc,
chng in ly hon ton ra cc ion n gin. V d:
K
2
SO
4
2K
+
+ SO
4
2-
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
.FeSO
4
.6H
2
O 2NH
4
+
+ Fe
2+
+ 2SO
4
2-
+ 6H
2
O
T lu, ngi ta cng bit nhiu hp cht phc tp khc c thnh
phn ging mui kp, nh 2KI.HgI
2
, Zn(NO
3
)
2
.4NH
3
, nhng trong nc
chng in ly cho nhng ion phc tp, v d:
2KI.HgI
2
2K
+
+ [HgI
4
]
2-
, nn phn t c vit: K
2
[HgI
4
]
Zn(NO
3
)
2
.4NH
3
[Zn(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
+ 2NO
3
-
, nn phn t c vit:
[Zn(NH
3
)
4
](NO
3
)
2
.
Cc hp cht kiu ny c t tn l phc cht vi nh ngha:
Phc cht l nhng hp cht phn t m trong s t hp cc cu t
ca chng to nn nhng ion phc tch in dng hay m, nhng ion ny
c kh nng tn ti trong dung dch cng nh trong tinh th.
2.5.2. Cu to, danh php v cc hng s ca phc cht
Cc thnh phn ca phc cht c th hin qua s , v d vi
K
2
[HgI
4
], nh sau:
33
Cu ngoi Ion trung tm Phi t
(2K
+
) (Hg
2+
)
(4I
-
)
Cu ni
(ion phc)

K
2
[HgI
4
]

Cch c tn phc cht phi tun theo quy nh cht ch, c trnh
by phn ph lc (cui gio trnh ny).
Trong dung dch nc, phc cht in ly hon ton thnh cc ion cu
ngoi v cu ni. V d:
K
2
[HgI
4
] 2K
+
+ HgI
4
2-
Sau , cu ni c th in ly yu tng nc ra cc phi t ng vi cc
hng s cn bng in ly, thng gi l hng s khng bn k ca phc. V d:
HgI
4
2
HgI
3

+ I

] HgI [
] I ][ HgI [
k

=
2
4
3
1
= 5,0.10
-3
HgI
3

HgI
2
+ I

] HgI [
] I ][ HgI [
k

=
3
2
2
= 1,6.10
-4
HgI
2
HgI
+
+ I

] HgI [
] I ][ HgI [
k
2
3
+
= = 1,0.10
-11
HgI
+
Hg
2+
+ I

] HgI [
] I ][ Hg [
k
+
+
=
2
4
= 1,2.10
-13
Phng trnh in ly tng cng :
HgI
4
2
Hg
2+
+ 4I

] HgI [
] I ][ Hg [
k

+
=
2
4
4 2
= k
1
.k
2
.k
3
.k
4
= 9,6.10
-31
k
1
, k
2
, k
3
, k
4
l hng s khng bn nc, cn k l hng s khng bn tng
cng. k cng ln, phc cng khng bn, v ngc li.
Nu xt qu trnh hnh thnh, s to thnh phc cng theo tng nc
v tn ti cc cn bng. V d:
Hg
2+
+ I

HgI
+

] I ][ Hg [
] HgI [
K
+
+
=
2
1

HgI
+
+ I

HgI
2

] I ][ HgI [
] HgI [
K
+
=
2
2

34
HgI
2
+ I

HgI
3

] I ][ HgI [
] HgI [
K

=
2
3
3

HgI
3

+ I

HgI
4
2

] I ][ HgI [
] HgI [
K

=
3
2
4
4

Phng trnh to phc tng cng:
Hg
2+
+ 4I

HgI
4
2-

4 2
2
4
] I ][ Hg [
] HgI [
K
+

=
K
1
, K
2
, K
3
, K
4
l hng s bn hay hng s to phc nc, cn K l hng
s to phc tng cng. K cng ln, phc cht cng bn, v ngc li.
Gia hng s bn v hng s khng bn c mi quan h nghch o, do :
k
1
.K
4
= k
2
.K
3
= k
3
.K
2
= k
4
.K
1
= k.K = 1
Ch : Du ngoc vung [ ] trong phc cht ch cu ni, cn trong
cc biu thc ca k hoc K ch nng mol/L ca cc cu t.
BAI TP (BAI 1)
1.1. Carbon monooxyd cha 43% carbon theo khi lng. Hy vit
cng thc ha hc ca oxyd y v biu th t l carbon/oxyd theo
cc n v kg, g v khi lng nguyn t.
1.2. Lu hunh (VI) oxyd cha 25% mol lu hunh. Cch biu th t l
no sau y l ng, v sao?
;
molSO 100
molS 25
3
;
100
25
3
kgSO
kgS
;
LitSO 100
LitS 25
3

a) b) c)
1.3. Xc nh t l % ca mi nguyn t trong Trimagnesi phosphat.
1.4. Tnh t l % ca H v C trong:
a. Benzen C
6
H
6

b. Acetylen C
2
H
2
c. So snh kt qu tnh a) vi b) v gii thch
d. i lng no phn bit benzen v acetylen.
1.5. Tnh s nguyn t oxy trong 300 gam CaCO
3
?
35
1.6. Tm cng thc thc nghim ca cc cht c t l % ca cc nguyn
t nh sau:
a) Fe = 63,53%; S = 36,4%
b) Fe = 46,55%; S = 53,45%
c) Fe = 53,73%; S = 46,27%
1.7. nh ngha ng lng trong phn ng trung ha v trong phn
ng oxy ha-kh khc nhau nh th no?
1.8. Tnh th tch ca dung dch 0,232 N cha:
a. 3,17 E cht tan
b. 6,5 E cht tan.
1.9. Tnh nng ng lng ca mi dung dch sau:
a. 7,88 g HNO
3
trong mi lt dung dch.
b. 26,5 g Na
2
CO
3
trong mi lt dung dch.
1.10. C bao nhiu ng lng cht tan trong:
a. 1L dung dch 2 N
b. 1L dung dch 0,5 N
c. 0,5 L dung dch 0,2 N
1.11. Cho bit nng ng lng ca dung dch H
3
PO
4
0,300M
trong phn ng sau:
H
3
PO
4
+ 2OH
-
HPO
4
-
+ 2H
2
O
1.12. Tnh th tch nc cn thm vo 250mL dung dch 1,25 N thu
c dung dch c nng 0,500 N.
1.13. Cn my mL dung dch NaOH 6,0 N trung ha ht 30mL
dung dch HCl 4,0 N?
1.14. Xc nh nng ng lng ca dung dch H
3
PO
4
nu 40,0mL
dung dch ny trung ha va 120mL dung dch NaOH 0,531 N.
1.15. Mt dung dch KMnO
4
1,752 N b kh thnh MnO
2
. Tnh nng
mol/L ca dung dch .
1.16. Cn bng phng trnh phn ng sau:
Sn + HCl + HNO
3
SnCl
4
+ NO + ....
V cho bit:
a. 1mol Sn cha my ng lng?
b. 1mol HNO
3
cha my ng lng?
36
1.17. Cn bng phng trnh phn ng sau:
KMnO
4
+ KI + H
2
SO
4
K
2
SO
4
+ MnSO
4
+ I
2
+ ....
V cho bit:
a. Cn bao nhiu gam KMnO
4
pha 500mL dung dch KMnO
4

0,250 N?
b. Cn bao nhiu gam KI pha 25,0mL dung dch KI 0,360 N?
1.18. Tm s oxy ha ca mi nguyn t (tr oxy) trong mi hp cht sau:
a) P
2
O
7
4-
; b) C
3
O
2
; c) MnO
4
-
; d) MnO
4
2-
; e) VO
2
+
;
f) UO
2
2+
; g) ClO
3
-
; h) S
2
O
3
2-
; i) CS
2
; j) S
4
O
6
2-
;
k) S
2
Cl
2
1.19. Cn bng cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
a. HNO
3
+ H
2
S NO + S +...
b. KMnO
4
+ KCl + H
2
SO
4
MnSO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ Cl
2
+...
c. K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ HCl CrCl
3
+ Cl
2
+ KCl + ....
d. Zn + NaNO
3
+ NaOH Na
2
ZnO
2
+ NH
3
+ ...
e. HgS + HCl + HNO
3
H
2
HgCl
4
+ NO + S + ...
f. KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
2
MnSO
4
+ O
2
+ K
2
SO
4
+ ...
g. CrI
3
+ KOH + Cl
2
K
2
CrO
4
+ KIO
4
+ KCl +...
Hy c v vit tn tt c cc cht c trong cc phn ng trn theo
Danh php ca Dc in Vit Nam.
1.20. a) in nhng gi tr thch hp vo tt c cc cn trng ca
bng sau:
Dung dch [H
3
O
+
] [OH
-
] pH pOH
1 5.10
-4

2 3.10
-5

3 6
4 12
b) Cho 3,31 g Pb(NO
3
)
2
vo 1 lt dung dch th nhng dung dch no
trong bng trn c kt ta Pb(OH)
2
?
Cho bit: = 10
2
) OH ( Pb
TT
-12

37
1.21. Tnh pH ca dung dch 1,0.10
-3
M ca mi cht sau, gi thit cc
cht tan l in ly hon ton.
a) HCl b) NaOH c) Ba(OH)
2
d) NaCl
1.22. Tnh pH v pOH ca mi dung dch sau, gi thit cc cht l
in ly hon ton.
a. HNO
3
0,00345 M
b. HCl 0,000775 M
c. NaOH 0,00886 M
1.23. Tnh pH ca 500mL dung dch cha 0,050 mol NaOH.
1.24. Tnh [H
3
O
+
] cc dung dch c pH bng:
a) 4 b) 7 c) 2,50 d) 8,26
1.25. Cho bit gi tr T
AgCl
, nu tan ca AgCl trong nc bng
1,0.10
-5
M.
1.26. Tm tan S ca Mg(OH)
2
trong nc. Bit = 1,2.10
2
) OH ( Mg
T
-11
.
1.27. Dung dch bo ha Mg(OH)
2
trong nc c pH bng my?
Bit = 1,2.10
2
) OH ( Mg
T
-11
.
1.28. Hy tnh tan cu AgCl trong dung dch AgNO
3
0,20M.
1.29. tan ca PbSO
4
trong nc l 0,038 g/L. Tnh .
4
PbSO
T
1.30. tan ca Ag
2
CrO
4
trong nc bng 0,044g/L. Tnh .
4 2
CrO Ag
T
1.31. Tnh tan ca Fe(OH)
3
trong dung dch nc c pH = 8,0.
Bit = 1,0.10
3
) OH ( Fe
T
-36
.
1.32. Xc nh tan ca AgCl trong dung dch BaCl
2
0,10M.
Bit T
AgCl
=1,0.10
-10
.
1.33. tan ca Fe(OH)
2
trong nc l 2.10
-5
mol/L. Tnh gi tr ca
.
2
) OH ( Fe
T
1.34. Tnh khi lng (theo gam) ca PbI
2
ha tan trong:
a. 500mL nc
b. 500mL dung dch KI 0,10 M
c. 500mL dung dch cha 1,33 g Pb(NO
3
)
2
Cho bit = 1,4.10
2
PbI
T
-8
.
38
1.35. Bit cc hp cht phn t di y u l phc cht:
a. CaF
2
.ZnF
2
vi Ca
2+
cu ngoi.
b. PtCl
4
.5NH
3
vi 3Cl
-
cu ngoi
c. 4NaCN.Fe(CN)
2
vi tt c CN
-
cu ni
d. 3KCN.Fe(CN)
3
vi c 6CN
-
cu ni
Hy vit cng thc phn t ca cc hp cht trn di dng
phc cht (cu ni c t trong du ngoc vung [ ]). Xc nh
in tch ca ion trung tm v in tch ca cu ni.
1.36. c tn cc phc cht bi 35.
1.37. Vit phng trnh in ly v biu thc ca cc hng s khng
bn nc v tng cng ca cc phc sau:
a) NH
4
[Ag(CN)
2
]
b) K
3
[Fe(SCN)
6
]
1.38. So snh cc hng s cho bit phc no bn hn trong mi cp
sau y:
a. [Zn(NH
3
)
4
](OH)
2
v [Cu(NH
3
)
4
](OH)
2
c hng s khng bn k
ln lt l 10
-10
v 10
-13
.
b. Na[Ag(CN)
2
] v K[Ag(SCN)
2
] c hng s to phc K ln lt
bng 10
21,1
v 10
11,3
.
c. HgBr
+
v HgI
+
c hng s to phc nc K
1
ln lt bng 10
9
v 10
12,9
.
39
Bi 2
AI CONG V PHN TCH |NH TNH
CC ION TRONG DUNG D|CH
MUC TIU
1. Gii thch c s khc nhau gia cc phng php trong phn tch nh tnh:
Phng php ha hc v phng php vt l - ha l
Phn tch t v phn tch kh
Phn tch ring bit v phn tch h thng
2. Trnh by c s khc nhau gia:
Phn ng tch v phn ng xc nh
nhy tuyt i v nhy tng i ca mt phn ng
Thuc th nhm, thuc th chn lc v thuc th c hiu
3. Lp c s phn tch tng qut 6 nhm cation theo phng php acid-base
4. K c tn cc thuc th nhm anion v vit phn ng minh ha.
Theo nh ngha rng, nhim v ca phn tch nh tnh l s dng
cc phng php phn tch (ha hc hay vt l-ha l) cho bit: c
nhng nguyn t, phn t, nhm nguyn t trong phn t, hay ion no
trong mt mu vt cn nghin cu.
Gio trnh ny ch yu ch gii thiu phn phn tch nh tnh cc ion
v c trong dung dch.
1. Cc phng php phn tch nh tnh
1.1. Phng php ha hc: L phng php nh tnh da trn cc phn
ng ha hc. Phng php ny khng cn trang thit b phc tp nn tit
kim v d thc hin. Tuy nhin, n i hi thi gian tng i di v lng
cht phn tch tng i ln.
1.2. Phng php vt l - ha l: L phng php phn tch nh tnh da
trn cc tnh cht vt l v ha l ca mu vt cn kim nghim. V d, cc
phng php thng dng l:
40
a. Phng php soi tinh th: Dng knh hin vi pht hin cc tinh
th c mu sc v hnh dng c trng ca mt hp cht. Chng hn, ion
Na
+
to tinh th hnh mt nhn mu vng lc nht vi thuc th Streng.
b. Phng php so mu ngn la: t cc hp cht d bay hi ca cc
nguyn t trn ngn la n gas khng mu ri quan st. Chng hn, ngn
la stronti cho mu son, kali mu tm, natri mu vng, bari mu lc
nht.
c. Cc phng php dng c: L nhng phng php dng cc my,
thit b hot ng theo nhng nguyn l xc nh phn tch nh tnh. V
d, sc k, quang ph pht x, quang ph hp th, hunh quang, cc ph.
Cc phng php vt l ha l c nhy v chnh xc cao,
nhng i hi trang thit b phc tp.
1.3. Phn tch t v phn tch kh
a. Phn tch t: L phng php nh tnh c tin hnh vi cc
dung dch. Mu vt rn cn kim nghim phi c ha tan trong nc,
trong acid, trong dung dch cng thy hay trong cc dung mi hu c.
b. Phn tch kh: Tin hnh phn tch vi cc cht rn hoc vi dung
dch bng ng li kh. Chng hn:
Th mu ngn la: Khi t mui Sr
2+
hoc dung dch cha ion Sr
2+
,
xut hin ngn la mu son.
iu ch ngc mu vi natri borat: ngc mu lam l c mui cobalt,
ngc mu lc l c mui crom.
1.4. Phn tch ring bit v phn tch h thng
a. Phn tch ring bit: L xc nh trc tip mt ion trong hn hp nhiu ion
bng mt phn ng c hiu phn ng ch xy ra vi ring ion . Ta c th
ly tng phn dung dch phn tch th ring tng ion m khng cn theo
mt th t nht nh no. Chng hn, xc nh Iod (cng dng ion I
3
-
) trong
dung dch bng h tinh bt, phn ng c hiu cho mu xanh.
Thc t, khng nhiu ion c phn ng tht c hiu. Do , phn tch
ring bit ch c s dng trong s kt hp vi phn tch h thng
b. Phn tch h thng: L tin hnh xc nh ion theo mt th t nht nh.
Trc khi xc nh mt ion phi loi b hoc kha li cc ion cn tr l cc
ion c phn ng vi thuc th ging nh ion cn tm.
Chng hn, ngi ta thng dng thuc th amoni oxalat (NH
4
)
2
C
2
O
4

xc nh ion Ca
2+
qua phn ng:
Ca
2+
+ C
2
O
4
2-
CaC
2
O
4

mu trng
41
Tuy nhin, Ba
2+
cng cho phn ng tng t, do trc ht cn phi
loi ion ny (nu c) khi dung dch nh phn ng vi cromat trong mi
trng acid acetic:
Ba
2+
+ CrO
4
2-
BaCrO
4
mu vng
phn tch h thng mt hn hp nhiu ion, ngi ta thng dng
cc thuc th nhm chia cc ion thnh nhiu nhm, mi nhm c th li
chia thnh cc phn nhm, v cui cng c tch thnh tng ion ring
bit xc nh. Trnh t tin hnh nh vy to nn nhng s phn
tch tng qut v s phn tch nhm.
2. Cc phn ng dng trong phn tch nh tnh
2.1. Cc loi phn ng
a. Phn ng theo bn cht ha hc:
Phn ng ha tan. V d:
CaCl
2
/nc = Ca
2+
+ 2Cl
-
CaCO
3
+ 2HCl = CaCl
2
+ CO
2

+ H
2
0
Phn ng kt ta. V d:
Ag
+
+ Cl
-
= AgCl

Phn ng trung ha. V d:

Ba(OH)
2
+ 2HCl = BaCl
2
+ 2H
2
0
Phn ng to cht bay hi. V d:
NH
4
NO
3
+ NaOH = NH
3

+ NaNO
3
+ H
2
0
Phn ng oxy-ha kh. V d:
2Mn
2+
+ 5PbO
2
+ 4H
+
= 2MnO
4
-
+ 5Pb
2+
+ 2H
2
0
Phn ng to phc. V d:
Hg
2+
+ 4I
-
= [HgI
4
]
2-
b. Phn ng theo mc ch phn tch:
Phn ng tch: Nhm chia cc cht, cc ion thnh nhng nhm nh,
hay tch ring mt ion, mt cht dng cho phn ng xc nh.
Phn ng c trng hay xc nh: Nhm tm mt ion khi n c
c lp hay khi cn trong hn hp.
Phn ng to iu kin cho tch v xc nh, nh:
+ Phn ng kha hay loi ion cn tr.
42
+ Phn ng m kha hoc ph phc gii phng ion cn tm.
+ Phn ng iu chnh pH mi trng ha tan, kt ta hoc trung
ha cht cn phn tch.
2.2 nhy v tnh c hiu ca phn ng
Cc phn ng dng trong phn tch nh tnh cn phi nhanh, nhy,
c hiu, c du hiu d nhn bit (nh kt ta, to mu, mu thay i
trong cc dung mi hay iu kin phn ng, sinh kh c c im ring ...),
xy ra hon ton. Tuy nhin, ty theo mc ch phn tch m phn ng
c la chn ch cn t mt vi yu cu c th, khng nht thit phi c
cc c tnh nu. Chng hn, khi tch ring mt ion bng cch kt
ta th phn ng phi hon ton. Nhng ch nh tnh ion th khng
cn phi nh vy.
Hai yu cu quan trng i vi mt phn ng nh tnh l nhy v
tnh c hiu.
2.2.1. nhy ca phn ng: L lng cht ti thiu c th pht hin c
bng phn ng trong nhng iu kin xc nh. C 2 cch biu th nhy:
a. nhy tuyt i hay gii hn pht hin: L lng cht nh nht,
thng tnh bng microgam (1 mcg = 10
-6
g)trong mt mu em th, cn
c pht hin bng mt phn ng no .
b. nhy tng i: L nng gii hn (hay pha long gii hn),
thng tnh theo g/mL, cn c pht hin bng mt phn ng trong iu
kin xc nh.
V d: Phn ng kt ta xc nh Na
+
bng thuc th Streng trong
ng nghim c nhy tuyt i l 10 mcg, ngha l ti thiu phi c 10
mcg Na
+
trong mt mu em th. Mt khc, quan st c r rng trong
ng nghim th th tch dung dch mu em th t nht l 0,5 mL. V vy,
nhy tng i bng 2.10
-5
g (Na
+
)/mL.
Cng phn ng nhng thc hin bng cch soi tinh th di knh
hin vi, th th tch dung dch mu th ch cn 0,001 mL, theo nhy
tng i vn l 2.10
-5
g/mL (hay pha long l 1/50.000 so vi n v
nng g/mL), nhng nhy tuyt i s l 0,02 mcg (nhy hn 500 ln
so vi phn ng trong ng nghim).
V d trn y cho thy, nhy ph thuc cch thc hin phn ng.
Ngoi ra, nhy cn chu nh hng ca cc yu t nhit , nng
thuc th, s c mt ca cc ion l...
C mt s cch lm tng nhy ca phn ng. Chng hn, dung
dch iod rt long trong nc c mu vng kh nhn bit, nhng khi chit
iod vo cloroform mu tm xut hin rt r rng.
43
2.2.2. Tnh c hiu ca phn ng: L trong nhng iu kin xc nh, c
th dng phn ng (hay thuc th) xc nh mt cht khi c mt cc
cht khc. Tnh c hiu ca mt phn ng c th biu th bng gi tr:
mt c cng l ion Lng
pht hin cn ion Lng
= F
Tt nhin, F cng nh, phn ng cng c hiu.
V d: KI l thuc th c hiu ca ion Hg
2+
v n cho ta mu son
HgI
2
rt d nhn ra, d nng Hg
2+
rt nh nm ln trong nhiu ion khc.
Hn na mu d dng bin mt nu cho d KI do to thnh phc
[HgI
4
]
2-
tan v khng mu.
2.3. Thuc th trong cc phn ng nh tnh
a. Yu cu ca thuc th trong phn tch: Phi tinh khit, nhy v c hiu.
tinh khit l yu cu quan trng nht. Cc thuc th ha hc xp
theo tinh khit tng dn nh sau:
Loi k thut thng lm nguyn liu ban u.
Loi tinh khit th nghim ha hc ni chung.
Loi tinh khit phn tch.
Loi tinh khit ha hc lm cht chun.
Loi tinh khit quang hc dng trong phn tch quang ph.
b. Thuc th theo tc dng phn tch: gm cc loi
Thuc th nhm: L thuc th c tc dng ging nhau ln mt nhm
cc ion. V d, HCl l thuc th ca nhm Ag
+
, Pb
2+
, Hg
2
2+
.
Thuc th chn lc: L thuc th c tc dng ging nhau trn mt s
ion m cc ion ny c th thuc cc nhm phn tch khc nhau. Chng
hn, NH
3
c th to phc tan v khng mu vi mt s ion nhiu
nhm phn tch.
Thuc th c hiu hay thuc th ring: L thuc th ch cho phn
ng c hiu vi mt ion hoc vi mt cht. V d, h tinh bt cho mu
xanh ch vi iod, dimethyglyoxim trong mi trng amoniac to thnh
ch vi ion Ni
2+
mt kt ta mu hng.
3. Phn tch nh tnh cation theo phng php acid-base
phn tch nh tnh cc cation, ngi ta c th dng ng li phn
tch ring bit hay phn tch h thng, thng thng l kt hp c hai cch ny.
Trong ha hc, ng li phn tch h thng cc cation trong dung
dch c xy dng kh cht ch: t mt phn dung dch cn phn tch
44
(cn gi l dung dch ban u, dung dch gc) ngi ta ln lt tch tng
nhm, tng phn nhm, ri tch ring tng cation xc nh cc cation c
mt trong dung dch.
C hai ng li ch yu phn tch h thng cc cation l ng li
theo phng php dng H
2
S v ng li theo phng php acid-base.
ng li theo phng php dng H
2
S da trn s khc nhau v
tan ca nhiu sulfid kim loi tch cc cation thnh 5 nhm. ng li
ny kh cht ch, cho kt qu chnh xc, pht hin trit cc cation k c
khi chng nm trong phc cht. Tuy nhin, ng li ny c nhc im
ch yu l H
2
S rt c hi, mi kh chu v trong qu trnh phn tch
thng gp cc dung dch keo ca S rt kh x l. V th, ngy nay, phng
php dng H
2
S hu nh khng cn c s dng.
ng li phn tch h thng cation theo phng php acid-base ch
yu da trn kh nng to kt ta, to phc vi cc acid-base l HCl,
H
2
SO
4
, NaOH, NH
4
OH.
Bng 6 v S 5 ch ra s hnh thnh 6 nhm cation c bn v ng
li phn tch tng qut. Nhm cation c bn tch li c phn tch thnh
tng phn nhm, ri tng cation nhn bit nh cc phn ng xc nh hoc
phn ng vi thuc th c hiu (xem cc s cc bi tip sau).
Bng 6. S hnh thnh 6 nhm cation theo phng php acid-base
Nhm
Thuc th
nhm
Cc Cation thuc
nhm
Sn phm to thnh vi thuc
th nhm
I HCl Ag+, Hg
2
2+
, Pb
2+
AgCl, Hg
2
Cl
2
, PbCl
2
Nhm
acid
II H
2
SO
4
long
Ba
2+
, Sr
2+
Ca
2+
, (Pb
2+
)
BaSO
4
, SrSO
4
, CaSO
4
, (PbSO
4
)
III
NaOH d +
H
2
O
2
Al
3+
, Cr
3+
, Zn
2+
Sn
2+
, Sn
4+
As
3+
, As
5+
AlO
2
-
, CrO
4
2-
, ZnO
2
2-
SnO
3
2-
, AsO
4
3-
IV (NaOH)
Fe
2+
, Fe
3+
, Sb
3+
Sb
5+
, Bi
3+
, Mn
2+
Mg
2+
Fe(OH)
2
, Fe(OH)
3
, Sb(OH)
3
Sb(OH)
5
, Bi(OH)
3
, Mn(OH)
2
Mg(OH)
2
V NH
4
OH c, d
Cu
2+
, Cd
2+
, Hg
2+
Co
2+
, Ni
2+
Cc phc amino
[Me(NH
3
)
n
]
2+
n = 4, 6
Nhm
base
VI Khng c Na
+
, K
+
, NH
4
+


45
S 5*: S phn tch tng qut 6 nhm cation theo phng php acid-base

Nhm I: (ta clorid)
AgCl, Hg
2
Cl
2
, PbCl
2
Nc ly tm +
H
2
SO
4
2 N
Nhm II: (ta sulfat)
BaSO
4
, CaSO
4
, (SrSO
4
)
Nc ly tm
+ NaOH 2N d
(+ H
2
O
2
)
Nhm III: (nc ly tm cha oxoanion)
AlO
2
-
, ZnO
2
2-
, (SnO
3
2-
, CrO
4
2-
)
Kt ta (oxyd, hydroxyd nhm
(IV + V)
+ HNO
3

(+ H
2
P
2
)
Nc ly tm
+ Na
2
CO
3
ti thong c
+ NH
4
OH c
(+ H
2
O
2
)
Ta HSbO
3
(hoc Sb
2
O
5
.H
2
O)
Ho tan bng HCl c Xc nh Sb:
- Phn ng thy phn
- Thuc th Caille-Viel
(Phn tch theo s 2)
(Phn tch theo s 2)
(Phn tch theo s 1)
Nhm VI: (dung dch phn
tch): NH
4
+
, Na
+
, K
+
Ly tm
+ HCl 6N
Ly tm
(Phn tch theo s 4)
Ly tm
Nhm IV: (ta hydroxyd)
Fe(OH)
2
,Fe(OH)
3
,
Bi(OH)
3
,MnO
2
,Mg(OH)
2
Ly tm
(Sb
3+,5+
c th xp nhm IV do to ta
hydroxyd/acid, khng to phc amoniacat/
hoc xp ring
Ly tm
Nhm V: (nc ly tm cha phc amino)
Cu(NH
3
)
4
2+
, Hg(NH
3
)
4
2+

(Ni(NH
3
)
4
2+
,Co(NH
3
)
6
2+
,Cd(NH
3
)
4
2+
)
Dung dch phn tch cation
(Phn tch theo s 4) (Phn tch theo s 3)
* S th t (5) c ghi tng ng vi s 5 trong Phn 2. Thc hnh phn tch
nh tnh
46
4. Phn tch nh tnh anion
Do khng c thuc th nhm tht r rng, nn cng khng th phn
chia mt cch cht ch ton b cc anion thnh nhng nhm ring phn
tch h thng ging nh cc cation.
Da theo tc dng, cc thuc th nhm anion c th c phn loi
theo Bng 7.
Nh nhng phn ng ca thuc th trn nhm anion- ch yu l phn
ng kt ta v oxy ha kh, chng ta c th nhn bit chnh xc s c mt
hay vng mt nhiu ion.
V d, mt phn ng kt ta khng xy ra vi thuc th nhm AgNO
3

+ HNO
3
2N, c ngha l cc anion tng ng Cl
-
, Br
-
, I
-
, SCN
-
khng c mt
trong dung dch cn phn tch.
Cn nu, mt phn ng oxy ha kh xy ra lm mt mu dung dch I
2

th chc chn l dung dch phn tch c mt hay nhiu anion ca nhm S
2-
,
SO
3
2-
, S
2
O
3
2-
, AsO
3
3-
.
Nh ch dn ca thuc th nhm, cc anion trong mt nhm c xc
nh bng thuc th c hiu, hoc sau phn ng tch, c xc nh bng
mt vi phn ng c trng.
Lu : V c nhiu cation gy ri phn ng nhm v phn ng xc
nh, nn cc cation cn c loi b trc khi tin hnh phn tch
anion. iu ny c th thc hin c bng cch chuyn dung dch phn
tch thnh nc soda (dung dch cha Na
2
CO
3
). Trong nc soda, hu ht
cc cation gy ri (thng l kim loi kim th, kim loi nng) b kt ta
dng carbonat hoc hydroxyd. Cch to nc soda thng thng l: 1 th
tch dung dch phn tch (vi mL) + 1 th tch dung dch Na
2
CO
3
(vi mL) +
vi git NaOH c. Lc hoc ly tm. Dung dch trong sut cha cc anion
dng cho phn tch gi l nc soda; v cch pha ch nh vy gi tt l lm
nc soda.
Tuy nhin nu dung dch gc phn tch, hoc dung dch iu kin
tin hnh phn ng c trng, c tnh cht ca nc soda th c th
thc hin ngay cc bc phn tch m khng cn lm nc soda na.
mc gio trnh ny, s anion c quan tm ch chia thnh 2
nhm:
Nhm I: gm Cl
-
; Br
-
; I
-
; SCN
-
, S
2
O
3
2-
c tch ring bng thuc th
nhm AgNO
3
+ HNO
3
2N
Nhm II: gm CO
3
2-
, SO
3
2-
; SO
4
2-
; AsO
3
3-
; AsO
4
3-
; PO
4
3-
; CH
3
COO
-
, SO
3
2-
,
SO
4
2-
c xc nh theo phng php phn tch na h thng v phn tch
trc tip.
47
S phn tch anion nhm I v nhm II c trnh by Bi 9 v
Bi 10 pha sau.
Bng 7. Phn loi thuc th theo nhm anion
STT Thuc th nhm Nhm anion Sn phm hoc du hiu phn ng
1 HCl 2N hay H
2
SO
4
2N
CO
3
2-
; CN
-
; S
2-
; SO
3
2-
S
2
O
3
2-
; NO
2
-
; ClO
-
To cc kh tng ng:
CO
2
(khng mu, lm c nc vi
trong); HCN (mi hnh nhn); H
2
S (mi
thi); SO
2
(mi sc mnh); SO
2
v S;
NO v NO
2
(mu nu , kh th); Cl
2

(mu vng lc, kh th)
2
BaCl
2
+ CaCl
2
trong
mi trng trung tnh
AsO
3
3-
; AsO
4
3-
; CrO
4
2-
;
ClO
-
; MnO
4
-
; SO
4
2-
;PO
4
3-
; BrO
3
-
; IO
3
-
; F
-
...
To kt ta tng ng:
Ca
3
(AsO
3
)
2
trng; Ca
3
(AsO
4
)
2
trng;
BaCrO
4
vng; Ba(MnO
4
)
2
; BaSO
4

trng; Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
trng; Ba(BrO
3
)
2
trng;
Ba(IO
3
)
2
trng; CaF
2
trng;...
3 AgNO
3
+ HNO
3
2N SCN
-
; Cl
-
; Br
-
; I
-
To kt ta tng ng:
AgSCN trng; AgCl trng; AgBr vng
nht; AgI vng r
4
Hn hp Mg (NH
4
OH
+ NH
4
Cl + MgCl
2
)
AsO
4
3-
; PO
4
3-
To kt ta tng ng:
MgNH
4
AsO
4
trng; MgNH
4
PO
4
trng
5 KI + H
2
SO
4
2N
CrO
4
2-
; AsO
3
3-
; MnO
4
-
;
ClO
-
; ClO
3
-
; BrO
3
-
; IO
3
-
;
NO
2
-
Gii phng I
2
(Nhn bit iod bng mu trong dung
dch nc hoc trong cloroform, hoc
th bng h tinh bt)
6 Dung dch I
2
S
2-
; SO
3
2-
; S
2
O
3
2-
;
AsO
3
3-
Lm mt mu I
2
7
Dung dch KMnO
4
+
H
2
SO
4
2N
S
2-
; SO
3
2-
; S
2
O
3
2-
; NO
2
-
;
AsO
3
3-
; Cl
-
; Br
-
; I
-
; CN
-
;
SCN
-
Lm mt mu KMnO
4
8
Khng c thuc th
nhm
NO
3
-
; ClO
4
-

5. Nhng k thut c bn trong thc hnh ha phn tch
nh tnh
5.1. Ra dng c
Khi tin hnh th nghim, dng c th nghim phi hon ton sch.
kim tra xem dng c sch hay cha, ta c th trng bng mt t
nc ct. Nu trn thnh thy tinh ch li mt lp nc mng v u th
coi nh dng c sch. Nu nc dnh trn thnh dng c thnh tng
git th dng c cha sch cn phi ra li.
C nhiu phng php ra dng c: ra bng phng php c hc v
ra bng phng php ha hc.
48
Thng thng ra bng cch dng chi lng c st vo thnh dng c
ngm nc hoc dung mi thch hp, sau trng ra nhiu ln. i vi
cc dng c thu tinh ch nn xoay chi lng nh nhng vo thnh dng c,
khng chc mnh s lm v hoc thng y dng c.
i vi cc dng c khng ra sch c bng chi lng v nc th
phi dng cc dung dch ra c tc dng vi cht bn. Vic chn dung dch
ra da vo cc c im sau:
Bn cht dng c cn ra (l thy tinh, g, st, nha ...)
Dng c b bn bi cht g, tnh cht ca n nh th no (c th tan
trong dung mi g, c tnh acid hay base, tnh oxy ha hay kh ...)
Vi cc cht bn l mui v c hoc hu c d tan trong nc th ra
bng nc x phng. Vi cc cht bn l du m, nha hoc cc cht hu c
khng tan trong nc th c th dng mt s dung mi hu c nh ru,
bezen, ether ...
Trong trng hp cht bn bm chc vo thnh dng c th c th b
vo bnh mt t giy lc vn, cho dung dch ra vo v lc mnh. Giy vn
s ko theo cc cht bn i m khng lm xc thnh dng c thy tinh.
Ngoi ra cn c th dng cc dung dch ra c tnh oxy ha kh nh:
Hn hp ra KMnO
4
5%: ra s b dng c bng nc, sau ngm
dng c vo dung dch KMnO
4
5% acid ha bi H
2
SO
4
v un nng
nh. Ra sch cc vt mu nu (sn phm phn hy ca KMnO
4
v
cht bn) bng dung dch acid oxalic H
2
C
2
O
4
, hoc cc dung dch khc
nh NaHSO
3
, FeSO
4
,.... Trng li dng c bng nc ct ri sy kh.
Hn hp ra sulfocromic (gm 20 - 30 g K
2
Cr
2
O
7
hoc Na
2
Cr
2
O
7
trong
1 lt acid H
2
SO
4
c) c mu nu : dng ra cc dng c bng
thy tinh, gm s. Sau khi ra bng dung dch ny, trng li dng c
bng nc ct ri sy kh. Hn hp ra sulfocromic c th ti s dng
nhiu ln cho n khi mu nu chuyn thnh mu xanh thm mi
ht tc dng ra.
Ch :
Khng hn hp ra ri trn da hoc qun o.
Khi cn ra cc loi ng nh, khng c dng ming ht m phi
dng qu bp cao su ht dung dch ra hoc c th ngm c dng c vo
dung dch ra.
5.2. Cch un nng
un nng ha cht, tu theo nhit ta c th s dng cc thit b
un nng thch hp. Trong qu trnh un khng nn dng c b thay i
nhit t ngt v d gy nt v.
49
un cht lng:
+ Khi un cht lng ng trong bnh cu, cc thy tinh phi lt mt
tm li amian trnh v. Khng c t cc nng nhc t bp
xung mt bn m phi lt bng cc vt c tnh cht cch nhit
nh g, amian....
+ Khi un cht lng trong ng nghim phi dng cp g cp ng
nghim. Trc ht un nh ton b ng nghim, sau mi tp
trung un, va un va lc u, hng ming ng nghim v pha
khng c ngi.
un cht rn: Dng ng nghim kh, khi un ng nghim nm
nghing, u cao hn y mt cht. Lc u un u khp ng
nghim, sau mi tp trung un ch c cht rn, hng ming ng
nghim v pha khng c ngi.
5.3. Lc
Lc l phng php tch cht rn ra khi cht lng bng cch cho
hn hp i qua mt mng lc.
C nhiu loi mng lc: giy lc, bng thng, bng thy tinh, bng
amian, phu y thy tinh xp.... Vic la chn mng lc tu thuc vo bn
cht dung dch v cht rn cn tch. Nu cht rn hay dung dch lc ph
hu mng lc loi no th khng dng loi y.
V d: acid hoc kim c s ph hu giy lc cellulose nn khi lc
phi dng mng lc amian; CrO
3
c tnh oxy ha mnh, t chy cc cht
hu c th khng dng bng, giy lc thng thng m phi dng bng
thy tinh hoc phu lc c mng thy tinh xp.
Tu thuc vo kch thc ca kt ta nh lc m chn loi mng lc
c kch thc l rng cho ph hp. Cc loi giy lc, phu thy tinh xp c
cc s hiu khc nhau ch kch thc l rng.
V d: vi giy lc, thng phn bit chng da vo mu sc ca bng
giy dn ngoi hp:
Giy lc bng hay bng en: l loi c kch thc l rng ln ( # 10 m).
Giy lc bng trng c l rng trung bnh ( # 3 m).
Giy lc bng xanh c kch thc l rng nh ( # 1 - 2,5 m).
Nhng kt ta thng thng v dung dch c pH t 0 n 14 thng
c lc qua bng hoc giy lc cellulose. Tu theo mc ch lc m ta c
cc cch gp giy lc nh sau:
Gp giy lc phng ly phn kt ta, dng cho phu thy tinh
thng.
50
Gp giy lc c nhiu np gp ly phn dung dch, dng cho phu
thy tinh thng.
Ct giy lc trn v phng ly c phn kt ta v dch lc, dng
cho phu y phng c l.
Ch : Khi gp giy lc khng nn mit tay qu mnh vo giy lc d
gy thng giy khi lc.
Lc di p sut thng bng phu thy tinh hnh nn:
Giy lc sau khi gp, t vo phu phi thp hn ming phu t 3-5
mm. Giy lc phi t st vo thnh phu v gn tm phu nht, trnh
hin tng c khong cch khng kh lm cho vic lc chm. Phi thm t
giy lc bng nc ct trc khi lc.
Khi lc, cung phu cn chm vo thnh cc dng chy lin tc v
lc nhanh hn. Rt cn thn dung dch pha trn kt ta xung ht theo
a thu tinh xung phu. Sau khi dung dch chy ht th mi a kt
ta ln phu.
Ch : khng c kt ta v dch lc cao qu 3/4 mp giy lc; kt
ta khng cao qu 1/2 chiu cao giy lc.
5.4. Ly tm
Khi cn tch kt ta ra khi dung dch, ta dng my ly tm quay tay
hay my ly tm in.
Khi dng my ly tm cn theo ng nhng quy tc sau y:
a) Dng cc ng c kch thc, hnh dng nh nhau
b) Khng dung dch qu 2/3 ng
c) Mi ng ng dung dch cn ly tm phi c mt ng i trng (ng
nc) nng tng ng v t 2 ng i xng qua trc quay.
d) y np my (nu l ly tm in), cho quay chm ri nhanh dn.
e) Khi tt my phi gim tc dn.
Sau khi ly tm, kt ta nm di y ng nghim, phn dung dch
trn quy c gi l nc ly tm. Trng hp cn ta ni trn mt nc ly
tm th cn lc qua mt giy lc nh.
5.5. Ra kt ta
Thng dng ba cch ra kt ta l ra gn, ra ly tm v ra trn
phu lc.
51
5.5.1. Ra gn
Rt nc ra vo kt ta trong cc, dng a thy tinh khuy u v
lng. Gn b phn dung dch trong, ri li thm mt lng nc ra na
v lp li ng tc trn nhiu ln.
5.5.2. Ra ly tm
Trn ta trong ng nghim vi vi mL nc ct ri em quay ly tm,
gn b nc ly tm. Lp li vi ln cho n khi ta sch.
5.5.3. Ra trn phu lc
Chuyn ton b kt ta ln phu lc, rt nc ra va ngp ta.
Ch cho dung dch ra chy ht qua phu lc ri mi rt tip ln khc. Lp
li ng tc ny nhiu ln cho n khi kt ta sch.
Ch : vic ra ta nhanh v sch, mi ln rt nc ra ch cn rt
mt lng nh v phi ch cho dung dch trn phu chy xung ht mi cho
ln tip theo.
kim tra vic ra hon thnh cha, ta ly vo mt ng nghim
nh vi git nc ra sau khi ra c vi ln v th xem c cn cht
cn ra hay khng.
Vic chn nc ra tu thuc vo tan ca kt ta trong cc dung mi.
Thng thng trong phng th nghim hay dng nc ct ra. Cc kt ta
c tan t thay i theo nhit c th dng nc ra nng. Kt ta d tan
trong nc th ra bng nc ngm trong hoc cc dung mi hu c.
5.6. Thc hin phn ng
5.6.1. Kt ta
Thng dng phn ng kt ta tch ring hoc nh tnh cc ion.
Kt ta l tinh th, nu em soi knh hin vi th ta phi c hnh
dng xc nh.
Kt ta l v nh hnh hoc keo, nu ngay sau phn ng ta kh
lng, c m c dung dch.
5.6.2. Soi tinh th
Bng hai cch:
a) Lm phn ng trong ng nghim, dng pipet nh 1 git dung dch
c ln tinh th ln phin knh v em soi trn knh hin vi.
b) Lm phn ng trn phin knh: nh 1 git dung dch, thm 1 git
thuc th bn cnh, dng a thu tinh ni lin 2 git phn ng.
52
Ch : Dung dch long, tinh th xut hin chm nhng r hnh dng.
Nu long qu th h nng phin knh tng nng cht phn ng.
Dung dch c qu, tinh th xut hin nhanh v nhiu, nhng t c
tinh th p v hnh dng c trng.
5.6.3. Th xem kt ta hon ton
Sau khi quay ly tm, nh t t theo thnh ng nghim 1-2 git thuc
th v quan st. Nu phn nc ly tm khng cn xut hin ta th
phn ng kt ta hon ton, nu ngc li l cha hon ton.
Cng th bng cch xem mi trng: nu nc ly tm c pH kim th
phn ng ta kim loi nng bng kim hon ton.
5.6.4. Ha tan kt ta
Thm thuc th hay dung mi vo, nu ta khng tan ht th dng
a thy tinh trn k hoc un nng mt cht.
Nu mun ha tan ht kt ta, c th phi thm tip thuc th v
dung mi.
Nu mun ha tan ch mt phn ta th em quay ly tm ri gn hay
dng pipet tch ring ta v dung dch.
5.6.5. Th cht kh
Cht kh thot ra c th nhn bit bng mu, mi hoc dng thuc th.
Thuc th c th tm vo giy lc ri dnh vo u pipet, u dy hoc ng
y mt ng nghim khc v nghing hay dc ngc hng kh vo.
5.6.6. Th mu ngn la
Mt s cht khi t trong ngn la khng mu ca n gas th bay hi
v cho ngn la c mu c trng.
Cch th: dng dy Nickel-Crom hoc dy Platin ra sch (bng
cch nhng vo dung dch HCl c v t vi ln) nhng vo bt th
hay dung dch cht th ri a vo ngn la khng mu ca n gas.
5.6.7. Th pH ca mi trng
cc phn ng nh tnh trong ng nghim, thng dng cc ch th
mu l nhng cht c mu sc bin i theo pH ca dung dch.
Cch th:
Nh 1-2 git phenolphthalein vo dung dch th. Nu dung dch
khng mu th pH < 8; dung dch c mu th pH > 10; dung dch c
mu hng cnh sen th pH = 8-10.
53
Nhng giy qu tm vo dung dch th hoc tm t giy qu ri h
vo kh bay ra. Nu giy qu c mu th dung dch th hoc kh
bay ra to dung dch c pH < 6; nu giy qu c mu xanh th pH > 8.
Nh 1 git dung dch th ln giy ch th vn nng ri so snh mu
vi thang o mu mu (in sn trn hp hoc ba) xc nh gi tr
pH ( cho mi mu mu).
5.6.8. iu chnh pH ca mi trng
Khi mi trng ang acid m cn iu chnh v mi trng kim hay
trung tnh th thm tng git dung dch KOH, NaOH, NH
4
OH,
NaCH
3
COO, Na
2
CO
3
hay mui ca acid yu v kim mnh khc hoc
l dung dch m vng kim. Tt nhin, nu ang xc nh Na
+
th
khng dng nhng cht cha Na
+
iu chnh mi trng.
Khi mi trng ang kim m mun iu chnh v mi trng acid
hoc trung tnh th thm dn tng git dung dch HCl, HNO
3
,
CH
3
COOH, NH
4
Cl, NH
4
NO
3
hay cc mui ca acid mnh v base yu
khc hoc l dung dch m vng acid.
bi tp (Bi 2)
2.1. Chn mt tr li ng nht:
(nh du vo tr li ng nht)
a. Phng php ha hc trong phn tch nh tnh l phng php
da trn:
A. Cc tnh cht vt l ca mu kim nghim
B. o ph hp th nguyn t, phn t
C. Cc phn ng ha hc
D. Soi tinh th di knh hin vi
b. Phn tch t l phng php phn tch nh tnh tin hnh vi:
A. Dung dch
B. Cht rn
C. Dung dch bng ng li kh
D. C dung dch v cht rn
c. Phn tch ring bit l phn tch:
A. Xc nh mt ion bng phn ng c trng
B. Xc nh mt ion bng thuc th c hiu
54
C. Xc nh ion bng thuc th nhm
D. Xc nh mt nhm ion bng thuc th c hiu
d. Phn tch h thng l phng php:
A. Xc nh ion trong hn hp nhiu ion bng thuc th c hiu
B. Xc nh cc ion theo th t nht nh
C. Xc nh ion bng thuc th nhm
D. Xc nh ion bng phn ng xc nh
2.2. Phn bit ng (), sai (S)
(nh du vo thch hp) S
a. Phn ng tch l phn ng kha 1 ion cn tr

b. Phn ng chia cc ion thnh tng nhm nh
hoc tch ring 1 ion gi l phn ng tch

c. Phn ng xc nh l phn ng tm 1 ion c
lp hoc cn trong hn hp vi cc ion khc

d. nhy tuyt i l gii hn nng cn c
pht hin bng mt phn ng

e. Lng cht nh nht tnh bng mcg trong mt mu
kim nghim cn c pht hin bng mt phn
ng gi l nhy tuyt i

f. nhy tng i l nng nh nht tnh theo
g/mL cn c pht hin bi mt phn ng

g. nhy ca mt phn ng xc nh ph thuc
iu kin tin hnh

2.3. ng li phn tch h thng cc cation theo phng php acid-
base da trn nguyn tc no?
2.4. K ra cc thuc th nhm v tn cc cation trong nhm phn tch
theo phng php acid-base
2.5. V s phn tch tng qut 6 nhm cation theo phng php
acid-base
2.6. K tn cc thuc th nhm anion v c tn cc anion theo mi
thuc th tng ng
2.7. Phn ng gia thuc th nhm anion v anion trong nhm thuc
nhng loi phn ng no v cho nhng sn phm g ? Nhn bit
cc sn phm y nh th no?
2.8. Phn chia cc anion thnh 2 nhm (theo gio trnh ny) l da
trn ng li phn tch h thng? Na h thng? Hay phn tch
trc tip? Gii thch.
55
Bi 3
cation nhm I: Ag
+
, Pb
2+
, Hg
2
2+
Mc tiu
1. Trnh by v gii thch c phn ng ca thuc th nhm vi cc cation nhm I.
2. Vit c mt s phn ng c trng ca cc cation nhm I.
3. Gii thch c cc bc phn tch theo s 1.
1. Tnh cht chung
Cc cation nhm ny c kh nng to kt ta vi hu ht cc acid (tr
HNO
3
), nhng ch c HCl 6N th to ta vi nhm ny m khng to ta
vi cc cation nhm khc. V th, HCl chnh l thuc th tch nhm
cation Ag
+
, Pb
2+
, Hg
2
2+
ra khi cc cation khc.
T cc mui kt ta ny, ngi ta li tch chng ra v nhn bit tng
cation nhm I da vo cc phn ng c trng ca chng.
2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca cc cation
nhm I
2.1. Vi HCl long
Ag
+
+ HCl = AgCl

trng, v nh hnh
+ H
+
Hg
2
2+
+ 2HCl = Hg
2
Cl
2

trng, v nh hnh
+ 2H
+
(Hg
2
Cl
2
cn gi l calomel)
Pb
2+
+ 2HCl = PbCl
2

trng, tinh th
+ 2H
+
AgCl v Hg
2
Cl
2
c tan t ph thuc vo nhit , trong khi tan
ca mui PbCl
2
ph thuc rt nhiu vo nhit ( 20
o
C l 11,0g/L v
100
o
C l 32,0g/L), nn ngi ta c th tch PbCl
2
ra khi AgCl v Hg
2
Cl
2

bng nc nng.
AgCl v c bit l PbCl
2
tan c trong HCl c v cc dung dch
mui clorid m c, nht l khi un nng:
56
AgCl + 2HCl = H
2
[AgCl
3
]
PbCl
2
+ 2HCl = H
2
[PbCl
4
]
Khi pha long cc dung dch ny th thu c kt ta AgCl v PbCl
2

tr li.
AgCl c kh nng to thnh cc phc cht tan:
AgCl + 2NH
4
OH = [Ag(NH
3
)
2
]Cl + 2H
2
O
AgCl + 2KCN = K[Ag(CN)
2
] + KCl
AgCl + 2Na
2
S
2
O
3
= Na
3
[Ag(S
2
O
3
)
2
] + NaCl
Khi acid ha dung dch [Ag(NH
3
)
2
]
+
th kt ta AgCl xut hin tr li:
[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]
+
+ 2HNO
3
= AgCl

+ 2NH
4
NO
3
Hg
2
Cl
2
ch tan trong HNO
3
c hoc dung dch cng thy do Hg
2
2+
b
oxy ha thnh Hg
2+
.
Hg
2
Cl
2
tc dng vi NH
4
OH th to kt ta en, do:
Hg
2
Cl
2
+ 2NH
4
OH = (NH
2
Hg
2
)Cl + NH
4
Cl + 2H
2
O
(NH
2
Hg
2
)Cl = [NH
2
Hg]Cl

trng
+ Hg
o

en
2.2. Vi KI hay KBr
Ag
+
+ I
-
= AgI

vng
Ag
+
+ Br
-
= AgBr

vng nht
AgI ch tan trong KCN v Na
2
S
2
O
3
, khng tan trong acid v NH
4
OH
c. AgBr khng tan trong cc acid, nhng tan trong NH
4
OH c, KCN v
Na
2
S
2
O
3
.
Hg
2
2+
+ 2I
-
= Hg
2
I
2

vng xanh
Hg
2
I
2
+ 2I
-
= [HgI
4
]
2-
+ Hg
o
C th nhn bit c s c mt ca Hg
2
2+
nh kt ta mu vng xanh
ca Hg
2
I
2
trn nn vng ca cc ta AgI v PbI
2
, nhng nng ca Hg
2
2+

phi ln.
Pb
2+
+ 2I
-
= PbI
2

vng
PbI
2
+ 2I
-
= [PbI
4
]
2-
khng mu
Tinh th PbI
2
khi un nng s tan v lm lnh s to thnh cc tinh
th ng nh mu vng rt p. Nhng phn ng ny cng cn nng ca
Pb
2+
tng i ln. Khi nng nh th dng cc thuc th khc nh KI
hay K
2
CrO
4
trong mi trng acid yu hoc trung tnh, hoc Na
2
S trong
mi trng kim.
57
2.3. Vi H
2
SO
4
long
Pb
2+
+ SO
4
2-
= PbSO
4

tinh th trng
PbSO
4
khng tan trong cc acid long, nhng tan trong H
2
SO
4
c,
HCl c, NaOH c, CH
3
COONH
4
:
PbSO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
= Pb(HSO
4
)
2
PbSO
4
+ 4HCl = H
2
[PbCl
4
] + H
2
SO
4
PbSO
4
+ 4NaOH = Na
2
PbO
2
+ Na
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O
PbSO
4
+ 4CH
3
COONH
4
= (NH
4
)
2
[Pb(CH
3
COO)
4
] + (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
Cation Ag
+
v Hg
2
2+
ch to c kt ta vi SO
4
2-
khi nng ca
chng tng i ln, do tch s tan ca cc mui tng ng khng nh.
2.4. Vi NaOH hay KOH
Ag
+
+ OH
-
= AgOH

trng
2AgOH = Ag
2
O

en
+ H
2
O
Ag
2
O khng tan trong kim d, d tan trong HNO
3
, NH
4
OH v d b
nh sng phn hu to thnh Ag.
Hg
2
2+
+ 2OH
-
= Hg
2
O

en
+ H
2
O
Hg
2
O tan c trong HNO
3
v CH
3
COOH c.
Pb
2+
+ 2OH
-
= Pb(OH)
2

trng
Pb(OH)
2
+ 2OH
-
= PbO
2
2-
+ 2H
2
O
Do d to thnh plumbit nn cc mui ch PbSO
4
, PbCrO
4
... u d
tan trong kim d.
2.5. Vi NH
4
OH
2Ag
+
+ 2NH
4
OH = Ag
2
O + 2NH
4
+
+ H
2
O
Ag
2
O + 4NH
4
OH = 2[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]OH + 3H
2
O
2Hg
2
(NO
3
)
2
+ 4NH
3
+ H
2
O = (NH
2
Hg
2
O)NO
3

trng
+2Hg
o

en
+ 3NH
4
NO
3

Pb(NO
3
)
2
+ NH
4
OH = Pb(OH)NO
3

+ NH
4
NO
3

2.6. Vi Na
2
CO
3
hay K
2
CO
3
2Ag
+
+ CO
3
2-
= Ag
2
CO
3

2Pb
2+
+ CO
3
2-
+ 2OH
-
= Pb
2
(OH)
2
CO
3

Hg
2
2+
+ CO
3
2-
= Hg
2
CO
3

Hg
2
CO
3
= HgO

+ Hg

+ CO
2

58
2.7. Vi K
2
CrO
4
2Ag
+
+ CrO
4
2-
= Ag
2
CrO
4

nu
Tu theo mi trng m thu c cc sn phm khc nhau: Mi
trng kim th to Ag
2
O en; mi trng NH
3
th to [Ag(NH
3
)
2
]
+
; mi
trng acid yu s to Ag
2
Cr
2
O
7
; mi trng acid mnh s khng c kt ta.
Hg
2
2+
+ CrO
4
2-
= Hg
2
CrO
4

Pb
2+
+ CrO
4
2-
= PbCrO
4

vng

PbCrO
4
khng tan trong CH
3
COOH long v NH
4
OH, nhng tan
trong HNO
3
long v NaOH.
2.8. Vi dung dch H
2
S
Ag
+
+ S
2-
= Ag
2
S

en

Ag
2
S khng tan trong NH
4
OH, KCN, Na
2
S
2
O
3
, nhng tan trong HNO
3

long, nng:
3Ag
2
S + 8H
+
+ 2NO
3
-
= 6Ag
+
+ 2NO + 3S + 4H
2
O
Hg
2
2+
+ H
2
S = HgS

en
+ Hg
0

+ 2H
+

Pb
2+
+ H
2
S = PbS

en
+ 2H
+

PbS c tch tan rt nh, nn phn ng ny thng c dng tm
Pb
2+
. PbS khng tan trong HCl, H
2
SO
4
, nhng tan trong HNO
3
long, nng
hoc trong HNO
3
c:
3PbS + 8HNO
3 long
= 3Pb
2+
+ 6NO
3
-
+ 2NO + 3S + 4H
2
O
3PbS + 8HNO
3 c
= 3PbSO
4
+ 8NO + 4H
2
O
2.9. Vi Na
2
S
2
O
3
2Ag
+
+ S
2
O
3
2-

= Ag
2
S
2
O
3

trng

Nu d S
2
O
3
2-
th to phc tan:
Ag
2
S
2
O
3
+ 3S
2
O
3
2-
= 2[Ag(S
2
O
3
)
2
]
3-
Khi un nng hoc trong mi trng acid th phc ny khng bn, b
phn hy to Ag
2
S:
2[Ag(S
2
O
3
)
2
]
3-

+ H
2
O = Ag
2
S

en
+ SO
4
2-
+ 2H
+
+ 3S
2
O
3
2-
2[Ag(S
2
O
3
)
2
]
3-

+ 4H
+
= Ag
2
S

en
+ SO
4
2-
+ 3SO
2
+ 3S + 2H
2
O
Hg
2
2+
+ 2S
2
O
3
2-
= HgS

en
+ Hg
o
+ S + SO
2
+ SO
4
2-

Pb
2+
+ S
2
O
3
2-

= PbS
2
O
3

trng

PbS
2
O
3
+ 2S
2
O
3
2-
= [Pb(S
2
O
3
)
3
]
4-
59
[Pb(S
2
O
3
)
3
]
4-
+ 2H
+
= PbS

+ 2S + 2SO
2
+ SO
4
2-
+ H
2
O
2.10. Vi Na
2
HPO
4
3Ag
+
+ HPO
4
2-
= Ag
3
PO
4

vng ti
+ H
+

Ag
3
PO
4
tan trong HNO
3
v NH
4
OH:
Ag
3
PO
4
+ 6NH
4
OH = 3[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]
+
+ PO
4
3-
+ 6H
2
O
3Pb
+
+ 2HPO
4
2-
= Pb
3
(PO
4
)
2

trng
+ 2H
+

Pb
3
(PO
4
)
2
khng tan trong CH
3
COOH, HCl, nhng tan trong HNO
3
,
NaOH:
Pb
3
(PO
4
)
2
+ 9OH
-
= 3HPbO
2
-
+ 2PO
4
3-
+ 3H
2
O
Bng 8: Tm tt cc phn ng c trng ca cation nhm I
Cation
Thuc th
Ag
+
Pb
2+
Hg
2
2+
HCl long
AgCl
trng
, tan trong
NH
4
OH d do to phc
[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]
+
PbCl
2 trng
, tan trong nc
nng
Hg
2
Cl
2 trng
, tc dng vi
NH
4
OH to Hg
0
+
NH
2
HgCl
H
2
SO
4
long - PbSO
4 trng
Hg
2
SO
4 trng
NaOH hay
KOH
Ag
2
O
en
Pb(OH)
2 trng
, tan trong
kim d, to PbO
2
2-
Hg
2
O
en
NH
4
OH d to phc [Ag(NH
3
)
2
]
+
Pb(OH)
2 trng
[Hg
2
ONH
2
]NO
3
+ Hg
0
K
2
CO
3
hay
Na
2
CO
3
Ag
2
CO
3 trng
Pb
2
(OH)
2
CO
3 trng
Hg
2
CO
3
= HgO + Hg +
CO
2
K
2
CrO
4
Ag
2
CrO
4 nu
PbCrO
4 vng
tan trong
kim d
Hg
2
CrO
4
KI AgI
vng
PbI
2 vng
tan trong nc
nng
Hg
2
I
2vng xanh
, nu d
thuc th s to thnh:
HgI
4
2-
+ Hg
0
H
2
S Ag
2
S
en
PbS
en
HgS
en
+ Hg
0

60
3. S phn tch
S 1*: S l thuyt phn tch Cation nhm I: Ag
+
, Hg
2
2+
, Pb
2+















Ta T
1
(AgCl, Hg
2
Cl
2
, PbCl
2
) ra bng
H
2
O + HCl 2N. un si, ly tm nng
Nc ly tm L
1

(c cation cc nhm II, III, IV, V)
Nc ly tm L
2
:
Tm Pb2+
Ta T
2
(AgCl, Hg
2
Cl
2
) + NH
4
OH c, lc l
Kt ta
Tm Hg
2
2+
Nc ly tm:
Tm Ag
+
Dung dch phn tch + HCl 6 N (tng git)
Lc k, ly tm, ly kt ta
* S thc hnh tng ng: xem s 1, Phn2. Thc hnh phn
tch nh tnh
bi tp (bi 3)
3.1. Hy hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
1) AgNO
3
+ NaBr ... +....
2) AgNO
3
+ NH
4
OH
d
... + ...
3) Hg(NO
3
)
2
+ KI
d
... + ....
4) Hg
2
Cl
2
+ NH
4
OH
d
... + ...
5) Pb(NO
3
)
2
+ K
2
CrO
4
... + ...
6) Pb(NO
3
)
2
+ Na
2
S ... + ...
61
3.2. Hy cn bng v la chn mt phn ng pht hin ion Ag
+

trong dung dch phn tch:
1) Ag
+
+ I
-
AgI
2) AgNO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
Ag
2
SO
4
+ HNO
3
3) AgNO
3
+ NH
4
OH
d
[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]NO
3
+ H
2
O
3.3. Hy gii thch v sao c th ha tan PbCl
2
t hn hp AgCl, PbCl
2
,
Hg
2
Cl
2
bng cch un nng?
3.4. Khi dng NH
4
OH c ha tan hn hp AgCl, PbCl
2
, Hg
2
Cl
2
th
cht no s b tan, v sao ?
3.5. V sao ra ta T
1
( s 1) bng nc li phi thm HCl 2N ?


62
Bi 4
cation nhm II: Ca
2+
, Ba
2+
Mc tiu
1. Trnh by v gii thch c phn ng ca thuc th nhm vi cc cation nhm II.
2. Vit mt s phn ng c trng ca cc cation nhm II.
3. Gii thch c cc bc phn tch theo s 2 ( Bi 5, phn phn tch cation
nhm II).
1. Tnh cht chung
Cc cation Ca
2+
, Ba
2+
d dng to kt ta bn vng vi acid H
2
SO
4

long, nn acid ny l thuc th nhm tch cation kim loi kim th ra
khi cc cation khc. Tuy nhin, cc kt ta sulfat ny kh tan hoc khng
tan trong acid hoc kim, nn cn chuyn chng thnh ta carbonat. Sau
ha tan ta carbonat bng CH
3
COOH ri nhn bit tng cation nhm II
nh cc phn ng c trng ca chng.
2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca cation nhm II
2.1. Vi H
2
SO
4
long
Ba
2+
+ H
2
SO
4
= BaSO
4

tinh th trng
+ 2H
+
Sr
2+
+ H
2
SO
4
= SrSO
4

tinh th trng
+ 2H
+
Ca
2+
+ H
2
SO
4
= CaSO
4

trng
+ 2H
+
C th chuyn cc ta sulfat MeSO
4
(Me
2+
= Ba
2+
Sr
2+
Ca
2+
) v dng
ta carbonat bng cch un nng vi dung dch Na
2
CO
3
bo ha nhiu ln:
MeSO
4

Me
2+
+ SO
4
2-
+ CO
3
2-
MeCO
3

2.2. Vi Na
2
CO
3
hay K
2
CO
3
, (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
:
Na
2
CO
3
+ MeCl
2
= MeCO
3

+ 2NaCl
63
Cc mui carbonat ny t tan trong nc, nhng tan trong cc acid
HCl, HNO
3
, CH
3
COOH:
MeCO
3
+ 2HCl = MeCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2

Do CO
3
2-
kt ta c nhiu cation nhm khc, nn khng dng n
tch cc cation kim loi kim th ra khi cc nhm khc.
2.3. Vi K
2
CrO
4
Ba
2+
+ CrO
4
2-
= BaCrO
4

tinh th vng
Sr
2+
+ CrO
4
2-
= SrCrO
4

tinh th vng
Kt ta xut hin ph thuc nhiu vo pH ca dung dch v lun tn
ti cn bng:
Cr
2
O
7
2-
+ H
2
O 2CrO
4
2-
+ 2H
+
cam Vng
BaCrO
4
khng tan trong kim, nn y l c s tch Ba
2+
ra khi Pb
2+
.
2.4. Vi amoni oxalat (NH
4
)
2
C
2
O
4
Me
2+
+ (NH
4
)
2
C
2
O
4
= MeC
2
O
4

tinh th trng
+ 2NH
4
+
Cc MeC
2
O
4
tan trong HCl, HNO
3
; ring BaC
2
O
4
v SrC
2
O
4
tan c
trong CH
3
COOH, cn CaC
2
O
4
khng tan.
2.5. Vi Na
2
HPO
4
Me
2+
+ Na
2
HPO
4
= MeHPO
4

trng
+ 2Na
+
MeHPO
4
tan trong HCl, HNO
3
v CH
3
COOH.
Bng 9: Tm tt cc phn ng c trng ca cation nhm II
Cation
Thuc th
Ba
2+
Sr
2+
Ca
2+
H
2
SO
4
long BaSO
4 trng
SrSO
4 trng
CaSO
4 trng
tan nhiu
trong nc
Na
2
CO
3
BaCO
3 trng
SrCO
3 trng
CaCO
3 trng
K
2
CrO
4
- Mi trng trung tnh
- Mi trng acid

BaCrO
4 vng
BaCrO
4 vng

SrCrO
4 vng
--

--
--
(NH
4
)
2
C
2
O
4
BaC
2
O
4 trng
SrC
2
O
4 trng
CaC
2
O
4 trng
Na
2
HPO
4
BaHPO
4 trng
SrHPO
4 trng
CaHPO
4 trng
Th mu ngn la Mu vng lc Mu mnh Mu gch
64
3. S phn tch
S 2*: S l thuyt phn tch cation nhm II: Ca
2+
, Ba
2+
v
nhm III: Al
3+
, Zn
2+
(Xem mc 3, bi 5 tip sau)
bi tp (bi 4)
4.1. Hy hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
1) BaCl
2
+ H
2
SO
4
... +....
2) Ba(NO
3
)
2
+ K
2
CrO
4
... +....
3) CaCl
2
+ Na
2
CO
3
... +....
4) Ca(NO
3
)
2
+ (NH
4
)
2
C
2
O
4
... +....
4.2. Hy gii thch v sao c th dng Na
2
CO
3
bo ha chuyn kt
ta BaSO
4
, CaSO
4
thnh kt ta BaCO
3
, CaCO
3
?
4.3. Hy gii thch v sao c th dng (NH
4
)
2
C
2
O
4
nhn bit s c
mt ca ion Ca
2+
trong dung dch?
4.4. Hy gii thch v sao c th dng K
2
CrO
4
trong mi trng kim
nhn bit s c mt ca ion Ba
2+
trong dung dch?
65
Bi 5
cation nhm III: Al
3+
, Zn
2+
Mc tiu
1. Trnh by v gii thch c phn ng ca thuc th nhm vi cc cation
nhm III.
2. Vit c mt s phn ng c trng ca cc cation nhm III.
3. Gii thch c cc bc phn tch theo s 2 (phn phn tch cation nhm III).
1. Tnh cht chung

Cc cation nhm III u c kh nng to thnh cc mui tan trong
mi trng kim d:
Al
3+
+ 4OH
-
= AlO
2
-
+ 2H
2
O
Aluminat
Zn
2+
+ 4OH
-
= ZnO
2
2-
+ 2H
2
O
Zincat
V vy thuc th tch cation nhm III ra khi cc nhm khc l
NaOH hoc KOH d. Sau nhn bit tng cation nhm III bng cc phn
ng c trng ca chng.
2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca cation nhm III
2.1. Vi NaOH hay KOH
Al
3+
+ 3OH
-
= Al(OH)
3

trng v nh hnh

Al(OH)
3
+ OH
-
= AlO
2
-
+ 2H
2
O
Mun thu c kt ta Al(OH)
3
th dng acid yu:
AlO
2
-
+ NH
4
+
+ H
2
O = Al(OH)
3

+ NH
3
Zn
2+
+ 2OH
-
= Zn(OH)
2

Zn(OH)
2
+ 2OH
-
= ZnO
2
2-
+ 2H
2
O
66
Mun thu c kt ta Zn(OH)
2
th dng acid yu, nhng khng dng
NH
4
+
v to thnh phc tan [Zn(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
.
2.2. Vi NH
4
OH
Al
3+
+ 3NH
4
OH = Al(OH)
3

+ 3NH
4
+
Zn
2+
+ 4NH
4
OH = [Zn(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
+ 4H
2
O
2.3. Vi Na
2
CO
3
hay K
2
CO
3
2AlCl
3
+ 3Na
2
CO
3
+ 3H
2
O = 2Al(OH)
3

+ 6 NaCl + 3CO
2

Ring Zn
2+
to thnh cc sn phm khc nhau tu theo nng dung dch:
2ZnCl
2
+ 2Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O = Zn
2
(OH)
2
CO
3

+ 4NaCl + CO
2

3ZnCl
2
+ 3Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O = Zn
3
(OH)
2
(CO
3
)
2

+ 6NaCl + CO
2

2.4. Vi Na
2
HPO
4
AlCl
3
+ 2Na
2
HPO
4
= AlPO
4

keo trng
+ 3NaCl + NaH
2
PO
4
3ZnCl
2
+ 4Na
2
HPO
4
= Zn
3
(PO
4
)
2

keo trng
+ 6NaCl + 2NaH
2
PO
4
Cc mui phosphat trn u tan c trong kim v acid v c.
2.5. Vi H
2
S:
Trong mi trng trung tnh hoc amoniac th Al
3+
to thnh Al(OH)
3

:
2NH
4
OH + H
2
S = (NH
4
)
2
S + 2H
2
O
2AlCl
3
+ 3(NH
4
)
2
S = Al
2
S
3
+ 6NH
4
Cl
Al
2
S
3
+ 6H
2
O = 2Al(OH)
3

+ 3H
2
S
Trong mi trng trung tnh hoc kim yu th Zn
2+
to thnh ZnS

:
Zn
2+
+ H
2
S = ZnS

trng v nh hnh
+ 2H
+
ZnS tan trong cc acid v c, nhng khng tan trong CH
3
COOH v
NaOH.
67
Bng 10: Tm tt cc phn ng c trng ca cation nhm III
Cation
Thuc th
Al
3+
Zn
2+
NaOH d AlO
2
-
ZnO
2
2-
Na
2
CO
3
Al(OH)
3 keo trng
Zn
2
(OH)
2
CO
3 trng
NH
4
OH d Al(OH)
3 keo trng
[Zn(NH
3
)
4
]
2+

tan
Na
2
HPO
4
AlPO
4 trng
Zn
3
(PO
4
)
2 trng
H
2
S trong CH
3
COOH ZnS
trng
(NH
4
)
2
S trong mi trng trung
tnh hay kim yu
Al(OH)
3 keo trng
ZnS
trng
(NH
4
)
2
[Hg(SCN)
4
]
C mt vt Cu
2+
, to
kt ta mu tm
C mt vt Co
2+
, to
kt ta mu lc
Alizarin-S
O
O
OH
OH
SO
3
Na


Kt ta sn

O
O
O
OH
SO3Na
Al

(1/3 cng thc phc)


68
3. S phn tch
S 2*: S l thuyt phn tch Cation nhm II: Ca
2+
, Ba
2+
v nhm III Al
3+
, Zn
3+

Dung dch phn tch + H
2
SO
4
2N (tng git) + C
2
H
5
OH.
un nh, ly tm
























Ta T
1
(BaSO
4
, CaSO
4
)
Na
2
CO
3
bo ho lc k, un nng, ly
tm. Lp li 3,4 ln chuyn ht ta
T1 thnh ta BaCO
3
, CaCO
3

Nc ly tm L
1
:Al
3+
, Zn
2+
+ NaOH 2N d
Dung dch: AlO
2
-
, ZnO
2
2-
, c cn bt +
NH
4
Cl bo ha + NH
4
OH c (vi git)
Ta T
3
: Al (OH)
3

Tm Al
3+
Nc ly tm L
3
: [Zn(NH
3
)
4
]
2+

Tm Zn
2+
Ta T
3
: CaCo
3
,
BaCO
3
+ CH
3
COOH 2N
( tan ht)
Dung dch: Ca
2+
, Ba
2+
+ K
2
CrO
4

5%
(ti dung dch mu vng)

Ta T
2
: BaCrO
4
mu
vng (khng tan trong
NaOH 2N)
Tm Ba
2+
Nc ly tm L
2
: Ca
2+

Tm Ca
2+
* S thc hnh tng ng: xem s 2, Phn 2. Thc hnh phn
tch nh tnh.
69
bi tp (bi 5)
5.1. Hy hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
1) AlCl
3
+ KOH
d
... +....
2) Al(NO
3
)
3
+ Na
2
CO
3
... +....
3) ZnSO
4
+ NH
4
OH
d
... +....
4) ZnCl
2
+ Na
2
S

... +....
5.2. Hy gii thch v sao c th dng hn hp NH
4
Cl bo ha v
NH
4
OH c tch ring AlO
2
-
v ZnO
2
2-
?
5.3. nhn bit s c mt ca ion Al
3+
trong dung dch, c th dng
thuc th no trong s cc cht sau, v sao?
1) Dung dch NH
4
OH c
2) Dung dch Na
2
S
3) Dung dch Alizarin-S
70
Bi 6
cation nhm IV: Fe
3+
, Fe
2+
, Bi
3+
, Mg
2+
, Mn
2+
Mc tiu
1. Trnh by v gii thch c phn ng ca thuc th nhm vi cc cation nhm IV.
2. Vit c mt s phn ng c trng ca cc cation nhm IV.
3. Gii thch c cc bc phn tch theo s 3.
1. Tnh cht chung
c tnh chung ca cation nhm IV l to kt ta hydroxyd khng tan
trong kim d. Hn hp Na
2
CO
3
bo ha v NH
4
OH c l thuc th nhm
cung cp OH
-
cho phn ng:
Fe
3+
+ 3OH
-
= Fe(OH)
3

nu
Fe
2+
+ 2OH
-
= Fe(OH)
2

trng xanh
Mg
2+
+ 2OH
-
= Mg(OH)
2

trng
Bi
3+
+ 3OH
-
= Bi(OH)
3

Mn
2+
+ 2OH
-
= Mn(OH)
2

Sau khi tch ring c cc kt ta hydroxyd ca cation nhm IV th

ha tan bng acid ri nhn bit tng cation bng cc phn ng c trng
ca chng.
2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca cation nhm IV
2.1. Vi H
2
O (phn ng thy phn)
Cc cation nhm IV d phn ng vi nc to kt ta, nn mun
chng tn ti trong dung dch th cn duy tr pH ca dung dch thp.
Fe
3+
+ H
2
O = Fe(OH)
2+
+ H
+
Fe(OH)
2+
+ H
2
O = Fe(OH)
2
+
+ H
+
Bi(NO
3
)
3
+ H
2
O = BiONO
3

trng
+ 2HNO
3
71
2.2. Vi NaOH
Fe
3+
+ 3OH
-
= Fe(OH)
3

nu
Fe
2+
+ 2OH
-
= Fe(OH)
2

trng xanh
Fe(OH)
2
rt d b oxy ha bi cc tc nhn nh H
2
O
2
hay chnh O
2

khng kh chuyn thnh Fe(OH)
3
:
4Fe(OH)
2
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O = 4Fe(OH)
3

Fe(OH)
2
v Fe(OH)
3
rt d tan trong cc acid, nhng khng tan trong
NH
4
OH.
Mg
2+
+ 2OH
-
= Mg(OH)
2

trng
Mn
2+
+ 2OH
-
= Mn(OH)
2

trng
Ring Mg(OH)
2
do tch s tan ln nn d tan trong mi trng acid
nh ca mui NH
4
Cl:
Mg(OH)
2
Mg
2+
+ 2OH
-
+ 2NH
4
Cl
2NH
4
OH + 2Cl
-
Mn(OH)
2
d b oxy ha to thnh MnO
2
:
Mn(OH)
2
+ H
2
O
2
= MnO
2

nu en
+ 2H
2
O
Bi
3+
+ 3OH
-
= Bi(OH)
3

trng
Bi(OH)
3
tan trong cc acid, khng tan trong kim d. Nhng khi un
nng, d chuyn thnh mu vng, do b mt nc:
Bi(OH)
3
= BiO(OH)

vng
+ H
2
O
2.3. Vi Na
2
CO
3
Mn
2+
+ Na
2
CO
3
= MnCO
3

trng
+ 2Na
+
Fe
2+
+ Na
2
CO
3
= FeCO
3

trng
+ 2Na
+
lu trong khng kh m FeCO
3
b oxy ha dn to thnh
FeOHCO
3
.
4FeCO
3
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O = 4FeOHCO
3

2Fe
3+
+ 3Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O = 2FeOHCO
3

nu
+ 6Na
+
+ CO
2

FeOHCO
3
d b bin thnh Fe(OH)
3
khi un nng:
FeOHCO
3
+ H
2
O = Fe(OH)
3

+ CO
2

2Mg
2+
+ 2Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O = (MgOH)
2
CO
3

trng
+ 4Na
+
+ CO
2

2Bi
3+
+ 3Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O = 2BiOHCO
3

trng
+ 6Na
+
+ CO
2

72
Cc mui carbonat v mui carbonat base ny u tan c trong cc
acid, ring (MgOH)
2
CO
3
cn tan c trong mui amoni:
(MgOH)
2
CO
3
+ 4 NH
4
Cl = 2MgCl
2
+ 2NH
4
OH + (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
2.4. Vi H
2
S:
Trong mi trng acid:
2Bi
3+
+ 3H
2
S = Bi
2
S
3

en
+ 6H
+
2Fe
3+
+ H
2
S = 2Fe
2+
+ 2H
+
+ S

Trong mi trng NH
3
:
Fe
2+
+ S
2-
= FeS

en
2Fe
3+
+ 3S
2-
= Fe
2
S
3

en
Mn
2+
+ S
2-
= MnS

hng nht
Cc kt ta sulfid ny u tan c trong acid long, ring Bi
2
S
3
ch
tan trong HNO
3
long nng v HCl c:
Bi
2
S
3
+ 2NO
3
-
+ 8H
+
= 2Bi
3+
+ 3S

+ 2NO + 4H
2
O
2.5. Vi Na
2
HPO
4
:
4Fe
2+
+ 3HPO
4
2-
= FeHPO
4
+ Fe
3
(PO
4
)
2

trng
+ 2H
+
Trong mi trng acid acetic th ch to thnh Fe
3
(PO
4
)
2
.
Fe
3+
+ 2HPO
4
2-
= FePO
4

+ H
2
PO
4
-
3Mn
2+
+ 4HPO
4
2-
= Mn
3
(PO
4
)
2

trng
+ 2H
2
PO
4
-
Phn ng trn mun xy ra hon ton, cn thm d NH
4
OH to
kt ta MnNH
4
PO
4
kh tan:
Mn
2+
+ HPO
4
2-
+ NH
4
OH = MnNH
4
PO
4

+ H
2
O
Mg
2+
+ HPO
4
2-
= MgHPO
4

trng
Trong mi trng NH
4
OH + NH
4
Cl th to thnh kt ta MgNH
4
PO
4
:
Mg
2+
+ HPO
4
2-
+ NH
4
OH = MgNH
4
PO
4

trng
+ H
2
O
2.6. Vi tc nhn oxy ha mnh Mn
2+
MnO
4
-

2Mn
2+
+ 5PbO
2
(r) + 4H
+
= 2MnO
4
-
+ 5Pb
2+
+ 2H
2
O
Khng mu Mu tm
2Mn(NO
3
)
2
+ 6HNO
3
+ 5PbO
2
(r) = 2HMnO
4
+ 5Pb(NO
3
)
2
+ 2H
2
O
Khng mu Mu tm
73
2.7. Vi KSCN
Fe
3+
+ 3KSCN = Fe(SCN)
3

mu
+ 3K
+
Fe(SCN)
3
+ 3KSCN = K
3
[Fe(SCN)
6
]
tan mu mu
2.8. Vi K
3
[Fe(CN)
6
]
3Fe
2+
+ 2K
3
[Fe(CN)
6
] = Fe
3
[Fe(CN)
6
]
2

xanh tua bin

+ 6K
+
2.9. Vi K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]
4Fe
3+
+ 3K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
] = Fe
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]
3

xanh ph
+ 12K
+
Bng 11: Tm tt cc phn ng c trng ca cation nhm IV
Cation
Thuc th
Fe
2+
Fe
3+
Mn
2+
Mg
2+
Bi
3+
NaOH
Fe(OH)
2 trng xanh
,
ha nu trong
khng kh
Fe(OH)
3 nu
Mn(OH)
2trng
,
ha nu trong
khng kh
Mg(OH)
2 trng
Bi(OH)
3 trng
H
2
O - - - -
BiOCl

hoc
BiONO
3 trng
Na
2
CO
3
FeCO
3 trng
Fe(OH)CO
3
MnCO
3
Mg(OH)CO
3
trng
Bi(OH)CO
3 trng
Na
2
HPO
4
Fe
3
(PO
4
)
2 trng
FePO
4 vng nht
Mn
3
(PO
4
)
2 trng
MgHPO
4
hoc
trong mi
trng NH
4
OH
MgNH
4
PO
4
BiPO
4 trng
KI - - - -
BiI
3 en
, nu d
KI th to BI
4
-

mu cam
KSCN -
Fe(SCN)
3
mu
, hoc d
SCN
-
to phc
tan mu
[Fe(SCN)
6
]
3-
- - -
K
3
[Fe(CN)
6
]
Fe
3
[Fe(CN)
6
]
2
xanh tua bin
- - - -
K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]
Fe
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]
3
xanh ph

H
2
S trong
mi trng
acid
- - - - Bi
2
S
3 en
PbO
2
trong
mi trng
acid
- - MnO
4
-
mu tm - -
74
3. S phn tch
S 3*: S l thuyt phn tch Cation nhm IV: Fe
2+
, Fe
3+
, Bi
3+
, Mn
2+
, Mg
2+

Dung dch phn tch + NaCO
3
bo ha ti thong c ri tan
+ NH
4
OH c. Ly tm, ly kt ta


Ta Fe(OH)
2
, Fe(OH)
3
, Mg(OH)
2
, Mn(OH)
2
, Bi(OH)
3
.
+ NH
4
Cl bo ha






Nc ly tm L
1
: Mg
2+
Tm Mg
2+
Ta T
1
: Fe(OH)
2
, Fe(OH)
3
, Mn(OH)
2
, Bi(OH)
3
+ HNO
3
10%, un si
Dung dch: Fe
2+
, Fe
3+
, Mn
2+
, Bi
3+
Chia thnh 4 phn





Tm Bi
3+



Tm Fe
2+
Tm Fe
3+
Tm Mn
2+
S thc hnh tng ng: xem s 3, Phn2. Thc hnh phn tch
nh tnh
bi tp (bi 6)
6.1. Hy hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
1) FeCl
3
+ NaOH ... +....
2) Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
] ... +....
3) Fe(NO
3
)
2
+ NaOH ... +....
75
4) FeSO
4
+ K
3
[Fe(CN)
6
] ... +....
5) Bi(NO
3
)
3
+ Na
2
S ... +....
6) Bi(NO
3
)
3
+ KI
d
... +....
7) MnSO
4
+ PbO
2
+ HNO
3
... +....
8) MnSO
4
+ Na
2
HPO
4
... +....
9) MgCl
2
+ Na
2
HPO
4
+ NH
4
OH ... +....
10) MgCl
2
+ NH
4
OH ... +....
6.2. Hy gii thch v sao c th ha tan Mg(OH)
2
bng dung dch
NH
4
Cl bo ha? C th thay dung dch NH
4
Cl bo ha bng cht
no?
6.3. C th dng dung dch KSCN nhn bit s c mt ca ion Fe
3+

trong dung dch khng? V sao?
6.4. Nu ch dng dung dch kim, c th phn bit c hai ion Fe
2+

v Fe
3+
hay khng?
76
Bi 7
cation nhm V: Cu
2+
, Hg
2+
Mc tiu
4. Trnh by v gii thch c phn ng ca thuc th nhm vi cc cation nhm V.
5. Vit c mt s phn ng c trng ca cc cation nhm V.
6. Gii thch c cc bc phn tch theo s 4 ( Bi 8, phn phn tch cation
nhm V).
1. Tnh cht chung
Cc cation nhm ny c kh nng to thnh cc phc bn vng vi
NH
3
, CN
-
, SCN
-
...
Cc mui sulfid ca cc cation nhm ny c tan khc nhau ph
thuc vo acid ca mi trng.
Do c th dng NH
4
OH tch cc cation nhm V, sau dng
Na
2
S tch ring tng cation trong nhm.
2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca cation nhm V
2.1. Vi NaOH
Cu
2+
+ 2OH
-
= Cu(OH)
2

xanh lc
Khi un nng th to thnh CuO mu en
Cu(OH)
2
= CuO

en
+ H
2
O
Cu(OH)
2
d tan trong acid long v tan trong NH
4
OH to phc
[Cu(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
.
Hg
2+
+ OH
-
= [HgOH]
+
mu gch
[HgOH]
+
+ OH
-
= Hg(OH)
2

Hg(OH)
2
= HgO

vng
+ H
2
O
77
2.2. Vi NH
4
OH
Cu
2+
+ 4NH
4
OH = [Cu(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
xanh lam m
+ 4H
2
O
Hg
2+
+ 4NH
4
OH = [Hg(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
+ 4H
2
O
2.3. Vi H
2
S hay Na
2
S
Cu
2+
+ H
2
S = CuS

en
+ 2H
+
Cu
2+
+ S
2-
= CuS

en
CuS khng tan trong HCl, H
2
SO
4
c nhng tan trong HNO
3
theo
phn ng:
3CuS + 8HNO
3
= 3Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 3S

+ 2NO + 4H
2
O
Hg
2+
+ H
2
S = HgS

en
+ 2H
+
Hg
2+
+ S
2-
= HgS

en
HgS khng tan trong HCl, H
2
SO
4
, HNO
3
, nhng tan trong cng thu
theo phn ng:
3HgS + 6HCl + 2HNO
3
= 3HgCl
2
+ 3S

+ 2NO

+ 4H
2
O
HgS cng b kh bi SnCl
2
trong kim hay b oxy ha bi H
2
O
2
trong
mi trng acid:
HgS + SnCl
2
+ 6NaOH = Hg

en
+ Na
2
SnO
3
+ Na
2
S + 2NaCl + 3H
2
O
HgS + 3H
2
O
2
+ 2HCl = SO
2
+ HgCl
2
+ 4H
2
O
2.4. Vi KCN
Cu
2+
+ 4KCN = [Cu(CN)
4
]
2-
+ 4K
+
Hg
2+
+ 4KCN = [Hg(CN)
4
]
2-
+ 4K
+
2.5. Vi SnCl
2
trong NaOH
HgCl
2
+ SnCl
2
+ 6NaOH = 2Hg

en
+ Na
2
SnO
3
+ 4NaCl + 3H
2
O
2.6. Vi KI
2Cu
2+
+ 4I
-
= 2CuI

trng
+ I
2
Hg
2+
+ 2I
-
= HgI
2

cam
HgI
2
+ 2I
-
= [HgI
4
]
2-
khng mu
2.7. Vi NH
4
SCN
Cu
2+
+ 2NH
4
SCN = Cu(SCN)
2

en
+ 2NH
4
+
Hg
2+
+ 2NH
4
SCN = Hg(SCN)
2

trng
+ 2NH
4
+
78
Nu d NH
4
SCN:
Hg(SCN)
2
+ 2NH
4
SCN = (NH
4
)
2
[Hg(SCN)
4
]
Bng 12: Tm tt cc phn ng c trng ca cation nhm V
Cation
Thuc th
Cu
2+
Hg
2+
NaOH Cu(OH)
2 xanh
CuO
en
HgO
vng
NH
4
OH d [Cu(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
xanh lam m
[Hg(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
H
2
S trong mi trng acid
Hoc Na
2
S
CuS
en
HgS
en
KCN [Cu(CN)
4
]
2-
[Hg(CN)
4
]
2-
KI CuI
trng
+ I
2
HgI
2 cam
, nu d KI to phc tan
khng mu [HgI
4
]
2-
SnCl
2
/NaOH - Hg
en
NH
4
SCN Cu(SCN)
2 en
Hg(SCN)
2 trng
, nu d NH
4
SCN
th to phc (NH
4
)
2
[Hg(SCN)
4
]
3. S phn tch
S 4*: S l thuyt phn tch cation nhm V: Hg
2+
, Cu
2+
v
nhm VI: NH
4
+
, Na
+
, K
+
(Xem mc 3., Bi 8 tip sau)
bi tp (bi 7)
7.1. Hy hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
1) CuSO
4
+ NH
4
OH
d
... +....
2) CuSO
4
+ Na
2
S ... +....
3) Hg(NO
3
)
2
+ KI
d
... +....
4) Hg(NO
3
)
2
+ NH
4
SCN
d
... +....
7.2. Hy gii thch v sao khng th ha tan kt ta HgS bng dung
dch HNO
3
c hoc HCl c? Nhng khi trn HNO
3
v HCl theo
t l 1:3 v th tch th li ha tan c HgS?
7.3. Vit phn ng ha tan HgS bng H
2
O
2
trong mi trng acid.
7.4. C th dng dung dch KI d phn bit hai ion Cu
2+
v Hg
2+

khng? V sao?
7.5. C th dng dung dch NH
4
OH d phn bit hai ion Cu
2+
v
Hg
2+
khng? V sao?
79
Bi 8
cation nhm VI: Na
+
, K
+
, NH
4
+
Mc tiu
1. Vit c cc phn ng c trng tm cc cation nhm VI.
2. Gii thch c cc bc phn tch theo s 4 (phn phn tch cation nhm VI).
1. Tnh cht chung
Mui ca cc cation nhm ny u l mui tan, nn thuc th chung
ca nhm khng c. Chng ta tm ln lt tng ion trc tip t dung dch
phn tch (dung dch gc) nh vo cc phn ng c trng ca tng cation
vi tng thuc th ring.
2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca cation nhm VI
2.1. Tm K
+
2.1.1. Bng thuc th Garola Na
3
[Co(NO
2
)
6
] mi trng trung tnh:
2K
+
+ Na
+
+ [Co(NO
2
)
6
]
3-
= K
2
Na[Co(NO
2
)
6
]

tinh th vng
Nhng NH
4
+
cng cho phn ng tng t:
2NH
4
+
+ Na
+
+ [Co(NO
2
)
6
]
3-
= (NH
4
)
2
Na[Co(NO
2
)
6
]

tinh th vng
Do phi loi NH
4
+
bng kim v un nng, sau a dung dch v
pH gn trung tnh trc khi thm thuc th.
Phn ng tm K
+
b cn tr bi ion I
-
v nhy ca phn ng tng
ln khi c mt ion Ag
+
. Nu c I
-
phi loi trc bng HNO
3
c hoc H
2
O
2
2.1.2. Bng acid picric
K
+
+ C
6
H
2
(NO
2
)
3
OH = C
6
H
4
(NO
2
)
3
OK

vng
+ H
+
NH
4
+
+ C
6
H
2
(NO
2
)
3
OH = C
6
H
4
(NO
2
)
3
ONH
4

vng
+ H
+
Cn loi NH
4
+
bng kim trc khi tm K
+
.
80
2.1.3. Bng th mu ngn la: K
+
cho mu tm.
2.2. Tm NH
4
+

2.2.1. Bng kim mnh
NH
4
+
+ OH
-
= NH
3

+ H
2
O
Nhn bit NH
3
bay ln bng giy qu tm t chuyn thnh xanh,
hoc giy tm dung dch phenolphtalein chuyn thnh , hoc bng mi
khai c trng.
2.2.2. Bng thuc th Nessler:
Trong thuc th Nessler NH
4
+
chuyn thnh NH
3
v cho phn ng:
NH
3
+ 2K
2
[HgI
4
] + KOH = [HgI
2
NH
2
]I

nu
+ 5KI + H
2
O
TT Nessler Thu ngn(II)amidodiiodo iodid
Mt s cation kim loi chuyn tip gy cn tr phn ng trn do to
ta hydroxyd c mu hoc ph hy thuc th, nn phi loi chng bng
kim mnh v carbonat hoc kha chng trong phc vi kali natri tartrat
(KNaC
4
H
4
O
6
) trc khi dng thuc th Nessler.
2.3. Tm Na
+
2.3.1. Bng thuc th Streng (Km Uranyl acetat)
Na
+
+ Zn(UO
2
)
3
(CH
3
COO)
8
+ CH
3
COO
-
= NaZn(UO
2
)
3
(CH
3
COO)
9

vng lc
TT Streng
NaZn(UO
2
)
3
(CH
3
COO)
9
c tinh th hnh mt nhn khi soi trn knh
hin vi.
Cc ion Ag
+
, Hg
2
2+
, Sb
3+
cng to kt ta vi thuc th, nhng tinh th
hnh kim di; hoc loi b cc ion ny bng kim mnh trc, ri mi dng
thuc th Streng.
2.3.2. Th mu ngn la:
Na
+
cho mu vng c trng.
3. S phn tch
81
S 4*: S l thuyt phn tch cation nhm V: Hg
2+
, Cu
2+
v nhm VI: NH
4
+
, Na
+
, K
+














Tm NH4+:
Bng NaOH c
Bng TT Nessler
Dung dch phn tch + Na
2
S. un nng
Ta en: CuS, HgS + HNO
3
. un nng
Tm Na+:
Bng TT Streng
Tm K+:
Bng TT Garola
Nc ly tm
Tm Cu
2+
Ta: HgS + S
Tm Hg
2+
Dung dch phn tch: Hg
2+
, Cu
2+
, NH
4+
, Na
+
, K
+
* S thc hnh tng ng: xem s 4, Phn2. Thc hnh phn
tch nh tnh
bi tp (bi 8)
8.1. Hy hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
1) NaCl + Zn(UO
2
)
3
(CH
3
COO)
8
+ CH
3
COOH ... +....
2) KCl + Na
3
[Co(NO
2
)
6
] ... +....
3) NH
4
Cl + Hg(NO
3
)
2
+ KI
d
... +....
4) KCl + C
6
H
4
(NO
2
)
3
OH ... +....
8.2. Hy gii thch v sao cn cho dung dch kali natri tartrat c
trc khi cho thuc th Nessler vo dung dch gc nhn bit
ion NH
4
+
?
8.3. C th cho dung dch K
2
CO
3
bo ha v NaOH c vo dung dch
gc trc khi nhn bit ion Na
+
bng thuc th Streng? V sao?
8.4. C th cho dung dch Na
2
CO
3
bo ha v KOH c vo dung dch
gc trc khi nhn bit ion K
+
bng thuc th Garola? V sao?
82
Bi 9
anion nhm I: Cl
-
, Br
-
, I
-
, SCN
-
, S
2
O
3
2-
Mc tiu
1. Vit c phn ng ca thuc th nhm vi cc anion nhm I
2. Gii thch c cc bc phn tch theo s 6 tch ring v tm tng anion
1. Tnh cht chung
Cc anion nhm I to kt ta vi Ag
+
trong mi trng acid HNO
3

long. Mui bc ca cc anion nhm ny khng tan trong acid HNO
3
.
V th AgNO
3
+ HNO
3
c gi l thuc th nhm tch ring anion
nhm I ra khi hn hp phn tch. Sau da vo cc phn ng c
trng ca tng anion tch v pht hin chng.
loi cc cation gy tr ngi khi xc nh cc anion, cn chuyn
dung dch phn tch thnh nc soda (xem mc 4 Bi 2). Chng hn,
trong nc soda th Hg
2+
c loi b, nh cc anion Cl
-
, I
-
c gii
phng khi HgCl
2
, HgI
+
, HgI
3
-
l nhng hp cht tan nhiu nhng
in ly rt km
2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca anion nhm I
2.1. Phn ng ca Cl
-
Vi Ag
+
:
Cl
-
+ AgNO
3
= AgCl

trng
+ NO
3
-
AgCl tan trong NH
4
OH, KCN, Na
2
S
2
O
3
... to thnh cc phc tan.
Vi Pb
2+

2Cl
-
+ Pb
2+
= PbCl
2

trng
PbCl
2
tan trong nc nng v kt ta tr li khi lm lnh.
Phn ng oxy ha:
2Cl
-
+ PbO
2
+ 4H
+
= Cl
2
+ Pb
2+
+ 2H
2
O
83
Nhn bit Cl
2
sinh ra bng giy tm KI v h tinh bt do:
Cl
2
+ 2KI = 2KCl + I
2
I
2
lm xanh h tinh bt.
2.2. Phn ng ca Br
-
Vi Ag
+
:
Br
-
+ AgNO
3
= AgBr

vng nht
+ NO
3
-
AgBr tan trong NH
4
OH, KCN, Na
2
S
2
O
3
... to thnh cc phc tan.
Vi Pb
2+

2Br
-
+ Pb
2+
= PbBr
2

trng
PbBr
2
tan trong kim, CH
3
COONH
4
v KBr d:
PbBr
2
+ 2KBr = K
2
[PbBr
4
]
Br
-
tc dng vi nc clor hoc nc Javel, sinh ra Br
2
:
2Br
-
+ Cl
2
= Br
2
+ 2Cl
-
Br
2
tan trong cloroform cho dung dch mu vng rm.
Vi thuc th hu c:
Br
-
+ dung dch Fluorescein = Eosin
hng
2.3. Phn ng ca I
-
Vi Ag
+
:
I
-
+ AgNO
3
= AgI

vng
+ NO
3
-
AgI khng tan trong NH
4
OH, nhng tan trong KCN to thnh
phc tan.
Vi Hg
2+
:
Hg
2+
+ 2I
-
= HgI
2

cam
HgI
2
+ 2I
-
= [HgI
4
]
2-
tan, khng mu
Vi Cu
2+
:
2Cu
2+
+ 4I
-
= 2CuI

trng
+ I
2

nu sm
(Nu c ln SO
3
2-
th: I
2
+ SO
3
2-
+ H
2
O = I
-
+ SO
4
2-
+ 2H
+
)
Vi NaNO
2
trong mi trng acid:
2I
-
+ 2NO
2
-
+ 4H
+
= I
2
+ 2NO + 2H
2
O
I
2
lm xanh h tinh bt.
84
Vi nc clor hoc nc Javel, sinh ra I
2
:
2I
-
+ Cl
2
= I
2
+ 2Cl
-
I
2
tan trong cloroform (dung mi khng oxy) cho dung dch mu tm.
Nu Cl
2
d s lm mt mu I
2
, v:
I
2
+ 5Cl
2
+ 6H
2
O = 2HIO
3
+ 10HCl
Vi Fe
3+
:
2Fe
3+
+ 2I
-
= 2Fe
2+
+ I
2
2.4. Phn ng ca SCN
-
Vi Ag
+
:
Ag
+
+ SCN
-
= AgSCN

trng
Nu d SCN
-
th kt ta tan do to phc:
AgSCN + 2SCN
-
= [Ag(SCN)
3
]
2-
Vi Hg
2+
:
Hg
2+
+ 2SCN
-
= Hg(SCN)
2

trng
Nu d SCN
-
th kt ta tan do to phc:
Hg(SCN)
2
+ 2SCN
-
= [Hg(SCN)
4
]
2-
Nu c mt ion Co
2+
th s to kt ta xanh thm:
Co
2+
+ [Hg(SCN)
4
]
2-
= Co[Hg(SCN)
4
]

xanh thm
Vi Fe
3+
:
Fe
3+
+ 3SCN
-
= Fe(SCN)
3

mu
Nu d SCN
-
th kt ta tan do to phc tan c mu mu:
Fe(SCN)
3
+ 3SCN
-
= [Fe(SCN)
6
]
3-
2.5. Phn ng ca S
2
O
3
2-
Vi Ag
+
:
2Ag
+
+ S
2
O
3
2-
= Ag
2
S
2
O
3

trng
+ Ag
2
S
2
O
3
sinh ra b phn hy thnh mu vng nu ri chuyn thnh
en do:
Ag
2
S
2
O
3
+ H
2
O = Ag
2
S

en
+ H
2
SO
4
+ Ag
2
S
2
O
3
tan trong Na
2
S
2
O
3
d do to thnh phc:
Ag
2
S
2
O
3
+ 3 Na
2
S
2
O
3
= 2Na
3
[Ag(S
2
O
3
)
2
]
85
Vi Ba
2+
:
Ba
2+
+ S
2
O
3
2-
= BaS
2
O
3

trng
Kt ta BaS
2
O
3
d tan trong cc acid v c thng thng.
Vi acid v c long:
2H
+
+ S
2
O
3
2-
= SO
2

+ S

+ H
2
O
Vi dung dch iod:
S
2
O
3
2-
lm mt mu dung dch iod do n kh I
2
n I
-
. Phn ng ny
cn ng dng trong php phn tch nh lng:
I
2
+ 2S
2
O
3
2-
= 2I
-
+ S
4
O
6
2-
Tetrathionat
3. S phn tch
S 6*: S l thuyt phn tch anion nhm I Cl
-,
Br
-
, I
-
, SCN
-
, S
2
O
3
2-

Dung dch phn tch
+ Na
2
CO
3
(lm nc soda)









Nc ly tm (nc soda):
Cha anion nhm I + Cation
kim loi kim v NH
4+
, + HNO
3
2N + AgNO
3
Ta: carbonat cc cation
khng phi kim loi kim
(b i hoc tm cc cation)
Ta: Anion nhm I
(Nu ta t nu en l c S
2
O
3
2-
, v
Ag
2
S
2
O
3
Ag
2
S) Chia 2 phn
Nc ly tm:
Anion cc nhm khc
(b i)
Phn ln ta:
+ (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
un k
Phn nh ta:
Tm SCN-





Ta: AgBr, AgI, AgSCN
(c th cn AgCl),
+ H
2
SO
4
2N + Zn ht
Nc ly tm: Br-, I-, SCN- (Cl-)
Tm I-, Br-, SCN-
Nc ly tm:
[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]Cl Tm Cl-
*. S thc hnh tng ng: xem s 6, Phn 2. Thc hnh phn
tch nh tnh
86
bi tp (bi 9)
9.1. Hy hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
1) NaCl + PbO
2
+ HNO
3
... +....
2) NaBr + Cl
2
... +....
3) Hg(NO
3
)
2
+ NaI
d
... +....
4) NaI + FeCl
3
... +....
5) NaI + NaNO
2
+ H
2
SO
4
... +....
6) FeCl
3
+ NaSCN
d
... +....
9.2. Cn bng cc phn ng sau v cho bit phn ng no c th dng
pht hin ion Cl
-
trong dung dch? V sao?
1) NaCl + AgNO
3
AgCl

+ NaNO
3
2) BaCl
2
+ H
2
SO
4
BaSO
4

+ HCl
3) CaCl
2
+ Na
2
CO
3
CaCO
3

+ NaCl
9.3. Cn bng cc phn ng sau v cho bit phn ng no c th dng
pht hin ion Br
-
trong dung dch? V sao?
1) KBr + Pb(NO
3
)
2
PbBr
2

+ KNO
3
2) SrBr
2
+ Na
2
SO
4
NaBr + SrSO
4

3) AlBr
3
+ NaOH NaBr + Al(OH)
3

9.4. Cn bng cc phn ng sau v cho bit phn ng no c th dng

pht hin ion I
-
trong dung dch? V sao?
1) NaI + NaNO
2
+ HNO
3
NaNO
3
+ I
2
+ H
2
O
2) ZnI
2
+ NH
4
OH [Zn(NH
3
)
4
](OH)
2
+ NH
4
I + H
2
O
3) BaI
2
+ K
2
CO
3
BaCO
3

+ KI
9.5. Cn bng cc phn ng sau v cho bit phn ng no c th dng
pht hin ion SCN
-
trong dung dch? V sao?
1) KSCN + FeCl
3
K
3
[Fe(SCN)
6
] + KCl
2) Ca(SCN)
2
+ (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
CaSO
4

+ NH
4
SCN
3) Ba(SCN)
2
+ Na
3
PO
4
Ba
3
(PO
4
)
2

+ NaSCN
9.6. Cn bng cc phn ng sau v cho bit phn ng no c th dng
pht hin ion S
2
O
3
2-
trong dung dch? V sao?
1) Na
2
S
2
O
3
+ AgNO
3
Ag
2
S
2
O
3
+ NaNO
3
2) SrS
2
O
3
+ K
2
CO
3
K
2
S
2
O
3
+ SrCO
3
3) K
2
S
2
O
3
+ BaCl
2
BaS
2
O
3
+ KCl
9.7. V sao c th dng nc Javel hoc nc clor va pht hin I
-
,
sau cho d nc Javel hoc d nc clor pht hin tip Br
-
?
87
Bi 10
anion nhm II: CO
3
2-
, PO
4
3-
, CH
3
COO
-
,
AsO
3
3-
, AsO
4
3-
, SO
3
2-
, SO
4
2-
, (S
2
O
3
2-
)
Mc tiu
1. Vit c phn ng ca thuc th nhm v mt s phn ng c trng cho cc
anion nhm II.
2. Gii thch c cc bc phn tch theo s 7 tm anion nhm II.
1. ng li phn tch nhm II
Khng c thuc th nhm chung cho tt c cc anion nhm II. nh
tnh anion nhm ny, cn s dng nhiu phng php phn tch v
thuc th khc nhau, nh:
+ Phng php phn tch ring bit tm trc tip mt ion t dung
dch gc, v d i vi CO
3
2-
, CH
3
COO
-
.
+ Phng php phn tch na h thng tm vi anion, v d i vi
cm SO
3
2-
, SO
4
2-
v S
2
O
3
2-
.
+ Dng thuc th nhm, v d hn hp Mg xc nh AsO
4
3-
, PO
4
3-

+ Dng thuc th c hiu, v d formalin tm SO
3
2-
; amoni
molypdat tm PO
4
3-

loi cc cation gy ri cho phn ng c trng hay nh hng n
phn ng c hiu, cn chuyn dung dch phn tch thnh nc soda
(xem mc 4, Bi 2) trc khi tm anion.
2. Cc phn ng c trng ca anion nhm II
2.1. Phn ng ca CO
3
2-
Vi Ba
2+
:
Ba
2+
+ CO
3
2-
= BaCO
3

trng
BaCO
3
tan trong acid v c thng thng.
88
Vi Ag
+
:
2Ag
+
+ CO
3
2-
= Ag
2
CO
3

trng
Ag
2
CO
3
= Ag
2
O

en
+ CO
2

Vi acid long:
2H
+
+ CO
3
2-
= H
2
CO
3
CO
2

+ H
2
O
Kh CO
2
sinh ra c th nhn bit do lm c nc vi trong.
2.2. Phn ng ca PO
4
3-
Vi thuc th amoni molybdat (NH
4
)
2
MoO
4
:
PO
4
3-
+ 12(NH
4
)
2
MoO
4
+ 12H
2
O = (NH
4
)
3
[PMo
12
O
40
]
vng
+ 21NH
4
OH + 3OH
-
Vi Ag
+
:
3Ag
+
+ PO
4
3-
= Ag
3
PO
4

vng
Ag
3
PO
4
tan trong acid v c v trong NH
4
OH.
Vi Ba
2+
:
3Ba
2+
+ 2PO
4
3-
= Ba
3
(PO
4
)
2

trng
Vi Mg
2+
(trong hn hp Mg = MgCl
2
+ NH
4
OH + NH
4
Cl):
Mg
2+
+ NH
4
OH + PO
4
3-
= MgNH
4
PO
4

trng
+ OH
-
2.3. Phn ng ca CH
3
COO
-
Vi FeCl
3
:
6CH
3
COO
-
+ 3Fe
3+
+ 2OH
-
= [Fe
3
(OH)
2
(CH
3
COO)
6
]
+
phc tan, mu
.
Nu pha long, un si, phc b thy phn:
[Fe
3
(OH)
2
(CH
3
COO)
6
]
+
+ 4H
2
O = 3Fe(OH)
2
CH
3
COO
nu
+ 3CH
3
COOH + H
+
Vi H
+
:
CH
3
COO
-
+ H
+
= CH
3
COOH
Acid acetic c th nhn bit bng mi.
Vi ru:
CH
3
COO
-
+ C
2
H
5
OH = CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
Ester sinh ra c mi thm c trng.
2.4. Phn ng ca AsO
3
3-
Vi H
2
S trong mi trng acid:
3H
2
S + 6H
+
+ 2AsO
3
3-
= As
2
S
3

vng
+ 6H
2
O
89
Vi Na
2
S
2
O
3
trong mi trng acid:
3Na
2
S
2
O
3
+ 6H
+
+ 2AsO
3
3-
= As
2
S
3

vng
+ 3Na
2
SO
4
+ 3H
2
O
Vi Ag
+
trong mi trng trung tnh:
3Ag
+
+ AsO
3
3-
= Ag
3
AsO
3

vng
Vi nc I
2
trong mi trng trung tnh:
AsO
3
3-
+ I
2
+ H
2
O = AsO
4
3-
+ 2I
-
+ 2H
+
Vi Cr
2
O
7
2-
trong mi trng acid:
Cr
2
O
7
2-
da cam
+ 8H
+
+ 3AsO
3
3-
= 3AsO
4
3-
+ 2Cr
3+
xanh lc
+ 4H
2
O
2.5. Phn ng ca AsO
4
3-
Vi Na
2
S
2
O
3
trong mi trng acid:
3Na
2
S
2
O
3
+ 10H
+
+ 2AsO
4
3-
= As
2
S
3

vng
+ 3Na
2
SO
4
+ 5H
2
O
Vi Ag
+
trong mi trng trung tnh:
3Ag
+
+ AsO
4
3-
= Ag
3
AsO
4

nu
Vi H
2
S trong mi trng acid mnh:
5H
2
S + 6H
+
+ 2AsO
4
3-
= As
2
S
5

vng
+ 8H
2
O
Vi KI trong mi trng acid:
AsO
4
3-
+ 2I
-
+ 2H
+
= AsO
3
3-
+ I
2
+ H
2
O
Vi hydro mi sinh trong mi trng acid:
4Zn + 4H
2
SO
4
+ AsO
4
3-
= AsH
3

+ 4ZnSO
4
+ 3OH
-
+ H
2
O
AsH
3
sinh ra s lm i mu HgCl
2
tm trn giy lc:
2AsH
3
+ 3HgCl
2
= As
2
Hg
3

nu vng
+ 6HCl
2.6. Phn ng ca SO
3
2-
Vi Ba
2+
:
Ba
2+
+ SO
3
2-
= BaSO
3

trng
BaSO
3
tan trong cc acid long:
BaSO
3
+ 2HCl = BaCl
2
+ H
2
O + SO
2

Vi cc acid v c long:
SO
3
2-
+ 2H
+
= H
2
O + SO
2

Kh SO
2
sinh ra c th nhn bit bng cch lm c nc vi trong
hoc lm mt mu thuc tm:
90
SO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
= CaSO
3

trng
+ H
2
O
5SO
2
+ 2KMnO
4
+ 2H
2
O = K
2
SO
4
+ 2MnSO
4
+ 2H
2
SO
4
Vi dung dch I
2
, lm mt mu nc iod:
SO
3
2-
+ I
2
+ H
2
O = SO
4
2-
+ 2I
-
+ 2H
+
Vi formalin (formaldehyd):
HCHO +SO
3
2-
+ H
2
O HCH(OH)SO
3
-
+ OH
-
S xut hin ca ion OH- lm phenolphthalein
2.7. Phn ng ca SO
4
2-
Vi Ba
2+
:
Ba
2+
+ SO
4
2-
= BaSO
4

trng
BaSO
4
khng tan trong cc acid long thng thng.
Vi Ag
+
:
2Ag
+
+ SO
4
2-
= Ag
2
SO
4

trng
Kt ta Ag
2
SO
4
ch to thnh khi nng SO
4
2-
kh ln. Khi pha
long dung dch th kt ta li b tan ra do tch s tan ca Ag
2
SO
4
ln.
91
3. S phn tch
S 7*: S l thuyt phn tch anion nhm II CO
3
2-
, CH
3
COO
-
,
PO
4
3-
, AsO
3
3-
, AsO
4
3-
, SO
3
2-
, SO
4
2-
, (S
2
O
3
2-
)























Tm CO
3
2-
=
Dung dch
phn tch
+ HCl 2N
CO
2

Tm CH
3
COO- =
Dung dch phn tch:
- Hoc bng FeCl
3
10%
- Hoc bng H
2
SO
4
c
+ ru amylic
Tm PO
4
3-
= Dung dch
va tm CO
3
2-
+ HNO
3

c + TT
amoni molypdat
( lnh trong nc )
Nc ly tm
(nc soda): iu chnh
pH v kim nh
hoc trung tnh bng
CH
3
COOH 2N
chia lm 2 phn
Mt phn (nc soda):
+ Hn hp Mg
Mt phn (nc soda):
un nng, + Sr(NO
3
)
2
bo ha

Dung dch phn tch
+ Na
2
CO
3
(lm nc soda).

Ta: carbonat, hydroxyd
cc cation khng phi kim
loi kim
(b i hoc tm cation)
Nc ly tm L1:
AsO
3
3-

Tm AsO
3
3-
Ta T2: Mui Sr
2+
ca
SO
3
2-
, SO
4
2-
, AsO
3
2-
, PO
4
3-
, CO
3
2-
,
+ HCl 2N
Tm SO
4
2-

Tm SO
3
2-
Ta T
1
:
Tm AsO
4
3-
Nc ly tm L2:
Tm S
2
O
3
2-

Dung dch phn tch: Anion nhm II
*. S thc hnh phn tch: xem s 7, Phn 2. Thc hnh phn
tch nh tnh
92
bi tp (bi 10)
10.1. Hy hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
1) Na
2
CO
3
+ HNO
3
... +....
2) MgCl
2
+ (NH
4
)
3
PO
4
+ NH
4
OH ... +....
3) FeCl
3
+ CH
3
COONa + NaOH .... +....
4) Na
3
AsO
3
+ I
2
+ H
2
O .... +....
5) Na
3
AsO
4
+ KI + HCl ... +....
10.2. Cn bng cc phn ng sau v cho bit phn ng no c th
dng pht hin ion CO
3
2-
trong dung dch? V sao?
1) K
2
CO
3
+ HCl KCl + H
2
CO
3
....
2) K
2
CO
3
+ Na
3
[Co(NO
2
)
6
] K
2
Na[Co(NO
2
)
6
] + Na
2
CO
3
3) (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
+ NaOH Na
2
CO
3
+ NH
4
OH
10.3. Cn bng cc phn ng sau v cho bit phn ng no c th
dng pht hin ion CH
3
COO
-
trong dung dch? V sao?
1) CH
3
COONa + HCl CH
3
COOH + NaCl
2) (CH
3
COO)
2
Ca + Na
2
CO
3
CaCO
3
+ CH
3
COONa
3) CH
3
COONa + FeCl
3
+ NaOH [Fe
3
(OH)
2
(CH
3
COO)
6
]
+
+ NaCl
10.4. Cn bng cc phn ng sau v cho bit phn ng no c th
dng pht hin ion SO
3
2-
trong dung dch? V sao?
1) Na
2
SO
3
+ HCl NaCl + H
2
SO
3
....
2) (NH
4
)
2
SO
3
+ NaOH Na
2
SO
3
+ NH
4
OH
3) K
2
SO
3
+ CaCl
2
CaSO
3
+ KCl
93
Bi 11
Phn Tch hn hp cation v
anion trong dung dch
Mc tiu
1. Trnh by v gii thch c cc cch th s b i vi dung dch gc trc khi
tin hnh phn tch h thng
2. Nu c cc kha cnh cn nhn xt v ngha ca chng i vi kt qu phn
tch cui cng.
y ch trnh by i cng cc bc phn tch khi c dung dch
l hn hp cation v anion cn xc nh.
Qu trnh phn tch nh tnh mt dung dch bao gm 4 phn: Nhn
xt v th s b; phn tch anion; phn tch cation; v nhn xt v kt qu
cui cng
1. Nhn xt v th s b
Trc khi tin hnh phn tch mt dung dch bao gi cng phi nhn
xt v th s b. Kt qu nhn xt v th s b s gip d on v thnh
phn dung dch, nh gip nh hng cho phn tch h thng, na h
thng hay phn tch ring bit. Tuy nhin, khng c nh kin v s c
mt hay vng mt vi mt ion c th no, tr mt vi trng hp c bit.
1.1. Nhn xt nh gic quan
1.1.1. Mu sc
Da vo mu ca dung dch c th d kin v s c mt mt s cation
v anion (Bng 13).



94
Bng 13. Mu ca mt s cation v anion
Mu dung dch Nhng ion c th c
Tm
Lam
Lam tm m
nu
da cam
mu
Hng
Lc
Vng
MnO
4
-
Cu
2+
(trong nc)
Cu
2+
(trong amoniac)
I
2
Cr
2
O
7
2-
; [ Fe(CN)
6
]
3-
Cc phc ca SCN
-
v Fe
3+
Co
2+
(Trong nc)
Cr
3+
; Fe
2+
(trong nc); Co
2+
(trong acid mnh)
[Fe(CN)
6
]
4-
; Cr0
4
2-
; I
2
long; Fe
3+
Mun bit mu l ca anion hay ca cation, c th th s b nh sau:
cho Na
2
C0
3
bo ha vo dung dch, un si, ly tm. Nu dung dch c mu
th l mu ca anion, nu ta c mu th l mu ca cation, cn nu
mu mt i th c th l ca Cl
2
, Br
2
, I
2
. Nh rng, mu ca dung dch c
khi l hn hp mu ca nhiu cht.
1.1.2. Mi
Khi dung dch cha mt s hp cht bay hi, c th to ra mi ca n.
V d: mi khai ca NH
3
(dung dch c NH
4
+
); mi hnh nhn ca HCN
(dung dch c CN
-
); mi thi ca H
2
S (dung dch c S
2-
); mi sc lu hunh
chy ca SO
2
(dung dch c HSO
3
2-
); mi dm ca CH
3
COOH (dung dch c
CH
3
COO
-
)
1.2. Th pH ca dung dch
Da vo pH ta c th d on s b thnh phn ca dung dch.
Dung dch c pH acid (lm giy qu hoc cho mu vng vi da cam
methyl) th:
+ C th cha acid, v d: HCl, H
2
SO
4
, NaHSO
3
, NH
4
Cl.
+ Khng c mt cc anion b hu mi trng acid, v d: CO
3
2-
,
S
2
O
3
2-
, SO
3
2-

+ Khng th ng thi c mt cc ion c phn ng oxy ha kh vi
nhau mi trng acid, v d: I
-
vi NO
2
-
, ClO
3
-
, AsO
4
3-
(gii phng
I
2
)/ NO
2
-
vi ClO
3
-
/ SO
3
2-
v S
2
O
3
2-
vi AsO
4
3-
/ NO
2
-
vi AsO
3
3-
/ Sn
2+

vi Hg
2+
hay Fe
3+
/ Cr
2
O
7
2-
v Mn0
4
-
vi I
-
, Fe
2+
, NO
2
-
, Sn
2+
/ v..v..
Dung dch c pH kim (lm phenolphthalein, hoc lm xanh giy
qu tm) th:
C th c kim t do hoc cc mui cho phn ng kim, v d:
NaHCO
3
; K
2
CO
3
; NaCH
3
COO
-
;.
95
Dung dch c pH trung tnh th khng cha acid hay kim t do,
khng c mt cc mui d thu phn.
1.3. Th tnh bay hi ca cht tan
Chng hn c cn 1mL dung dch ri nung cn. Nu cn bay hi ht
th c th l cc mui amoni NH
4
+
, cc acid v vi mui khc d phn
hu thnh kh.
1.4. Th mu ngn la
Nhng dy Platin hay dy Nikelcrom sch vo dung dch ri a vo
ngn la khng mu ca n kh, nhiu cation s cho mu c trng
Bng 14: Mu ngn la ca cc cation
Mu ngn la Cation c mt
Tm
Vng mnh
mnh
gch
Vng lc
Lc
Xanh l nht
K
+
, Cs
+
, Rb
+
Na
+
Sr
2+
, Li
+
Ca
2+
Ba
2+
Cu
2+
, Bi
3+
As, Sb, Pb
1.5. Th mt s phn ng
1.51. Thy phn
Pha long dn dung dch, hoc nh vi git dung dch vo 1mL nc
ct. Nu c ta trng xut hin v li tan khi thm acid th c th l
mui ca Bi
3+
, Sn
2+, 4+
, c bit l cc mui Sb
3+, 5+
1.5.2. Th vi kim
Da vo mu ta to thnh v kh nng ho tan ca n trong kim
d hay trong amoniac d on s c mt ca mt s ion trong dung
dch. V d:
Ta trng tan trong Na0H d, nhng khng tan trong amoniac: cc
ion mt s l Al
3+
, Pb
2+
, Sb
3+
.
Ta xanh lam, en khi un nng, khng tan trong NaOH d, tan
trong amoniac cho mu xanh lam m: ion c mt l Cu
2+
.
Ta nu , khng tan trong NaOH d v Amoniac: ion c mt l Fe
3+
.
v..v.. (Xem cc phn ng c trng v bng tm tt cc phn ng cc
bi 3, 4, 5, 6 v 7).
96
1.5.3. Th vi NH
4
OH v (NH
4
)
2
S
Ly dung dch cho tc dng vi HCl ta ht vi cc cation dng
mui clorid. Ly tm. Ly nc ly tm v thm vo NH
4
0H d:
Nu khng c ta th chc chn khng c mt lng ng k ca Mg
2+
,
Al
3+
, Sb
3+
, Bi
3+
, Fe
2+
, Fe
3+
, Sn
2+, 4+

Nu c Cu
2+
, Ni
2+
s cho dung dch mu xanh ca phc tan.
Tip sau , nh vi git (NH
4
)
2
S vo dung dch. Nu vn khng c
ta en th coi nh khng c Bi
3+
, Fe
2+
, Fe
3+

1.5.4. Th vi (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
Ly 1mL (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
bo ha thm vo vi git dung dch th, nu
khng c ta trng th khng c Ba
2+
, Sr
2+
; cn nu c ta trng th c th
c Ba
2+
, Sr
2+
, Pb
2+
.
1.5.5. Th bng cc thuc th nhm i vi cation v anion d on
nhm ion hay mt vi ion trong nhm c th c mt trong dung dch th
(xem cc thuc th nhm cc bi pha trc).
Ngoi cc phn ng s b trn, ngi ta cng chn mt vi phn ng
th s b khc na vic d on cc ion c mt nhanh v gn ng hn.
2. Phn tch Anion
Trong s lng gii hn cc anion v cc cation quan tm gio trnh
ny th hu ht cc anion l khng gy tr ngi g cho phn tch h
thng cc cation, tr PO
4
3-
. Nu dung dch phn tch c PO
4
3-
s gy
kh khn cho nh tnh cation nhm IV, v khi kim ha dung dch s
ko theo kt ta phosphat ca Ba
2+
,Ca
2+
. Trong trng hp ny cn
tm PO
4
3-
trc, sau loi n i bng FeCl
3
bo ha, tip theo mi
phn tch nh tnh cc cation. Cng cn nhng l do tng t khc
nn ni chung ngi ta thng tin hnh phn tch anion trc khi
phn tch h thng cc cation. Khi gp cc anion gy tr ngi (tng
t PO
4
3-
va nu), cn loi b chng bng mt mt vi k thut c th
m trong ti liu ny khng cp n.
Ly 1mL dung dch phn tch, thm Na
2
CO
3
ti phn ng kim mnh,
nu c ta th nn lm nc soda trc khi phn tch anion. Cn nu
khng c ta th tin hnh tm anion ngay t dung dch gc.
Phn tch nh tnh cc anion theo s 6 v7.
3. Phn tch cation
Tin hnh theo s 5 v c ch dn chi tit cc s 1, 2, 3 v 4.
97
4. Nhn xt kt qu
Sau khi c kt qu phn tch, cn phi nhn xt li n ln cui cng,
chng hn cc kha cnh:
Cc ion tm thy c thc s cng tn ti vi nhau trong dung dch gc
hay khng. V d: khng th cng c Ba
2+
v SO
4
2-
/ Ag
+
v Cl
-
/ Fe
3+
v
I
-
/ Fe
3+
v CO
3
2-
/ v.v.
Ion tm thy dng no trong dung dch. V d: dung dch phn tch
c pH>>7 th Al, Zn phi dng AlO
2
-
, ZnO
2
2-
(ch khng th l Al
3+
,
Zn
2+
).
i chiu kt qu vi cc nhn xt v phn ng th s b ban u
xem c mu thun g khng. Nu khng hp l v cn nghi ng th
phi phn tch li cn thn hn.
98



Phn II
Thc hnh phn tch nh tnh
99


100
Ni quy
phng th nghim ha Phn tch nh tnh
1. Hc sinh ch lm th nghim sau khi chun b bi, nm c
mc tiu v cch tin hnh cc th nghim.
2. Mi hc sinh c mt ch lm vic ring trong phng th nghim
sut cc bi thc hnh ca mn hc. Hc sinh ch lm vic trong
khu vc qui nh cho mnh, trnh i li ln xn.
3. Ch c mang vo phng th nghim ti liu v dng c hc tp.
Cc t trang khc ch qui nh ngoi phng.
4. Ch s dng b ha cht, dng c c gio vin hng dn. B
dng c, ha cht dng chung cho c t khng c mang v ch
ca c nhn.
5. Hc sinh phi t mnh lm ly th nghim. Trong qu trnh lm
phi theo di, quan st hin tng v ghi ly cc d kin thc
nghim vo v.
6. Lm xong thc tp, mi hc sinh phi sp xp li dng c, ha
cht, ra sch ng nghim, dng c, lm v sinh bn th nghim.
Mi t c trc nht lm sch phng th nghim.
7. Sau mi bi thc hnh, hc sinh phi lm bo co kt qu cho gio
vin hng dn. Bo co th nghim phi m t y cc thao tc
tin hnh th nghim, gii thch cc hin tng xy ra, vit v cn
bng y cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra trong qu trnh lm
th nghim.
8. Kt qu hon thnh mn thc hnh c nh gi theo qui ch
chung cc mn thi.

101
Quy tc an ton phng th nghim
1. Cc phn ng c cht c bay hi phi lm trong t ht hoc ngoi
tri.
2. Cc cht d chy, n phi t xa ngn la.
3. Khi un nng cc dung dch phi nghing ng nghim v hng
ming ng nghim v pha khng c ngi.
4. Khng ci mt vo cc dung dch ang si hoc cc cht ang nng
chy trnh ha cht bn n vo mt.
i vi cc cht d n, d bn tch, nu mun quan st phi eo
knh bo him.
5. Khi pha long acid sulfuric c phi rt t t acid vo nc m
khng lm ngc li; khng c cm trn tay dung dch ang pha
v c ta nhit mnh.
Khng c t ng di chuyn cc bnh ln cha acid v pha long
acid t bnh ln.
6. Nu lm ri vi thy ngn th phi ht li bng my ht bi hoc
pipet c qu bp cao su, ng thi rc vo ch thy ngn ri mt t
lu hunh bt hoc ti vo dung dch FeCl
3
20% v bo co cho
cn b hng dn bit x l.
7. Mun th mi cc cht khng c ngi trc tip m phi dng
tay vy hi cht n mi tng lng nh.
8. Sau khi lm vic vi cc cht c nh Hg, As, cc mui cyanid v
cc dung dch kim loi qu, cn phi thu vo bnh cha nht nh.
9. Khi c ha hon:
Nu m chy nh th dng bao ti t dp tt.
Nu c m chy ln v lan rng th bo cu ha (gi in thoi
s 114); dng ct v bnh cu ha sinh CO
2
lm tt hoc hn
ch m chy. Trong khi phi cch ly ngay cc cht d chy
v d n (nh ether, cc loi cn, cc bnh acid c...).
9. Nu b acid c hoc kim c ri trn da phi ra ngay bng vi
nc chy vi pht. Sau bo ngay cho cn b qun l x l vt
bng, chng nhim khun.
102
Nu acid c, kim c bn vo mt cng phi ra ngay bng
nc nhiu ln v bo cho i cp cu ti bnh vin (gi in thoi
s 115).
10. Nu b bng do cc vt nng vi vt bng khng ln th cng
di vi nc lnh 5-10 pht, sau thm kh v bi cc thuc
m dc dng, du c...
11. Nu vt thng c chy mu th u tin phi st khun bng
cn iod, cn 70 - 90
o
, dung dch KMnO
4
5%, sau cm mu bng
dung dch FeCl
3
5% v bng gc, bng dnh y t.
12. Nu cm thy kh th do trong phng th nghim c nhiu hi
c th phi nhanh chng thot ra ngoi hnh lang.
103

Vi quy nh v s dng ha cht
1. Trc khi s dng cc ha cht u phi c k nhn. ha cht
c phn ra nhiu loi c tnh khit khc nhau:
- Loi tinh khit
- Loi tinh khit phn tch
- Loi tinh khit ha hc
Da vo yu cu v chnh xc ca tng th nghim m la chn
ha cht thch hp v ha cht cng tinh khit th gi thnh cng cao.
2. Nu do yu cu chnh xc ca th nghim th ly lng ha cht
ng hng dn ca bi.
3. Nu th nghim ch yu cu v mt nh tnh th ch ly lng ha
cht ti thiu quan st c phn ng (cht rn ch ly mt
lp mng di y ng nghim; cht lng khng ly qu 1/5 th
tch ng nghim).
4. Khi xc, ong ha cht phi dng cc dng c chuyn dng nh
tha thy tinh, tha s, tha nha, khng c dng tay bc.
Tha xc ha cht ny khng c dng xc ha cht khc. Nu
thiu phi dng chung tha, trc khi ly sang ha cht khc phi
ra sch tha.
5. Ch s dng cc l ha cht c nhn ghi r rng v c nt, np y
kn. Khi ly ha cht, nu cn nt ln bn th phi nga,
trnh phn c dnh ha cht tip xc vi mt bn th nghim.
Sau khi ly xong ha cht phi y ngay nt, np ng cho l ha
cht y.
6. Khi rt cc cht lng phi quay nhn vo trong lng bn tay
ha cht khng dy ra nhn. Nu rt tha th khng tr li l
m tp trung vo cc ang ng ha cht bn.
7. Tuyt i khng dng pipet (ng thy tinh nh c u nhn)
ht bng mm cc dung dch kim c, acid c, cc cht c d
bay hi, thy ngn, cc dung dch ang un nng, cht ang nng
chy nhit cao, cc hn hp ra.
104
Bi 1
Dng c v k thut thc nghim c bn
Trong ha phn tch nh tnh
Mc tiu
1. Ni c tn, cng dng v s dng c mt s dng c thng thng trong
phng th nghim ha hc.
2. M t v thc hin c cc k thut gii thiu trong thc hnh ha phn
tch nh tnh.
1. Gii thiu dng c thng thng bng s, thy tinh
v mt s my thng dng
(Hnh nh: xem ph lc 1 cui sch)
1.1. Cc dng c thng dng khi ly mt lng cht lng
Khi ly mt lng ha cht lng, thng dng cc dng c sau:
Pipet: Dng ly mt lng nh cht lng
Pipet in t (hnh 1)
Pipet nh mc 10, 25 mL (hnh 2)
Pipet nh mc c vch chia 1; 5; 10 mL (hnh 3)
Cc loi gi pipet (hnh 4)
Qu bp bng cao su dng ni vi pipet (hnh 5)
Cc dng c nh mc khc: ly mt th tch cht lng xc nh
hoc dng pha dung dch
Cc loi ng ong nh mc (hnh 6)
Cc c chn nh mc (hnh 7)
Cc loi bnh nh mc pha dung dch (hnh 8)
Cc loi buret (hnh 9)
105
1.2. Nhng dng c thng dng tin hnh cc phn ng
ng nghim: Dng lm cc phn ng lng nh
ng nghim thng v ng nghim c chia vch (hnh 10)
Gi ng nghim (hnh 11)
Cc c m: Dng pha ch, hng, ng. M to iu kin rt dung
dch d dng.
Cc loi cc c m (hnh 12)
Knh cn: Dng ng cht cn cn
Knh cn, mng cn (hnh 13)
Cc loi bnh cu y trn: Dng un nng (bng thy tinh chu
nhit) hoc hng ng cht lng (hnh 14)
Bnh cu y bng: Dng ng cht lng nh nc ct (hnh 15)
Bnh nn dng ng dung dch, chun nh lng (hnh 16)
1.3. Dng c lc ra p sut thng
Cc loi phu lc (hnh 17)
Cch gp giy lc nhiu np ly dch lc (hnh 18)
Cch gp giy lc phng ly cht kt ta (hnh 19)
Phu thy tinh t th lc (hnh 20)
1.4. Cc loi king v li un nng (hnh 21)
1.5. Dng c un nng
n cn, nhit khng qu 400
o
C (hnh 22)
Cc loi n gas, nhit t 500-1500
o
C (hnh 23)
Bp in (hnh 24)
Cc loi ni un cch thy, nhit t 90-100
o
C (hnh 25)
1.6. Cc loi ng h o trong phng th nghim (hnh 26)
1.7. Cc loi knh bo him (hnh 27)
1.8. Cc loi knh lp thng (hnh 28)
1.9. Cc loi knh hin vi (hnh 29)
1.10. Cc loi t ht (hnh 30)
106
1.11. Cc loi my iu nhit (hnh 31)
1.12. My ly tm (hnh 32)
1.13. Cc loi my o pH (hnh 33)
2. Mt s k thut c bn thc hnh ha phn tch nh tnh
(Xem Phn 1. L thuyt phn tch nh tnh - Bi 2, mc 5 trang 48).
3. Dng c - ha cht - Thuc th
Dng c
- n cn
- a thy tinh
- Kp g
- ng nghim cc loi
- ng nghim ly tm
- My ly tm
Ho cht
- H
2
SO
4
10%
- BaCl
2
0,1M
- AgNO
3
5%
4. Thc hnh
4.1. Ni ng tn v cng dng ca cc dng c c gii thiu v trng by.
4.2. Ra bng chi lng, x phng, nc my v nc ct mt s dng c
thy tinh bn (ng nghim, pipet, chai l) t sch.
4.3. Ly 10 mL dung dch H
2
SO
4
10% vo cc c m, cho tng git BaCl
2

0,1M n khi khng cn thy xut hin kt ta trng na.
Ra gn BaSO
4
trong cc trc ri ra trn phu lc sau.
Ra kt ta trn phu lc bng nc ct n khi khng cn ion Cl
-
(th
bng dung dch AgNO
3
5%) v SO
4
2-
(th bng dung dch BaCl
2
0,1 M ).
Ch :
Mi ln ra ch cho nc ct va ngp phn kt ta
Khi ra kt ta cn ch cho dung dch chy ht mi thm nc ct ra tip.
Ly mt lng nh ta ngay sau phn ng vo ng nghim v ra ly
tm song song vi ra trn phu lc. Th ion Cl
-
, SO
4
2-
trong nc ly
tm nh cch th trn.
107
Bi 2
nh tnh cation nhm I: Ag
+
, Pb
2+
, Hg
2
2+
Mc tiu
1. Tm c tng cation nhm I da vo cc phn ng c trng ca chng.
2. Gii thch cc hin tng xy ra v vit cc phng trnh phn ng trong qu
trnh tin hnh thc nghim.
1. Dng c - ha cht - Thuc th
Dng c
- n cn
- a thy tinh
- Kp g
- ng nghim cc loi
- ng nghim ly tm
- My ly tm
Ho cht, thuc th
- Dung dch phn tch cha cc cation:
Ag
+
, Pb
2+
, Hg
2
2+
- HCl 6 N, HCl 2 N
- HNO
3
6 N
- NH
4
OH c
- KI 0,1 M
- K
2
CrO
4
5%
2. Thc hnh
2.1. Ly 1mL dung dch phn tch vo ng nghim sch, thm vo tng
git dung dch HCl 6N n mi trng acid mnh kt ta hon ton
nhm I (nhn bit qu trnh kt ta xong khi git HCl thm vo thnh
ng nghim th ch tip xc gia git HCl v dung dch phn tch khng
thy xut hin kt ta thm na). un nng nh kt ta vn cc d
tch. ngui, ly tm, tch phn kt ta nhm I (gi l T
1
) cha: AgCl,
PbCl
2
, Hg
2
Cl
2
v phn nc ly tm (L
1
) cha cc cation nhm khc.
2.2. Ra gn 3 ln kt ta T
1
bng nc ct c pha thm vi git HCl long
2N (thm nc ra vo T
1
, lc k, ly tm, gn ly kt ta). Thm vo kt ta
ra trn 1 mL nc ct, un n si, lc ny PbCl
2
s tan ra. Ly tm gn
ly kt ta T
2
(cha: AgCl v Hg
2
Cl
2
) v nc ly tm L
2
(cha PbCl
2
).
108
2.3. Thm vo nc ly tm L
2
vi git thuc th KI 0,1M, nu thy xut
hin kt ta PbI
2
mu vng m, chng t c cha Pb
2+
. un nng, kt ta
li tan ra, lm lnh di vi nc chy, hoc ngui dn s thu c tinh
th mu vng lng lnh ri xung (phn ng ma vng).
Hoc c th nhn bit Pb
2+
bng cch cho nc ly tm L
2
tc dng vi
vi git K
2
CrO
4
5% thy xut hin kt ta mu vng PbCrO
4
.
2.4. Thm vo kt ta T
2
NH
4
OH c, lc k, nu thy xut hin mu ta
xm en (do to thnh Hg + NH
2
HgCl), chng t c ion Hg
2
2+
. Ly tm, ly
nc ly tm, acid ha bng HNO
3
6N, nu thy xut hin kt ta trng tr
li (AgCl) chng t c ion Ag
+
.
S 1. S thc hnh phn tch Cation nhm I: Ag
+
, Hg
2
2+
, Pb
2+
















Ta T
1
(AgCl, Hg
2
Cl
2
, PbCl
2
) ra bng
H
2
O + HCl 2N. un si, ly tm nng
Nc ly tm L
1

(c cation cc nhm II, III, IV, V)
Nc ly tm L
2
: Pb
2+

+ KI 0,1M PbI
2
vng
+ K
2
CrO
4
5% PbCrO
4
vng
c Pb
2+
AgCl trng
c Ag
+
Nc ly tm:
Ag(NH
3
)
2
]
+
+ HNO
3
6N
Kt ta en xm ca
Hg
o
+ NH
2
HgCl
c Hg
2
2+

Ta T
2
(AgCl, Hg
2
Cl
2
) + NH
4
OH c, lc k
Dung dch phn tch + HCl 6N (tng git)
Lc k, ly tm, ly kt ta

109
Bi 3
nh tnh cation nhm II: Ba
2+
, Ca
2+
v nhm III: Al
3+
, Zn
2+
Mc tiu
1. Tm c tng cation nhm II v nhm III da vo cc phn ng c trng ca
chng.
2. Gii thch cc hin tng xy ra v vit cc phng trnh phn ng trong qu
trnh tin hnh thc nghim.
2. Dng c - ha cht - Thuc th
Ho cht, thuc th
- Dung dch phn tch cha cc cation: Ba
2+
, Ca
2+
, Al
3+
, Zn
2+
Dng c
- n cn
- a thy tinh
- Kp g
- ng nghim cc loi
- ng nghim ly tm
- My ly tm
- H
2
SO
4
2N
- HCl 2N
- CH
3
COOH 2N
- NaOH 2N
- NH
4
OH c
- NH
4
Cl bo ha
- K
2
CrO
4
5%
- Na
2
CO
3
bo ha
- CH
3
COOONa 6N
- Na
2
S 2%
- Thuc th Alizarin - S
- Cn 96
o
2. Thc hnh
2.1. Ly 1mL dung dch phn tch vo ng nghim sch, thm vo tng
git dung dch H
2
SO
4
2N n khi ngng xut hin kt ta kt ta hon
ton nhm II. un si nh kt ta vn cc d tch. ngui, thm vo
dn dn ru ethylic 96
o
n khi kt ta khng xut hin thm na, kt
ta hon ton Ca
2+
(ch cho lng ru va , nu cho qu d pH ca
dung dch tng ln s lm thy phn mt s cation khc). Khuy u, ly
tm, tch phn kt ta nhm II l T
1
(cha: BaSO
4
v CaSO
4
) v phn
nc ly tm L
1
(cha cc cation nhm III: Al
3+
, Zn
2+
).
110
2.2. Ra gn kt ta T
1
bng hn hp H
2
SO
4
2N v C
2
H
5
OH: thm nc ra
vo T
1
, lc k, ly tm, gn ly kt ta. Chuyn kt ta BaSO
4
v CaSO
4

thnh BaCO
3
v CaCO
3
: thm khong 1 mL Na
2
CO
3
bo ha vo T
1
, lc k,
un nng, ly tm, gn ly kt ta. Lp li ng tc ny 3-4 ln chuyn
ht BaSO
4
, CaSO
4
thnh BaCO
3
, CaCO
3
.
2.2.1. Ha tan kt ta BaCO
3
, CaCO
3
bng CH
3
COOH 2N: thm dn tng
git CH
3
COOH n khi kt ta va tan ht.
Thm K
2
CrO
4
5% vo dung dch n khi dung dch c mu vng. Ly
tm thu c kt ta T
2
v nc ly tm L
2
.
Kt ta T
2
c ra sch bng nc ct, sau thm khong 1mL
NaOH 2N, un nh, ly tm. Nu di y ng nghim vn cn kt ta mu
vng, chng t l c BaCrO
4
, tc trong dung dch phn tch c Ba
2+
.
2.2.2. Phn nc ly tm L
2
: thm vi git dung dch (NH
4
)
2
C
2
O
4
5%, nu
thy xut hin kt ta mu trng (CaC
2
O
4
) v kt ta ny khng tan trong
acid acetic, chng t trong dung dch c cha ion Ca
2+
.
2.3. Nc ly tm L
1
: thm vo L
1
NaOH 2N d n khi thy xut hin kt
ta v kt ta li va tan ht.
un si nh dung dch c cn bt. Cho tip vo vi git NH
4
Cl bo
ha v vi git NH
4
OH c. Lc u, ly tm tch ring kt ta T
3
(Al(OH)
3
)
v nc ly tm L
3
([Zn(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
).
2.3.1. Ha tan kt ta T
3
bng vi git HCl 2N va v vi git
CH
3
COONa 6N to mi trng acid nh. Thm tip vi git thuc th
Alizarin-S thy c phc mu sn , chng t c ion Al
3+
.
2.3.2. Nc ly tm L
3
: thm vo vi git dung dch Na
2
S 2% thy xut hin
kt ta trng (ZnS) chng t dung dch c cha ion Zn
2+
.
111
S 2: S thc hnh phn tch Cation nhm II: Ca
2+
, Ba
2+
v nhm III: Al
3+
, Zn
2+






















Nc ly tm L
1
: Al
3+
, Zn
2+

+ NaOH 2N d
Dung dch: AlO
2-
, ZnO
2
2-
, c cn bt +
NH
4
Cl bo ha + NH
4
OH c (vi git)
Na
2
CO
3
SrCO
3
+ CaCO
3
.
Ly tm, ra kt ta sch
Ta T
3
: Al(OH)
3

+ HCl 2N tan
+ CH
3
COOONa 6N n mi trng acid nh.
+ TT Alizarin-S phc mu c Al
3+
Ta T
1
(BaSO
4
, CaSO
4
)
+ Na
2
CO
3
bo ha lc k, un nng, ly
tm, gn. Lp li 3, 4 ln chuyn ht
ta T
1
thnh ta BaCO
3
, CaCO
3
lc.
Dung dch: Ca
2+
, Ba
2+
+ K
2
CrO
4

5% (ti dung dch mu vng)
Ta T
2
: BaCrO4 mu vng
(khng tan trong NaOH 2N)
c Ba
2+
Ta: CaCO
3
, BaCO
3
+ CH
3
COOH 2N ( tan ht)
Nc ly tm L
3
: [Zn(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
+ Na
2
S 2% ZnS trng
c Zn
2+
Nc ly tm L
2
: Ca
2+
+ (NH
4
)
2
C
2
O
4

10% CaC
2
O
4
(khng tan trong
CH
3
COOH 2N) c Ca
2+
Dung dch phn tch + H
2
SO
4
2N (tng git) + C
2
H
5
OH.
un nh, ly tm.



112
Bi 4
nh tnh cation nhm IV: Fe
2+
, Fe
3+
, Bi
3+
, Mg
2+
, Mn
2+
Mc tiu
1. Tm c tng cation nhm IV da vo cc phn ng c trng ca chng.
2. Gii thch cc hin tng xy ra v vit cc phng trnh phn ng trong qu
trnh tin hnh thc nghim.
1. Dng c ha cht Thuc th
Ho cht, thuc th
- Dung dch phn tch
cha cc cation: Fe
2+
, Fe
3+
, Bi
3+
, Mg
2+
, Mn
2+
Dng c
- n cn

- a thy tinh
- Kp g
- ng nghim cc loi
- ng nghim ly tm
- My ly tm
- Na
2
CO
3
bo ho
- NH
4
OH c
- NH
4
Cl bo ha
- HNO
3
10%
- Na
2
HPO
4
12%
- HNO
3
c
- KI 0,1M
- Thuc th KSCN
- Thuc th K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]
- Thuc th K
3
[Fe(CN)
6
]
2. Thc hnh
2.1. Ly 1mL dung dch phn tch vo ng nghim sch, thm vo vi git
Na
2
CO
3
bo ha ti thong c ri li tan. Thm tip tng git dung dch
NH
4
OH c n khi kt ta hon ton. Ly tm, ly kt ta (Fe(OH)
2
,
Fe(OH)
3
, Bi(OH)
3
, Mn(OH)
2
v Mg(OH)
2
). Thm vo kt ta 1 - 2mL dung
dch NH
4
Cl bo ha ha tan Mg(OH)
2
. un nh, ly tm, tch phn kt
ta T
1
( Fe(OH)
2
, Fe(OH)
3
, Bi(OH)
3
, Mn(OH)
2
) v phn nc ly tm L
1

(cha Mg
2+
).
3.2. Nc ly tm L
1
: thm vo thuc th Na
2
HPO
4
12%, nu thu c kt
ta mu vng hnh lc lng hoc hnh sao, hnh l (MgNH
4
PO
4
), chng t
trong dung dch c cha ion Mg
2+
.
113
2.3. Ha tan kt ta T
1
bng HNO
3
10%, un si, dung dch sau chia ra
lm 4 phn tm Fe
2+
, Fe
3+
, Bi
3+
, Mn
2+
bng cc phn ng c trng:
* Tm Fe
2+
: Cho vo thuc th K
3
[Fe(CN)
6
], nu c kt ta mu xanh
Tua bin (Fe
3
[Fe(CN)
6
])
2
, chng t dung dch c cha ion Fe
2+
.
* Tm Fe
3+
: Cho tc dng vi thuc th KSCN d s to thnh phc
tan mu mu ([Fe(SCN)
6
]
3-
), chng t dung dch c cha ion Fe
3+
.
Hoc c th cho tc dng vi thuc th K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
] s to phc kt
ta mu xanh ph Fe
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]
3
.
* Tm Bi
3+
: Cho tc dng vi dung dch KI 0,1M d nu thy to phc
mu da cam ([BiI
4
]
-
), chng t dung dch c cha ion Bi
3+
.
* Tm Mn
2+
: Ly vi git dch lc vo 1 ng nghim, thm vo vi git
acid HNO
3
c v mt t bt PbO
2
. un nh hn hp, ly tm, nu thy phn
dung dch c mu tm (MnO
4
-
), chng t dung dch c cha ion Mn
2+
.
S 3: S thc hnh phn tch Cation nhm IV: Fe
2+
, Fe
3+
, Bi
3+
, Mn
2+
, Mg
2+

Dung dch phn tch + Na
2
CO
3
bo ho ti thong c ri tan
+ NH
4
OH c. Ly tm, ly kt ta.














Nc ly tm L
1
:
Mg
2+
+ Na
2
HPO
4
12%
MgNH
4
PO
4

(hnh lng tr,
hnh sao, hnh l)
c Mg
2+
Ta T
1
: Fe(OH)
2
, Fe(OH)
3
, Mn(OH)
2
, Bi(OH)
3
+ HNO
3
10%, un si
Xc nh Fe
3+
:
- TT KSCN phc
mu mu
- TT K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]
Fe
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]
3

xanh ph
c Fe
3+
Xc nh Fe
2+
:
+ TT K
3
[Fe(CN)
6
]
Fe
3
[Fe(CN)
6
]
2

xanh Tua bin
c Fe
2+
Xc nh Mn
2+
:
+ HNO
3
c
+ PbO
2
bt, un si
MnO
4
--
mu tm
c Mn
2+

Xc nh Bi
3+
:
+ KI 0,1M phc
[BiI
4
]
-
mu cam m
(pha long cho ta
BiI
3
mu en, nu
nhiu Bi
3+
)
c Bi
3+
Dung dch: Fe
2+
, Fe
3+
, Mn
2+
, Bi
3+

Chia thnh 4 phn:
Ta Fe(OH)
2
, Fe(OH)
3
, Mg(OH)
2
, Mn(OH)
2
, Bi(OH)
3
+ NH4Cl bo ha. un nh, ly tm, tch ring kt ta v nc ly tm
114

Bi 5
nh tnh cation nhm V: Cu
2+
, Hg
2+
v nhm VI: Na
+
, K
+
, NH
4
+
Mc tiu
1. Tm c tng cation nhm V v nhm VI da vo cc phn ng c trng ca
chng.
2. Gii thch cc hin tng xy ra v vit cc phng trnh phn ng trong qu
trnh tin hnh thc nghim.
1. Dng c - ha cht - Thuc th
Ho cht, thuc th
- Dung dch phn tch cha
cc cation: Cu
2+
, Hg
2+
, Na
+
, K
+
, NH
4
+
Dng c
- n cn
- a thy tinh
- Kp g
- ng nghim cc loi
- ng nghim ly tm
- My ly tm
- HNO
3
6 N
- HCl 10%
- CH
3
COOH 2 N
- HCl c
- HNO
3
c
- NaOH c
- NH
4
OH c
- KOH c
- K
2
CO
3
bo ha
- Na
2
CO
3
bo ha
- Thuc th Garola
- Na
2
S

2%
- K-Na tartrat 50%
- Thuc th Nessler
- Thuc th Streng
- H
2
O
2
10%
- SnCl
2
0,5 N
2. Thc hnh
2.1. Tm cation nhm VI trc bng cc phn ng c trng
Chia nh dung dch phn tch vo vi ng nghim nh, sau nhn
bit s c mt ca tng cation.
115
2.1.1. Cation NH
4
+
Nh vi git dung dch NaOH c vo ng nghim, pha trn ming
ng nghim y mu qu tm tm t. un nh ng nghim trn n
cn, nu giy qu chuyn sang mu xanh, chng t trong dung dch c
NH
4
+
.
Hoc dng thuc th Nessler: thm vi git dung dch kali natri
tartrat 50% vo ng nghim to phc bn vi cc cation khc, sau
nh vi git thuc th Nessler, nu thy xut hin kt ta nu
([NH
2
HgI
2
]I), chng t trong dung dch c NH
4
+
.
2.1.2. Tm Na
+
Thm vo vi git K
2
CO
3
bo ha v vi git KOH c n ta hon
ton. un nh, ly tm, b kt ta. Nc ly tm c acid ha bng
CH
3
COOH 2N (nu thy xut hin kt ta th gn b kt ta i), thm vo
vi git thuc th Streng Zn(UO
2
)
3
(CH
3
COO)
8
, nu thu c cc tinh th
mu vng lc nht (soi trn knh hin vi c hnh mt nhn), chng t trong
dung dch c Na
+
.
2.1.3.Tm K
+

Thm vo vi git Na
2
CO
3
bo ha v vi git NaOH c n ta hon
ton. un nh, ly tm, b kt ta. Nc ly tm c acid ha bng
CH
3
COOH 2N (nu thy xut hin kt ta th gn b kt ta i), thm vo
vi git thuc th Garola Na
3
[Co(NO
2
)
6
], nu thy kt ta tinh th mu
vng, chng t trong dung dch c K
+
.
2.2. Tm cation nhm V (Cu
2+
, Hg
2+
):
Cho vo dung dch phn tch tng git Na
2
S 2% to kt ta (CuS
v HgS). ung nng, ly tm, ly kt ta. ha tan kt ta trong HNO
3
6N
th ch c CuS tan, cn HgS khng tan. Ly tm, tch ring kt ta cha
HgS v nc ly tm cha Cu
2+
.
Nc ly tm cho tc dng vi dung dch NH
4
OH c: Nu thong xut
hin kt ta mu xanh lc nht, sau tan ngay to phc mu xanh
tm, chng t trong dung dch c ion Cu
2+
.
Kt ta HgS c th th bng phn ng sau
Ho tan ta trong HCl 10% + H
2
O
2
10%. Nu kt ta en tan ra,
chng t trong dung dch gc ban u c ion Hg
2+
.
Thm tip thuc th SnCl
2
0,5N v NaOH c, nu li thu c kt
ta Hg mu en cng chng t trong dung dch c ion Hg
2+
.
Hoc cho kt ta tc dng vi cng thy (ly theo t l: 3 git HCl
c + 1 git HNO
3
c), nu kt ta tan ra chng t c Hg
2+
.
116
S 4: S phn tch nhm cation nhm V: Hg
2+
, Cu
2+
v nhm VI: NH
4
+
, Na
+
, K
+



















Tm NH
4+
:
NaOH c
NH
3
(mi khai)
lm xanh giy
qu tm t.
TT Nessler + K-
Na tactrat 50%
ta nu
c NH
4
+
Tm Na
+
:
+ K
2
CO
3
bo ho + KOH c,
n kt ta hon ton. un
nng, ly tm, b kt ta.

Nc ly tm:
+ CH
3
COOH 2N n gn trung
tnh (nu c ta th ly tm, b i)
+ TT Streng ta vng lc nht,
hnh mt nhn (soi knh hin vi)
c Na
+
Tmm K
+
:
+ Na
2
CO
3
bo ho + NaOH
c, n kt ta hon
ton. un nng, ly tm,
b kt ta.

Nc ly tm:
+ CH
3
COOH 2N n gn
trung tnh (nu c ta
th ly tm, b i)
+ TT Garola ta vng
c K
+
Dung dch phn tch: Hg
2+
, Cu
2+
, NH
4+
, Na
+
, K
+

+ Na
2
S 2% (tng git). un nng, ly tm ly ta
Ta en: CuS, HgS. Ra kt ta bng H
2
SO
4
2N
+ HNO
3
6N. un nng, ly tm, tch ring phn ta v phn nc ly tm.
Nc ly tm: Cu
2+
+ NH
4
OH c thong
ta, sau tan, c mu
xanh tm m
c Cu
2+
Ta HgS + S:
HCl 10% +H
2
O
2
10% ta en tan ra.
Sau : + SnCl
2
0,5N + NaOH c Hg en.
Cng thu (1V HNO
3
c + 3V HCl c) ta tan ra.
c Hg
2+
Dung dch phn tch: Hg
2+
, Cu
2+
, NH
4+
, Na
+
, K
+
117
Bi 6
Phn tch tng hp cc nhm cation theo
phng php acid base
Mc tiu
1. Tch ring c cc nhm cation bng thuc th nhm
2. Xc nh c cc cation c mt trong mi nhm bng cc s phn tch 1,2, 3,
4 bit.
1. Dng c ha cht Thuc th
Nh cc bi 2, 3, 4, 5
Dung dch phn tch cha cation cc nhm
2. Thc hnh
2.1. Tin hnh phn tch theo s 5 tch nhm cation
2.2. Nhm cation tch c phn tch theo s tng ng cc
bi 2, 3, 4, 5 pha trc nhn bit tng ion c mt.









118

S 5: S thc hnh phn tch tng hp cc nhm cation



















Nhm I: (ta clorid)
AgCl, Hg
2
Cl
2
, PbCl
2
Nc ly tm
+ H
2
SO
4
2N
(Phn tch theo s 4)
+ HCl 6N
Ly tm
Nhm II: (ta sulfat)
BaSO
4
, CaSO
4
, (SrSO
4
)
(Phn tch theo s 1)
Ly tm
Nhm III:
(nc ly tm cha oxoanion)
AlO
2

, ZnO
2
2
, (SnO
3
2
, CrO
4
2
)
Kt ta (oxyd, hydroxyd
nhm (IV+V)
+HNO
3
(+H
2
O
2
))
Nc ly tm
+ Na
2
CO
3
ti thong c
+ NH
4
OH c
(+ H
2
O
2
)
Ta HSbO
3
(hoc Sb
2
O
5
.H
2
O)
Ho tan bng HCl c Xc nh Sb:
- Phn ng thu phn
- Thuc th Caile - Viel
Ly tm
Ly tm
Ly tm
(Phn tch theo s 2)
(Phn tch theo s 2)
(Sb
3+,5+
c th xp nhm IV do to ta
hydroxyd/acid, khng to phc
amoniacat/ hoc xp ring)
Nc ly tm
+ NaOH 2N d
(+H
2
O
2
)
Nhm VI: (dung dch phn
tch): NH
4
+
, Na
+
, K
+
Dung dch phn tch cation



Nhm V: (nc ly tm cha
amoniacat)
Cu(NH
3
)
4
2+
, Hg(NH
3
)
4
2+

(Ni(NH
3
)
4
2+
, Co(NH
3
)
4
2+
, Cd(NH
3
)
4
2+
)
Nhm IV: (ta hydroxyd)
Fe(OH)
2
, Fe(OH)
3
,
Bi(OH)
3
, MnO
2
, Mg(OH)
2
(Phn tch theo s 4)
(Phn tch theo s 3)


119
Bi 7
nh tnh anion nhm I: Cl
-
, Br
-
, I
-
, SCN
-
, S
2
O
3
2-
Mc tiu
1. Xc nh c tng anion nhm I da vo cc phn ng c trng ca chng.
2. Gii thch cc hin tng xy ra v vit cc phng trnh phn ng trong qu
trnh tin hnh thc nghim.
1. Dng c - ha cht - Thuc th
Ha cht, thuc th
- Dung dch phn tch
cha cc anion: Cl
-
, Br
-
, I
-
, SCN
-
, S
2
O
3
2-
Dng c
- n cn
- a thy tinh
- Kp g
- ng nghim ly tm
- ng nghim cc loi
- My ly tm
- HNO
3
2 N
- H
2
SO
4
2 N
- NaOH c
- Na
2
CO
3
bo ha
- AgNO
3
0,1N
- (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
bo ha
- FeCl
3
10%
- NaNO
2
0,1 N
- Zn ht
- H tinh bt
- Nc Javel
- Cloroform
2. Thc hnh
2.1. Ly 2 mL dung dch phn tch lm nc soda (bng cch cho thm 2
mL Na
2
CO
3
bo ha + 2-3 git NaOH c). Nu c ta th ly tm, b ta
(nu khng c ta th ngay t u khng cn lm nc soda).
Thm vo nc ly tm (nc soda) HNO
3
2N v AgNO
3
0,1N n kt
ta hon ton anion nhm I.
Nu thy kt ta t mu nu chuyn thnh mu en l c S
2
O
3
2-
trong
dung dch phn tch ban u
Ly tm, ly kt ta v chia lm 2 phn: phn nh ta v phn ln ta
120
2.2. Phn nh ta: Ha tan ta bng H
2
SO
4
2N (lc k, nu vn cn ta th
b i) thm vo dung dch tng git FeCl
3
10%, nu thu c dung dch c
mu mu ([Fe(SCN)
6
]
3-
), chng t dung dch c cha ion SCN
-
.
2.3. Phn ln ta: Thm khong 1 mL (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
bo ho, lc k, un
nh, ly tm, tch ring phn kt ta T
1
(AgBr, AgI, AgSCN) v nc ly
tm L
1
(Cl
-
).
2.3.1. Nc ly tm L
1
: Acid ha tr li bng vi git HNO
3
2N, nu thy
xut hin kt ta trng AgCl, chng t dung dch c ion Cl
-
.
2.3.2. Ha tan kt ta T
1
bng hn hp H
2
SO
4
2N + Zn ht gii phng
Br
-
, I
-
, SCN
-
khi ta AgBr, AgI, AgSCN. Ly tm, ly nc ly tm. Chia
nc ly tm thnh 3 phn tm ln lt anion:
* Tm I
-
: Nc ly tm tc dng vi NaNO
2
0,1M + 2git h tinh bt, lc
u. Nu dung dch thu c c mu xanh tm, chng t c anion I
-
.
Hoc tm I
-
bng cch cho nc ly tm tc dng vi nc Javel va
(khng qu nhiu) + cloroform. Lc k. Nu lp cloroform pha di c
mu tm, chng t c ion I
-
.
* Tm Br
-
: Nc ly tm cho tc dng vi nc Javel d + cloroform.
Lc k. Nu lp cloroform c mu vng rm, chng t c ion Br
-
.
* Tm SCN
-
: Nc ly tm cho tc dng vi FeCl
3
10%, nu dung dch
thu c c mu mu hay hng, chng t c ion SCN
-
.










121
S 6. S thc hnh phn tch cc anion nhm I:
Cl

, Br

, I

, SCN

, S
2
O
3
2
























Nc ly tm (nc soda):
Cha anion nhm I + Cation
kim loi kim v NH
4
+
+ HNO
3
2N + AgNO
3

Ta: carbonat cc cation
khng phi kim loi kim
(b i hoc tm cc cation)
Ta: Anion nhm I
(nu ta t nu en l c
S
2
O
3
2-
, v Ag
2
S
2
O
3
Ag
2
S)
Chia 2 phn
Nc ly tm:
Anion cc nhm khc
(b i)
Phn ln ta: + (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
bo
ho. un nh, ly tm, tch ring
phn ta v nc ly tm
Phn nh ta: (th thm d):
+H
2
SO
4
2N
+ FeCL
3
10% phc [Fe(SCN)
6
]
3

mu mu hay hng
c SCN

Ta T
1
: AgBr, AgI, AgSCN
+ H
2
SO
4
2N + Zn ht. Lc u,
vi pht, ly tm, ly nc ly tm thu
c chia lm 3 phn:
Nc ly tm L
1
:
Cl

( dng [Ag(NH
3
)
2
]Cl)
+ HNO
3
2N ta tr li AgCl
c Cl

Phn 1:
Nc ly tm +NaNO
2

0,1M H tinh bt mu
xanh tm c I

Hoc: Nc ly tm +
cloroform + nc Javel.
Lc k, c mu
xanh tm lp cloroform
(pha di)
c I

Phn 3:
Nc ly tm +
FeCl
3
10% phc
[Fe(SCN)
6
3
] mu
mu
c SCN

Phn 2:
Nc ly tm +
cloroform + nc
Javel (ly d). Lc
k, lp cloroform
(pha di) c mu
vng rm
c Br

Dung dch phn tch anion nhm I

+ Na
2
CO
3
(lm nc soda)
122

Bi 8
nh tnh anion nhm II: CO
3
2-
, CH
3
COO
-
, PO
4
3-
,
AsO
3
3-
, AsO
4
3-
, SO
3
2-
, SO
4
2-
, (S
2
O
3
2-
)
Mc tiu
1. Xc nh c tng anion nhm II da vo cc phn ng c trng ca chng.
2. Gii thch cc hin tng xy ra v vit cc phng trnh phn ng trong qu
trnh thc hin cc bc phn tch.
1. Dng c - ha cht - Thuc th
Ho cht, thuc th
- Dung dch phn tch cha cc anion:
CO
3
2-
, CH
3
COO
-
, PO
4
3-
, AsO
3
3-
, AsO
4
3-
, SO
3
2-
, SO
4
2-
,
(S
2
O
3
2-
)
Dng c
- n cn
- a thy tinh
- Kp g
- ng nghim cc loi
- ng nghim ly tm
- My ly tm
- HCl 2N, 1N, 0,1N
- H
2
SO
4
c
- H
2
SO
4
2N
- CH
3
COOH 2N
- NaOH c
- FeCl
3
10%
- BaCl
2
0,5M
- Sr(NO
3
)
2
bo ho
- Na
2
CO
3
bo ho
- Hn hp Mg (MgCl
2
+
NH
4
Cl + NH
4
OH)
- Dung dch I
2
5%, 10%
- Dung dch KMnO
4
1%, 5%
- TT Amoni molypdat
- Na
2
S 1M
- Ru amylic
- Formalin 5%
2. Thc hnh
2.1. Xc nh CO
3
2-
v PO
4
3-
ngay t dung dch phn tch:
2.1.1. Ly 1mL dung dch phn tch, thm vo vi git HCl 2N. Nu thy
kh si bt bay ln (kh ny lm c nc vi trong, khng lm mt mu
dung dch KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
), chng t trong dung dch c cha anion CO
3
2-
.
123
2.1.2. un nh dung dch CO
2
bay ht. Cho thm vi git HNO
3
c v
thuc th amoni molypdat, ngm ng nghim trong nc , nu thy xut
hin kt ta mu vng cu (NH
4
)
3
[PMo
12
O
40
], chng t trong dung dch c
ion PO
4
3-
.
2.2. Tm CH
3
COO
-
ngay t dung dch phn tch
Thm vo dung dch phn tch vi git H
2
SO
4
2N, sau cho tc dng
vi dung dch FeCl
3
10%. Nu dung dch thu c c mu v sau
khi un nng thy kt ta mu nu (Fe(OH)
2
(CH
3
COO)) tch ra,
chng t trong dung dch c anion CH
3
COO
-
.
Hoc cho vo dung dch phn tch vi git ru amylic hoc ethylic,
xc tc bng acid H
2
SO
4
c. un nng nh hn hp, nu c mi thm
du chui ca ester c to thnh, chng t trong dung dch c anion
CH
3
COO
-
.
2.3. Tm AsO
3
3-
, AsO
4
3-
, SO
3
2-
, SO
4
2-
, (S
2
O
3
2-
)
-
2.3.1. Ly 2-3 mL dung dch phn tch lm nc soda (cch lm nh bi 7,
pha trc). Nu c ta th ly tm, b ta. Ly nc ly tm (nc soda).
(Nu lm nc soda m khng c ta xut hin-chng t khng c
cation gy ri, th s dng ngay dung dch gc phn tch m khng cn
lm nc soda na).
Nc ly tm (nc soda) hoc dung dch gc khng cn lm nc soda,
iu chnh v pH kim nh hoc trung tnh bng CH
3
COOH 2N. Chia dung
dch phn tch thnh 2 phn: phn 1 v phn 2.
2.3.2. Phn 1: tm AsO
3
3-
, AsO
4
3-
Ly phn 1 + Hn hp Mg n ht kt ta. Ly tm.
Nc ly tm L
1
: thm tng git I
2
5%, nu mt mu vng nu ca I
2
,
chng t c AsO
3
3-

Ta T
1
: thm HCl 2N n va tan ht, thm tng git Na
2
S 1M, nu
xut hin ta mu vng ca As
2
S
5
l c AsO
4
3-

2.3.3. Phn 2: tm SO
3
2-
, SO
4
2-
, (S
2
O
3
2-
)
Thm vo phn 2 tng git Sr(NO
3
)
2
bo ha dn ht kt ta. Ly tm.
Nc ly tm L
2
: un nng v thm tng git Ba(NO
3
)
2
bo ha n ht
kt ta. Ly tm. Ly kt ta (BaS
2
O
3
, nu c) thm KMnO
4
1% v H
2
SO
4

10%. Nu KMnO
4
mt mu v c Lu hunh kt ta l c S
2
O
3
2-
Ta T
2
: Thm khong 0,5-1mL HCl 2N, lc nh.
124
Tm SO
3
2-
:
+ Hoc bng cch thm 1-2 git phenolphtalein, trung ha vi NaOH
0,1M n xut hin mu , li thm HCl 0,1N n va mt
mu . Thm vo tng git formalin 5%, mu xut hin tr li
l c SO
3
2-

+ Hoc bng cch un nng v dn hi sc vo dung dch KMnO
4

0,5% v H
2
SO
4
2N. Nu KMnO mt mu (do SO
2
), chng t c SO
3
2-

Tm SO
4
2
:
Nu sau khi thm HCl 2N vo ta T
2
m vn cn ta khng tan,
chng t c SO
4
2-
( dng SrSO
4
). C th tch ring ta SrSO
4
ri thm vo
HCl 1N v tng git BaCl
2
0,5M. Nu phn trn ca dung dch xut hin
ta c m (ca BaSO
4
), cng chng t chc chn c SO
4
2-

















125
S 7. S thc hnh phn tch cc anion nhm II:
CO
3
2
, CH
3
OO

, PO
4
3
, AsO
3
3
, AsO
4
3
-
, SO
3
2
, SO
4
2
, (S
2
O
3
2
)
-
























Tm CO
3
2
:
Dung dch phn tch:
+ HCl 2N CO
2

(lm c nc vi
trong) c CO
3
2



Dung dch phn tch
+Na
2
CO
3

(lm nc soda)
Tm CH
3
COO

:
Dung dch phn tch:
Hoc bng FeCl
3
10%
phc hp mu
c CH
3
COO

Hoc + H
2
SO
4
c
+ ru amylic ester
c mi du chui
c CH
3
COO

Tm PO4
3
: Dung dch
va tm CO
3
2
+ HNO
3

c + TT amoni
molypdat ( lnh trong
nc ) ta vng
c PO
4
3
Ta: carbonat,
hydroxyd cc cation
khng phi kim loi
kim (b i hoc
tm cation)
Phn 1 (nc soda): + Hn hp Mg
MgNH
4
ASO
4
trng v MgNH
4
PO
4
trng
Phn 2 (nc soda):
+ Sr(NO
3
)
2
bo ho. un nng
Nc ly tm L
1
:
AsO
3
3
+ Dung dch
I
2
5% mt
mu nu
vng
c
AsO
3
3
Ta T
1
:
+ HCl 2N va
tan ht + Na
2
S
As
2
S
5

vng
c
AsO
4



Ta T
2
: Mui Sr
2+
ca SO
3
2
, SO
4
2
, AsO
3
2
, PO
4
3
,
CO
3
2
+HCl 2N
Tm SO
3
2
:
- Trung ha bng NaOH 0,1M v HCl 0,1N n
mt mu phelnolphthalein + Formalin 5% mu
c SO
3
2

- Hoc un nng, dn hi sc vo KMnO
4
0,5%
+H
2
SO
4
2N mt mu KMnO
4
(do SO
2
) c SO
3
2
Tm SO
4
2
:
- Vn c SrSO
4
c SO
4
2

- Hoc ly ta + HCl 1N + BaCl
2
0,5M c bi
BaSO
4
c SO
4
2

Nc ly tm L
2
: AsO
4
3
, S
2
O
3
2
. un nng + Ba(NO
3
)
2
bo ho. Ly tm. Ly ta BaS
2
O
3
+
KMnO
4
1% + H
2
SO
4
10% mt mu KMnO
4
(do SO
2
) v c S c S
2
O
3
2

Nc ly tm (nc soda):
iu chnh pH v kim
nh hoc trung tnh bng
CH
3
COOH2N, chia lm 2
phn: 1 v 2

Dung dch phn tch: Anion nhm II
126

Bi 9
Phn tch hn hp cation v
anion trong dung dch
Mc tiu
1. a ra c cc nhn xt v tin hnh c mt s cch th s b ph hp i
vi dung dch cn phn tch d on cation v anion c th c mt.
2. Thc hin c cc bc phn tch h thng tm ng cation v anion c
trong dung dch.
1. Dng c - Ho cht - Thuc th
C y cc b dng c, ha cht v thuc th ca 8 bi lm pha trc
2. Thc hnh
Khi nhn c dung dch hn hp cation v anion cn nh tnh, phi
thc hin ln lt cc bc phn tch nh sau:
1. Dng gic quan nhn xt mu sc, mi. a ra d on ban
u v cc ion c mt.
2. Thc hin cc php th s b v
pH ca dung dch
Mu ngn la
T , d on tip cc ion c th c mt.
3. Th mt s phn ng, c bit l phn ng ca cc thuc th
nhm i vi cation v anion
Theo , tip tc d on cc ion c th c trong dung dch phn tch.
4. Tin hnh phn tch h thng hoc na h thng theo cc s
thc hnh phn tch cation (s 1, 2 ,3, v 4) v s phn tch
anion (s 6 v 7).
5. Sau khi c kt lun v cc cation v anion va tm c t phn
tch h thng, cn i chiu kt lun y vi cc kt qu th s b
ban u xem c g mu thun. Nu cn nghi ng th phi tin
hnh phn tch li.
127





PHN III
l thuyt phn tch nh lng
129
130

Bi 1
AI CONG V HA PHN TCH |NH LNG
MUC TIU
1. Trnh by c v tr, i tng ca mn hc.
2. Nu c cc phng php phn tch nh lng, nguyn tc chung ca cc
phng php ha hc dng trong phn tch nh lng.
3. Trnh by c cc loi sai s trong phn tch nh lng v cch khc phc.
Bit cch ghi d liu thc nghim theo qui tc v ch s c ngha.
1. i tng ca phn tch nh lng
Phn tch nh lng l mt mt ca cng tc phn tch c nhim v
xc nh hm lng (khi lng, thnh phn %, s mol...) ca mt nguyn
t, ion, nhm nguyn t, mt cht (nguyn cht hay hn hp) th rn hay
ha tan trong cc dung dch c trong mu th cn phn tch.
Phn tch nh lng c ng dng v c v tr quan trng trong
nhiu ngnh khoa hc: ha hc, sinh hc, a cht, nng nghip, thc
phm... v c bit trong ngnh Dc.
Trong chng trnh o to ca ngnh Dc, phn tch nh lng va
l mn hc c s va l mn hc nghip v. Hc tt phn tch nh lng
gip cho vic hc v sau ny ra lm tt cc lnh vc: kim nghim thuc v
m phm, kim nghim thc phm, xc nh cc hot cht trong cc
nguyn liu, dc liu, cc dng bo ch, ha dc, phn tch nc, xc
nh cht c, lm cc xt nghim sinh ho, h tr c lc cho vic nghin
cu, tng hp v sn xut thuc...
2. Phn loi cc phng php phn tch nh lng
Da vo bn cht cc phng php s dng trong phn tch nh
lng c th chia thnh hai nhm phng php.
2.1. Cc phng php ha hc
Da trn mi lin quan gia tnh cht ha hc v thnh phn ha hc
ca cht cn phn tch. Cc phng php ny chia thnh hai nhm:
131
2.1.1. Phng php phn tch khi lng
Da vo vic xc nh khi lng cht cn xc nh c tch ra
khi cc cht khc c trong mu phn tch di dng tinh khit.
2.1.2. Phng php phn tch th tch
Phng php chun : Da vo vic xc nh th tch mt dung dch
thuc th c nng bit gi l dung dch chun cho tc dng
vi cht cn xc nh theo phn ng ha hc thch hp. Tu theo phn
ng ha hc s dng c tn gi cc phng php phn tch tng ng;
cc phng php thng dng l: Phng php nh lng acid-base;
phng php nh lng oxy ha - kh; phng php to ta; phng
php to phc; phng php to cp ion.
Phng php th tch kh: Da vo vic o th tch ca cht kh c
sinh ra t cht th (nh CO
2
gii phng t mui carbonat) hoc do s
gim th tch ca hn hp kh do mt phn b hp th (nh CO
2
b
hp th vo dung dch KOH).
2.2. Cc phng php vt l v ha l
y l cc phng php phn tch da vo mi quan h gia thnh
phn ha hc v cc tnh cht vt l hoc c tnh ha l ca cc cht. Cc
phng php vt l v ha l thng chia lm ba nhm ln:
2.2.1. Cc phng php phn chia (phng php tch)
Phng php chit, phng php sc k...
2.2.2. Cc phng php phn tch quang hc
Phng php o khc x, phng php o nng sut quay cc,
phng php o quang ph hp th, phng php o quang ph pht x...
2.2.3. Cc phng php phn tch in ha
Phng php o th, phng php cc ph....
Nhn chung cc phng php vt l v ha l c nhy v chnh
xc cao, thi gian phn tch nhanh, nhiu khi c th xc nh trc tip cht
cn phn tch c trong mu phn tch m khng phi chit tch trc. Tuy
nhin i hi phi c thit b, my mc t tin.
Trong phm vi chng trnh, hc phn phn tch nh lng ch yu
gii thiu cc phng php: Phn tch khi lng, phng php phn tch
th tch vi ni dung ch yu l phng php chun : acid-base, oxy ha
- kh, to ta, to phc.
132
3. Nguyn tc chung ca cc phng php ha hc dng
trong nh lng
L da trn c s cc phn ng ha hc, cc nh lut ha hc v cc
hin tng xy ra trong qu trnh phn ng (nh s to kt ta, to mu,
i mu...) xc nh hm lng ca cht cn xc nh trong mu th.
xc nh cht X, ta cho cht X phn ng vi thuc th R theo
phng trnh tng qut:
X + R + ... = P + Q + ....
Tu theo k thut thc hin ta c th xc nh X thng qua sn phm
P (hay Q) ca phn ng hoc thuc th R.
Nu phn ng to ra kt ta: Ta c th tch ring kt ta v em cn,
t khi lng sn phm kt ta tnh c hm lng cht X.
Th d:
xc nh hm lng FeCl
3
ta cho phn ng vi NaOH d:
FeCl
3
+ 3 NaOH = Fe(OH)
3
+ 3 NaCl
Sau em lc ly kt ta Fe(OH)
3
, ra sch, em nung kh:
2 Fe(OH)
3
Fe
o
t
2
O
3
+ 3 H
2
O
T khi lng Fe
2
O
3
tnh ra c hm lng FeCl
3
c trong mu phn tch.
Nu phn ng to ra cht kh: Ta c th xc nh th tch ca kh di
mt p sut nht nh (hoc dng mt cht hp th kh), t lng kh
ta c th tnh c hm lng cht X.
Th d:
xc nh CaCO
3
, ta cho tc dng vi HCl:
CaCO
3
+ 2 HCl = CaCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
Cho kh CO
2
hp th vo dung dch Ba(OH)
2
ta xc nh c lng CO
2
:
CO
2
+ Ba(OH)
2
= BaCO
3
+ H
2
O
T ta s tnh c hm lng CaCO
3
trong mu th.
Da vo lng thuc th R tiu th trong phn ng, tnh c hm
lng cht X c trong mu phn tch. K thut ny c ng dng
kh nhiu v c gi l cc phng php phn tch th tch.
133
4. Sai s trong phn tch nh lng ha hc
4.1. Mt s khi nim

Khi phn tch, ngi ta thng thc hin ton b qui trnh phn tch
(hoc xc nh mt i lng no ) mt s ln trn mu th v thu
c cc kt qu tng ng x
1
, x
2
,...x
n
Gi tr trung bnh
n
x x x
x
n
+ + +
=
...
2 1
l ng tin cy hn c v c ly
lm kt qu ca php phn tch.
Gi tr trung bnh x thng khc vi gi tr thc ca i lng cn
xc nh, s sai khc chnh l sai s ca php phn tch (hoc php
xc nh).
Kt qu ca php phn tch c nh gi tnh ng ( ng:
accuracy) v tnh chnh xc (precision).
Tnh ng phn nh s ph hp gia kt qu thc nghim thu c
( x ) vi gi tr thc () ca i lng cn xc nh.
Tnh chnh xc ( lp li) phn nh s ph hp gia cc kt qu thu
c (x
1
, x
2
,...x
n
) trong cc th nghim lp li trong cng iu kin thc
nghim qui nh ca php phn tch (cc php phn tch song song).
C th biu th sai s di dng sai s tuyt i v sai s tng i.
+ Sai s tuyt i = x - (gi tr dng l sai s tha, gi tr m l
sai s thiu).
+ Sai s tng i .100
x
x
(%)
4.2. Cc loi sai s
4.2.1. Sai s th
Thng l nhng sai ln, hu ht do s cu th, s nhm ln hoc s
c gian ln, s trc trc bt ng (do hng thit b, mt in, mt nc..)...
Sai s th c th ch lm hng mt d liu nhng cng c khi lm sai c
mt tp hp d liu. Trong phn tch cn phi trnh v loi b sai ny
bng cch thn trng, tng s th nghim, x l thng k loi b cc d liu
ngoi lai...
4.2.2. Sai s h thng
L sai s do nhng ngun gc m trn nguyn tc c th xc nh
c, n lm cho cc kt qu phn tch c xu hng nht nh: cao,
134
thp hoc bin i theo qui lut no . Th d: khi cn Na
2
CO
3
trong
mt chn cn khng y np th kt qu cn s tng dn theo thi
gian v Na
2
CO
3
l cht ht m mnh, sai s ny tng theo thi gian
cn v b mt mt tip xc ca ha cht vi kh quyn.
Sai s h thng lm gim tnh ng ca kt qu phn tch.
Nguyn nhn dn n sai s h thng c th l:
Do s dng dng c, thit b c sai s, ha cht v thuc th c ln
tp cht l... (th d dng cn khng ng, cc dng c o th tch
khng chnh xc...). C th khc phc sai s ny bng cch hiu chnh
li, thay ha cht thuc th t tiu chun...
Sai s do c nhn ngi lm: C th do ch quan ngi phn tch gy
ra v thiu kinh nghim, lm vic thiu suy ngh, khng cn thn dn
n cc thao tc khng chun (c th khc phc bng cch lm vic
cn thn, nghim tc, rn luyn k nng, chu kh hc tp...); c th
do tm l tc l khuynh hng ca ngi phn tch khi lp li th
nghim mun chn gi tr ph hp vi gi tr o trc, hoc gn vi
gi tr ca ngi khc.
Sai s do phng php: Nguyn nhn ny kh pht hin v l nguyn
nhn quan trng dn n sai s h thng. Sai s phng php c lin
quan vi tnh cht ha hc hoc ha l ca h o. Th d: phn ng
phn tch xy ra khng hon ton hoc c phn ng ph xy ra lm
sai lch tnh hp thc ca phn ng chnh... Sai s phng php c
lin quan vi thao tc ca ngi lm. Trong nhiu trng hp nu
thao tc tt c th lm gim sai s phng php v ngc li. (Th d
trong phn tch khi lng, nu ra kt ta vi th tch nc ra thch
hp s lm gim s mt ta do tan).
4.2.3. Sai s ngu nhin
L nhng sai s lm cho d liu phn tch dao ng ngu nhin quanh
gi tr trung bnh. Ngun gc ca n l do cc bin i nh khng
kim sot c (khng pht hin v khng o c), nhng nhng
bin i nh ny c th kt hp vi nhau theo nhiu cch to ra sai s
ln thy c, lm nh hng n lp li ca kt qu o v lm
gim chnh xc ca php phn tch.
Sai s ngu nhin lun lun xut hin d php phn tch c thc
hin ht sc cn thn v iu kin thc nghim c gi c nh
nghim ngt. C th lm gim sai s ngu nhin bng cch tin hnh
phn tch cn thn, tng s th nghim v x l cc s liu bng
phng php thng k (theo cc lut thng k ca cc bin thin ngu
nhin).
135
4.3. Cch ghi d liu thc nghim theo qui tc v ch s c ngha
Mt d liu thc nghim phn tch thu c t o trc tip hoc tnh
ton gin tip t kt qu cc php o phi c ghi theo nguyn tc ch
mt ch s cui cng l cn nghi ng, cc ch s cn li l chc ng.
Th d:
Cn 0,5g trn cn k thut phi ghi l 0,50g (v cn k thut cho php
sai 0,01g). Nu cn trn cn phn tch phi ghi l 0,5000g (v cn
phn tch cho php sai 0,0002g).
Ly 10mL dung dch bng pipet chnh xc phi ghi l 10,00mL (v sai
cho php 0,02mL).
Theo cch ghi trn: Tr cc ch s 0 u tin, cc ch s cn li c
gi l ch s c ngha. Th d:
0,0531g c 3 ch s c ngha,
1,0023g c 5 ch s c ngha,
0,1500g c 4 ch s c ngha.
Cch lm trn s:
Nu ch s cui cng l 1-4: b i
Nu ch s cui cng l 6-9: b i v thm 1 vo ch s ng trc.
Nu ch s 5: lm trn thnh s chn gn n nht.
Th d: 60,55 60,6; 60,45 60,4
BAI TP (BAI 1)
1.1. Hy trnh by v tr v i tng ca phn tch nh lng.
1.2. Nu cc phng php ha hc dng trong phn tch nh lng.
1.3. Trnh by nguyn tc chung ca cc phng php ha hc dng
trong phn tch nh lng.
1.4. Gii thch s khc nhau gia:
- Tnh ng v tnh chnh xc.
- Sai s tuyt i v sai s tng i.
- Sai s h thng v sai s ngu nhin.
1.5. Hy nu mt s bin php khc phc cc sai s thng gp
trong phn tch.
1.6. Cch ghi d liu thc nghim theo qui tc ch s c ngha.
136
Bi 2
Phng php phn tch khi lng
mc tiu
1. Trnh by c ni dung v phn loi ca phng php phn tch khi lng.
2. M t cc giai on chnh ca phn tch khi lng.
3. Tnh c kt qa nh lng bng phng php khi lng.
1. Ni dung v phn loi
Phng php phn tch khi lng (cn gi l phng php cn) l
phng php da trn c s xc nh khi lng ca cht cn phn tch
c tch ra khi cc cht khc (c cng trong mu th) di dng tinh
khit.
Qu trnh tch c th c thc hin theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Vic
phn loi phng php ch yu da vo cc phng php tch, c th chia
thnh hai phng php chnh.
1.1. Phng php kt ta
Cho thuc th kt ta vo dung dch cha cht cn xc nh to
kt ta thch hp. Lc tch ly ta ra khi dung dch, ra, sy hoc nung
n khi lng khng i. T khi lng ta thu c tnh ra hm lng
cht cn xc nh c trong mu th.
Dng kt ta hnh thnh sau phn ng kt ta gi l dng ta. Dng
kt ta cui cng em cn l dng cn. Dng ta v dng cn c th ging
nhau nhng cng c th khc nhau.
Th d:

nh lng Na
2
SO
4
: cho phn ng kt ta vi BaCl
2
BaCl
2
+ Na
2
SO
4
= BaSO
4
+ 2 NaCl
(dng ta)
Tch lc ly kt ta, ra, sy, nung kh c dng cn vn l BaSO
4
.
137
nh lng FeCl
3
: cho phn ng vi NaOH d
3 NaOH + FeCl
3
= Fe(OH)
3
+ 3 NaCl
Tch lc ly kt ta, ra, sy, nung kh c dng cn l Fe
2
O
3
(khc
vi dng ta).

(Dng ta) (Dng cn)
Fe
2
O
3
H
2
O + 3
2Fe(OH)
3
o
t

1.2. Phng php bay hi
Trong trng hp ny, mt hay nhiu hp phn ca mu c lm cho
bay hi hay c th chuyn thnh mt cht bay hi.
1.2.1. Phng php bay hi trc tip
Cho cht bay hi thu c hp th vo mt mi trng thch hp, ri
t phn tng khi lng tnh ra kt qu.
Th d:
xc nh hm lng CO
2
trong mui carbonat, ta cho mui phn
ng vi acid gii phng CO
2
. Kh CO
2
bay ra c dn qua mt bnh
ng Ca(OH)
2
c khi lng bit trc:
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
= CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
Sau khi CO
2
b hp th, cn li bnh, xc nh c hm lng CO
2
.
Cht cn xc nh c cn sau khi lm bay hi mu:
Th d:
Xc nh cn kh ca mu nc c thc hin bng cch cho bc hi
mt th tch nc xc nh trong cc bit khi lng. Cn cn li trong
cc c sy kh. T khi lng tng ln ca cc ta tnh c lng cn kh
ca mu nc th.
1.2.2. Phng php bay hi gin tip
y, ta xc nh lng cht trc khi bay hi v lng cn cn li
sau khi bay hi suy ra khi lng cht bay hi.
Th d xc nh hm m (hm lng nc) ca mu thuc, Dc in
Vit Nam cng nh mt s nc dng phng php bay hi theo cch ny
v gi l "gim khi lng do sy kh".
Vi thuc kh b nhit phn hu: thng sy 100-105
O
C.
Vi thuc d b nhit phn hu: lm kh nhit thng trong bnh
ht m c P
2
O
5
hay H
2
SO
4
c, hoc t sy p sut gim nhit thp.
138
2. Nhng ng tc c bn ca phng php Phn tch
khi lng
2.1. Ha tan
Nu mu phn tch dng dung dch khng cn giai on ny. Mu
phn tch rn cn phi tm cch chuyn n vo dung dch ri dng thuc
th thch hp thc hin phn ng kt ta.
Qu trnh ha tan ph thuc vo nhiu iu kin: dung mi, nhit ,
pH, bn cht ca cht phn tch... Do vy c cht d ha tan trong nc,
nhng cng c cht ch tan trong dung dch acid, dung dch kim, hoc tan
khi to thnh phc cht, nhiu cht kh tan hn phi cn n nhng cht
c tnh oxy ho kh thch hp hay chuyn chng thnh mt dng d ha
tan hn. Trong khi ha tan khng c cho thm vo nhng cht lm nh
hng ti phn ng kt ta sau ny.
2.2. Kt ta
2.2.1. Chn thuc th thch hp kt ta
Thuc th kt ta cn p ng cc yu cu sau:
Thuc th phi kt ta hon ton cht cn xc nh, d lc, d ra
(ta cng l tinh th ln cng tt), chuyn sang dng cn d dng v
hon ton.
Thuc th phi c tnh chn lc cao (ch phn ng vi cht xc nh,
khng hoc t phn ng vi cc cht ph khc).
Thuc th phi d loi b khi lc, ra.
2.2.2. Chn iu kin kt ta
Vi ta tinh th: Cn duy tr iu kin lm chm qu trnh to
mm v tng cng qu trnh ln ln ca mm. Cho nn thng kt
ta trong iu kin:
+ Dung dch long, nng.
+ Cho thuc th chm, khuy u.
+ Lm mui ta: ta tip xc lu vi dung dch th cc ta b s
tan ra, cc ta ln s to ln.
Vi ta v nh hnh: Cn to ra qu trnh ng t cc ht keo v
ngn cn qu trnh cng kt (l hin tng ion ny c th cng ta vi
ion khc m trong iu kin ring r n khng kt ta c) do hp
ph, hp lu, ta theo. Do vy, khi tin hnh kt ta thng phi:
139
+ C mt ca cht in ly mnh trong dung dch
+ un nng dung dch v khuy mnh.
+ Kt ta t dung dch c ta s t xp v lng nhanh hn, nhng s
hp ph cht bn cng nhiu hn. khc phc, trc khi lc cho
thm nc nng vo v khuy mnh gii hp ph cc cht bn.
+ Lc ngay, khng lm mui trnh hp ph.
2.3. Lc ta
C th lc kt ta qua giy lc hay phu lc xp.
2.3.1. Giy lc
Thng dng l giy lc khng tro, ngha l sau khi nung, khi lng
tro cn li khng ng k, cn phn tch khng pht hin c (< 0,0005g
hay 0,5mg). nh du mn ca giy lc bng mu in trn hp ng hoc
mu bng giy hay theo k hiu ty nh sn xut, v d:
Giy bng xanh: Rt mn, chy chm, dng lc ta tinh th nh.
Giy bng trng, bng vng: mn va phi, tc chy trung bnh.
Giy bng : L to, chy nhanh, dng lc ta v nh hnh.
Cn lu khi nung kt ta, giy lc chy thnh than, than to thnh
c th kh mt s cht.
2.3.2. Phu xp
c nh s 1, 2, 3... s cng tng, phu cng mn. Khi dng lu
bo qun lp xp (trnh co st lm hng lp xp).
2.4. Ra ta
2.4.1. Chn dch ra cho thch hp
Dch ra phi lm gim tan ca ta, chng hin tng pepti ha,
d loi b khi sy hoc khi nung.
Dch ra c th l chnh bn thn thuc th, l dung dch long ca
mt cht in ly, l dung dch acid hoc base v cng c th ch l nc ct.
2.4.2. Cch ra
Vi cng mt th tch dch ra ti a cho php, ra nhiu ln tt hn
l ra t ln. Ngi ta chng minh c cng thc:

n
o
o
o n
V V
V
A A

+
=
140
Trong :
A
o
: Lng cht bn ban u
A
n
: Lng cht bn cn li sau n ln ra
V: Th tch dch ra dng cho mi ln
V
o
: Th tch dch ra cn dnh li sau mi ln (V
o
cng nh th A
n
cng
b, do khi ra phi cho dch ra chy kit mi chng sch)
n: S ln ra
2.5. Sy v nung
y l qu trnh chuyn dng ta thnh dng cn. Dng cn phi
tinh khit, bn vng v c thnh phn xc nh khi tip xc vi khng kh,
do vy cn phi sy hoc nung loi ht nc gy m ra khi kt ta.
Giy lc v ta ra sch phi chy tht ht nc ri mi cn
thn ly ra khi phu, gp li v t vo trong chn nung nung n
khi lng khng i. Nu chn c np phi y h mt cht kh c li
thot. Mi u cn nhit thp sy cho kh (khng c ta v
nc bn lung tung ra thnh chn). Khi ta kh, khng cn git nc
no bm thnh chn th tng nhit giy lc chy thnh than (khng
giy lc chy bng thnh ngn la). Sau , tng nhit n nhit
thch hp trong thi gian t 15-30 pht (hoc hn na nu c yu cu c
th). Sy hoc nung n khi lng khng i l c (ngha l gi tr hai
ln cn k tip nhau sai khc < 0,0005g).
2.6. Cn
Trc khi cn, cn a vt cn vo bnh ht m khong 20 pht
a v nhit phng. y l giai on cui cng nhng rt quan trng
xc nh khi lng ca kt ta ( dng cn), khi cn cn ht sc thn
trng v tun th ng hng dn s dng.
3. Cch tnh kt qu trong phn tch khi lng
3.1. Trong phng php kt ta
3.1.1. Tha s chuyn F
L t s gia khi lng mol ca cht cn xc nh (nhn vi h s
tng ng) v khi lng mol ca dng cn. V ngha n cho bit c
1g dng cn c F gam cht xc nh.
Th d 1: nh lng Na
2
SO
4
cho phn ng kt ta vi BaCl
2
, dng
cn l BaSO
4

141
NaCl 2 BaSO BaCl SO Na
4 2 4 2
+ = +


4 2
SO Na
M
4
BaSO
M

4
4 2
4
4 2
BaSO
SO Na
BaSO
SO Na
M
M
M
M . 1
F = =
Th d 2: nh lng Fe trong dung dch Fe
3+
bng cch cho kt ta
vi NaOH, dng cn l FeBB
2
O
3
.

O H O Fe OH Fe
Na OH Fe NaOH Fe
o
t
2 3 2 3
3
3
3 ) ( 2
3 ) ( 3
+
+ = +
+ +
Theo phng trnh phn ng c:

3 2
O Fe
Fe
M
M . 2
F =

Nu mt cht c nhiu dng cn, dng cn no c F cng nh, cng tt
v khi gim ti mc thp nht nh hng ca cc sai s thc
nghim n kt qa cui.
Th d: Khi nh lng crom di dng cn l Cr
2
O
3
th khi mt 1mg
kt ta s tng ng mt
7 , 0
152
104
1
O Cr
Cr 2
3 2
= =

mg Cr; nhng nu dng cn l

BaCrO
4
th khi mt 1mg kt ta ch tng ng mt
2 , 0
3 , 253
52
1
BaCrO
Cr
4
= =
mg
Cr dng cn BaCrO
4
tt hn.
3.1.2. p dng tnh kt qu
Gi s cn a gam mu cht cn xc nh A, khi lng dng cn thu
c l P gam.
Khi lng cht A nguyn cht c trong mu l: m = P.F (g). Do ,
hm lng % (kl/ kl) ca A trong mu th l:
100 .
a
P.F
%A
(kl/kl)
=

Gi s ly VmL mu cht cn xc nh A, khi lng dng cn thu
c l P gam. Khi , hm lng % (kl/ kl) ca A trong mu th l:
100 .
V
P.F
%A
(kL/kT)
=
Cc nng khc c tnh hoc suy lun tng t.
142
3.2. Trong phng php bay hi
Vic tnh n gin hn.
Th d: Khi xc nh hm m:
100 %

=
a
b a
m
Trong :
a: khi lng mu trc khi sy
b: khi lng mu sau khi sy kh
4. Cn phn tch
Trong phn tch khi lng, cn phn tch c dng cn mu th,
b v b c cha ta. Trong thc t c cc loi cn phn tch sau:
4.1. Cn c hc (Mechanical balance)
Hot ng ca cn da trn nguyn tc n by.
Cn c hc c hai loi:
Cn c hc hai quang: C hai cnh tay n bng nhau. Qu cn
ngoi cn, khi cn mi t qu cn ln a cn. Khi cn v tr cn
bng khi lng qu cn t vo a cn chnh l khi lng ca vt
cn cn.
Cn c hc mt quang: Cn c qu cn c t trc tip ln cnh tay
n trong cn v c thng bng vi i trng. Khi t vt cn cn
ln a cn, cn bng vi i trng b ph v, phi nhc qu cn ra
khi cnh tay n lp li cn bng. Khi lng ca cc qu cn ly
ra chnh l khi lng ca vt cn t trn a cn. Cn c hc mt
quang c gn thm b khuch i quang hc nn thng c gi l
cn in.
4.2. Cn in t (Electronic balance)
Hot ng ca cn da trn lc in t gi cn v tr cn bng
ban u. Dng in cn duy tr lc ny t l vi khi lng ca vt cn
khi cn. Qu trnh hot ng ca cn nh sau:
Khi khng c vt cn trn a cn, lc in t ca h thng gi cn
v tr cn bng: im 0 ban u.
Khi t vt cn ln a cn, im 0 ban u b dch chuyn v gi tn
hiu ti dng in kim tra to ra dng in hiu chnh (dng in
hiu chnh ny chy trong cun dy gn vo a ca a cn, to ra
mt t trng. T trng ca cun dy chu tng tc ca mt nam
chm vnh cu t di a cn) cn thit thit lp li h thng v
v tr ban u t l vi khi lng ca vt cn t trn a cn.
143

Hnh 2.1. Cn phn tch in t
Cc yu t nh hng n cn in
t: cc bc x in t ti ni t cn, t
tnh ca vt cn, bi bn khe gia cun
dy v nam chm, ... Do , khi s dng
cn in t phi quan tm ti cc thng
s ca mi trng xung quanh nh nhit
, p sut kh quyn, m, lung kh,
... v cc yu t khc nh s thay i
in th ca ngun in, in trng, t
trng, tnh in v bn cht ca mu o
v t tnh v kh nng nhim t.
4.3. Tiu chun c bn ca cn phn tch
ng: L mc st gn ca cc gi tr c c vi gi tr thc
ca qu cn chun.
tin: Cn cho s o nh nhau khi t vt cn bt c v tr no trn
a cn.
nhy t yu cu khi cn.
Tnh tuyn tnh: L s lch dng hay m ca gi tr c c vi gi
tr thc t trn cn.
nh k mi nm hai ln kim tra cc tiu ch trn m bo kt
qu kim nghim.
5. Mt vi th d p dng nh lng bng phng php
khi lng
5.1. nh lng Clorid
Phng trnh phn ng:
Cho tha dung dch AgNO
3
vo dung dch Cl
-
cn xc nh s c phn ng:
AgNO
3
+ Cl
-
= AgCl + NO
3
-
Lc ly kt ta AgCl, ra ta, sy n khi lng khng i, cn trn
cn phn tch. T khi lng ta thu c tnh ra hm lng clorid trong
mu.
Ta AgCl khng bn, ra nh sng b phn hu thnh Ag (lc u
ta ho tm sau en dn) v vy khng nn ta lu nh sng khuych
tn hoc tip xc trc tip vi nh sng, tt nht nn bc cc ng ta
bng t giy en. 130
o
C ta AgCl b phn hu v mt clor, do khi sy
khng nhit cao vt qu 130
o
C.
144
K thut tin hnh:
Dng pipet ly mt th tch chnh xc dung dch mu sao cho lng
Cl
-
khong 0,15g cho vo cc 250 mL, thm nc ct n khong 70 mL,
thm tip 15 mL HNO
3
2N. t cc vo ni un cch thy. Dng a
thy tinh va khuy mnh, va cho t t khong 50 mL AgNO
3
0,1N
(tha khong 10% so vi lng Cl
-
). un cch thy tip 1gi. Sau
yn ch ti t 3-5 gi. Ly ra th xem ta hon ton cha bng cch
thm 1mL AgNO
3
0,1N vo dung dch trong trn ta, nu khng c ta
thm l ta hon ton (nu cha ta hon ton phi lm ng tc kt
ta thm).
Ly 1 phu lc xp s 3 hay s 4 ra bng dung dch HNO
3
long,
nng (2-3ml HNO
3
2N), sau ra li bng nc nng v em sy 130
o
C
n khi lng khng i.
Lp phu lc xp vo bnh ht chn khng v lc ta. u tin rt
phn nc trong theo a thy tinh vo phu, ra ta vi ln bng dung
dch HNO
3
long, nng, sau chuyn ht ta vo phu, ra tip ta bng
HNO
3
long, nng cui cng bng nc ct.
em sy ta cng phu xp 120
o
C trong 2 gi, ngui trong bnh
ht m, ri em cn trn cn phn tch. Sy, lp li n khi c khi lng
khng i. Lp cng thc v tnh kt qu.
5.2. nh lng Na
2
SO
4

Khi thm dung dch BaCl
2
d vo dung dch mu th, s c kt ta BaSO
4
:
Na
2
SO
4
+ BaCl
2
= BaSO
4
+ 2NaCl
Lc ly kt ta BaSO
4
, ra, sy v nung ta n khi lng khng i.
T khi lng dng cn BaSO
4
thu c tnh ra hm lng Na
2
SO
4
trong
mu th.
V BaSO
4
c tan mt t trong dung dch acid c, cho nn ch kt ta
mi trng acid nh, khng nung ta nhit > 800
o
C v 1400
o
C ta
BaSO
4
b phn hy theo phng trnh:
3 4
SO BaO
C
o
1400
BaSO +
1400
o
C
K thut tin hnh:
Ly chnh xc mt lng mu th sao cho lng sulfat khong 0,15 -
0,20g cho vo cc 250 mL, thm nc cho thnh khong 80 mL, thm
0,5 mL HCl c. t ln bp (c lt li aming). un si. Va khuy va
cho t t dung dch BaCl
2
0,5N n khi d khong 10% so vi lng sulfat
em nh lng. un si thm vi pht. lng, kim tra xem ta hon ton
145
cha. un cch thu 1 gi (thnh thong khuy u). lng. Gn nc
trong trn ta qua mt phu lc c giy lc khng tro (giy bng xanh).
Ra gn ta vi ln bng nc ct, sau chuyn hon ton ta sang
phu. Ra tip 2 ln trn phu bng dung dch NH
4
NO
3
1%.
giy lc c ta chy ht nc, em c phu v giy sy 100
o
C
n khi giy cn hi m (khong 15 - 20 pht). Nhc giy lc c ta ra khi
phu, gp li theo hnh chp v t vo chn nung nung n khi lng
khng i. t chn nghing bp in v t cho giy lc chy thnh
than (khng cho chy thnh ngn la). em chn nung c ta nung 600
700
o
C trong khong 30 pht. Ly chn nung ra ngui trong bnh ht
m, sau cn trn cn phn tch. Nung lp li cho n khi khi lng
khng i. Lp cng thc v tnh kt qu.
bi tp (bi 2)
2.1. Hy nu ni dung v phn loi ca phng php phn tch khi
lng.
2.2. Th no l dng ta ? Dng cn ? Th d.
2.3. Trnh by cc ng tc c bn trong phn tch khi lng.
2.4. Th no l tha s chuyn F. Cch tnh kt qu trong phng
php kt ta.
2.5. Ti sao khi kt ta phi un nng dung dch ? Cho tha thuc th ?
Khuy u ?
2.6. Anh (ch) hy phn tch ch ra u nhc im ca phng php
phn tch khi lng.
2.7. Mt cht cn xc nh theo phng php khi lng c th c
nhiu dng cn khc nhau, nn chn dng no. V sao?
2.8. Ha tan 1,1245 g mu c cha st, sau em kt ta hon ton
bng dung dch NaOH d. Lc,ra kt ta sau em sy kh ri
nung nhit 800
o
C n khi lng khng i, thu c 0,3412
gam. Hy gii thch (vit phng trnh phn ng) v tnh %Fe c
trong mu em phn tch.
2.9. Ha tan 1,053 g mu phn tch ch gm CaCl
2
v Ca(NO
3
)
2
, sau
cho kt ta hon ton bng acid oxalic d. Lc, ra kt ta sau
sy ri nung kh thu c 0,3872 g CaO. Hy gii thch (vit
phng trnh phn ng) v tnh % mi cht trong hn hp trn.
146
Bi 3
Phng php nh lng th tch
mc tiu
1. Trnh by c ni dung ca phng php phn tch th tch. Nu c cch
xc nh im tng ng.
2. K tn c bn loi phng php chun chnh v ba k thut chun .
3. Trnh by c qui tc chung v cch tnh kt qu nh lng theo nng
ng lng.
4. Trnh by c cch s dng v cch hiu chnh dung tch cc dng c o th
tch .
1. Ni dung ca phng php phn tch th tch
Phng php phn tch th tch l phng php xc nh hm lng
cc cht da vo th tch dung dch thuc th bit nng chnh
xc (trong phn tch gi l dung dch chun) thm t buret vo dung
dch cht cn xc nh ( trong bnh nn) cho n khi chng phn
ng va vi nhau theo phn ng ho hc:
R + X = P + Q
T th tch thuc th R c nng bit v lng mu
(c cha cht X), xc nh c hm lng ca cht X.
S thm t t thuc th R ( trn buret) vo cht X (
di bnh nn) gi l s chun (trong thc t cng c
khi dung dch cn nh lng X c rt vo buret, dung
dch R di bnh nn).

R
X
Thi im lng thuc th R cho vo phn ng va ht vi ton
b cht xc nh X gi l im tng ng. xc nh im tng
ng trong chun th tch ngi ta s dng mt trong cc cht
tham gia phn ng hoc thm vo cht ph c th gy ra cc hin
tng quan st c (v d s i mu, s xut hin kt ta...) xy ra
ln cn im tng ng gi l cht ch th.
147
Trong thc t, chng ta thng dng chun khi cht ch th thay
i tn hiu (i mu, gy ta,...) v c gi l im kt thc chun
(hay im dng chun - im cui). im kt thc thng khng
trng vi im tng ng v gy ra sai s chun . Sai s chun
thng do hai yu t: do s dng cht ch th khng thch hp (sai s
ch th) v do k thut chun (s dng pipet, buret khng tt,...). V
vy khi chun phi lu gim sai s ti mc thp nht.
2. Yu cu i vi mt phn ng dng trong phn tch
th tch
Cc phn ng chun dng trong phn tch th tch phi tho mn
cc yu cu sau:
Phn ng phi xy ra hon ton (thng thng cht cn xc nh cn
li c nng < 10
-6
M) theo ng h s hp thc ca phng trnh
phn ng.
Phn ng phi c tnh chn lc cao: ch xy ra gia thuc th v cht
cn xc nh, khng c phn ng ph.
Phn ng xy ra phi nhanh, nu chm vic xc nh im tng
ng s km chnh xc.
Phi chn c cht ch th xc nh c chnh xc im tng ng.
3. Phn loi cc phng php th tch
Thng thng da trn c s phn ng chun phn loi cc
phng php phn tch th tch. Trong phm vi chng trnh ny chng ti
trnh by bn phng php sau:
3.1. Phng php acid-base (phng php trung ha)
Phn ng nh lng l phn ng trao i proton hay phn ng acid
base. Th d: nh lng dung dch CH
3
COOH bng dung dch NaOH
CH
3
COOH + NaOH = CH
3
COONa + H
2
O
3.2. Phng php oxy ho kh
Phn ng nh lng l phn ng trao i in t gia mt cht oxy
ho v mt cht kh.
Th d: nh lng FeSO
4
bng KMnO
4
:
10FeSO
4
+ 2KMnO
4
+ 8H
2
SO
4
= 5Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 2MnSO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 8H
2
O
(kh) (oxh)
148
3.3. Phng php kt ta
Da vo phn ng to thnh cht kt ta (cht t tan) gia thuc th
v cht cn xc nh.
Th d: nh lng dung dch NaCl bng dung dch AgNO
3
NaCl + AgNO
3
= AgCl + NaNO
3
3.4. Phng php to phc
Da vo phn ng to thnh phc cht gia thuc th v cht cn xc nh.
Th d: nh lng dung dch Mg
2+
bng complexon (HY
3-
)
Mg
2+
+ HY
3-
MgY
2-
+ H
+
4. Cc k thut chun
4.1. nh lng trc tip (chun thng)
l trng hp cho thuc th v cht cn nh lng phn ng trc
tip vi nhau va .
Th d: nh lng mt dung dch NaCl ngi ta nh dung dch
chun AgNO
3
vo dung dch NaCl n khi cht ch th chuyn mu.
4.2. nh lng ngc (chun tha tr)
Th d: nh lng clorid, trc ht ta cho AgNO
3
d ta hon
ton AgCl
AgNO
3
d + NaCl AgCl + NaNO
3
Sau chun AgNO
3
cn tha bng KSCN
AgNO
3
cn li + KSCN AgSCN + KNO
3
Bit c lng AgNO
3
tha, tnh c lng AgNO
3
tc dng vi
NaCl tc l bit c lng NaCl.
4.3. nh lng th (chun th)
Th d: nh lng K
2
Cr
2
O
7
bng cch cho K
2
Cr
2
O
7
tc dng vi KI
d trong mi trng acid gii phng 1 lng tng ng iod.
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 6KI + 7H
2
SO
4
= 3I
2
+ Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 4K
2
SO
4
+ 7H
2
O
nh lng I
2
gii phng bng Na
2
S
2
O
3
I
2
+ 2Na
2
S
2
O
3
= 2NaI + Na
2
S
4
O
6
Trong th d ny, vic nh lng K
2
Cr
2
O
7
c thay th bng nh
lng iod.
149
5. Cch s dng mt s dng c dng trong phng php
th tch
Trong nhng phng php phn tch th tch, ngoi nhng dng c
thy tinh thng thng nh ng ong, pipet chia nhiu vch c s dng
khi cn ly mt th tch dung dch khng cn chnh xc, ta cn dng mt s
dng c thy tinh chnh xc nh buret, pipet, bnh nh mc. trnh sai
s, ta cn bit cc quy tc s dng loi dng c ny.
5.1. S dng buret
Buret l nhng ng thy tinh chia (chia vch) dng o lng
chnh xc dung dch cho chy t ng ra. Buret chia vch ti 1/ 10 hay
1/ 20mL, c loi chia ti 1/50 hay 1/100mL, thng dng trong vi phn tch
v bn phn tch (hnh 4.1)
Trc khi dng cn phi kim tra tnh trng ca buret:

Hnh 4.1. Buret
Kho buret cn kn v trn. Nu kho h hay rt
th phi bi mt lp mng vaselin ln kho
(trnh bi vo l kho).
Buret cn phi kh v sch. Trc khi dng cn
ra sch buret, ch ra sao cho trn thnh
buret khng cn vt m. Trong khi ra khng bt
ming buret bng ngn tay v khi buret s li
b m lm bn. Buret sch th khi y cht
lng chy qua ng t t khng dnh li mt git
no trn thnh ng.
Nu buret cn t m cn nh lng ngay,
ngi ta trng buret hai ln bng 1 lt dung dch
nh lng. Dung dch ny qua phu t
trn ming buret, sau nhc phu ra trnh
dung dch cn st phu chy xung lm sai kt
qu nh lng. Phi ui ht bt kh phn
di buret gn kho. Mun vy m kho v cho
cht lng chy mnh qua buret. Nu bt vn cn
th nhng u nh ca buret vo dung dch, m
kho ri ht ngc dung dch ln.
Bt u nh lng, ta dung dch ln qu vch s 0 ca buret: tay
tri m kho cho dung dch chy t t ti khi phn di (nu dung
dch khng mu), phn trn (nu dung dch sm mu) ca mt khum
tip xc vi vch s 0. Khi c phi mt cng chiu cao vi mt
khum v buret tht thng trnh sai s. Khi chun xong cng
c theo cch ni trn (hnh 4.2).
150
Mun nhn mt khum r hn th sau buret mt ming ba trng
na di bi en, di en cch di mt khum khong 1 mm, do
phn chiu mt khum s ho en (hnh 4.3). C th dn ln thnh
pha sau buret mt di nh di c mu trn nn trng sa. Ta s
thy mt khum phn chia di t li thnh mt im nhn v ta s
c t im (hnh 4.4).


Hnh 4.2. c th tch trn
buret
Hnh 4.3. Dng ba trng
en c th tch trn buret
Hnh 4.4. Buret c
di mu
Dung dch chy t buret khng c qu nhanh, v khi chy nhanh
dung dch khng chy xung ht, s dnh thnh ng v kt qu s
khng chnh xc.
Mi ln nh lng nht thit phi mc ngang ca dung dch trong
buret bt u t s 0, tc l lun lun ch dng mt phn ca buret.
Khi , cc sai s do chia vch trn buret s b nhau tt nht.
Mun kt qu c chnh xc, th tch dung dch dng nh lng
khng vt qu dung tch ca buret v cng khng qu nh.
Bo qun: Khi thi khng nh lng na cn cho chy ht dung dch,
ra sch buret, y u buret bng mt nn giy. cho kho khi b
rt, nhc hn kho ra khi , lau sch vaselin ri t kha vo
nhng c lt mt ming giy lc.
5.2. S dng pipet
Ty theo cch chia vch ta phn bit pipet c 1 vch, c 2 vch v
nhng pipet chia thnh nhiu vch 1/ 10; 1/ 20...(hnh 4.5). Loi 1 vch, 2
vch l loi chnh xc.
151
Trc tin phi ra pipet loi ht cc cht
bn, m... trng 2 ln bng dung dch nh lng,
sau cm phn trn ca pipet bng ngn tay ci
v ngn tay gia, cm su u di ca pipet vo
trong dung dch ( nng qu dung dch c th xc
ln ming) ht t t cho n khi mt khum ca
dung dch dng ln trn vch gn 2 cm , bt nhanh
ming trn ca pipet bng ngn tay tr kh v h
m mt t dung dch chy xung rt chm cho
n khi phn di ca mt khum n ngang vch
(vch th 1 nu l pipet c 2 vch).
a ngay pipet vo trong bnh nn chun
b trc, ta u pipet vo thnh bnh, cm thng
ng pipet ri cho cht lng chy ra t t cho
n vch th 2 i vi loi pipet 2 vch hay n
ht i vi loi pipet 1 vch; nhc pipet ra, khng
c thi git cui cng cn ng li u pipet v
nh th s mc sai s tha. trnh lm hng
thuc th khng nn nhng thng pipet vo chai
m rt thuc th ra cc c m ri mi ht bng
pipet.

Hnh 4.5. Pipet
Tuyt i khng dng pipet ht nhng dung dch acid c, kim
c, cht c, cht bay hi, trong trng hp ny phi dng buret ly
mt th tch chnh xc hoc dng qu bp cao su ni vi pipet ht dung
dch ln.
5.3. S dng bnh nh mc
Bnh nh mc dng pha ch cc dung dch. l nhng bnh cu
c di v hp, c vch ngn c nhiu loi dung tch khc nhau: 2000; 1000;
500; 250; 200; 100; 50; 25 v 20 mL (hnh 4.6). C loi c c 2 vch c
th pha long nhanh chng mt th tch nht nh trong cng tc hng
ngy: v d 50 v 55 mL; 100 v 110 mL. Bnh nh mc phi c ra
sch bng nc ct trc khi dng, khng c ra v trng bng dung
dch nh lng hay thuc th nh trong trng hp buret v pipet.
Khi gp mt cht d tan, ta cho cht ny vo bnh qua mt ci phu,
thm mt t nc vo (khng qu na bnh) v lc cn thn. Khi ho tan
ht, ta cho nc ti di vch ngn mt t, ri dng pipet thm nc t t
cho n khi y mt khum chm ti vch ngn th thi. Nu l cht kh
tan th phi ha tan trc mt cc c m ri mi rt sang bnh nh mc
(nh trng sch cc v c sang bnh). Cn ch nhng im sau y:
152
Khng rt thng dung dch nng, lnh vo
bnh nh mc, i vi nhng cht khi pha
ta nhit (nh H
2
SO
4
) hay thu nhit phi
pha trc mt cc c m v i cho nhit
bng nhit trong phng th nghim ri
hy rt vo bnh nh mc.
Khi pha ch xong phi rt dung dch vo
chai l m khng dng bnh nh mc
ng dung dch th, nht l dung dch kim.

Hnh 4.6. Bnh nh mc
6. Hiu chnh dung tch cc dng c ong o th tch
chnh xc
6.1. Nguyn tc
Dng c ong o thng c sn xut vi dung tch nht nh
nhit nht nh, nhng do k thut sn xut, do thi tit nn khng
trnh khi c sai st. V vy cn kim tra dung tch nhng dng c
trc khi tin hnh nh lng.
Mun kim tra ta cn mt dung tch nht nh nc ct ghi trn
bnh ng, thm vo mt s hiu chnh tnh sn nhit tng ng, ta
c dung tch thc ca dng c. S hiu chnh tnh sn da vo mt
lot hiu chnh sau y:
a/ c th suy ra th tch ca nc theo khi lng nc, nc phi
nhit c khi lng ring ln nht (3,98
o
C). Nhng ngi ta cn nc
nhit bt k. Do cn tnh s hiu chnh (biu th bng A) v s thay
i khi lng ring theo nhit .
b/ Th tch ca nc cn ln hn th tch ca cc qu cn nhiu.
Theo nguyn l Acsimet cc qu cn mt trng lng t hn nc. Do
phi tnh s hiu chnh B v s cn trong khng kh.
c/ Ngi ta cn xt n gin n ca thy tinh, cc dng c thy
tinh u khc ngn nhit 20
o
C, nu di 20
o
C th th tch nh hn,
trn 20
o
C th th tch ln hn, bi vy cn phi da vo s hiu chnh C v
thay i dung tch ca bnh theo nhit .
Tt c nhng s hiu chnh ny u c tnh trc (bng 4.1).
6.2. Hiu chnh dung tch bnh nh mc
Th d: Mun hiu chnh dung tch ca bnh nh mc 250 mL, ta ra
v lm kh bnh, t ln a cn. Khi lng ca bnh (m
1
gam).
153
nc y bnh n vch, sau dng khn lau kh bn ngoi v
dng giy lc xoay quanh thnh trong c bnh pha trn vch cho kh, t
ln a cn xc nh khi lng ca bnh y nc (m
2
gam).
Do khi lng nc bng: m
2
- m
1
(g)
Gi s: m
2
- m
1
(g) = 249,55 g
Ly nhit nc khi y bnh l 24
o
C. Tra bng ta thy s
996,39. S ch trng lng ca nc trong bnh thy tinh cn trong
khng kh 24
o
C m dung tch ca n 20
o
C ng bng 1 lt.
i vi th tch 250 mL, c trng lng tng ng:
996,39 : 4 = 249,10 g.
Thc t khi lng tm thy 249,55 g ln hn tr s trn 0,45 g. Nh
vy th tch ca bnh ni trn ln hn 250 mL l 0,45 mL tc l bng
250,45 mL.
Bng 4.1. Mt s hiu chnh dng c o th tch theo nhit
Nhit

0
C
Hiu chnh v
s thay i
khi lng ring
ca nc theo
nhit
Hiu chnh
v s cn
trong
khng kh
Hiu chnh
v s thay i
dung tch
ca bnh
theo nhit
Tng s
cc s
hiu
chnh
1000
(A+B+C)
A B C A + B + C
15 0,87 1,07 0,13 2,07 997,93
16 1,03 1,07 0,10 2,20 997,80
17 1,20 1,07 0,08 2,35 997,65
18 1,38 1,06 0,05 2,49 997,51
19 1,57 1,06 0,03 2,66 997,34
20 1,77 1,05 0,00 2,82 997,18
21 1,98 1,05 - 0,03 3,00 997,00
22 2,20 1,05 - 0,05 3,20 996,80
23 2,43 1,04 - 0,08 3,39 996,61
24 2,67 1,04 - 0,10 3,61 996,39
25 2,92 1,03 - 0,13 3,82 996,18
26 3,18 1,03 - 0,15 4,06 995,94
27 3,43 1,03 - 0,18 4,30 995,70
28 3,73 1,02 - 0,20 4,55 995,45
29 4,02 1,02 - 0,23 4,81 995,19
30 4,32 1,01 - 0,25 5,08 994,92
154
6.3. Hiu chnh dung tch ca pipet
o nhit ca nc ct, ly y pipet ti vch ngn, sau li b
nc ra chn cn trc. y np chn cn li ri em cn trn cn
phn tch. Lm li th nghim t nht hai ln v ly tr s trung bnh.
Th d: Khi lng 25 mL nc ht bng pipet l 24,97 g nhit
17
o
C. Do dung tch thc ca pipet 20
o
C bng tr s ny cng thm
1/40 con s hiu chnh 17
o
C ghi trn bng, tc l:
V
n
= 24,97 +
235
40
,
= 25,03 mL
Ln hn dung tch quy nh l:
25,03 25 = + 0,03 mL
Ta cng c th tnh sai s ca dung tch pipet nh i vi bnh nh
mc v cng a n kt qu + 0,03 mL nh trn.
6.4. Hiu chnh dung tch ca buret
Ta rt t buret nh hiu chnh xung cc chn cn ( cn b trc)
nhng th tch nc cha trong khong t 0 - 5 mL, 0 - 10 mL cho n
0- 50 mL, mi ln nh vy ta li em cn chnh xc.
Tng t nh cch hiu chnh dung tch ca pipet, ta da vo cc kt
qu khi lng nc thu c v nhit , tm c cc dung tch ca n v
lp thnh mt bng hiu chnh (Bng 4.2), bng ny dng i chiu khi s
dng hiu chnh buret .
Bng 4.2. Bng hiu chnh mt buret 21
0
C
Khi lng nc (g)
Th tch
(V mL )
Cn
ln 1
Cn
ln 2
Cn
ln 3
Hiu chnh theo bng
Th tch
thc
Sai s
(mL)
0- 5,00 4,96 4,96 4,96 + =
300
200
002
,
, 4,98 - 0,02
0- 10,00 9,93 9,93 9,93 + =
300
100
003 , 9,96 - 0,04
0- 15,00 14,97 14,97 14,97 + =
30015
1000
0045
, .
, 15,02 + 0,02
0- 20,00 20,00 20,00 20,00 + =
300
50
006
,
, 20,06 + 0,06
0-25,00 21,98 21,97 24,075 + =
300
40
0075
,
, 25,05 + 0,05
155
Khi lng nc (g)
Th tch
(V mL )
Cn
ln 1
Cn
ln 2
Cn
ln 3
Hiu chnh theo bng
Th tch
thc
Sai s
(mL)
0- 30,00 29,95 29,95 29,95 + =
30030
1000
009
, .
, 30,04 + 0,04
0- 35,00 34,92 34,93 34,925 + =
30035
1000
0105
, .
, 35,03 + 0,03
0- 40,00 39,90 39,90 39,90 + =
300
25
012
,
, 40,02 + 0,02
0- 45,00 11,84 11,85 44,845 + =
30045
1000
0135
, .
, 44,98 - 0,02
0- 50,00 49,82 49,82 49,82 + =
300
20
015
,
, 49,97 - 0,03
Th d: Trong mt nh lng dng ht 35 mL. Th tch thc s l:
35 + 0,03 = 35,03 mL
7. Cch tnh kt qu trong phng php th tch
7.1. Quy tc chung
Trong phng php th tch, ta kt thc chun ti ln cn im
tng ng, s ng lng (hay s mili ng lng) thuc th bng
s ng lng (hay s mili ng lng) cht cn xc nh.
7.2. Tnh kt qu theo nng ng lng thuc th
C 2 trng hp thng gp:
a. Ly V
B
mL dung dch cht B c nng N
B
em chun ti im
kt thc ht V
A
mL dung dch cht A c nng N
A
, ta c:
V
A
N
A
= V
B
N
B
Trong , cht B l cht cn nh lng v cht A l dung dch chun.
T cng thc trn, ta tnh c nng ng lng cht cn xc nh
N
B
=
B
A A
V
V N

T ta tnh c P g/L =N
B
E
B
(E
B
= ng lng gam cht B)
P g/L =
B
B
A A
E
V
V N

156
Ta cng c th tnh cc nng C
M
, C% (kl/ tt) bng cc lin h bit.
b. Cn a gam cht A ha tan thnh dung dch ri chun ht V
B
mL
dung dch cht B c nng N
B
, ta c:
B B
A
V N 1000
E
a
=
Trong : E
A
= ng lng gam cht A
y, cht A l cht gc tinh khit v cht B l dung dch cn nh
lng. T ta rt ra:
N
B
=
B A
.V E
a.1000

Cng t , ta tnh c cc nng C
M
, P g/L, C % (kl/tt)
Trong trng hp ta cn m gam mt mu th cn xc nh hp cht
tinh khit v nh lng ht V
A
mL dung dch chun c nng N
A
, ta tnh
hm lng hp cht tinh khit B theo C% (kl/ kl):
C% (kl/kl) =
m
100
1000
E V N
B A A

Trong : E
B
= ng lng gam cht tinh khit B
Nhng cch tnh trn y p dng khi chun trc tip hay chun
th, cn khi chun ngc ta tnh nh sau:
Gi s ly V
B
mL cht cn nh lng B thm V
A
mL dung dch chun
A c nng N
A
, (dung dch chun A cho tha), chun cht A cn li ht
V
C
mL dung dch chun C c nng N
C
. Nh vy, cht A phn ng vi hai
cht B v C s mili ng lng cht A phi bng tng s mili ng lng
hai cht B v C:
N
A
V
A
= N
B
V
B
+ N
C
V
C
Hay N
B
V
B
= N
A
V
A
N
C
V
C
N
B
=
B
C C A A
V
V N V N

Khi tnh C% (kl/ kl), cng l lun tng t, ta c
C% (kl/ kl) =
m
100
1000
)E V N V (N
B C C A A


7.3. Tnh kt qu theo chun ca thuc th
Ta bit, chun T ca mt dung dch biu th lng cht tnh
157
bng s gam cha trong 1 mL dung dch; c hai trng hp:
Nu c m gam mu th, cn xc nh hp cht tinh khit v nh
lng ht V
A
mL thuc th c chun T
A
, lng cht A tham gia
phn ng l T
A
V
A
. Ta tnh c hm lng hp cht tinh khit B theo
C% (kl/ kl):
C % (kl/ kl) =
m
100
E
V T E
A
A A B

Trong : - E
A
= ng lng gam cht chun A
- E
B
= ng lng gam cht tinh khit B
Nu ly V
B
mL mt dung dch v nh lng ht V
A
mL thuc th c
chun T
A
; kt qu c tnh ra P g/ L theo cng thc:
P g/ l =
B A
A A B
V
1000
E
V T E

7.4. Mt s th d
7.4.1. Th d 1: xc nh nng dung dch NaOH ngi ta ha tan
1,2600g H
2
C
2
O
4
.2H
2
O vo nc v thm nc cho 500,0 mL dung dch.
Chun 25,00 mL dung dch acid oxalic trn ht 12,58 mL NaOH. Tnh
nng N ca dung dch NaOH.
Phng trnh phn ng chun :
H
2
C
2
O
4
+ 2 NaOH = Na
2
C
2
O
4
+ 2 H
2
O
63,03
2
M
E
O .2H O C H
2 4 2 2
= =
0,0400N .1000
500 63,03
1,2600
N
ox
=

=
0,0795N
12,58
0,0400 25,00
N
NaOH
=

=
7.4.2. Th d 2: Thm 25,00 mL dd AgNO
3
0,1248N vo 20,00 mL dung
dch NaCl. Chun AgNO
3
d ht 11,54 mL dung dch KCNS 0,0875N.
Tnh nng P
g/L

ca dung dch NaCl.
Phng trnh phn ng chun :
AgNO
3
+ NaCl = AgCl + NaNO
3
AgNO
3
+ KCNS = AgCNS + KNO
3
158
p dng:
+ +
+ =
CNS CNS Cl Cl Ag Ag
.N V .N V .N V
Do nng N
NaCl
=
NaCl
CNS CNS
Ag Ag
V
.N V .N V

= 0,1055N
20
0,0875 11,54 0,1248 25
=


Nng : P
g/l
= N.E = 0,1055 58,5 = 6,1717 (g/l)
7.4.3. Th d 3: Ha tan 0,2940g K
2
Cr
2
O
7
trong nc v pha long thnh
200,0 mL. Ly 25,00 mL dung dch trn, acid ha bng dung dch H
2
SO
4

2N, thm KI d, chun I
2
gii phng ra ht 10,68 mL Na
2
S
2
O
3
. Tnh
nng N ca dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
.
Phn ng chun :
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 6 KI + 7 H
2
SO
4
= 3 I
2
+ Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 4 K
2
SO
4
+ 7 H
2
O
2Na
2
S
2
O
3
+ I
2
= Na
2
S
4
O
6
+ 2 NaI
49,03
6
M
E
7 2 2
O Cr K
= =
Trong 25,00 mL dung dch em nh lng c
0,0367g 25
200
0,2940
= K
2
Cr
2
O
7

0,0700N
10,68 49,03
1000 0,0367
.V E
1000 m
N
3 2 2 7 2 2
3 2 2
O S Na O Cr K
O S Na
=

=

bi tp (bi 3)
3.1. Trnh by ni dung ca phng php phn tch th tch. Cch xc
nh im tng ng.
3.2. Hy nu yu cu i vi mt phn ng dng trong phn tch th tch.
3.3. Trnh by cc k thut chun trong phng php phn tch th
tch.
3.4. Cng dng v cch s dng: buret, pipet, bnh nh mc.
3.5. Trnh by cch hiu chnh dung tch: bnh nh mc, buret, pipet.
159
3.6. Nguyn tc chung v cch tnh kt qu theo nng ng lng
ca thuc th.
3.7. Trnh by cch tnh kt qu theo chun ca th tch.
3.8. Cn chnh xc 18,8392g Na
2
B
4
O
7
.10H
2
O (M = 190,71) ho tan
thnh 1 lt dung dch. Sau dng dung dch ny nh lng
dung dch HCl thy: 24,90 ml dung dch Natri borat tng ng
25,20 mL HCl. Hy tnh h s hiu chnh K ca dung dch Natri
borat v nng ng lng ca dung dch HCl.
3.9. Chun 25,00 mL dung dch FeSO
4
trong mi trng acid ht
18,75 mL KMnO
4
0,0606N. Tnh nng g/L ca dung dch
FeSO
4
trn.
3.10. Ha tan 2,495g K
2
Cr
2
O
7
tinh khit thnh 1 lt dung dch. Ly
50,00 mL dung dch ny em chun (bng cch thm KI d
trong mi trng acid) ht 21,18 mL Na
2
S
2
O
3
. Gii thch v vit
cc phng trnh phn ng. Tnh N ca Na
2
S
2
O
3
.
3.11. Ly 20,00 mL dung dch NaCl cn nh lng, thm vo 25,00
ml dung dch AgNO
3
0,0503 N. Lc, ra kt ta, em nh lng
ton b nc lc v nc ra ht 12,08 mL dung dch KCNS
0,0214 N vi ch th Fe
3+
. Gii thch v vit cc phng trnh
phn ng. Tnh % kl/tt ca dung dch NaCl em nh lng.
3.12. Ha tan 2,650g Na
2
CO
3
gc cho 500,0 mL dung dch. Ly
20,00 mL dung dch Na
2
CO
3
va pha em chun bng dung
dch HCl ht 25,50 mL (vi ch th da cam methyl). Tnh nng
N ca dung dch HCl trn.

160
Bi 4
pha cc dung dch chun
Mc tiu
1. Trnh by c nh ngha dung dch chun, ng dng v yu cu khi pha ch.
2. Nu v vn dng c ba cch pha dung dch chun.
3. Bit s dng h s hiu chnh K v phng php iu chnh nng khi pha ch
dung dch chun .
1. khi nim v dung dch chun
Dung dch chun l nhng dung dch bit nng chnh xc,
thng dng xc nh nng cc dung dch khc.
Trong phn tch nh lng, nng dung dch chun hay c biu
th di dng nng ng lng (N) hoc nng mol/L (M).
Khi pha dung dch chun, cn lu tnh cht ha hc ca cht cn
pha, la chn iu kin (dung mi, nhit ,..) thch hp. Th d
khi pha KMnO
4
hay Na
2
S
2
O
3
cn dng nc mi un si ngui
trnh s phn hy.
Nng dung dch chun khi pha khng c php chnh lch vt
qu 10% so vi yu cu (thng thng ch chnh lch 3%) v sai s
pha khng c vt qu 0,2%.
Nhng dung dch chun khi lu c th b thay i nng , do
phi nh k xc nh li.
2. Cc cch pha dung dch chun
Thng c ba cch pha cc dung dch chun.
2.1. Pha ch t cht chun gc
Tiu chun ti thiu ca mt cht chun gc:
161
Mt cht c dng lm cht gc trong phng php chun cn
p ng c ba yu cu sau:
Tinh khit (tp cht < 0,1%).
C thnh phn ha hc ng ng cng thc.
Bn vng (t hoc khng b phn hy) khi cha pha cng nh khi
pha thnh dung dch.
Khi c ha cht gc ch vic tnh ton lng cht cn pha v cn trn
cn phn tch (c chnh xc 0,0002g) ri em ha tan trong dung mi
(thng l nc) va th tch theo yu cu (dng bnh nh mc). Sau
khi pha xong c dung dch c nng chnh xc.
Dung dch chun pha t cht gc, cn c gi l dung dch gc.
Khi lng cn v th tch thc khc vi lng cn v th tch tnh theo
l thuyt th s dng h s hiu chnh K.

lt
th
th lt
lt th
N
N
.V a
.V a
K = =
Th d: Pha 100,0 mL dung dch H
2
C
2
O
4
0,100N t cht gc H
2
C
2
O
4
.2H
2
O
nh sau:
Tnh ton: 63,03
2
M
E
O .2H O C H
2 4 2 2
= =
T cng thc = 1000
E.V
a
N lng cn acid oxalic cn l
0,6303g
1000
100 63,03 0,1
1000
N.E.V
a
O .2H O C H
2 4 2 2
=

= =
Pha dung dch: Cn chnh xc trn cn phn tch 0,6303g
H
2
C
2
O
4
.2H
2
O sau em ho tan trong nc cho 100,0 mL (dng
bnh nh mc). Ta c dung dch H
2
C
2
O
4
0,1000N.
Ch : Nu lng cn khc 0,6303, gi s l 0,6408 g khi tnh h s
hiu chnh K = 1,016
0,6303
0,6404
= dung dch pha c c nng chnh xc
l 0,1000 K = 0,1016
Nu th tch pha thc khc 100,0 mL, gi s l 99,5 mL lc phi
tnh h s hiu chnh K thm c yu t th tch
1,021
99,5
100
0,6303
0,6404
V
V
m
m
K
th
lt
lt
th
= = = dung dch pha c c nng
chnh xc l 0,1000 K = 0,1021N.
162
Vic p dng h s hiu chnh K gip:
Tnh nhanh nng dung dch gc N
th
= N
lt
.K
S dng ch dn trong dc in: Thng trong dc in sau mi
php nh lng ch r 1 mL dung dch chun A 0,1N tng ng vi b (g)
cht cn xc nh B. Thc cht l
B
E
1000
1 0 1
b

=
,
. Do vy nu php nh
lng ht V
A
( mL) ta tnh ngay s gam cht B c trong mu l V
A
.b (g) (nu
cht A c nng khc 0,1N, khi s gam cht B c trong mu s l
V
A
.b.K gam)
2.2. Pha ch t cht khng phi l cht gc (Pha gin tip)
Ta cng tnh ton nh pha t cht gc, nhng khi cn, pha khng cn
dng cn phn tch v bnh nh mc (ch cn dng cn k thut vi sai s
0,01g v bnh c th tch gn ng). Dung dch sau khi pha c nng
gn ng so vi yu cu, ta phi xc nh li nng dung dch ny bng
mt dung dch chun khc bit nng . T bit c nng chnh
xc ca dung dch pha.
Th d:
Pha 1 lt dung dch NaOH 0,1N
NaOH l mt ha cht khng tha mn cht gc v d ht m, d b
carbonat haz... do phi pha gin tip.
Tnh ton: E
NaOH
= M = 40
T cng thc = 1000
E.V
a
N pha 100 mL dung dch NaOH 0,1N,
lng cn NaOH cn l:

4
1000
1000 40 0,1
1000
N.E.V
a =

= =
(g)
Cch pha: Cn trn cn k thut 4,00g NaOH, cho vo cc v thm t
nc ct lc ra nhanh ( loi cacbonat bn ngoi), sau ho tan
trong nc v thm khong 1lt, ta c dung dch NaOH c nng
gn ng 0,1N. Xc nh li nng dung dch NaOH va pha
bng mt dung dch H
2
C
2
O
4
bit nng . T xc nh c nng
chnh xc ca dung dch NaOH.

NaOH
ox ox
NaOH
V
.N V
N =

Trong :
- V
ox
: Th tch dung dch acid oxalic dng (ly bng pipet chnh xc)
163
- N
ox
: nng dung dch acid oxalic bit.
- V
NaOH
: Th tch dung dch NaOH dng (c trn buret)
Dung dch chun NaOH pha c c
0,1
N
N
N
K
NaOH
lt
th
= =

Yu cu K = 1,000 (10%), tt nht K = 1,000 (3%)
2.3. Pha t ng chun (thc cht ging pha t cht gc)
Hin nay, to thun li cho ngi s dng, ngi ta tnh ton, cn
sn mt lng ho cht gc cho vo bao gi thch hp (gi l ng chun)
v c ch dn pha cho mt th tch xc nh no . Th d nhn ng chun
pha HCl 0,1N ca Vin kim nghim - B y t.
Vin kim nghim - B y t
ng chun Acid hydrocloric
HCl 0,1N
Pha va 1000 mL
S SX: Hn dng:
Khi pha dng dng c c ng, ha tan ht lng ha cht trong nc
(hoc dung mi thch hp) cho th tch theo ch dn (dng bnh nh
mc) ta s c dung dch chun c nng nh ghi trn nhn.
2.4. Cch iu chnh nng dung dch
Trong thc t, khi pha dung dch chun hay khi nh k kim tra xc
nh li, nu thy nng dung dch c qu so vi l thuyt (K > 1,000 +
(10%) th phi iu chnh bng cch pha long vi nc, ngc li nu dung
dch long qu (K < 1,000 (10%) th phi iu chnh bng cch thm ho
cht cn pha. Cch tnh lng nc cn pha long, lng ha cht cn
thm nh sau:
Th tch nc cn thm tnh theo cng thc:

1,000) (K V
O H
2
=
.V
c
Trong :

O H
2
V
: Th tch nc cn thm (mL)
K: H s hiu chnh ca dung dch cn iu chnh
V
c
: Th tch dung dch c cn iu chnh
164
Th d: C 600 mL HCl 0,1N vi K = 1,105. Tnh th tch nc cn
thm vo l:
O H
2
V
= (1,105 - 1,000) 600 = 63 ( mL)
Lng ho cht cn thm tnh theo cng thc:

1000
K).a (1,000
m

=
.V
c

Trong :
- m: s gam ho cht cn thm vo
- K: h s hiu chnh ca dung dch cn iu chnh
- a: s gam ha cht c trong 1 lt dung dch theo l thuyt (a = N.E)
- V
c
: th tch dung dch c cn iu chnh
Th d: C 800 mL dung dch NaCl 0,1N vi K = 0,978 th lng NaCl
cn thm vo l: a = N.E = 0,1.58,5 = 5,85

0,1003g 800
1000
5,85 0,978) (1,000
m =

=
Ch : Sau khi iu chnh nh trn, phi tin hnh chun li
xc nh chnh xc h s hiu chnh K ca dung dch thu c.
3. Pha mt s dung dch chun
3.1. Pha dung dch chun HCl 0,1N t HCl c
Acid clohydric c c khi lng ring d = 1,18; nng 38 % thng
khng t tiu chun cht gc. Do , phi p dng cch pha gin tip: pha
gn ng, sau xc nh li nng bng mt dung dch chun khc c
tnh base bit nng .
pha gn ng, cn tnh th tch HCl c cn ly pha trong mt
th tch no .
Th d: pha 1lt dung dch HCl 0,1N ta tnh nh sau:
Bit E
HCl
= M
HCl
= 36,5
Lng HCl cn:
g a 65 , 3
1000
1000 5 , 36 1 , 0
1000
N.E.V
=

= =

Th tch HCl c tng ng:

mL 8 100
38 1,18
3,65
.100
d.C
a
V
d
HCl
=

= =

165
Ly 8 mL HCl c (phi dng qu bp cao su, khng c ht) pha
long vi nc cho khong 1 lt, c dung dch c nng xp x 0,1N.
Xc nh li nng dung dch HCl pha c bng dung dch Na
2
CO
3

bit nng da trn phn ng:
Na
2
CO
3
+ HCl = NaHCO
3
+ NaCl
NaHCO
3
+ HCl = CO
2
+ H
2
O + NaCl
T xc nh c nng chnh xc ca dung dch HCl

HCl
CO Na CO Na
HCl
V
N V
N
3 2 3 2
.
=
Trong :
- : Th tch dung dch Na
3 2
CO Na
V
2
CO
3
dng (ly bng pipet chnh xc)
- : Nng dung dch Na
3 2
CO Na
N
2
CO
3
bit
- : Th tch HCl dng (c trn buret)
HCl
V
3.2. Pha dung dch chun KMnO
4
0,1N
KMnO
4
khng tho mn tiu chun cht gc v thng khng t tinh
khit do c ln MnO
2
. Do vy thng pha xp x, sau n nh vi
ngy, ri xc nh li nng ca n bng dung dch H
2
C
2
O
4
bit nng
theo phn ng:
2 KMnO
4
+ 5 H
2
C
2
O
4
+ 8 H
2
SO
4
= 2 MnSO
4
+ 10 CO
2
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 8 H
2
O
T
61 31
5
M
E
4
KMnO
, = =
tnh ton tng t nh cc v d trn.
Gi s pha 1lt dung dch KMnO
4
0,1N cn 3,161g KMnO
4
.
Cch pha: Cn trn cn k thut 3,20g KMnO
4
cho vo cc 250 mL, v
KMnO
4
c mu tm, thng ln MnO
2
do ta thm nc v un nng nh,
khuy k, gn (hoc lc) vo bnh m bo KMnO
4
tan ht hon
ton, thm nc cho khong 1lt, c dung dch c nng gn ng
0,1N. n nh 5-7 ngy, sau em xc nh li nng bng dung dch
H
2
C
2
O
4
bit nng . T tnh chnh xc nng dung dch KMnO
4
.
4
4
KMnO
ox ox
KMnO
V
.N V
N =

Trong :
- V
ox
: th tch dung dch acid oxalic (ly bng pipet chnh xc)
- N
ox
: nng acid oxalic
- : th tch dung dch KMnO
4
KMnO
V
4
dng (c trn buret)
166
3.3. Pha dung dch chun I
2
0,1N t I
2
tinh khit thng hoa
I
2
thng mi thng ln clor, brom v nc, v vy cn phi tinh ch,
loi b cc tp cht bng cch nh sau: Nghin nh I
2
vi KI v vi sng
(theo t l 10 g I
2
thng mi + 1 g KI + 2 g vi sng), sau cho vo cc,
y cc bng mt bnh cu ng nc lnh, un nng nh y cc, I
2
thng
hoa s bm vo mt ngoi ca y bnh cu y cc. Gt ly cc tinh th I
2

ny v em lm kh trong bnh ht m c cha CaCl
2
. I
2
thu c gi l I
2

tinh khit thng hoa, tha mn tiu chun cht gc.
Bit 7 126
2
M
E
2
I
, = =
Tnh ton tng t nh cc v d trn, gi s pha 100 mL dung
dch I
2
0,1N ta cn 1,267g I
2
. V I
2
kh tan trong nc, do vy khi pha lu
phi cho d KI ( to phc tan I
2
+ I
-
I
3
-
) v lc u cho rt t nc,
sau khi I
2
tan ht mi thm nc cho theo yu cu.
Cch pha: Cho vo mt chn cn 3,5g KI v 5 mL nc, cn trn cn
phn tch c a
1
gam. Cn trn cn k thut khong 1,2 - 1,3g I
2
tinh
khit thng hoa vo chn cn trn v em cn li trn cn phn tch c
a
2
gam (khi lng thc ca I
2
s l: a
th
= (a
1
- a
2
) gam. Lc hn hp cho
tan, chuyn dn hon ton sang bnh nh mc 100 mL v thm nc cho
n vch. Tnh h s hiu chnh
267 1
a
a
a
K
th
lt
th
,
= =
. Dung dch I
2
pha c c
nng thc l 0,1.K (N).
3.4. Pha dung dch complexon III 0,1M t complexon II tinh khit
Complexon II (EDTA) l acid etylen diamin tetraacetic vit gn l H
4
Y
(c M = 292,1). V H
4
Y kh tan trong nc nn mun pha c phi thm
NaOH thnh complexon III (Na
2
H
2
Y) d tan.
H
4
Y + 2 NaOH = Na
2
H
2
Y + 2 H
2
O
Complexon II tinh khit tho mn tiu chun l cht gc, do pha
trc tip. Bit . 1 292 M E
Y H
4
, = =
Gi s cn pha 1lt dung dch complexon III 0,1M, tnh tng t cc v
d trn ta thy cn s gam H
4
Y l:
29,21g
1000
1000 292,1 0,1
1000
.M.V C
a
M
=

= = , theo phn ng tnh lng
NaOH cn 8g.
Cch pha: Cn trn cn phn tch 29,2100g H
4
Y cho vo cc 250 mL,
thm 8g NaOH, thm mt t nc, un nh cho tan ht, ngui, sau
chuyn ht vo bnh nh mc 1 lt, thm nc cho n vch, lc k. c
167
dung dch complexon III 0,1M. Nu lng cn thc khc 29,21 th tnh h
s hiu chnh K.
3.5. Pha dung dch chun Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,1N t Na
2
S
2
O
3
.5H
2
O
Dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
.5H
2
O dng trong phn ng chun :
2 Na
2
S
2
O
3
+ I
2
= Na
2
S
4
O
6
+ 2 NaI
do 248,19 M E
O .5H O S Na
2 3 2 2
= =
V Na
2
S
2
O
3
.5H
2
O d mt nc kt tinh, nn khng tho mn yu cu
cht gc, do vy phi pha theo cch gin tip. Xc nh li nng dung dch
Na
2
S
2
O
3
bng cht gc K
2
Cr
2
O
7
da trn c s ca phng php thay th:
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 6 KI + 14 HCl = 3 I
2
+ 2 CrCl
3
+ 8 KCl + 7 H
2
O
(Chnh xc) (D)
I
2
gii phng ra nh lng vi Na
2
S
2
O
3
theo phn ng chun trn.
Dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
theo thi gian dn b thay i nng do nh
hng ca CO
2
, ca O
2
trong mi trng theo phn ng:
Na
2
S
2
O
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O = NaHCO
3
+ NaHSO
3
+ S
2 Na
2
S
2
O
3
+ O
2
= 2 Na
2
SO
4
+ 2S
V vy phi pha trong nc mi un si ngui v thm mt t
Na
2
CO
3
bo qun. nh k sau 2-3 thng kim tra li nng .
Tnh ton nh cc th d trn, gi s pha 1lt dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
nng
0,1N cn:
g 82 , 24
1000
V . E . N
a = =
Cch pha: Cn trn cn k thut 24,82g Na
2
S
2
O
3
.5H
2
O ho tan vo
nc mi un si ngui, thm mt t Na
2
CO
3
, thm nc cho khong
1lt trn u. vi ngy n nh, sau xc nh li nng .
Cch xc nh: cho dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
ln buret.
Cn chnh xc trn cn phn tch khong 0,1g K
2
Cr
2
O
7
tinh khit
(cht gc) cho vo bnh nn, thm khong 25 mL nc ct, 1g KI, 4 mL HCl
m c ri em nh lng bng dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
trn. Nng chnh
xc dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
c tnh theo cng thc:
3 2 2 7 2 2
3 2 2
O S Na O Cr K
O S Na
.V E
a.1000
N =

Trong :
- a: L s gam K
2
Cr
2
O
7
cn trn cn phn tch
168
g 03 49
6
M
E
7 2 2
O Cr K
, = =

- : L th tch dung dch Na
3 2 2
O S Na
V
2
S
2
O
3
dng (c trn buret)
bi tp (bi 4)
4.1. Th no l dung dch chun, ng dng. Cc yu cu khi pha dung
dch chun.
4.2. Trnh by cc cch pha dung dch chun.
4.3. Th no l h s hiu chnh. ngha.
4.4. Trnh by cch iu chnh nng dung dch khi dung dch pha
qu c hoc qu long.
4.5. Trnh by cch pha dung dch chun sau: H
2
C
2
O
4
0,1N; dung dch
NaOH 0,1N; dung dch HCl 0,1N; dung dch KMnO
4
0,1N; dung
dch I
2
0,1N; dung dch complexon III 0,1M.
4.6. Tnh s gam acid oxalic gc cn pha 5 lt dung dch c nng
0,1N
4.7. Tnh s mL dung dch acid hydrocloric m c 37,23% (d = 1,19)
pha 500,0 mL dung dch acid 10%.
4.8. Tnh s mL dung dch amoniac c 27,33% (d = 0,90) cn pha 2
lt dung dch amoniac 2N.
4.9. Tnh s g Na
2
CO
3
gc pha 500 mL dung dch Na
2
CO
3
0,1N.
4.10. Tnh s g Na
2
B
4
O
7
.10H
2
O gc pha 250 mL dung dch Na
2
B
4
O
7

0,1N.
4.11. Trnh by cch pha v tnh lng cht gc complexon II pha
250 mL dung dch complexon III 0,1N.
4.12. pha 250,0 mL dung dch acid oxalic 0,1N ngi ta cn chnh
xc 1,728 g H
2
C
2
O
4
.2H
2
O ha tan vo nc cho 250,0 mL.
Tnh h s hiu chnh K ca dung dch.
169
Bi 5
|NH LNG BNG PHONG PHP ACID - BASE
MUC TIU
1. Trnh by c khi nim v acid, base, cp acid base lin hp, cht lng tnh,
a acid, a base theo Bronsted v tnh c pH ca cc dung dch ny trong
trng hp ring l.
2. Trnh by c nguyn tc chung ca phng php nh lng acid-base.
3. Chn c cht ch th, tnh c kt qu ca su trng hp nh lng
thng gp trong chun acid-base.
1. Mt s khi nim c bn
1.1. nh ngha acid, base theo Bronsted
C nhiu quan nim v acid, base nhng y chng ta dng theo
quan im ca Bronsted:
Acid l nhng cht c kh nng cho prroton.
Base l nhng cht c kh nng nhn proton.
Cp acid-base lin hp: mt acid sau khi cho mt proton th tr thnh
mt base gi l base lin hp vi acid . Ta gi acid v base ny l
mt cp acid-base lin hp (vit l cp acid/base). Mt cp acid-base
lin hp c th c biu din bng h thc sau:
Acid (A) Base (B) + H
+
V d: Cp HF/F
-
: : HF

F

+ H
+
Cp CH
3
COOH/CH
3
COO
-
: CH
3
COOH

CH
3
COO

+ H
+
Cp NH
4
+
/ NH
3
: NH
4
+

NH
3
+ H
+
Cp H
2
S/ HS

: H
2
S

HS

+ H
+
Cp HS

/ S

: HS

+ H
+

170
Nh vy acid, base c th l nhng phn t trung ha in
(CH
3
COOH, HF...), ion (NH
4
+
, HS

...). Cht lng tnh l cht va c c

kh nng cho v va c kh nng nhn proton (HS

...).
Acid a ha tr (a acid) l nhng cht c kh nng cho nhiu proton
(v d H
2
S).
Base a ha tr (a base) l nhng cht c kh nng nhn nhiu
proton (v d CO
3
2-
, S
2-
).
1.2. Nc v pH
Xem mc 2.2., Bi 1, Phn 1. L thuyt phn tch nh tnh.
1.3. Cng ca acid v base
Dung dch trong nc ca acid A c:
A + H
2
O B + H
3
O
+
Hng s
[ ][ ]
[ ][ ] O H A
O H B
K
2
3
.
.
+
=
[ ]
[ ][ ]
[ ] A
O H . B
O H K. K
3
2 A
+
= =

c gi l hng s acid ca acid A, n biu th cho cng ca acid
A v K
A
cng ln, acid phn ly cng nhiu, acid cng mnh.
Dung dch trong nc ca base B ta c:
B + H
2
O A + OH

Hng s
[ ][ ]
[ ][ ] O H B
OH A
K
2
.
.

= [ ]
[ ][ ]
[ ] B
OH A
O H K K
2 B

= =
.
. c gi l hng s
base ca base B, n biu th cho cng ca base B v K
B
cng ln, base
phn ly cng nhiu, base cng mnh.
Nu A v B l cp acid-base lin hp th ta c:
K
A
.K
B
= [H
3
O
+
][OH

] = K
n
=10
14
.
Do , nu K
A
ln th K
B
b. V vy trong mt cp acid-base lin hp
nu dng acid l mnh th dng base s yu v ngc li.
thun tin cho vic tnh ton, ngi ta thng dng cch biu th:
pK
A
= lgK
A
, pK
B
= lgK
B
. Khi : pK
A
+ pK
B
= 14.
1.4. a acid, a base
a acid l nhng acid c th cho nhiu proton. Trong nc, phn t
ca cc a acid phn ly ln lt theo nhiu nc v trong mi nc cho mt
proton, ng vi mt cp acid-base lin hp.
171
V d: H
3
PO
4
l mt a acid.
H
3
PO
4
+ H
2
O

H
2
PO
4

+ H
3
O
+
c K
A1
(ng vi cp H
3
PO
4
/ H
2
PO
4

)
H
2
PO
4

+ H
2
O

HPO
4
2
+ H
3
O
+
c K
A2
(ng vi cp H
2
PO
4

/ HPO
4
2
)
HPO
4
2
+ H
2
O

PO
4
3
+ H
3
O
+
c K
A3
(ng cp HPO
4
2
/ PO
4
3
)
Tng cng:
H
3
PO
4

+ 3H
2
O PO
4
3
+ 3H
3
O
+
vi K
A
= K
A1
. K
A2
. K
A3
Tng t nh vy, a base l nhng base c th nhn nhiu proton.
Th d: CO
3
2-
l

mt a base.
CO
3
2
+ H
3
O
+
HCO
3
-
+ H
2
O
HCO
3
-
+ H
3
O
+
H
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
1.5. Cng thc tnh [H
+
] v pH ca mt s dung dch
Thit lp phng trnh y tnh chnh xc nng H
3
O
+
(hay H
+
)
v pH trong cc dung dch s c nghin cu cc chng trnh nng cao,
y chng ta ch a ra cch tnh gn ng p dng cho nhng trng
hp dung dch c nng khng qu nh, vi sai s thc t a phn chp
nhn c.
1.5.1. Dung dch acid mnh n chc HA nng ban u C
A
Acid mnh phn ly hon ton:
HA + H
2
O H
3
O
+
+ A

(thng vit HA H
+
+ A
-
)
Do [H
3
O
+
] = [H
+
] = C
A
pH = lgC
A

1.5.2. Dung dch base mnh n chc MOH c nng C
B
Base mnh phn ly hon ton:
2H
2
O H
3
O
+
+ OH

MOH + H
3
O
+
M
+
+ 2H
2
O
MOH M
+
+ OH
-
Do : [OH
-
] = C
B
[ ]
[ ]
B
14
n
C
10
OH
K
H

+
= =
V vy: pH = 14 + lgC
B

172
1.5.3. Dung dch n acid yu HA c nng C
A
Acid yu HA phn ly khng hon ton
HA + H
2
O A
-
+ H
3
O
+
(vit gn HA H
+
+ A
-
)
T
[ ][ ]
[ ] HA
A O H
K
3
A
+
=
.
, coi HA t phn ly nn [HA] C
A
Do c [H
3
O
+
] =
A A
C K . v pH =
A A
C
2
1
pK
2
1
lg
1.5.4. Dung dch n base yu B c nng C
B
Base yu B phn ly khng hon ton
B + H
2
O A + OH
-
T
[ ][ ]
[ ] B
OH A
K
B

=
.
, coi gn ng [B] C
B

Do [OH
-
] =
B B
.C K , [H
3
O
+
] =
B
n A
C
.K K
v pH =
B A
lgC
2
1
pK
2
1
7 + +
1.5.5. Dung dch cp acid base lin hp HA/A
-
Gi s acid HA c nng C
A
, base A
-
lin hp c nng C
B
C cn bng: HA + H
2
O A
-
+ H
3
O
+
T
[ ][ ]
[ ] HA
O H . A
K
3
B
+
= [ ]
B
A
A 3
C
C
. K O H =
+
v pH =
A
B
A
C
C
lg pK +
pH dung dch ny thay i khng ng k khi thm vo mt t acid
mnh hoc base mnh v nu tng nng H
+
, th A
-
s kt hp vi H
+
to
thnh HA; ngc li nu gim nng H
+
, th HA s phn ly thm sinh
thm H
+
. Kt qu l sau khi cn bng thit lp th nng ca H
+
trong
dung dch s thay i khng ng k. Trong ha hc gi nhng dung dch
ny l dung dch m, c tc dng gi n nh pH ca dung dch.
1.5.6. Dung dch cc cht lng tnh
y l nhng cht va c kh nng cho v va c kh nng nhn
proton, v d nh NaHS, NaHCO
3
trong dung dch phn ly thnh cc ion
HS
-
, HCO
3
-
tng ng vi cc cp acid-base lin hp H
2
S/HS
-
, HS
-
/S
2-
v
H
2
CO
3
/HCO
3
-
, HCO
3
-
/CO
3
2-

C th chng minh c cng thc gn ng: [ ]
2 1
A A
.K K H =
+
(trong
v l hai gi tr K
1
A
K
2
A
K
A
lin quan n cn bng cho v nhn proton
ca anion mui acid) v
2 1
A A
pK
2
1
pK
2
1
pH + =
173
1.5.7. Dung dch a acid hoc a base
Dung dch a acid c nng C
A
: i vi nhiu acid thng nc 1
mnh hn cc nc sau nhiu. Do c th tnh gn ng coi nh n
acid (tnh theo nc 1 mnh nht) c nng C
A
.
Dung dch a base c nng C
B
: S phn ly ca cc a base xy ra
ngc vi s phn ly ca cc a acid.
Th d: a base Na
2
CO
3
: Na
2
CO
3
2Na
+
+ CO
3
2-
. a base CO
3
2-
tham
gia cn bng:
CO
3
2-
+ H
3
O
+
HCO
3
-
+ H
2
O tng ng K
A2
ca H
2
CO
3
HCO
3
-
+ H
3
O
+
H
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O tng ng K
A1
ca H
2
CO
3
Do vy, mt cch gn ng ta ch tnh nh n base (theo base 1
mnh nht) c nng C
B
. Trong th d trn tnh theo K
A2
ca H
2
CO
3
.
2. nh lng bng phng php acid-base
(Chun acid-base)
2.1. Nguyn tc
Phng php chun acid-base l phng php nh lng da trn
nhng phn ng trao i (cho nhn) proton gia acid v base (phn
ng trung ha):
Acid (1) + Base (2) = Base (1) + Acid (2)
Cc phn ng dng trong phng php ny phi tha mn cc yu
cu ca phn ng dng trong phn tch th tch.
Trong qu trnh chun , pH ca dung dch lun bin i mt cch t
t nhng gn n im tng ng (thng khi nh lng thiu
hoc tha 1% hay 0,1%) c s bin i t ngt ca pH (gi l
bc nhy pH ca qu trnh nh lng) v ta thu c mt dung dch
c pH nht nh vng acid, trung tnh hay kim. pH im tng
ng s nm trong bc nhy pH ny .
Thng khi t n im tng ng khng c nhng bin i c th
nhn bit c cho nn ngi ta phi cho thm vo dung dch nh
lng nhng cht gi l cht ch th acid-base c mu sc thay i
ln cn im tng ng (nm trong bc nhy pH ca qu trnh
nh lng) nhn ra im tng ng v ta kt thc qu trnh
chun .
174
2.2. Cht ch th trong phng php acid-base
2.2.1. Khi nim
Cht ch th trong phng php acid-base l nhng cht c mu sc
thay i theo s bin i pH ca dung dch, n c gi l cht ch th acid
- base hay cht ch th pH. N thng l nhng cht hu c c tnh acid
yu hoc base yu , trong dng dng acid v dng base lin hp c mu
khc nhau ph thuc vo cu trc phn t ca chng. Bi vy, cc cht
ny trong dung dch, khi c s bin i pH, lm cu trc phn t bin
i, dn n mu thay i.
Gi dng acid ca cht ch th l HInd, dng base lin hp vi n l
Ind

, trong dung dch c cn bng sau:

HInd + H
2
O Ind

+ H
3
O
+
(5.1)
hay: HInd Ind

+ H
+

vi
[ ][ ]
[ ] HInd
Ind . O H
K
3
HInd
+
=
Khi pH thay i th cn bng (5.1) s chuyn dch v pha phi hoc
tri, cht ch th s tn ti ch yu di mt trong hai dng lin hp nn
dung dch s c mu ca dng acid (HInd) hay ca dng base (Ind

).
Th d: s i mu ca 2 cht ch th sau y:
Da cam methyl (Heliantin):

N N H SO
3
Na ( C H
3
)
2
N + H
2
O
N N S O
3
Na (CH
3
)
2
N
+ H
3
O
+
+
+
(Dng acid: mu )
(Dng base: mu vng)

Phenolphthalein

(Dng acid: khng mu) (Dng base: mu hng)
C
O H
C OO
-
H O OH
C
C O O
-
O O H
+
H
2
O H
3
O +
+

2.2.2. Khong pH chuyn mu ca cht ch th acid - base:
Mi cht ch th acid base thng c mt khong pH i mu, ta c
th tnh c khong pH . T cn bng (5.1) ta c: Hng s cn bng ca
HInd l:
175

[ ][ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]

+
+
= =
Ind
HInd
K O H
HInd
Ind . O H
K
HInd 3
3
HInd


hay:
[ ]
[ ]

=
Ind
HInd
lg pK pH
HInd
(5.2)
Biu thc cho thy t s
[ ]
[ ]

Ind
HInd
quyt nh mu sc ca ch th (v hai
dng HInd v Ind
-
c mu sc khc nhau) v n ph thuc vo pH ca
dung dch.
Thc t thy rng vi a s cc cht ch th, bng mt thng ngi ta
ch c th phn bit c s i mu khi nng ca dng ny chnh lch
vi nng dng kia khong 10 ln th ta ch thy c mu ca dng c
nng ln:

[ ]
[ ] 10
1
Ind
HInd
=

: cht ch th c mu dng Ind

.

[ ]
[ ]
10
Ind
HInd
=

: cht ch th c mu dng HInd.

Thay cc t l ny vo (5.2) ta c:
pH = pK
HInd
1
hay pK
HInd
1 pH pK
HInd
+ 1 chnh l khong pH ca dung dch m
ta c th thy c mu ca cht ch th thay i t mu ca dng ny
sang mu ca dng kia v c gi l khong pH chuyn mu ca cht ch
th acid-base. Ngi ta cn dng khi nim ch s pT ca cht ch th acid -
base ch pH ti cht ch th i mu r nht v ta kt thc chun .
Ta thng thy gi tr pT trng vi gi tr pK
HInd
ca cht ch th.
Tuy nhin, do mt ta c th nhy vi mu ny m khng nhy vi
mu kia, nn ta c th nhn bit s i mu ca cht ch th trong khong
pH hp hn tc l khi t s nng ca cc dng mu nh hn 10 ln v
khi gi tr pK
HInd
cng khng nm chnh gia khong pH i mu.
2.2.3. Yu cu chung i vi cht ch th acid-base
Tan c trong nc hoc trong cn,
Bn vng trong iu kin thng thng (khng b oxy, kh carbonic,
nhit , ... ca mi trng lm nh hng).
nng nh (10
5
10
4
M) mu phi xut hin kh r,
Mu phi chuyn nhanh, r trong mt khong pH kh hp,
176
Khong pH chuyn mu ca cht ch th phi gn hoc cha gi tr
pH im tng ng ca phn ng chun , t nht n phi nm
trong bc nhy pH ca php chun .
Bng 5.1 trnh by khong pH i mu ca mt s cht ch th acid-
base hay gp.
Bng 5.1. Mt s ch th acid-base v khong pH chuyn mu ca n
Mu
Ch th

Nng
(%)
Dung
mi
c
tnh
cht
ch th
Dng
Acid
Dng
base
Khong pH
chuyn
mu
Vng alizarin 0,1 Nc Acid Vng Tm 10,1- 12,0
Thymolphthalein 0,1 Cn 90% Acid Khng Xanh 9,3 - 10,5
Phenolphthalein 0,1 v 1 Cn 90% Acid Khng Hng 8,0 - 10,0
Phenolphthalein 0,05 Cn 20% Acid Khng Hng 7,4 - 9,0
trung tnh 0,1 Cn 60% Base Vng Gch 6,8 - 8,0
phenol 0,1 Cn 20% Acid Vng 6,4 - 8,0
Xanh bromothymol 0,05 Cn 20% Acid Vng Xanh 6,0 - 7,6
Qu 1,0 Nc Acid Xanh 5,0 - 8,0
methyl 0,1 v 0,2 Cn 60% Base Vng 4,2 - 6,2
Lc bromocrezol 0,02 Cn 20% Acid Vng Xanh 4,0 - 5,4
Da cam methyl 0,1 Nc Base Hng Vng 3,1 - 4,4
Xanh bromophenol 0,1 Nc Acid Vng Nu 3,0 - 4,6
Tropeolin 00 0,1 v 0,01 Nc Base Vng 1,4 - 3,2
Ghi ch:
Trong nhiu trng hp ngi ta dng hn hp cc cht ch th
quan st s i mu ca cht ch th r hn. C th cng thm vo vi
cht ch th mt cht mu khc khng nhy vi s thay i pH nhng
cht ny hp vi mu ca cht ch th thnh mt mu d nhn. Cng
c th kt hp hai cht ch th c pK
HInd
gn nhau thnh mt mu d
nhn v chng i mu khong pH trung gian ca hai ch th .
Ch th vn nng l hn hp gm nhiu ch th m mu sc ca n
thay i theo cc gi tr pH khc nhau. C nhiu cng thc pha ch
th vn nng, di y l mt v d:
Phenolphthalein 1 phn
methyl 2 phn
Vng methyl 3 phn
Xanh bromothymol 4 phn
Xanh thymol 5 phn
177
Hn hp ny cho mu pH =2, da cam pH = 4, vng pH = 6, lc
pH = 8, xanh lam pH = 10. Ngi ta thng dng giy tm cht ch th
vn nng. Khi th ta ch cn nh 1 git dung dch cn th ln giy v i
chiu mu trn giy vi thang mu mu ( ghi ch pH) bit c pH
ca dung dch. Bng 5.2 trnh by mt s ch th hn hp.
Bng 5.2. Mt s ch th hn hp
Mu
Ch th hn hp 2 thnh phn
(T l 1 : 1)
Tr s
pT
Mi trng
acid
Mi trng
kim
Da cam methyl 0,1% trong nc v Indigocacmin
0,25% trong nc
4,1 Tm Lc
methyl 0,1% trong cn v
Xanh methyl 0,1% trong cn
5,4 tm Lc
trung tnh 0,1% trong cn v
Xanh methyl 0,1% trong cn
7,0 Tm xanh Lc
Naphthobenzein 0,1% trong cn v Phenolphthalein
0,1% trong cn
8,9 Hng nht Tm
Xanh thymol 1% trong cn 50% v Phenolphthalein
0,1% trong cn 50%
9,0 Vng Tm
2.3. Mt s trng hp nh lng acid-base
2.3.1. Chun mt acid mnh bng mt base mnh
Th d: nh lng HCl 0,1N bng NaOH 0,1 N.
Trc khi nh lng: Dung dch ( bnh nn) l dung dch acid mnh,
nn c:
pH = -lgC
HCl
= -lg10
1
= 1.
Khi nh lng (trc tng ng): cho NaOH t buret xung, c
phn ng nh lng:
NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H
2
O
Trong bnh phn ng c mt NaCl, H
2
O v HCl cn cha nh lng.
pH ca dung dch ch yu do phn cn li ca HCl cha c nh lng.
Gi s thi im nh lng c 99,9% th HCl cn 0,1%
[ ]
4 1
10 10
100
1 , 0
+
= = H
pH = 4.
Ti im tng ng: Dung dch c mt NaCl, H
2
O l cc cht trung
tnh do pH = 7.
178
Sau im tng ng: Nu cho tip NaOH, dung dch tn ti NaCl, H
2
O,
NaOH d. pH ca dung dch tnh theo nng base mnh NaOH d.
Gi s d 0,1% th [OH
-
] = C
NaOH d
= (0,1.10
1
)/ 100 =10
4
do :
pH = 14 + lgC
NaOH d
= 10.
Trong chun ny, lc u pH bin i rt chm (t cha nh
lng n khi nh lng c 99,9% pH ch thay i t 1 4). Nhng
ln cn im tng ng pH bin i t ngt (khi nh lng tip
t 99,9% n 100,1% pH thay i 6 n v t 4 10) v c gi l
bc nhy pH ca php chun .
Chn ch th: Vi sai s 0,1% ta thy trng hp nh lng trn c
th dng mt trong 3 ch th sau:
+ Phenolphthalein: Mu chuyn t khng mu sang hng nht
+ methyl: Mu chuyn t sang vng r
+ Da cam methyl: Mu chuyn t hng sang vng r nhn ra
im tng ng v kt thc chun .
2.3.2. Chun mt base mnh bng mt acid mnh
Qu trnh din ra s ngc li vi trng hp chun acid mnh v
base mnh.
Bc nhy pH ca php chun s t 10 4. Do vy vi sai s
0,1% nu dng ch th:
phenolphthalein: mu chuyn t hng sang khng mu,
methyl: mu chuyn t vng sang chm ,
da cam methyl: mu chuyn t vng sang chm hng, nhn ra
im tng ng v kt thc chun .
2.3.3. Chun n acid yu bng base mnh
Th d: nh lng CH
3
COOH 0,1N (c K
A
= 1,75. 10
5
) bng NaOH 0,1N.
Phng trnh ca phn ng chun :
CH
3
COOH + NaOH = CH
3
COONa + H
2
O
Ti im tng ng: Dung dch c CH
3
COO
-
, H
2
O. Tnh pH l ca
base yu CH
3
COO
-
vi nng bng nng CH
3
COOH ban u:
8,87 lgC
2
1
pK
2
1
7 pH
B A
= + + =
Nh vy pH tng ng nm trong vng base.
179
(Bng tnh ton vi sai s 0,1%, bc nhy pH ca php nh lng
t 7,73 10, so vi trng hp nh lng acid mnh bng base mnh ta
thy b ngn hn v ch yu nm trong vng base).
Do vy trong trng hp ny, ch c th dng ch th phenolphtalein
mu s chuyn t khng mu sang hng nhn ra im tng ng v
kt thc chun .
2.3.4. Chun n base yu bng acid mnh
Th d: nh lng NH
3
0,1N (c K
A
=5,5.10
10
) bng HCl 0,1N.
Phng trnh phn ng chun :
HCl + NH
3
= NH
4
+
+ Cl
-
Ti im tng ng: Dung dch c acid yu NH
4
+
, Cl
-
, H
2
O. Tnh pH
l ca dung dch acid yu NH
4
+
vi nng bng nng NH
3
ban u
5,1 lgC
2
1
pK
2
1
pH
A A
= =
Nh vy, pH tng ng nm trong vng acid.
(Bng tnh ton vi sai s 0,1%, bc nhy pH ca php nh lng
t 6,25 4, so vi trng hp nh lng base mnh bng acid mnh, ta
thy bc nhy ngn hn v ch yu nm trong vng acid.
Do vy trong trng hp nh lng ny ta dng ch th l methyl
mu s chuyn t vng sang nhn ra im tng ng v kt thc
s chun .
(Cng c th dng ch th da cam methyl nhng cn lu mu chuyn
t vng sang chm phi dng ngay chun ).
Ghi ch: Trong thc t phn tch ngi ta khng p dng nh lng:
Cc acid qu yu bng base mnh.
Cc base qu yu bng acid mnh.
Cc acid yu bng base yu hoc ngc li.
S d khng p dng v trong cc trng hp ny ti ln cn im tng
ng pH bin i qu t (coi nh khng c bc nhy) nn khng chn c
ch th xc nh chnh xc im tng ng. Nu thc hin s mc sai s
rt ln. Khi , mun nh lng phi tm cch khc hoc chuyn sang nh
lng trong mi trng khan (dung mi khng phi l H
2
O).
2.3.5. Chun cc a acid bng base mnh
Cc a acid phn ly tng nc, do nu hng s phn ly ca cc nc
cch xa nhau ( > 10
4
ln) th c th chun ring tng nc, nu khng
180
phi nh lng ton b. Nu nc phn ly no qu nh th khng nh
lng c.
Th d 1: nh lng H
2
C
2
O
4
0,1N (c K
A1
= 5,36.10
-2
v K
A2
= 5,42.10
-5
)
bng NaOH 0,1N:
nh lng ton b theo phn ng:
H
2
C
2
O
4
+ 2 NaOH Na
2
C
2
O
4
+ 2H
2
O
Ti tng ng, tnh pH ca dung dch a base C
2
O
4
2-
. Ta c
8,4 lgC
2
1
pK
2
1
7 pH
B 2 A
= + + = (nm vng base) do dng ch th l
phenolphtalein mu chuyn t khng mu sang hng.
Th d 2: nh lng H
3
PO
4
0,1N (c K
A1
= 7,6. 10
3
, K
A2
= 6,2. 10
6
,
K
A3
= 4,4. 10
12
) bng NaOH 0,1N
C th nh lng ring c nc 1 v nc 2. Nc 3 qu yu khng
nh lng c.
Phn ng chun acid 1:
H
3
PO
4
+ NaOH NaH
2
PO
4
+ H
2
O
C pH
T1
(l dung dch NaH
2
PO
4
): pH
T1
= 6 4 pK
2
1
pK
2
1
2 1
A A
, = + nm
vng acid cho nn c th dng ch th da cam methyl hoc methyl.
Phn ng chun acid 2:
NaH
2
PO
4
+ NaOH Na
2
HPO
4
+ H
2
O
C pH
T2
(l dung dch Na
2
HPO
4
): pH
T2
= 6 9 pK
2
1
pK
2
1
3 2
A A
, = + nm
vng base cho nn c th dng ch th phenolphthalein.
2.3.6. Chun cc a base bng acid mnh
Qu trnh chun cc a base ngc li vi qu trnh chun cc
a acid.
Th d: Chun Na
2
CO
3
0,1N bng HCl 0,1N.
Trong nc: Na
2
CO
3
= 2Na
+
+ CO
3
2
v th CO
3
2
l mt a base tng
ng vi a acid H
2
CO
3
(c K
A1
= 3.10
7
v K
A2
= 6.10
11
).
C th nh lng ring tng base vi sai s 1%.
Phn ng chun base 1 :
Na
2
CO
3
+ HCl

= NaHCO
3
+ NaCl
181
C pH
T1
(ca NaHCO
3
) l: pH
T1
= 4 8 pK
2
1
pK
2
1
2 A 1 A
, = + nm vng
base do c th dng ch th l phenolphtalein mu chuyn t hng
sang hng nht ( trnh sai s nhn mu nn dng mt bnh mu c cha
NaHCO
3
v ch th phenolphtalein so snh, nu khng dng bnh mu
c th sai 10%).
Phn ng chun base 2:
NaHCO
3
+ HCl = H
2
CO
3
+ NaCl
C pH
T2
(ca H
2
CO
3
) l: pH
T2
= 8 3 C
2
1
pK
2
1
A 1 A
, lg = nm vng acid
do chn ch th l da cam methyl mu chuyn t vng sang hng .
ng nhin th tch HCl 0,1N tiu th nc 1 bng lng HCl 0,1N
dng nc 2.
2.4. Mt s ng dng nh lng bng phng php acid-base
2.4.1. Pha ch cc dung dch chun
Nhng dung dch chun thng dng trong phng php acid-base:
Dung dch HCl v H
2
SO
4
nh lng cc base.
Dung dch NaOH v KOH nh lng cc acid.
Ta khng th pha nhng dung dch ny bng cch cn chnh xc v
chng khng c tinh khit hoc thnh phn khng tht n nh.
Th d: H
2
SO
4
c rt d ht nc, NaOH d ht nc v thng cha
Na
2
CO
3
do hp th CO
2
ca kh tri. Do phi xc nh nng ng
lng ca chng bng nhng dung dch gc c pha t cc cht gc.
Nhng cht gc c u im l kh bn ngoi khng kh v trong dung
dch, sau khi tinh ch n t yu cu v tinh khit v c thnh phn
ng cng thc ha hc. Cc cht gc thng dng l:
HCl ng ph, acid oxalic xc nh nng ng lng dung dch kim.
Natri borat, natri carbonat xc nh nng ng lng dung
dch acid.
a. Pha dung dch Na
2
CO
3
gc
iu ch natri carbonat khan tinh khit
Natri carbonat thng c ln Cl

, SO
4
2
, NaHCO
3
,... cho nn mun
iu ch natri carbonat tinh khit ngi ta thng lm nh sau:
+ Nu c Na
2
CO
3
khan tinh khit phn tch th ta em nung t 30
pht n 1 gi 270
o
C- 300
o
C. Sau ngui trong bnh ht m.
182
+ Trng hp Na
2
CO
3
khng tinh khit: ly khong 30- 35 g NaHCO
3

ho tan trong 300- 350 mL nc, lc. C nc lc ti khi xut hin
tinh th. ngui, lc ly tinh th v ra vi ln bng nc ct
ngui, sy kh ta c NaHCO
3
tinh khit. Ly 10 g NaHCO
3
ny
cho vo chn s hay chn bch kim em nung cch ct gi nhit
270 300
o
C trong 1 gi, ta c phn ng.
2 NaHCO
3
Na
2
CO
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
Sau ngui trong bnh ht m (ch khng nhit > 300
o
C
v Na
2
CO
3
s b phn hy: Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O 2 NaOH + CO
2
).
Na
2
CO
3
khan c dng lm gc, trc khi s dng cn sy 180- 200
o
C
trong 2 gi ui ht nc v Na
2
CO
3
d ht m trong khng kh to
thnh Na
2
CO
3
. 10H
2
O.
T 52,997
2
M
E
3 2
3 2
CO Na
CO Na
= =
Ta c th tnh ton pha c dung dch gc c nng theo yu cu.
Th d: Pha 1 lt dung dch Na
2
CO
3
0,1N ta cn 5,2997 gam Na
2
CO
3

gc pha trong nc cho 1 lt.
b. Pha dung dch natri borat
Tinh ch natri borat:
Ly 23 gam natri borat ha tan trong 50 mL nc nng 60
o
C ( nhit
cao hn s to thnh tinh th c Na
2
B
4
O
7
. 5 H
2
O). Lc dung dch cn
nng. Nc lc ngui v khuy lin tc s c Na
2
B
4
O
7
. 10H
2
O lng
xung. Lc, p tinh th gia hai t giy lc, sau kh trong khng kh.
Bo qun trong l thy tinh c nt nhm.
T Na
2
B
4
O
7
.10H
2
O dng lm cht gc.
190,71
2
M
E
O .10H O B Na
O .10H O B Na
2 7 4 2
2 7 4 2
= =
Ta tnh lng cn cn thit pha cc dung dch gc c nng theo
yu cu.
Th d: pha 1 lt dung dch natri borat 0,1N ta cn 19,071 gam
Na
2
B
4
O
7
. 10H
2
O ri ho tan (lc k) trong nc cho 1 lt.
Lu : V natri borat t tan trong nc nn khi pha phi lc k v
nhng dung dch chun khng nn c nng cao hn 0,25N.
183
2.4.2. Mt s ng dng nh lng trong thc t
a. nh lng dung dch NH
4
OH (hay NH
3
)
NH
4
OH (hay NH
3
) l mt base yu nn dng mt acid mnh nh HCl
nh lng.
Phng trnh phn ng:
NH
4
OH + HCl = NH
4
Cl + H
2
O
(NH
3
+ HCl = NH
4
Cl)
Ch th mu l methyl chuyn mu t vng sang . Cng c th
dng ch th hn hp Tashiri ( hn hp ca methyl v xanh methylen)
mu s chuyn t lc (vng + xanh) sang mu tm ( + xanh).
K thut tin hnh:
+ Buret: Dung dch HCl
+ Bnh nn: 10,00 mL dung dch NH
4
OH + 3 git methyl + 1git
xanh methylen.
+ Nh HCl xung cho ti khi ch th chuyn t mu lc sang mu tm.
Ghi th tch HCl dng.
Tnh kt qu:
Gi s tnh nng g/L ca dung dch NH
3
theo cng thc:

3
3
NH
NH
HCl HCl
g/l
.E
V
.N V
P =
Bit 17,03 M E
3 3
NH NH
= =
b. Xc nh nng dung dch HCl
C th xc nh da vo dung dch Na
2
CO
3
bit nng theo
phng trnh phn ng:
Na
2
CO
3
+ HCl = NaHCO
3
+ NaCl (1)
NaHCO
3
+ HCl = H
2
O + CO
2
+ NaCl (2)
Nu dng ch th phenolphtalein th mi nh lng c 1/2 lng
Na
2
CO
3
. Nu dng ch th da cam methyl th nh lng c ton b Na
2
CO
3
.
Ghi ch: C th xc nh nng dung dch HCl da vo dung dch
natri borat theo phng trnh phn ng:
Na
2
B
4
O
7
+ 2 HCl + 5 H
2
O = 4 H
3
BO
3
+ 2 NaCl
Ch th mu l da cam methyl hay methyl.
184
c. nh lng hn hp (NaOH + Na
2
CO
3
)
Dung dch NaOH thng b carbonat ha do CO
2
ca kh tri, cho nn
thng phi gii quyt trng hp nh lng dung dch NaOH c ln
Na
2
CO
3
.
nh lng, ta dng mt dung dch acid mnh nh HCl bit
nng , phn ng nh lng nh sau:
NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H
2
O (1)
Na
2
CO
3
+ HCl = NaHCO
3
+ NaCl (2)
NaHCO
3
+ HCl = CO
2
+ H
2
O + NaCl (3)
Khi dng ch th phenolphtalein th lc chuyn mu tng ng ton
b NaOH (phn ng 1) v 1/2 Na
2
CO
3
(phn ng 2) c nh lng.
Sau thm ch th da cam methyl vo v tip tc nh lng n chuyn
mu th s nh lng ht 1/ 2 Na
2
CO
3
cn li (phn ng 3).
K thut tin hnh:
+ Buret: Dung dch HCl bit nng .
+ Dung dch mu: Ly mt bnh nn cho vo 0,15-0,20 g NaCl v
0,20 g NaHCO
3
tinh khit, thm khong 25 mL nc ct, 2 git
phenolphthalein (bnh 1).
+ Dung dch th: V mL dung dch hn hp NaOH v Na
2
CO
3
cn nh
lng, 2 git phenolphthalein (bnh 2).
+ Nh dung dch HCl bit nng vo bnh 2 cha dung dch cn
nh lng cho ti khi xut hin mu hng ging nh bnh dung
dch mu (bnh 1) ghi V
1
mL

HCl dng (ch thm nc vo
bnh 1 c th tch dung dch tng ng bnh 2). Thm 2 git
dung dch da cam methyl vo bnh 2 v tip tc nh lng n khi
mu chuyn t vng sang cam. Ghi V
2
mL HCl dng (gm c
lng V
1
mL

trong .)
Tnh kt qu:
+ Th tch HCl phn ng vi 1/2 Na
2
CO
3
l V
2
- V
1

+ Th tch HCl phn ng ton b Na
2
CO
3
l 2(V
2
- V
1
)
+ Th tch HCl phn ng vi NaOH l V
2
- 2(V
2
- V
1
) = 2V
1
-V
2

Do , gi s tnh % (KL/TT) cc cht s l:
.100
1000.V
.E ).N V (2V
%NaOH
NaOH HCl 2 1

= ( 40) E
NaOH
= = M
185
.100
1000.V
.E ).N V 2(V
CO %Na
3 2
CO Na HCl 1 2
3 2

= ( 53)
2
M
E
3 2
CO Na
= =
d. nh lng acid octophosphoric (H
3
PO
4
)
Nh nu phn 2.3.5 ta thy rng H
3
PO
4
c th nh lng nh
mt mono acid vi ch th chuyn mu pH 4,6 v nh mt di acid
vi ch th chuyn mu pH 9,6; cn acid 3 yu qu khng nh
lng c.
Khi nh lng nh mt mono acid th E = M. Khi nh lng nh
mt diacid th E =M/ 2.
Trong thc t hay dng ch th l lc bromocresol v phenolphthalein.
Khi y im tng ng 1 mu s chuyn t mu vng sang mu
lc sng. im tng ng 2 mu s chuyn t lc sng sang xanh
ri sang tm (khng chuyn sang mu tm sm). d nhn xt s
chuyn mu, c th ly 2 dung dch m pH 4,6 v pH 9,6 so
snh.
K thut tin hnh:
+ Buret: Dung dch NaOH bit nng .
+ Bnh nn: VmL H
3
PO
4
cn nh lng, 1 git ch th lc
bromocresol, 1git ch th phenolphthalein.
+ Nh NaOH xung cho n khi mu chuyn t vng lc lc
sng. Ghi V
1
mL

NaOH dng. Tip tc nh NaOH xung cho n
khi mu chuyn t lc sng xanh tm. Ghi V
2
mL

NaOH
dng (thng V
2
2V
1
).
BAI TP (BAI 5)
5.1. nh ngha acid, base, cp acid-base lin hp, cht lng tnh, a
acid, a base theo Bronsted.
5.2. Cng thc tnh [H
+
] v pH ca cc dung dch:
- n acid mnh v acid yu
- n base mnh v base yu
- Cht lng tnh
- Cp acid-base lin hp
5.3. Trnh by nguyn tc ca phng php nh lng acid-base.
186
5.4. Th no l cht ch th acid-base. Cho bit khong pH chuyn
mu ca 3 ch th thng dng: phenolphthalein, methyl, da cam
methyl.
5.5. Hy chn ch th cho cc trng hp nh lng sau:
- nh lng acid mnh bng base mnh
- nh lng base mnh bng acid mnh
- nh lng acid yu bng base mnh
- nh lng base yu bng acid mnh
- nh lng Na
2
CO
3
bng HCl
5.6. Ha tan 0,1265 g H
2
C
2
O
4
.2H
2
O tinh khit v em nh lng ton
b ht 25,18 mL NaOH vi ch th phenolphthalein. Tnh nng
N ca dung dch NaOH.
5.7. Tnh pH ca dung dch CH
3
COOH

0,1N (cho K
A
= 1,75.10
-5
)
5.8. Tnh pH ca dung dch CH
3
COONa 0,1N.
5.9. nh lng 25,00 mL dung dch H
2
SO
4
ht 21,72 mL NaOH
0,1012 N. Tnh nng g/L ca dung dch H
2
SO
4
trn.
5.10. Chun 25,00 mL dung dch H
3
PO
4
vi ch th da cam methyl
ht 13,64 mL NaOH 0,01 N. Tnh nng mol/L ca dung dch
H
3
PO
4
trn.
5.11. Chun 25,00 mL hn hp (NaOH + Na
2
CO
3
) bng dung dch
HCl 0,1 N ht 7,50 mL khi dng phenolphthalein lm ch th v
ht 12,50 mL khi dng da cam methyl lm ch th. Tnh nng
mol/l ca tng cht trong hn hp trn.
5.12. Ly 20,00 mL dung dch amoniac em nh lng bng dung
dch HCl ht 25,20 mL. Tnh nng P
g/L
ca dung dch amoniac
trn. Bit rng khi nh lng 10,00 mL dung dch Na
2
CO
3
0,1
N vi ch th da cam methyl ht 12,50 mL HCl trn.
5.13. Bit rng 10,00 mL dung dch CH
3
COOH em nh lng bng
dung dch NaOH ht 12,60 mL vi ch th phenolphthalein. Mt
khc nh lng 10,00 mL acid oxalic 0,1 N vi ch th
phenolphthalein thy ht 11,50 mL dung dch NaOH trn. Tnh
nng g/L ca dung dch CH
3
COOH.

187
Bi 6
|NH LNG BNG PHONG PHP KT TA -
|NH LNG BNG PHONG PHP TAO PHC
MUC TIU
1. Trnh by c khi nim v tch s tan, tan v ng dng trong phn tch.
2. M t c k thut nh lng bng bc trong phng php Mohr, Fonha,
Faian. Tnh c kt qu ca php chun .
3. Trnh by c nh ngha phc cht, hng s bn vng ca phc v ngha.
4. Hiu v chn c cht ch th nh lng bng phng php to phc vi
complexon. Tnh c kt qu nh lng.
1. chun kt ta
1.1. Mt s khi nim c bn
1.1.1. Tch s tan (T):
Xt h gm ta A
m
B
n
tan trong nc n bo ha, c cc cn bng sau:
Ha tan: A
m
B
n
A
m
B
n
vi K
1
=[A
m
B
n
]
Phn ly: A
m
B
n
mA + nB vi K
2
=
[ ] [ ]
[ ]
n m
n m
B A
B A .

Tng: A
m
B
n
mA + nB vi K = K
1
.K
2
=[A]
m
.[B]
n
= T l mt
hng s mt nhit nht nh v c gi l tch s tan.
Bit tch s tan, ta c th bit c trng thi cn bng ca mt h
mt iu kin no da trn c s sau:
+ Khi [A]
m
.[B]
n
= T ta ni h t trng thi cn bng gia kt ta v
ha tan.
+ Khi [A]
m
.[B]
n
> T h cha cn bng (s c kt ta hoc kt ta thm
gi l dung dch qu bo ha.
188
+ Khi [A]
m
.[B]
n
< T h cha cn bng (s khng c kt ta hoc nu
c kt ta sn th kt ta s tip tc tan ra), gi l dung dch cha
bo ha.
Nh vy khi bit tch s tan c th suy ra iu kin ha tan kt ta
hoc lm ta hon ton ( kt ta hon ton thng cho d thuc th).
1.1.2. tan (S)
tan ca mt cht l nng ca cht trong dung dch bo ho.
Nh vy tan v tch s tan l nhng i lng c trng cho dung
dch bo ho, cho nn chng c mi quan h tng h nhau, c th
tnh c tan t tch s tan v ngc li.
tan ca cc cht trong dung dch nc nguyn cht:
Gi tan ca ta A
m
B
n
trong nc nguyn cht l S (mol/l). Theo
phng trnh phn ly:
A
m
B
n
mA + nB
Ta c: [A] = mS, [B] = nS. Khi :
n m
B A
T =[A]
m
.[B]
n
= (mS)
m
.(nS)
n
= m
m
.n
n
.S
m+n

Do vy: S =
n m
n m
B A
n m
T
n m +
.

T cng thc tnh tan S, ta thy nu cc kt ta c cng dng phn
ly, ta no c tch s tan ln s c tan ln v ngc li. ng thi,
nu trong dung dch c mt nhiu cht cng c kh nng to ra cc
dng kt ta khc nhau vi cht cn phn tch th dng ta no c
tch s tan nh hn s d kt ta hn.
1.1.3. ng dng trong phn tch
Da trn c s tch s tan hoc tan ta c th suy ra iu kin c
th kt ta hay ha tan ta. T c th p dng trong phn tch :
Kt ta hon ton mt cht t dung dch ta cn phi to cc iu kin
cng lm gim tan ca ta cng tt: thng dng d thuc th
(tr vi ta lng tnh s lm tan ta xt ring), la chn pH thch
hp, trnh cc cht l
Mun ha tan hon ton mt ta kh tan trong nc, ta phi tm mi
cch lm tng tan ca n: Thng c th tng nhit , thm
cht in ly, dng acid, dng base, dng cht to phc, dng cht oxy
ha thch hp hoc chuyn ta kh ha tan thnh ta d ha tan.
189
ng dng cc phn ng kt ta nh lng cc cht.
1.2. Phng php chun kt ta
1.2.1. Nguyn tc chung
L phng php nh lng da trn cc phn ng to thnh cc cht
kt ta (cht t tan).
Yu cu ca phn ng mun dng nh lng phi:
C kh nng kt ta hon ton cht cn xc nh (ta c tch s tan
cng nh cng tt).
Phn ng phi xy ra nhanh
C tnh chn lc cao (ch cho kt ta vi cht cn xc nh, khng kt
ta vi cc cht l khc).
Chn c ch th xc nh im tng ng.
Nhiu phn ng to cht kt ta rt nhiu, song ch c rt t phn
ng c ng dng trong php chun bi v:
Nhiu phn ng kt ta xy ra rt chm, khng thch hp cho php
phn tch, nht l vi cc dung dch long.
Cc kt ta khng c thnh phn xc nh do hin tng hp ph,
cng kt.
Khng chn c ch th thch hp.
V vy trong thc t, nh lng bng phng php kt ta c s
dng nhiu nht l phng php bc, trong s dng Ag
+
(dung dch
AgNO
3
) xc nh cc halogenid v CNS
-
(hoc ngc li) da trn phn
ng:
Ag
+
+ X
-
= AgX
Trong X
-
l halogenid hoc CNS
-
.
Ngoi phng php nh lng bng Ag, cn c phng php nh
lng bng thu ngn (I).
1.2.2. Cc phng php (k thut) nh lng bng bc
c gi tn tu theo cch chn cht ch th nhn ra im tng
ng. Thng c 3 phng php:
a. Phng php Mohr
L phng php nh lng trc tip Cl
-
bng Ag
+
vi ch th l kali
cromat cho ta nu Ag
2
CrO
4
ln cn im tng ng.
190
Phn ng chun :
Ag
+
+ Cl
-
AgCl trng vi T
AgCl

= 10
-10
Nhn ra im tng ng:
2 Ag
+
+ CrO
4
2-
Ag
2
CrO
4
nu vi
12
2.10 T
4
CrO
2
Ag

=
iu kin p dng:
Nng ch th K
2
CrO
4
cn 2.10
-4
2M. Tt nht nn dng vi nng
10
-2
M 10
-3
M khi trnh c mu vng m ca K
2
CrO
4
lm
kh khn cho vic nhn ra Ag
2
CrO
4
.
pH mi trng tt nht 7 - 10,5 v nu acid qu s khng c Ag
2
CrO
4

(do 2CrO
4
2-
+ 2H
+
Cr
2
O
7
2-
+ H
2
O chuyn dch v pha Cr
2
O
7
2
).
Nu kim qu s c ta ca Ag
+
vi OH
-

Ag
+
+ OH
-
AgOH
2 AgOH Ag
2
O + H
2
O
b. Phng php Fonha (Volhard)
L phng php chun Ag
+
bng SCN

vi ch th l Fe
3+
cho s to
phc Fe(CNS)
2+
mu ln cn im tng ng.
Phn ng chun :
Ag
+
+ CNS

AgCNS trng vi T
AgCNS
= 10
12
Nhn ra tng ng:
Fe
3+
+ CNS

FeCNS
2+
vi = 10
2
iu kin p dng:
Nng ch th thng dng sao cho [Fe
3+
] 10
-2
M
Mi trng nn dng mi trng acid mnh (thng dng HNO
3
)
trnh Fe(OH)
3
, Ag
2
O v lm gim hin tng hp ph.
ng dng:
nh lng trc tip Ag
+
vi CNS
-

nh lng gin tip (theo phng php tha tr) Cl
-
, Br
-
, I
-
bng cch
cho d chnh xc Ag
+
phn ng vi X
-
(Cl
-
, Br
-
, I
-
) cn xc nh
Ag
+
+ X
-
AgX
(d chnh xc)
Sau nh lng Ag
+
bng CNS
-
bit nng theo k thut trc
tip nu trn.
191
Ch :
Khi nh lng Cl
-
c hin tng mu chuyn khng r rng, mu
khng bn, khi mu bn vng th qu im tng ng nhiu gy sai
s ln. L do v T
AgCl
= 10
-10
> T
AgCNS
= 10
-12
ngha l AgCNS bn vng
hn nn c phn ng:
AgCl + CNS
-
AgCNS + Cl
-
xy ra do lm chuyn dch cn bng phn ly ca phc v pha phi:
FeCNS
2+
Fe
3+
+ CNS
-
lm mt mu .
khc phc sai s ny ta phi loi b kt ta AgCl, ri sau mi
nh lng Ag
+
d phn nc lc. Hoc cho thm vo h mt dung mi
hu c khng trn ln vi nc (nh benzen, ether, cloroform,) lm
vn kt ta AgCl trn b mt phn cch gia 2 lp nc - dung mi hu c
v do ngn khng cho kt ta AgCl tc dng vi CNS
-
.
Khi nh lng I
-
khng c cho ch th Fe
3+
vo dung dch nh
lng trc khi cho Ag
+
d ( trnh phn ng Fe
3+
+ I
-
Fe
2+
+ I
2

xy ra).
c. Phng php Faian (Fajans):
L phng php dng ch th hp ph.
Da trn c s mt s kt ta c kh nng hp th trn b mt ta
mt s cht hu c, lm cho cht hu c thay i cu to v c s i mu
r rt (thng c mu thm hn).
Th d: Dng eozin l mt acid hu c (HE H
+
+ E

) lm cht
ch th khi nh lng I

bng Ag
+
. c tnh ca eozin l khi E
-
trong
dung dch c mu hng, nhng khi b hp th c mu tm.
Phn ng chun :
Ag
+
+ I
-
= AgI
Nhn ra im tng ng khi trn b mt ta xut hin mu tm.
S d nh vy v trc im tng ng, dung dch d I
-
do AgI
hp ph I
-
(khng hp th E
-
nn vn c mu hng). Sau tng ng d
Ag
+
th AgI hp ph Ag
+
(l ion + nn c kh nng hp th thm E
-
lm
cho b mt ta c mu tm)
iu kin dng:
C gng gi ta trng thi keo (cho nn c trng hp cho thm cht
bo v keo nh tinh bt, dextrin)
192
Chn cht lm ch th phi khng b hp ph qu sm.
Phi chn pH thch hp v ch th thng l acid hoc base hu c.
1.2.3. Phng php nh lng bng thy ngn (I)
a. Phng php nh lng mt s cht da vo dung dch chun ca mui
Hg
2
2+
(thng dng Hg
2
(NO
3
)
2
)
Khi cho dung dch Hg
2
2+
tc dng vi Cl
-
, Br
-
, I
-
... s to thnh nhng
ta t tan Hg
2
Cl
2
, Hg
2
Br
2
, Hg
2
I
2
... tng t nh kt ta AgX:
Hg
2
2+
+ 2 Cl
-
Hg
2
Cl
2

So vi phng php nh lng bng bc, phng php nh lng
bng thu ngn (I) c mt s u im sau:
Khng cn phi dng n nhng ha cht c bc l mt kim loi qu
t hn so vi thu ngn.
Mui thy ngn (I) t tan hn so vi mui bc tng ng do khi
nh lng Cl
-
bng Hg
2
2+
ta c bc nhy ca ng biu din nh
lng di hn.
C th nh lng trc tip bng thu ngn (I) mi trng acid,
trong khi nh lng bng bc phi mi trng trung tnh.
Tuy vy, phng php nh lng bng thu ngn (I) c nhc im l
mui thu ngn c. Do khi lm vic phi ht sc thn trng.
b. Ch th dng trong phng php nh lng bng Hg
2
2+

St sulfocyanid Fe(CNS)
3
:
Trong qu trnh nh lng, khi n im tng ng dung dch s
mt mu do Hg
2
2+
d s phn ng:
3Hg
2
2+
+ 2Fe(CNS)
3
= 3Hg
2
(CNS)
2
+ Fe
3+
Diphenylcacbazon:
Nhn ra im tng ng do to vi Hg
2
2+
ta c mu xanh.
1.2.4. Mt s ng dng thc t
a. Cc dung dch chun
Cc dung dch chun hay dng l NaCl 0,05 N, AgNO
3
0,05 N v
KCNS 0,05 N. Nhng dung dch ny c tnh ton pha t NaCl, AgNO
3
,
KCNS. C 3 cht ny c th c tinh ch t tiu chun cht gc nh
sau (E
NaCl
= M = 58,5; E
AgNO3
= M = 169,87; E
KCNS
= M = 97,18):
Tinh ch NaCl: Pha dung dch NaCl bo ha khong (36g/100 mL).
Lc, ly nc lc, sau thm HCl c vo kt ta ht NaCl. Lc
193
ly NaCl. em ra bng nc ct, sau sy kh 270
o
C, tn thnh
bt v nung tip 500 - 600
o
C trong l nung n khi lng khng
i, thu c NaCl tinh khit.
Tinh ch AgNO
3
: Ha tan AgNO
3
trong nc (t l 100g AgNO
3
cho 45
mL nc). Lc qua phu lc thu tinh (khng dng giy lc). Ly tinh
th AgNO
3
sy kh 100
o
C, sau sy thm 220 - 250
o
C khong 15
pht (khng c sy qu 250
o
C trnh AgNO
3
b phn hu mt
phn thnh AgNO
2
). AgNO
3
thu c khng ht m, nhng phi
trong l mu, trnh nh sng.
Tinh ch KCNS: Ha tan KCNS trong nc (t l 68,5 g/100 mL nc).
Thc hin kt tinh li 2 ln, lm kh trong bnh ht m nhit
thng, sau sy 100-150
o
C. Cui cng sy thm 190

200
o
C
trong 2 pht. Khi KSCN thu c s tinh khit v kh, bo qun
cn trnh nh sng v cc khi acid (KCNS coi nh khng ht m
trong kh quyn c m di 45%).
b. nh lng NaCl theo phng php Mohr
Phn ng chun :
NaCl+ AgNO
3
= AgCltrng + NaNO
3

Ch th l K
2
CrO
4
: 2 Ag
+
+ CrO
4
2-
= Ag
2
CrO
4
nu
K thut tin hnh:
Buret: Dung dch Ag
+
bit nng
Bnh nn: V mL NaCl cn nh lng
50 mL nc ct
1 mL ch th K
2
CrO
4
5%
Chun n khi xut hin kt ta mu nu . Ghi th tch dung
dch AgNO
3
dng. Tnh kt qu.
Ghi ch:
V mi trng phi trung tnh nn nu dung dch acid phi trung ha
bng NaHCO
3
hay CaCO
3
(un ui CO
2
, ngui).
Khi pha AgNO
3
khng c cho thm HNO
3

Nu dung dch kim phi trung ha bng HNO
3
.
c. nh lng KCNS bng AgNO
3
Phn ng chun :
AgNO
3
+ KSCN = AgSCN trng + KNO
3
194
Ch th l Fe
3+
:
Fe
3+
+ SCN

= Fe(SCN)
2+
mu
K thut tin hnh:
Buret: Dung dch KCNS cn nh lng
Bnh nn: V mL AgNO
3
bit nng
2 mL HNO
3
c
2 mL phn st amoni 10%
Chun ti khi xut hin mu . Ghi th tch KCNS dng. Tnh
kt qu.
d. nh lng NaCl bng AgNO
3
theo phng php Fonha
Dng AgNO
3
tha chnh xc bit nng kt ta ht NaCl, sau
nh lng AgNO
3
tha bng dung dch KCNS bit nng vi ch
th l Fe
3+
. Cc phn ng xy ra:
AgNO
3
+ NaCl

= AgCltrng + NaNO
3
(d chnh xc)
AgNO
3
d + KCNS = AgCNStrng + KNO
3
Nhn ra tng ng khi c mu :
Fe
3+
+ CNS
-
= FeCNS
2+

K thut tin hnh:
Trong bnh nh mc 100,0 ml: 10,00 mL dung dch NaCl cn nh
lng + 20,00 mL AgNO
3
0,05N + 1 mL HNO
3
c
Thm nc ct cho n vch, lc u. lng, lc qua 2 ln giy lc,
nc lc phi trong. Sau :
Buret: Dung dch KCNS 0,05N
Bnh nn: 50,00 mL nc lc trn
5 mL HNO
3
c
5 mL ch th phn st amoni 10%
Chun cho ti khi xut hin mu hng. Ghi th tch KCNS 0,05N
dng. Tnh kt qu theo phng php tha tr.
Ghi ch:
Phng php ny ch chnh xc khi nng ca KCNS, AgNO
3
, NaCl
xp x bng nhau. V th phi nh lng s b dung dch NaCl nh sau:
195
Buret: Dung dch KCNS
Bnh nn: 1 mL NaCl + 2 mL AgNO
3
+ 5 git HNO
3
c + 5 git ch th
phn st amoni 10%.
Nu va nh KCNS xung m c mu ngay th chng t thiu
AgNO
3
, ta phi pha long NaCl cho c nng thch hp. Nu cho xung
khong 1 mL KCNS c mu l c.
e. nh lng KI bng AgNO
3
theo phng php Faian
Phn ng chun :
AgNO
3
+ KI

= AgI+ KNO
3
Ch th l natri eozinat: nhn ra im tng ng khi trn b mt
ta xut hin mu hng tm.
K thut tin hnh:
Buret: Dung dch AgNO
3
bit nng
Bnh nn: V mL KI cn nh lng
1 mL ch th eozinat 0,5%
1 mL acid acetic c
Chun ti khi ta mu hng tm. Ghi th tch dung dch AgNO
3

dng. Tnh kt qu. Cho E
KI
= M = 166.
2. chun to phc
2.1. Mt s khi nim c bn
Trong phn Phn tch nh tnh gii thiu v phc cht, phn
ny ch nhc li mt s khi nim dng trong nh lng.
2.1.1. nh ngha
Cu to ca phc: gm mt nguyn t trung tm (cn gi l nguyn t
to phc) thng l cc kim loi v phi t to thnh cu ni phc v c
vit trong du [ ], cc ion tri du vi cu ni phc gi l cu ngoi phc
vit ngoi du [ ].
Th d: [Ag(NH
3
)
2
]Cl
[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]
+
l cu ni phc; Cl
-
l cu ngoi phc.
Nu phi t l nhng phn t hu c lin kt vi nguyn t trung tm
va bng lin kt cng ha tr v va bng lin kt phi tr (nh mt s
nguyn t O, N, S cn c nhng cp in t t do cha lin kt b ra
dng chung) th gi l hp cht ni phc.
196
Th d: Complexonat magnesi
CH COOH
CH COO
HOOC CH
OOC CH
N CH CH N
2
2
2 2
2
2
Mg

2.1.2. Phn bit phc cht vi mui thng, mui kp, ion phc tp
Mui thng, mui kp khi ha tan trong nc phn ly hon ton
thnh cc ion (hoc phn t) n gin.
Th d: NH
4
Fe(SO
4
)
2
.12H
2
O NH
4
+
+ Fe
3+
+ 2SO
4
2
+ 12H
2
O
Phc cht khi ha tan vo nc ch c cu ni v cu ngoi phn ly
hon ton, cu ni phc phn ly khng hon ton (t phn ly).
Th d: K
4
Fe(CN)
6
] 4K
+
+ [Fe(CN)
6
]
4-
Fe(CN)
6
4-
Fe
2+
+ 6 CN
-
2.1.3. bn ca phc v ngha
bn ca phc cht c nh gi qua hng s bn (hng s to
phc) hoc hng s khng bn ca phn ng to cu ni phc.
Th d: Vi phc K
3
[Fe(CN)
6
] 3K
+
+ [Fe(CN)
6
]
3-
Fe(CN)
6
3-
Fe
3+
+ 6 CN
-
Ta c: Hng s to phc:
[ ]
[ ][ ]
6
3
3
6
b
CN . Fe
Fe(CN)
K
+

=
Hng s khng bn:
[ ][ ]
[ ]

+
=
3
6
6
3
Kb
Fe(CN)
CN . Fe
K
Nh vy: K
b
.K
Kb
= 1
Do vi phc cht nu hng s bn (hng s to phc) K
b
cng ln
th phc cng bn (t phn ly) cng nh v ngc li.
Phc cht cng phn ly theo tng nc, ng vi mi nc l c cc hng
s tng ng ring. Th d vi HgCl
2
c:
HgCl
2
HgCl
+
+ Cl
-
vi
[ ][ ]
[ ]
2
1 Kb
HgCl
Cl HgCl
K
+
=
.

HgCl
+
Hg
2+
+ Cl
-
vi
[ ][ ]
[ ]
+
+
=
HgCl
Cl Hg
K
2
2 Kb
.
197
Tng HgCl
2
Hg
2+
+ 2Cl
-
vi K
kb
= K
Kb1
.K
Kb2

ngha ca hng s bn K
b
(hoc hng s khng bn K
kb
):
+ Da vo K
b
v cc yu t khc, c th tnh ton c t l hoc nng
cc cu t trong dung dch, bit c chiu hng ca phn ng.
+ Xt c s cnh tranh to phc: Nu trong dung dch c mt hai
hoc nhiu cht c kh nng to thnh cc phc cht khc nhau th
s c s cnh tranh to phc v phc no bn vng hn (K
b
ln) s
chim u th.
2.2. nh lng bng phng php to phc
(Chun phc cht)
2.2.1. Nguyn tc chung
Phng php nh lng to phc l phng php nh lng da
trn cc phn ng to phc.
Phn ng to phc mun dng nh lng c phi xy ra nhanh,
hon ton, hp thc, chn lc cao, nhy v chn c cht ch th
nhn ra im tng ng.
Trong nhiu phn ng to phc, ch mt s t phn ng p ng c
cc yu cu trn. V vy, thi gian u phng php ny t c ng dng
rng ri. Trong s rt nhiu thuc th v c, trong phn tch th tch
thng dng hai phng php chun to phc sau:
Phng php bc: Da trn phn ng to phc gia Ag
+
v CN
-

Ag
+
+ 2CN
-
Ag(CN)
2
-
Phng php thy ngn (II): Da trn phn ng to phc gia Hg
2+

vi cc ion Cl
-
, Br
-
, I
-
, SCN
-
.
Th d:
Hg
2+
+ 2 Cl
-
HgCl
2
+
Hg
2+
+ 4I
-
HgI
4
2-
Nhng t nhng nm 40 ca th k 20 tr li y, sau khi nh ha
hc G.Schwarzenbach pht hin ra cc cht gi l complexon c kh nng
to phc bn vng vi nhiu ion kim loi th phng php ny c
pht trin nhanh v rng vi mt tn gi ring l phng php chun
bng complexon.
198
2.2.2. Chun to phc bng thuc th v c
a. Phng php bc
Trong phng php ny ngi ta chun dung dch cyanid (CN
-
)
bng dung dch chun bc nitrat da trn c s phn ng to phc:
Ag
+
+ 2CN
-
Ag(CN)
2
-
vi (K
b
=10
21
)
Lu : ,
+ +
=
Ag Ag
M E

=
CN CN
M 2 E
Chn ch th: C th dng mt trong hai phng php sau:
Phng php Liebig (dng ch th l chnh thuc th): Nhn ra im
tng ng khi c d mt git dung dch AgNO
3
s cho kt ta
Ag[Ag(CN
2
)] xut hin.
Ag
+
+ Ag(CN)
2
-
Ag[Ag(CN
2
)] vi T = 4.10
-12
Lu : Khi chun n gn im tng ng nn nh lng rt t
t v nu lm nhanh c th lm cho ta xut hin sm gy sai s do tc
ha tan ca ta ny rt chm.
Phng php Deniges: Thm vo dung dch nh lng amoniac v KI
lm ch th, khi n im tng ng khng c ta Ag[Ag(CN)
2
],
m c ta AgI mu vng xut hin.
Ag
+
+ I
-
AgI vng vi T
AgI

= 10
-16
b. Phng php thu ngn (II)
Mt s mui ha tan ca Hg(II) (nh CN
-
, SCN
-
, Cl
-
...) l nhng phc
cht, do c th dng Hg
2+
nh lng cc anion ny, theo phng
trnh tng qut:
Hg
2+
+ 2X
-
HgX
2
Dung dch chun thng dng l Hg(NO
3
)
2
, Hg(ClO
4
)
2
, HgSO
4
.
Th d 1: C th nh lng Cl
-
bng Hg
2+
theo phn ng:
Hg
2+
+ 2Cl
-
HgCl
2
Nhn ra im tng ng bng mt trong hai ch th sau:
Vi ch th l natri nitroprusiat: cho ta trng vi Hg
2+

Vi ch th l diphenylcarbazon: cho kt ta mu xanh vi Hg
2+

Ch : Nu hm lng Cl
-
nh, phi thm vo dung dch nh lng
mt t cn gim phn ly ca HgCl
2
.
Th d 2: C th nh lng nhng mui Hg
2+
bng dung dch chun
KSCN vi ch th l Fe
3+
.
199
CNS
-
+ Hg
2+
Hg(CNS)
2
-
Nhn ra im tng ng khi d CNS
-
s c mu xut hin.
CNS
-
+ Fe
3+
FeCNS
2+

u im ca phng php nh lng bng Hg
2+
:
C th nh lng thng trong mi trng acid.
Nhiu ion gy tr ngi cho phng php nh lng bng bc theo
phng php kt ta (phng php Mohr v Fonha) khng c nh
hng g khi nh lng bng Hg
2+
.
Hp cht thu ngn r hn hp cht bc tng ng.
Tuy nhin phi lun nh rng mui thu ngn rt c, do khi nh
lng phi ht sc cn thn.
2.2.3. Chun bng complexon
Phng php nh lng bng complexon l phng php chun
da trn phn ng to hp cht ni phc ca nhiu ion kim loi vi mt s
thuc th hu c gi chung l complexon.
a. S lc v cc complexon
Cc complexon l cc acid amin polycarboxylic v cc dn cht ca
chng c Schwarzenbach nghin cu k (1940-1945).
Complexon I (chelaton I, Trilon A) l acid nitril triacetic (NTA):
n
ch
2
cooh
ch
2
cooh
ch
2
cooh

Vit tt l H
3
Y
Complexon II (chelaton II, trilon B) l acid ethylen diamin tetra
acetic (EDTA):

hooc ch
2
n ch
2
ch
2
hooc ch
2
n
ch
2
cooh
ch
2
cooh

Vit tt l H
4
Y
Complexon III (chelaton, trilon B) l mui dinatri ca EDTA
hooc ch
2
n ch
2
ch
2
NaOOC ch
2
n
ch
2
cooh
ch
2
cooh

Vit tt l Na
2
H
2
Y
200
b. S to phc ca EDTA vi cc ion kim loi
EDTA l mt acid a chc (4 nc):
H
4
Y H
3
Y
-
+ H
+
vi K
A1
= 10
-2,0
H
3
Y
-
H
2
Y
2-
+ H
+
vi K
A2
= 10
-2,67
H
2
Y
2-
HY
3-
+ H
+
vi K
A3
= 10
-6,16
HY
3-
Y
4-
+ H
+
vi K
A4
= 10
-10,26
EDTA t tan trong nc, v vy thng dng di dng mui Na
2
H
2
Y.
Trong phn tch, EDTA v Na
2
H
2
Y ngoi s khc nhau v tan v khi
lng mol, cn li cc tnh cht ha hc nht l tnh to phc khng c s
phn bit no c, cho nn thng vn quen gi chung l EDTA.
EDTA c kh nng to phc vi hu ht cc ion kim loi (tr cc kim
loi kim) v ty theo pH ca dung dch c th biu din bng cc phng
trnh khc nhau (do EDTA tn ti trong dung dch di dng H
4
Y, H
3
Y

,
H
2
Y
2
, HY
3
, Y
4
ph thuc vo pH). Nhng d phng trnh phn ng khc
nhau xong c im chung l t l v mol gia EDTA v ion kim loi lun l
1:1 v gii phng ra ton b H
+
c trong thnh phn tn ti ca EDTA.
Th d phn ng tng qut ca ion kim loi M
n+
vi EDTA nh sau:
M
n+
+ H
2
Y
2
MY
(n4)
+ 2H
+
pH 4-6
M
n+
+ HY
3
MY
(n4)
+ H
+
pH 7-10
C th: Ca
2+
+ HY
3
CaY
2
+ H
+
pH 9
Zn
2+
+ HY
3
ZnY
2
+ H
+
pH 9
Al
3+
+ H
2
Y
2
AlY

+ 2H
+
pH 5
Do , ta c: E
EDTA
= M
EDTA

+ +
=
n n
M M
M E

Ni chung phn ng to phc cng thun li trong mi trng cng
kim, nhng cng c khi phi duy tr mi trng acid (nh Fe
3+
, Bi
3+
)
trnh hin tng thy phn, cc ion tr ngi. Tu theo bn ca phc
m mi ion kim loi to phc vi EDTA mt vng pH ti u.
Mt khc, ngn s kt ta hydroxyd kim loi ta phi iu chnh
pH hoc thm cc cht to phc ph, trong s c mt ca dung dch m
c. Cht ch th dng trong chun complexon (cc ch th kim loi)
xc nh im tng ng trong phng php chun
complexon ngi ta dng mt s loi cht ch th khc nhau, trong ph
bin hn c l cht ch th kim loi. l nhng cht hu c (c tnh acid
201
hoc base yu), c kh nng to vi ion kim loi phc c mu v trong
nhng iu kin xc nh, mu ca phc khc vi mu ca ch th khi
cha to phc.
Cc cht ch th thng dng:
en eriocrom T: C
20
H
13
O
7
N
3
S.





L mt acid ba nc; nc 1 kh mnh (nhm SO
3
H), nc 2 v 3 c hng
s phn ly tng ng l pK
2
= 6,3 v pK
3
= 11,5. pH 7-10 ch th c mu
xanh, phc cht vi Mg
2+
, Zn
2+
, Pb
2+
... c mu .
N N
OH
HO S
3
NO
2
OH
Murexid: C
8
H
8
O
6
N
6
.H
2
O (amoni purpurat)

C
N C
C
C N
O N
C
C N
C
N C
O
H O
H O
O H
O H
NH4
+

Thng k hiu l H
4
Ind

. S phn ly nh sau:
H
4
Ind
-
H
+
+ H
3
Ind
2
2H
+
+ H
2
Ind
3
( tm) (Tm) (Xanh)
pH = 11 murexid c mu tm (H
3
Ind
2
), to phc vi Ca
2+
cho phc
mu (CaH
2
Ind

).
C murexid v en eriocrom T u km bn trong dung dch nn
thng khng pha sn m dng dng rn (trn ln vi NaCl).
Ngoi ra cn nhiu cht ch th khc nh : acid salicylic, tm
pyrocatechin, da cam xylenol , calmagite...
202
d. Cc k thut chun bng EDTA
Chun cc cation kim loi
Phng php nh lng thng.
Th d: Chun Mg
2+
bng EDTA vi ch th en eriocrom T pH 10.
Lc u trong dung dch c mu vang do phn ng ca Mg
2+
vi ch th:
Mg
2+
+ HInd
2
MgInd

+ H
+

( vang)
Khi nh EDTA xung, Mg
2+
t do s phn ng trc:
Mg
2+
+ HY
3
MgY
2
+ H
+
Lc y mu ca dung dch vn khng b bin i. Gn im tng
ng, ta c s cnh tranh to phc:
HY
3
+ MgInd

MgY
2
+ HInd
2
( vang) (Xanh)
Kt thc chun khi mu chuyn t vang sang xanh hon ton.
Ghi ch: Nu tin hnh ngc li, Mg
2+
trn buret, bnh nn l
EDTA v ch th, khi s kt thc nh lng thi im mu chuyn t
xanh sang chm vang. Thc t c rt nhiu ion kim loi c th nh
lng thng bng EDTA.
Phng php th.
Th d: nh lng Ca
2+
, ta thm MgY
2
vo dung dch, v phc
Ca
2+
vi EDTA bn vng hn ca Mg
2+
, cho nn s c cnh tranh to phc:
Ca
2+
+ MgY
2
CaY
2
+ Mg
2+
nh lng Mg
2+
b y ra bng EDTA theo phng php trc tip
trn. T tnh ra lng Ca
2+
.
Phng php tha tr
Ngi ta nh lng bng cch cho EDTA d chnh xc vo dung dch
cha ion cn xc nh, khi c phn ng:
M
n+
+ HY
3
MY
(n4)
+ H
+
Sau khi phn ng xong, nh lng EDTA d bng dung dch Mg
2+

hay Zn
2+
bit nng . T tnh ra lng M
n+
.
Phng php ny c li trong cc trng hp:
Khng chn c ch th kim loi thch hp cho ion cn xc nh.
Chng hn khng th chun trc tip Co
2+
, Al
3+
bng EDTA vi ch
203
th en eriocrom T c v ch th ny to vi Co
2+
, Al
3+
cc phc rt
bn khng b EDTA ph v.
Ion cn xc nh nm trong ta (BaSO
4
, PbSO
4
...) lm cho phn ng
vi EDTA xy ra chm.
Chun cc anion:
Phi chun gin tip, bng cch kt ta anion vi thuc th cha
cation thch hp. nh lng SO
4
2
, ta kt ta bng ion Ba
2+
Ba
2+
+ SO
4
2
BaSO
4

Sau hoc nh lng cation cn li trong nc lc, nc ra hoc lc
ra ta ri ha tan ta trong EDTA d:
HY
3
+ BaSO
4
BaY
2
+ H
+
+ SO
4
2
nh lng EDTA d bng Mg
2+
hay Zn
2+
.
Chun cc cht hu c
Ging nh nh lng cc anion, thng dng phng php gin tip:
Cho cht hu c tc dng vi ion kim loi to thnh ta ri nh lng
cation cn li trong nc lc, nc ra. C th ha tan ta trong EDTA d,
nh lng EDTA d cn li trong nc lc, nc ra. V d nh lng
theophylin, kt ta n vi Cu
2+
, ha tan ta, xc nh lng ng c trong
ta v suy ra hm lng theophylin. nh lng Aminopyrin, nicotinamid
ta em kt ta chng vi HgCl
2
, xc nh Hg
2+
cn d trong nc lc suy ra
lng aminopyrin, nicotinamid.
2.2.4. Mt s ng dng nh lng trong thc t
a. nh lng bng cc thuc th v c
nh lng KCN bng AgNO
3

Da trn phn ng to phc:
AgNO
3
+ 2KCN = K[Ag(CN)
2
] + KNO
3
Nhn ra im tng ng theo hai phng php:
Phng php Liebig: Mt git AgNO
3
tha s cho kt ta trng
Ag
+
+ Ag(CN)
2

Ag[Ag(CN)
2
] trng.
Phng php Deniges: Thc hin nh lng trong mi trng NH
4
OH
vi KI lm ch th. Nhn ra im tng ng khi c kt ta AgI mu
vng.
Lu : Tnh kt qu E
KCN
= 2M
KCN
204
Pha v xc nh nng dung dch Hg(NO
3
)
2
0,1N
Thy ngn (II) nitrat d ht m, do khng t tiu chun cht gc.
Tnh ton pha nng xp x 0,1N. Lu
2
M
E
2 3
) Hg(NO
= . pha 1 lt
dung dch 0,1N, ta cn khong 17g Hg(NO
3
)
2
. 0,5H
2
O, thm 20 mL HNO
3

6 N, thm nc cho 1 lt (nh khuy k).
Xc nh li nng Hg(NO
3
)
2
bng dung dch NaCl 0,1N da trn
phn ng:
Hg
2+
+ 2Cl

HgCl
2
Dng ch th l natri nitroprusiat, khi tha 1 git Hg
2+
s c kt ta
xut hin:
Hg
2+
+ [Fe(CN)
5
NO]
2
= Hg[Fe(CN)
5
NO]
b. nh lng bng complexon
Pha dung dch complexon III chun
Nu c complexon III tinh khit: Ch cn cn chnh xc mt lng
complexon em pha trong nc thnh dung dch vi th tch xc nh.
V d pha 1 lt dung dch complexon III 0,1M, cn chnh xc 37,22
gam complexon III ha tan trong nc cho 1 lt. Nu complexon III
c b ht m th em sy kh 150
o
C trc khi cn pha.
Nu khng c complexon III tinh khit th ta ch pha c dung dch
c nng xp x. Sau xc nh li nng (xem phn di).
Xc nh nng dung dch complexon III
Pha dung dch MgCl
2
0,1M: Cn 4,032 gam MgO ha tan trong mt t
nc HCl c, thm nc lc u cho 1 lt nc.
Pha dung dch ZnSO
4
0,1M: Cn 6,538 gam Zn kim loi tinh khit,
ha tan trong mt t H
2
SO
4
tinh khit, ri thm nc cho 1 lit.
K thut tin hnh:
Buret: Complexon III
Bnh nn: V mL Mg
2+
c nng bit
5 mL dung dch m amoniac
0,1g ch th en ericrom T ( trn vi NaCl)
20 mL nc ct
Nh complexon xung cho n khi mu chuyn t sang xanh hon
ton. Ghi th tch complexon dng. Tnh kt qu.
205
Ghi ch: Ch th en eriocrom T c dng di dng rn bao gm: 1
phn ch th + 200 phn NaCl tinh khit em trn nghin nh cho u.
Cch pha dung dch m amoniac nh sau: 54 g NH
4
Cl tinh khit +
350 mL NH
4
OH c + nc cho 1 lt.
nh lng Ca
2+

Bng complexon III trong mi trng kim vi ch th murexid:
Murexid trong mi trng kim c mu tm (H
2
Ind
3
), kt hp vi Ca
2+

to thnh phc c mu (CaHInd

). Khi thm complexon vo, gn im

tng ng c phn ng cnh tranh to phc:
HY
3
+ CaHInd

= CaY
2
+ H
2
Ind
3
() (Tm)
K thut tin hnh:
Buret: Dung dch complexon bit nng
Bnh nn: V mL Ca
2+
cn nh lng
1 mL KOH 2N
0,2g ch th Murexit ( trn vi NaCl)
Chun ti khi mu chuyn t sang tm hon ton. Ghi th tch
complexon dng. Tnh kt qu.
Xc nh cng ca nc
cng ton phn ca nc l tng mui calci v magnesi tan trong
nc. C th xc nh cng ton phn bng complexon III vi ch th l
en eriocromT.
Ly mu nc cn nh lng, cho thm ch th en eriocrom T vo,
ch th s to phc mu vang vi mt phn Mg
2+
trong mu. Khi nh
EDTA vo, EDTA s phn ng vi Ca
2+
t do, sau vi Mg
2+
t do (v phc
CaY
2
bn hn phc MgY
2
), n ln cn im tng ng EDTA s ph
phc ca ch th vi Mg
2+
, gii phng ra ch th t do c mu xanh.
K thut tin hnh:
Buret: Complexon bit nng
Bnh nn: V mL nc cn xc nh
2 mL dung dch m amoniac
0,1 g ch th en eriocrom T ( trn NaCl)
Chun n khi mu chuyn xanh hon ton. Ghi th tch
complexon dng. Tnh kt qu.
206
Ghi ch: cng ton phn thng c tnh nh sau:
+ cng c: ng vi 1 gam CaO trong 100 lit nc (nc 4
o
: rt mm;
nc 4 - 8
o
: mm; nc 8 - 16
o
: nc va; nc 16 - 24
o
: nc cng).
+ cng Php: ng vi 1 gam CaCO
3
trong 100 lt.
nh lng Fe
3+

Trong mi trng acid (pH 2- 3) EDTA tc dng vi Fe
3+
to thnh mt
phc cht mu vng nht FeY

. Nu dng ch th l acid salicylic hay acid

sulfosalicylic pH n tc dng vi Fe
3+
to thnh phc c mu hng. Ti
im tng ng mu hng bin mt v dung dch c mu vng nht.
K thut tin hnh:
Buret: Complexon bit nng
Bnh nn: V mL Fe
3+
cn nh lng
5 mL dung dch m acetat (pH 2-3)
3 git ch th
Vi tinh th natri persulfat
Chun ti khi chuyn mu t hng sang vng nht. Ghi th tch
dung dch complexon dng. Tnh kt qu.
nh lng Ba
2+
(theo phng php chun ngc)
Cho Ba
2+
cn nh lng, tc dng vi mt lng d chnh xc EDTA.
nh lng EDTA d bng dung dch Mg
2+
.
K thut tin hnh:
Buret: dung dch Mg
2+
bit nng
Bnh nn: 10,00 mL dung dch Ba
2+
cn nh lng + chnh xc 20,00
mL complexon bit nng , lc u. Thm 5 mL dung dch m
amoniac, 0,1 g ch th en eriocrom T ( trn vi NaCl).
Chun ti khi mu chuyn t xanh sang chm hng. Ghi th tch
Mg
2+
dng. Tnh kt qu.
nh lng SO
4
2
(phng php gin tip)
Cho BaCl
2
d kt ta hon ton SO
4
2
:
Ba
2+
+ SO
4
2
= BaSO
4

nh lng Ba
2+
cn li bng complexon III. quan st d dng s
chuyn mu ca ch th, thm vo dung dch mt lng Mg
2+
nht nh v
qu trnh nh lng tin hnh hon ton tng t nh nh lng cng
ton phn ca nc.
207
K thut tin hnh:
Buret: Complexon bit nng
Bnh nn: V mL dung dch SO
4
2-
cn nh lng, thm 1 mL HCl 2N,
thm 20,00 mL dung dch BaCl
2
bit nng (d chnh xc), un si 5
pht. ngui, lc ta qua giy lc bng xanh, ra ta nhiu ln (cho ht
Ba
2+
). Tp trung nc lc, nc ra vo bnh nn khc, thm 5,00 mL dung
dch Mg
2+
c nng bit, 5 mL dung dch m amoniac, 0,1 g ch th
en eriocrom T ( trn NaCl).
Chun n khi mu chuyn t sang xanh hon ton. Ghi th
tch complexon dng. Tnh kt qu.
BAI TP (BAI 6)
6.1. Th no l tch s tan. ngha ca n.
6.2. Th no l tan. ngha.
6.3. Trnh by nguyn tc chung ca phng php kt ta.
6.4. Nguyn tc, iu kin, cch tin hnh ca phng php nh
lng bng bc:
- Theo phng php Mohr
- Theo phng php Fonha
- Theo phng php Faian.
6.5. Hy so snh tan trong nc ca ta AgCl (c T
AgCl
= 10
-10
) vi
ta Ag
2
CrO
4
(c ).
12
CrO Ag
10 . 2 T
4 2

=
6.6. Dung dch HCl c pH = 4. Nu thm 1 mL dung dch AgNO
3
10
-1
M
vo 1 lt dung dch HCl trn c hi c ta AgCl xut hin khng?
Cho T
AgCl
= 10
-10
.
6.7. Ly 20,00 mL dung dch KI em nh lng ht 18,75 mL dung
dch AgNO
3
theo phng php Faian. Mt khc khi nh lng
10,00 mL dung dch NaCl 0,05 N ht 9,75 mL AgNO
3
trn theo
phng php Mohr. Tnh nng g/L ca dung dch KI em nh
lng.
6.8. Ha tan 0,1535 g hn hp gm (KCl + KBr) vo nc v em nh
lng ton b ht 15,12 mL dung dch AgNO
3
0,1002 N vi ch th
K
2
CrO
4
. Gii thch cch nh lng v tnh % tng cht trong hn hp.
208
6.9. Ly 25,00 mL HCl cn nh lng cho phn ng vi 50,00 mL
AgNO
3
0,02018 N. Lc, ra kt ta. nh lng ton b nc lc
v nc ra ht 15,17 mL KCNS 0,05012 N vi ch th Fe
3+
. Gii
thch cch nh lng, tnh pH ca dung dch HCl em nh lng.
6.10. nh ngha phc cht, cch gi tn phc cht.
6.11. Phn bit phc cht vi mui thng, mui kp, ion phc tp.
6.12. Hng s bn ca phc v ngha.
6.13. Nguyn tc chung ca chun to phc.
6.14. Th no l ch th mu kim loi? iu kin p dng trong chun
bng complexon.
6.15. Hy nu cc k thut chun bng complexon.
6.16. Trnh by cch xc nh cng ca nc bng phng php
complexon.
6.17. Chun 50,00 mL dung dch Na
2
H
2
Y (c mt ca dung dch
m amoniac) vi ch th en eriocrom T ht 32,05 mL dung dch
Mg
2+
0,045 M. Vit phng trnh phn ng nh lng v tnh
nng M ca dung dch complexon III trn.
6.18. Chun 100,0 mL nc (c mt h m amoniac) vi ch th
en eriocrom T ht 8,50 mL complexon III 0,01 M. Hy gii
thch cch nh lng v tnh cng theo c ca nc em
nh lng.
6.19. Ly 10,00 mL dung dch Ba
2+
cn nh lng, thm 20,00 mL
dung dch complexon III 0,1 M, nh lng complexon d ht 7,50
mL dung dch MgCl
2
0,1 M. Tnh nng N ca dung dch Ba
2+
.
6.20. Ly 10,00 mL dung dch SO
4
2-
cn nh lng, lm kt ta bng
20,00 mL dung dch BaCl
2
0,1 N. un si, lc v ra kt ta. Tp
trung nc lc v nc ra, thm 5,00 mL dung dch MgCl
2

0,12 M v em nh lng bng complexon 0,103 M ht 14,50 mL.
Tnh nng g/L ca dung dch SO
4
2-
em nh lng.
209
Bi 7
|NH LNG BNG PHONG PHP OXY HA KH
MUC TIU
1. Trnh by c khi nim v cht oxy ho, cht kh, cp oxy ha kh lin hp,
phn ng oxy ha kh v cch cn bng.
2. Trnh by c nguyn tc, iu kin ng dng, tnh c kt qu ca cc
phng php nh lng bng permanganat, iod, bromat v nitrit.
1. mt s khi nim c bn
1.1. nh ngha
Cht oxy ha l cht c kh nng nhn electron (in t).
Cht kh l cht c kh nng cho in t.
Cp oxy ha kh lin hp: mt cht oxy ha sau khi nhn in t
tr thnh cht kh v gi l cht kh lin hp vi n. T hp ca hai
dng oxy ha v kh lin hp to thnh cp oxy ha kh lin hp
(oxh/kh) v c biu din qua cn bng sau:
Ox

h + ne kh
Phn ng oxy ha kh l phn ng trao i in t gia cc cht oxy
ha v cht kh: cht kh nhng in t v b oxy ha thnh dng
oxy ha lin hp, cht oxy ha thu in t v b kh thnh dng kh
lin hp.
a oxh
1
+ b kh
2
= c kh
1
+ d oxh
2
1.2. Cng ca cht oxy ha v cht kh
Mt cht cng d nhn in t th c tnh oxy ha cng mnh, mt
cht cng d nhng in t th tnh kh cng cao. Trong mt cp oxy
ha kh lin hp, nu dng oxy ha cng mnh th dng kh lin hp
ca n c tnh kh cng nh v ngc li.
c trng cho cng ca mt cp oxy ha kh lin hp ngi ta
dng i lng gi l th oxy ha kh (hoc th oxy ho) c xc
nh bng phng trnh Nec (Nernst). i vi h n gin:

210
oxh + ne kh

[ ]
[ ] oxh
kh
ln
nF
R.T
E E
0
oxh/kh
=

Trong : E: l th oxy ha kh ca cp oxh/kh (von)
R: l hng s kh (8,314J.mol
-1
.K
-1
)
T: nhit tuyt i
F: l in tch Faraday (96 500C)
E
o
: l th oxy ha kh tiu chun ca cp
25
o
C chuyn sang dng logarit thp phn c:

[ ]
[ ] oxh
kh
lg
n
0,059
E E
0
=
i vi h tng qut: a oxh + bB ++ ne c kh + dC +
C
[ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]
b a
d c
0
B . oxh
C . kh
lg
n
0,059
E E =

* Ch : i vi cc cp, trong c dng l cht kt ta (t tan), cht
kh (khi gi p sut khng i) hoc H
2
O v nng coi nh khng i do
khng vit vo phng trnh Nec.
Th d:
Vi cp MnO
4

/MnO
2
:
MnO
4

+ 4H
+
+ 3e MnO
2
+ 2H
2
O
Th
[ ][ ]
4
-
4
0
MnO
MnO
H MnO
1
.lg
3
0,059
E E


2
4 +
=
Vi cp
2
2
2O
O :
O
2
+ 4H
+
+ 4e 2H
2
O
Th
[ ]
[ ]
+
+
= =

H
1
0,059.lg E
H
1
.lg
4
0,059
E E
0
4
0
2O
O
2
2

1.3. Cn bng phng trnh phn ng oxy ha kh
C nhiu cch cn bng phn ng oxy ha kh, trong ti liu ny
chng ti trnh by cch cn bng sau:
Trc ht, cn bng c phng trnh phn ng oxy ha kh cn
phi bit c cc cht tham gia phn ng v sn phm ca phn ng
da trn c s xt chiu hng ca phn ng.

211
Chiu hng ca phn ng c xc nh nh sau: Trong cc iu
kin nh nhau nu cp oxy ha kh no c in th ln s oxy ha c cp
oxy ha kh kia ngha l phn ng xy ra gia cht oxy ha ca cp c
in th ln vi cht kh ca cp c in th nh. (Thng thng c th
da vo th oxy ha kh tiu chun E
o
d on chiu phn ng).
Cc bc cn bng phng trnh: 4 bc:
+ Bc 1: Vit cc cht tham gia phn ng v cc cht to thnh vi
dng thc ca n vo 2 v ca phng trnh.
Th d: Phn ng gia K
2
Cr
2
O
7
v FeSO
4
thc cht l phn ng gia
ion Cr
2
O
7
2-
(vai tr oxy ha) vi ion Fe
2+
(cht kh) to ra Cr
3+
(dng kh
lin hp ca Cr
2
O
7
2-
) v Fe
3+
(dng oxy ha lin hp ca Fe
2+
).
Ta vit: Cr
2
O
7
2
+ Fe
2+
Cr
3+
+ Fe
3+
+ Bc 2: Cn bng hon chnh cho tng cp oxy ha kh ngha l
cn bng v trao i in t, cn bng v in tch (tng in tch
dng bng tng in tch m), cn bng v s nguyn t.
Vi cp Fe
3+
/Fe
2+
c: Fe
2+
- e Fe
3+
Vi cp Cr
2
O
7
2-
/2Cr
3+
c: Cr
2
O
7
2-
+ 6 e + 14 H
+
2 Cr
3+
+ 7 H
2
O
Cn lu s in t trao i l ng vi c ion phc tp. Khi cn bng
cc in tch dng thiu c th ly H
+
, cc in tch m thiu c th ly
OH
-
v H
2
O c thm tu v n lun c sn trong dung dch.
+ Bc 3: Vit phng trnh ion bng cch tm bi s chung nh nht ri
nhn h s thch hp vi tng v ca cc cp, sau cng vi nhau:
6 Fe
2+
- e = Fe
3+
1 Cr
2
O
7
2-
+ 6 e + 14 H
+
= 2 Cr
3+
+ 7 H
2
O
6 Fe
2+
+ Cr
2
O
7
2-
+ 14 H
+
= 6 Fe
3+
+

2 Cr
3+
+ 7 H
2
O
+ Bc 4: Vit phng trnh phn t bng cch thm cc ion tham gia
phn ng cn thiu vo 2 v ca phng trnh:
6FeSO
4
+ K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 7H
2
SO
4
=3Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 7H
2
O
2. nh lng bng phng php oxy ha kh
(Chun oxy ha kh)
2.1. Nguyn tc
Phng php nh lng oxy ha kh l phng php phn tch nh
lng da trn phn ng chun l phn ng trao i electron gia
dung dch chun cha cht oxy ha (hoc kh) vi dung dch cn phn
tch cha cht kh (hoc cht oxy ha).

212
Nu dng dung dch chun l cht oxy ha ta c th nh lng cc
cht kh nh Na
2
S
2
O
3
, Fe
2+
, I
-
Nu dng dung dch chun l cht
kh c th nh lng cc cht oxy ha nh I
2
, KMnO
4
, KBrO
3
C
nhng cht khng c tnh oxy ha hoc kh nhng c kh nng phn
ng hon ton vi cht oxy ha hay cht kh (thng thnh cht kt
ta hoc phc cht) cng c th nh lng bng phng php oxy ha
theo cch gin tip.
Yu cu ti thiu cho mt phn ng dng trong chun oxy ha kh
phi l:
+ Phn ng phi nhy v xy ra theo chiu cn thit
+ Phn ng phi xy ra hon ton v c tnh chn lc cao
+ Phn ng phi xy ra nhanh
+ Tm c cch nhn ra im tng ng
Thng cc phn ng oxy ha kh l mt qu trnh phc tp, xy ra
qua nhiu giai on trung gian, nn tc phn ng nhiu khi khng
p ng c yu cu nh lng, khi lm tng tc phn ng
c th thc hin mt s bin php.
+ Tng nhit v a s phn ng khi tng nhit , tc phn ng
tng theo.
+ Tng nng cng lm tng tc phn ng, c th tng nng
bng k thut chun ngc (tha tr).
+ Dng cht xc tc lm tng tc cc phn ng qua cc giai
on trung gian.
2.2. Cht ch th trong phng php nh lng oxy ha kh
C ch chuyn mu ca cc ch th c chia lm 4 loi, trong 2 loi
chnh hay s dng l:
Loi cht ch th l chnh thuc th
Th d: Khi nh lng Fe
2+
bng MnO
4
-
theo phn ng:
5Fe
2+
+ MnO
4

+ 8H
+
= 5Fe
3+
+ Mn
2+
+ 4H
2
O
Nu MnO
4
-
trn buret, lc u cho MnO
4
-
vo dung dch nh
lng ta thy mu MnO
4
-
b mt do tham gia phn ng nh lng. Nhng
khi qu tng ng, ch cn d mt lng rt nh KMnO
4
ta thy c mu
hng ca MnO
4
-
. Nh vy MnO
4
-
va l dung dch chun (thuc th) va
ng vai tr cht ch th.
Thc t ch th loi ny nhiu v cho kt qu kh tt.

213
Cht ch th to vi cht oxy ha hoc kh trong phn ng chun
mt mu c trng.
Th d trong phng php iot dng ch th h tinh bt: khi d I
2
s to
vi h tinh bt mt mu xanh thm.
2.3. Phn loi cc phng php oxy ha kh
Trong phng php chun acid-base, thng ta c th thay acid
(hay base) mnh ny nh lng mt base (hay acid) khc. Nhng trong
chun oxy ha kh, v in th oxy ha kh ca cc cp rt khc nhau,
mi cp khi phn ng li i hi cc iu kin nht nh. Do vy, khng
th thay th tu tin cht oxy ha (hoc cht kh) ny bng mt cht oxy
ha (hoc kh) khc tng ng v mt in th oxy ha kh. Mun thay
th phi xem xt tnh ton ti tt c cc yu t, nu thy p ng iu
kin ca phn ng mi c php thc hin.
Vic phn loi cc phng php chun oxy ha kh thng da
trn cc cht oxy ha dng trong phn ng chun v gi tn theo cc
cht oxy ha . Thng dng c cc phng php sau: Phng php
permanganat, phng php iod, phng php bromat, phng php brom,
phng php o ng, phng php dicromat, phng php nitrit.
2.3.1. Phng php nh lng bng permanganat
L phng php nh lng da vo kh nng oxy ha ca
permanganat c trong mi trng acid, trung tnh, kim.
Trong mi trng acid mnh, MnO
4
-
b kh n Mn
2+
:
MnO
4
-
+ 5e + 8H
+
= Mn
2+
+ 4 H
2
O
(Mu hng) (Khng mu)
Th oxy ha kh tiu chun E
0

= 1,51V
Trong mi trng trung tnh, kim, MnO
4
-
b kh n MnO
2

MnO
4
-
+ 3e + 2H
2
O = MnO
2
+ 4OH
-
(Mu hng) (Nu)
Th oxy ha kh tiu chun E
0
= 0,59 V
Th oxy ha kh ca cp MnO
4
-
/ Mn
2+
(trong mi trng acid) ln hn
th oxy ha kh ca cp MnO
4
-
/ MnO
2
(trong mi trng trung tnh, kim)
rt nhiu. Mt khc, sn phm oxy ha trong mi trng acid l Mn
2+
khng
mu, trong mi trng trung tnh, kim l kt ta MnO
2
c mu nu. V vy
vic xc nh im tng ng trong mi trng acid d hn nhiu. Do
trong thc t hay nh lng cc cht kh bng dung dch KMnO
4
trong mi
trng acid, vi ch th l chnh dung dch chun KMnO
4
: khi cn MnO
4
-

dung dch c mu hng, khi ht MnO
4
-
dung dch khng mu.

214
2.3.2. Phng php nh lng bng iod
a. c im chung ca phng php:
C s ca phng php nh lng bng iod l da trn qu trnh oxy
ha kh ca cp I
2
/ 2I
-
:
I
2
+ 2e 2I
-
Th oxy ha kh tiu chun E
0
= 0,54 V ( vo khong gia ca bng
th oxy ha kh tiu chun)
Nhng cht c E
o
< 0,54 V c kh nng b oxy ha bi I
2
t do.
Nhng cht oxy ha c E
o
> 0,54 V c kh nng b kh bi iod.
Do vy, c th nh lng bng phng php iod xc nh cc cht
kh, cht oxy ha v c acid.
Xc nh cht kh:
C th xc nh trc tip cc cht kh bng cch cho tc dng vi I
2
.
Nhn ra im tng ng da trn s i mu ca dung dch: khi khng
c I
2
dung dch khng mu, khi c I
2
dung dch c mu vng nht. (Thng
dng ch th l h tinh bt: khi c iod d s to vi h tinh bt mt cht c
mu xanh lam).
Xc nh cht oxy ha:
Thng dng phng php th: Cho tha KI vo cht oxy ha cn
nh lng mi trng acid th phn ng s gii phng mt lng tng
ng I
2
. Lng I
2
ny c nh lng bng dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
bit
nng , t tnh c cht oxy ha cn xc nh.
Xc nh cc acid:
Khi y da trn phn ng:
IO
3-
+ 5I
-
+ 6H
+
= 3 I
2
+ 3H
2
O
Phn ng tiu th H
+
v gii phng mt lng tng ng I
2
. nh
lng I
2
ny bng dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
bit nng cng c th suy ra
lng acid tng ng.
b. iu kin tin hnh nh lng bng iod:
Phng php iod thng c tin hnh iu kin thng, nhit
thp, v khi nhit tng, I
2
c th b thng hoa v nhy ca ch
th h tinh bt gim.
Khi nh lng trc tip vi I
2
khng nn thc hin trong mi trng
kim mnh v cc mui carbonat kim loi kim, bi v c phn ng
sau xy ra:

215
I
2
+ 2OH
-
= IO
-
+ I
-
+ H
2
O
V vy thng ch nh lng trong mi trng trung tnh hoc kim
yu bng cch cho thm vo dung dch cn nh lng mt t NaHCO
3
(khng nn cho NH
4
OH v c th to thnh I
3
N l cht d gy n).
Khi chun I
2
bng Na
2
S
2
O
3
, cn phi cho h tinh bt vo lc gn
kt thc nh lng (tc l khi cn t iod trong dung dch, dung
dch c mu vng nht). Nu lm ngc li, tinh bt s hp ph mt
phn I
2
v nh I
2
rt chm. Mt khc, tinh bt cn c th kh c
mt vi cht oxy ha mnh. Do nh lng s c sai s ln.
Khi nh lng cc cht oxy ha bng phng php iod, cn phi cho
tha KI phn ng gia KI v cht oxy ha xy ra hon ton v khi
I
2
gii phng s d dng ha tan vo dung dch nc do phn ng to
phc km bn I
3
-
:
I
2
+ I
-
= I
3
-
Hn hp nh lng cn hn ch nh sng chiu vo v nh sng lm
tng vn tc ca phn ng oxy ha I
-
thnh I
2
bi oxy khng kh:
4I
-
+ O
2
+ 4H
+
= 2 I
2
+ 2H
2
O
2.3.3. Phng php nh lng bng bromat
Da trn kh nng oxy ha ca BrO
3
-
trong mi trng acid:
BrO
3
-
+ 6H
+
+ 6e = Br
-
+ 3 H
2
O
Th oxy ha kh tiu chun E
o

= 1,45 V
Phng php ny thng c p dng nh lng cc cht kh
nh As
3+
, Sb
3+
, hydrazin trong mi trng acid.
im tng ng c xc nh da vo phn ng sau: BrO
3
-
d s
phn ng vi Br
-
c trong dung dch gii phng ra Br
2
t do c mu vng
nht:
BrO
3
-
+ 5Br
-
+ 6H
+
= 3Br
2
+ 3H
2
O
Cng c th dng ch th mu loi hp cht azo nh methyl hoc
da cam methyl cho vo bnh nh lng, n im tng ng Br
2
s oxy
ha ch th lm cho ch th b phn hu chuyn t mu sang vng (s
chuyn mu ny l khng thun nghch v ch th b phn hu do khi
nh lng cn phi cn thn khng nh qu tha BrO
3
-
). Cng c th dng
ch th l nhng acid indigo sunfonic.
2.3.4. Phng php nh lng bng brom
Da trn kh nng oxy ha ca Br
2
:

216
Br
2
+ 2 e 2 Br
-
Vi th oxy ha kh tiu chun E
o
= 1,70 V
thu c dung dch Br
2
c nng xc nh, ta cho mt lng d
KBr phn ng vi mt lng xc nh KBrO
3
chun trong mi trng acid
theo phng trnh phn ng:
BrO
3
-
+ 5Br
-
+ 6H
+
= 3Br
2
+ 3H
2
O
Sau cho Br
2
(d chnh xc) phn ng vi cht cn nh lng.
Lng Br
2
d c xc nh bng phng php iod (thm KI v nh lng
I
2
gii phng ra bng Na
2
S
2
O
3
).
Phng php brom thng dng nh lng cc hp cht hu c v
cc cht hu c khi tc dng vi nhiu cht oxy ha khc thng km theo
cc phn ng ph phc tp khng dng nh lng c. Nhng khi phn
ng vi Br
2
li rt ph hp theo ng phng trnh phn ng, do c th
dng nh lng tt. Trong ngnh Dc, phng php brom c dng
nh lng cc phenol, cresol, benzonaphtol, resorcin, anilin, acid
salicylic, cc sulfamid, acid aminobenzoic...
2.3.5. Phng php nitrit
Trong mi trng acid, nitrit phn ng vi cc ch phm ca nhm
amin thm (sulfamid, novocain...) to thnh hp cht diazoni:
Cl
N
+
R-N +HCl HONO

+ R-NH2 + 2H O
2

nhn ra im tng ng ca phn ng ny, c th dng ch th
theo hai cch:
Ch th ngoi: Khi tha nitrit, nitrit s lm xanh giy tm h tinh bt
c iodid, do nitrit oxy ha iodid, gii phng I
2
theo phng trnh:
2NO
2
-
+ 2I
-
+4H
+
= 2NO + I
2
+ 2H
2
O
Ch th ni: Cho thm mt cht ch th v d nh tropeolin OO vo
bnh nh lng, khi tha nitrit, nitrit s phn ng vi ch th to
thnh dn cht nitroso c mu vng nht.
Phng php nh lng nitrit thng tin hnh iu kin nhit
thp (khong 10
o
C) do hay ngm bnh nh lng trong nc .
2.4. Mt s ng dng nh lng
Phng php chun oxy ha kh l mt trong nhng phng php
c ng dng kh nhiu trong thc t. Mt s cht oxy ha, kh hay dng
pha ch dung dch chun c nu trong hai bng 6.1 v 6.2.

217
Bng 6.1. Mt s cht oxy ha thng dng
Cht oxy ha E
o
(V) Cht gc
KMnO
4
1,51 Na
2
C
2
O
4
, As
2
O
3
, H
2
C
2
O
4
.2H
2
O
KBrO
3
1,44 KBrO
3
Ce
+4
1,44 Na
2
C
2
O
4
, As
2
O
3
, H
2
C
2
O
4
.2H
2
O
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
1,33 K
2
Cr
2
O
7
KIO
3
1,24 KIO
3
I
2
0,54 As
2
O
3
NaNO
2
0,99 Acid sulfanilic






Bng 6.2. Mt s cht kh thng dng
Cht kh Th oxy ha kh tiu chun E
o
(V) Cht gc
Mui Mohr 0,77 K
2
Cr
2
O
7
As
2
O
3
0,57 As
2
O
3
Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,09 KIO
3
, I
2
, K
2
Cr
2
O
7
Titan (III) 0,10 K
2
Cr
2
O
7
Di y trnh by mt s ng dng c th:
2.4.1. nh lng FeSO
4
hay mui Mohr (NH
4
)
2
Fe(SO
4
)
2
.6H
2
O
Da trn phn ng chun bng dung dch KMnO
4
:
KMnO
4
+ 10FeSO
4
+ 8H
2
SO
4
= 5Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 2MnSO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 8H
2
O

392,14 M E
278,01 M E
O .6H ) Fe(SO ) (NH
O .7H FeSO
2 2 4 2 4
2 4
= =
= =

K thut tin hnh:
- Buret: KMnO
4
- Bnh nn: V mL dung dch Fe
2+
em nh lng
50 mL nc ct
5 mL H
2
SO
4
50%
- Chun ti khi dung dch c mu hng nht. Ghi th tch KMnO
4

dng. T tnh ra kt qu.
2.4.2. nh lng H
2
O
2
H
2
O
2
va c tnh oxy ha va c tnh kh:

218
+ L cht oxy ha: O
2
2-
+ 4H
+
+ 2e = 2H
2
O
+ L cht kh: O
2
2-
- 2e = O
2


005 17
2
M
E
2 2
O H
, = =

i vi H
2
O
2
ngoi cc loi nng vn c biu th thng thng,
ngi ta cn dng khi nim nng theo th tch oxy, c tnh bng s
lt oxy do 1 lt dung dch H
2
O
2
t phn hy ra. Cch tnh nh sau :
T phng trnh phn hy:
H
2
O
2


H
2
O +1/2O
2
Ta thy 1 mol H
2
O
2
phn hu cho ta 1/2 mol O
2
do 1 khi lng mol
ng lng H
2
O
2
phn hu s cho 1/4 mol oxy

hay ng vi 22,4/4= 5,6 lt
oxy nng theo th tch oxy = 5,6 N
2 2
O H
lt oxy
Khi H
2
O
2
nh lng bng KMnO
4
l da trn tnh kh ca n theo
phn ng:
2MnO
4
-
+ 5H
2
O
2
+ 6H
+
= 2Mn
2+
+ 5O
2
+ 8H
2
O
Cch nh lng ging nh nh lng Fe
2+
.
Khi H
2
O
2
nh lng bng phng php iod l da trn tnh oxy ha
ca n theo cc phn ng nh lng sau:
H
2
O
2
+ 2KI + H
2
SO
4
= 2H
2
O + I
2
+ K
2
SO
4
I
2
gii phng ra:
I
2
+ 2 Na
2
S
2
O
3
= Na
2
S
4
O
6
+ 2 NaI
K thut tin hnh:
- Buret: Dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
bit nng
- Bnh nn: V mL H
2
O
2
5 mL H
2
SO
4
50%
1 g KI
3 git amoni molypdat 30% ( kch thch phn ng)
Nh Na
2
S
2
O
3
n khi c mu vng nht, thm h tinh bt, nh lng
tip n mt mu xanh thm. Ghi th tch Na
2
S
2
O
3
dng. Tnh kt qu
theo yu cu.
2.4.3. nh lng As
2
O
3
C th nh lng As
2
O
3
bng dung dch chun I
2
theo phng trnh
phn ng:

219
As
2
O
3
+ 2I
2
+ 2H
2
O = As
2
O
5
+4 HI
Phn ng chun c tin hnh trong mi trng c pH = 8 (bng
cch cho thm NaHCO
3
vo dung dch nh lng).
49,46
4
M
E
3 2
O As
= =

C th nh lng dung dch ny bng phng php bromat da trn
phn ng oxy ha ca BrO
3
-
vi As
2
O
3
trong mi trng acid:
2KBrO
3
+ 3As
2
O
3
= 2KBr + 3As
2
O
5
Nhn ra im tng ng bng ch th methyl: Khi tha 1 git
KBrO
3
mu s chuyn t sang vng (do ch th b Br
2
phn hu).
2.4.4. nh lng dung dch glucose ng trng 5%
Glucose c nh lng bng phng php iod theo phng php
chun ngc (tha tr): Cho mt lng I
2
d chnh xc vo dung dch
glucose trong mi trng kim (dng NaOH) oxy ha glucose c nhm
chc CHO thnh acid gluconic theo phn ng sau:
I
2
+ 2NaOH = NaI + NaIO + H
2
O (1)
CH
2
OH(CHOH)
4
-CHO + IO
-
= CH
2
OH(CHOH)
4
COOH + I
-
(2)
Sau khi hon thnh phn ng (2), ta acid ha mi trng bng H
2
SO
4

cn bng (1) chuyn dch v pha tri, nh lng I
2
d bng dung dch
Na
2
S
2
O
3
bit nng . T tnh ra kt qu, v d tnh % glucose nh sau:

% C
6
H
12
O
6
C
6
H
12
O
6
Na
2
S
2
O
3
=
I
2
V .N
I
2
- V
.N
Na
2
S
2
O
3
V
.E
f
10
C
6
H
12
O
6

Trong : 90,08
2
M
E
6 12 6
O H C
= =
f l h s pha long dung dch glucose trc khi nh lng.
2.4.5. Pha dung dch chun KBrO
3
KBrO
3
d iu ch thnh cht tinh khit (tho mn tiu chun cht gc)
bng cch kt tinh li trong nc ri sy kh 150 180
o
C. Do t KBrO
3

tinh khit ta c th tnh ton pha dung dch c nng theo yu cu.
Lu : 83 27
6
M
E
3
KBrO
, = =
Khi khng c KBrO
3
tinh khit, c th pha gn ng sau xc nh
li nng bng cht gc khc (th d As
2
O
3
).

220
2.4.6. nh lng sulfathiazol
Sulfathiazol (hay 2-[p. aminophenylsulfamido]- thiazol) c cng thc:
C
9
H
9
O
2
S
2
N
3
= 255,33

N
S
H
2
N SO
2
NH

y l mt sulfamid thng dng, c th nh lng bng dung dch
NaNO
2
trong mi trng acid nhit 10
o
C vi ch th ni tropeolin 00.
Phng trnh phn ng chun :
R N N
+
+2H
2
O R-NH
2
+HONO
H
+
NaNO
2
H
+
HONO

vi 69 M E
2
NaNO
= =
E
sulfathiazol
= M = 255,33
Trong dung dch chun NaNO
2
thng pha gn ng (do NaNO
2

khng t tiu chun cht gc) sau xc nh li nng bng cht gc l
acid sulfanilic (E =M = 173,2).
BAI TP (BAI 7)
7.1. Th no l cht oxy ha ? Cht kh ? Cp oxy ha kh lin hp?
Phn ng oxy ha kh.
7.2. Hy nu cc bc c bn cn bng phng trnh ca phn ng
oxy ha kh.
7.3. Nu nguyn tc chung ca phng php chun oxy ha kh.
7.4. Hy cho bit 4 loi ch th dng trong phng php oxy ha kh.
7.5. Trnh by nguyn tc, iu kin ng dng ca cc phng php
nh lng sau:
- Phng php permanganat
- Phng php iod
- Phng php bromat
- Phng php nitrit

221
7.6. Thit lp cng thc nng theo th tch oxy ca dung dch H
2
O
2

khi nh lng theo phng php permanganat.
7.7. Chun 10,00 mL dung dch H
2
C
2
O
4
0,05M trong mi trng
acid ht 9,75 mL KMnO
4
. Hy vit phng trnh phn ng chun
v tnh nng N ca dung dch KMnO
4
.
7.8. Chun 10,00 mL dung dch H
2
O
2
ht 12,50 mL dung dch
KMnO
4
0,1 N. Tnh nng theo th tch oxy ca dung dch H
2
O
2

trn.
7.9. Kt ta hon ton Pb
2+
trong mt mu phn tch di dng ta
PbCrO
4
. Sau ha tan kt ta trong acid H
2
SO
4
d, thm KI d,
sau em chun ht 23,50 mL dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,1025 M.
Hy vit phng trnh, gii thch cch nh lng v tnh s g ch
c trong mu.
7.10. Ly 10,00 mL dung dch As
2
O
3
em nh lng ht 9,85 mL dung
dch I
2
0,1 N. Hy vit phng trnh phn ng nh lng v tnh
nng g/L ca dung dch As
2
O
3
trn.
7.11. Ly 10,00 mL dung dch mui Mohr em nh lng trong mi
trng acid ht 12,25 mL dung dch KMnO
4
. Bit rng khi nh
lng 10,00 mL acid oxalic 0,1 N ht 11,25 mL dung dch KMnO
4

trn. Vit phng trnh phn ng nh lng v tnh nng g/L
ca dung dch mui Mohr trn.

222




PHN IV
Thc hnh phn tch nh lng
223


224

Bi 1
CN PHN TCH
MUC TIU
1. Trnh by c mc chnh xc ca cn k thut, cn phn tch
2. S dng c cn k thut, cn phn tch.
1. Cn
1.1. Khi nim
Cn l mt trong nhng thao tc c bn, quan trng trong phn tch
nh lng, nu cn khng ng s dn n s sai lch rt ln ca kt qu
phn tch. Trong phng th nghim phn tch, thng dng cn k thut v
cn phn tch.
Cn k thut c chnh xc ph bin l 0,01 g, thng c dng
xc nh khi lng ca cht khi khng cn tht chnh xc hoc c khi
lng tng i ln.
Cn phn tch c chnh xc ph bin l 0,0001 g, c dng
xc nh khi lng ca mu th hoc cht cn xc nh c chnh xc
cao hay khi lng nh.
Trong thc t thng c hai loi cn:
Cn c hc hot ng da trn nguyn tc n by.
Cn in t hot ng da trn lc in t gi cn v tr cn bng.
1.2. Mt s nguyn tc khi cn
La chn cn v phng php cn thch hp ty theo yu cu ca
php phn tch.
Phi kim tra trng thi ca cn trc khi cn, dng vi mm lau
sch bi a cn. Nu pht hin sai lch, khng t sa cha, phi
bo co cn b hng dn.
Vi cn phn tch, khng c cn vt qu nng (thng khng qu
200 g) v nh vy s lm hng cn.
225
Khng t trc tip vt cn ln a cn, phi lt giy cn, ng trong
chn cn,... Khng cn vt qu nng hoc qu lnh trn cn phn tch
(phi vo bnh ht m trong khong 20 pht), vi cn phn tch ch
c m hai ca bn cnh, khng c m ca gia trnh nhit, hi
nc, kh ca ngi th ra.
Tuyt i khng ng chm vo cn khi cn ang chy. Vi cn c hc
ch t vo hoc ly qu cn hay vt cn ra khi hm cn. Khng
c dng tay bc qu cn hoc ha cht m phi dng kp, tha,...
Cc cht ht nc, cht lng, c bit l cc cht c hi thot ra lm
hng cn, bt buc phi ng trong chn cn c np.
Khi cn, ng tc phi nh nhng, gi sch s trong v ngoi cn.
2. Thc hnh s dng cn phn tch
Kim tra, chun b cn: Hp qu cn, ct sch, giy cn, chn cn, ha
cht cn cn.
2.1. S dng cn c hc theo phng php cn n
t giy cn ln hai a cn phn tch, iu chnh v v tr cn bng.
t vo a cn bn tri mt hoc mt s qu cn c khi lng bng
m gam ha cht cn cn (gi s 0,8652 g).
Thm t t ha cht cn cn vo a cn bn phi n khi cn thng
bng. Khi lng ha cht cn c l m = 0,8652 g.





Hnh 1.1. Cch cn trn cn c hc theo phng php cn n
(mg)
Qa cn Ha cht
Ghi ch: C th thc hin theo k thut ngc li, nh sau: cho ha
cht vo mt bn a cn, thm qu cn vo a cn cn li n khi cn
thng bng.
2.2. S dng cn c hc theo phng php cn kp Borda
t giy cn ln hai a cn phn tch, iu chnh v v tr cn bng.
t vo a cn bn phi mt hoc mt s qu cn c khi lng bng
m g lng ha cht cn cn (gi s 0,8652 g).
226
Cho ct t t vo a cn bn tri cho ti khi cn thng bng.
Ly cc qu cn ra khi a cn bn phi, sau cho ha cht cn cn
ln a cn bn phi cho ti khi thng bng. Ta c khi lng ha
cht cn c l m = 0,8652 g.


B B Qa cn (mg)
Ha cht)
Hnh 1.2. Cch cn trn cn c hc theo phng php cn kp Borda
2.3. S dng cn c hc theo phng php cn kp Lomonoxp
Cn trc vt hay ha cht cn cn trn cn k thut bit khi
lng tng i (gi s l a gam).
t giy cn ln hai a cn phn tch, iu chnh v v tr cn bng.
t ln a cn bn phi mt s qu cn c tng khi lng l P gam
(vi iu kin P gam > a gam xc nh cn k thut).
Cho ct t t vo a cn bn tri cho ti khi cn thng bng.
Cho vt hoc cht cn cn ( cn th trn cn k thut) vo a cn
bn phi. Rt bt mt s qu cn ra cho ti khi cn thng bng (gi s
rt ra m
1
gam). Ta c khi lng ca vt hoc ha cht cn cn l m
= (P m
1
) gam.

Qa cn +
Ha cht
B
Qa cn
B
Hnh 1.3. Cch cn trn cn c hc theo phng php cn kp Momonoxp
2.4. S dng cn in t
Tun th theo hng dn s dng cn ti phng th nghim.
227
BAI TP (BAI 1)
1.1. Nu c tnh c bn ca cn k thut v cn phn tch.
1.2. Nu mt s nguyn tc khi cn.
1.3. Cch s dng cn c hc theo phng php cn n.
1.4. Cch s dng cn c hc theo phng php cn kp Borda.
1.5. Cch s dng cn c hc theo phng php cn kp Lomonoxop.
1.6. Cch s dng cn in t hin c ca phng thc hnh.






228
Bi 2
XC |NH M CA NATRI CLORID VA
|NH LNG NATRI SULFAT
MUC TIU
1. Trnh by c ni dung ca phng php phn tch khi lng.
2. Lm c cc ng tc: Kt ta, lc ta, ra ta, sy, nung v cn ng yu
cu k thut.
3. Thit lp c cng thc v tnh c kt qu m ca natri clorid (%) v
hm lng % sulfat trong mu phn tch.
1. Dng c - ha cht
Cn phn tch
Chn cn c np mi
Bnh ht m c silicagel kh
T sy
Tha xc ha cht
Chn nung
L nung v kp l nung
n cn hoc bp in
Ni cch thy
Cc c m, pipet
Phu lc
a thy tinh
Mu th natri clorid.
Dung dch HCl c
Dung dch BaCl
2
0,5 N
229
Dung dch NH
4
NO
3
1%
Dung dch bi tp Na
2
SO
4
2%
2. xc nh m ca natri clorid
2.1. Nguyn tc
y l phng php bay hi gin tip. Trong Dc in gi l "Gim
khi lng do sy kh". Trong , ta xc nh khi lng natri clorid trc
khi sy v khi lng natri clorid sau khi sy suy ra khi lng nc
bay hi khi sy. T tnh c m (phn trm nc) trong mu natri
clorid em xc nh.
2.2. Cc bc tin hnh
Bt t sy, nhit 100 105
o
C. i ti khi nhit trong t sy
t nhit t.
X l b:
+ Ra sch chn cn.
+ t chn cn sch vo t sy, (ch : m np v np bn cnh
chn cn).
+ Sy nhit 100 105
o
C trong 30 pht.
+ Ly chn cn v np ra, cho ngay vo bnh ht m v ti khi
chn cn ngui ti nhit phng (khong 20 pht).
+ Cn xc nh khi lng chn cn v np trn cn phn tch.
Thu c khi lng m
1
.
+ Lp li vic sy chn cn v np ging nh trn, kt qu thu c
l m
2
.
+ Xc nh chnh lch khi lng ca hai gi tr m
1
v m
2
(m
1
- m
2
):
Nu gi tr chnh lch khng qu 0,0005 g th qu trnh x l b
hon thnh. Cn nu gi tr chnh lch vt qu 0,0005 g th li
tip tc qu trnh sy chn cn v np ging nh trn cho ti khi
khi lng chnh lch gia hai ln lin tip khng qu 0,0005 g.
+ Gi tr khi lng ca chn cn v np c ly vo ln cn cui
cng, c gi tr m.
Cn trn cn phn tch chnh xc khong 1,00 gam natri clorid (c
M gam) vo chn cn c x l trn.
t chn cn c cha natri clorid vo t sy, m np v np bn
cnh chn cn. Sy nhit 100 105
o
C trong 120 pht.
230
y np vo chn cn v cho ngay vo bnh ht m.
khong 20 pht.
Cn chn cn cha natri clorid y np trn cn phn tch. Lp li
thao tc sy n khi lng khng i. c gi tr P gam.
2.3. Tnh kt qu
Lng natri clorid trc khi sy: M gam
Lng nc c trong mu b mt i: M - (P m) gam
Lng nc c trong mu b mt i tnh theo phn trm l:

100
M
) m P ( M
O H %
2


=

3. nh lng Natri sulfat bng phng php khi lng
3.1. Nguyn tc
Khi cho dung dch BaCl
2
d vo dung dch sulfat cn nh lng s c
ta BaSO
4
theo phn ng :
Na
2
SO
4
+ BaCl
2
= BaSO
4
+ 2 NaCl
Lc ly kt ta, ra ta, sy v nung ta n khi lng khng i
(cn trn cn phn tch), t khi lng ta thu c tnh ra hm lng
sulfat c trong mu.
3.2. Cch tin hnh
Ly chnh xc 10,00 mL dung dch bi tp Na
2
SO
4
(V mL) cho vo cc
c m dung tch 250 mL, thm khong 100 mL nc ct v 0,5 mL
HCl c.
t cc c m ng dung dch trn ln n cn hay bp in (c lt
li amian). un si.
Khi dung dch si, va khuy va cho t t khong 10 mL dung dch
BaCl
2
0,5 N.
un hn hp si thm vi pht.
lng.
Kim tra xem ta hon ton cha bng cch r vi git dung dch
BaCl
2
0,5 N vo lp nc trong ca hn hp dung dch trn. Nu vn
thy xut hin ta trng phn tip gip gia hai dung dch th cho
thm dung dch BaCl
2
0,5 N n khi ta hon ton. Nu khng thy
xut hin ta trng tc l kt ta hon ton sulfat.
231
un cch thy khong 1 gi (thnh thong khuy u).
lng.
X l b:
+ Ra sch chn nung.
+ t chn nung sch vo t sy, sy nhit 100 105
o
C ti kh
(khong 10 pht).
+ Dng kp l nung t chn nung kh vo l nung, nung nhit
600 700
o
C trong 25- 30 pht.
+ Dng kp l nung ly chn nung ra ngui trong bnh ht m ti
nhit phng (khong 20 pht).
+ Cn xc nh khi lng chn nung trn cn phn tch. Thu c
khi lng chn nung.
+ Lp li thao tc nung n khi khi lng khng i.
+ Gi tr khi lng ca chn nung c ly vo ln cn cui cng,
c gi tr m.
Ghi ch: Thc hin vic x l b song song vi vic kt ta sulfat.
Gp 1 t giy lc khng tro (bng xanh) lm bn phn v t ln phu lc.
Gn nc trong trn ta qua phu lc c giy lc chun b trn.
Ra ta 3 - 4 ln, mi ln 15 mL nc ct v gn nc ra qua phu trn.
Chuyn hon ton ta sang phu.
Ra tip ta trn phu bng dung dch NH
4
NO
3
1% hai ln, mi ln
10 mL.
giy lc c ta chy ht nc, em c phu v giy lc c ta sy
100
o
C n khi giy cn hi m (khong 15 - 20 pht ).
Nhc giy lc c ta ra khi phu, gp li theo hnh chp v t vo chn
nung nung n khi lng khng i va lm giai on trn.
t chn nghing trn bp in v t cho giy lc chy thnh than
(nhng khng cho chy thnh ngn la).
em nung chn nung c giy lc cha ta khong 700
o
C ti khi giy
lc c tro ha hon ton (ta trong chn khng cn mu en) trong
khong 25- 30 pht.
Dng kp l nung ly chn nung c ta ra ngui trong bnh ht m
(khong 20 pht).
Sau , em cn xc nh khi lng trn cn phn tch.
232
Lp li thao tc nung n khi khi lng khng i th c. Ghi khi
lng chn nung c ta : M gam.
3.3. Tnh kt qu
Khi lng ta BaSO
4
thu c : (M m) gam
Tha s chuyn F l :


Nng Na
2
SO
4
trong mu th tnh theo phn trm (kl/tt) l:

3 , 233
142
M
M
F
4
4 2
BaSO
SO Na
= =
100 F
V
m) (M
(kl/tt) SO %Na
4 2

=
BAI TP (BAI 2)
2.1. Nu nguyn tc xc nh m ca natri clorid.
2.2. Nu cc bc chnh khi tin hnh xc nh m ca natri clorid.
2.3. Thit lp cng thc tnh % nc (hm m) ca natri clorid.
2.4. Nu nguyn tc nh lng Na
2
SO
4
theo phng php khi lng.
2.5. Nu cc bc chnh khi tin hnh nh lng Na
2
SO
4
.
2.6. Thit lp cng thc tnh hm lng % (kl/ tt) ca Na
2
SO
4
.
2.7. Hy gii thch khi nim Nung hoc sy n khi lng khng i.







233
Bi 3
THUC HANH S DUNG CC DUNG CU PHN TCH
|NH LNG - |NH LNG ACID ACETIC
MUC TIU
1. Trnh by c chnh xc ca ba loi dng c chnh xc hay dng: Buret,
pipet, bnh nh mc.
2. Nhn bit v thao tc s dng ng cc dng c ong o th tch.
3. Chun v tnh c nng dung dch acid acetic.
1. Dng c - ha cht
Cn phn tch
Buret
Pipet chnh xc dung tch 10 ml
Bnh nh mc dung tch 100 ml
Bnh nn
Cc c m
Phu thy tinh
Dung dch chun natri hydroxyd 0,1 N
Dung dch bi tp acid acetic nng xp x 0,1 N
Dung dch ch th phenolphthalein.
2. Cc dng c ong o th tch
2.1. Cc dng c o th tch chnh xc
2.2.1. Buret (hnh 3.1)
L dng c dng o th tch chnh xc khc nhau ca cht lng. N
thng l nhng ng thy tinh hnh tr ( di c kho iu chnh cho
234
dung dch chy ra) chia chnh xc ti 1/10, 1/20, 1/50, 1/100 mL tu theo
yu cu s dng.
Sai s tuyt i ca cc buret thng l (0,01 - 0,05) mL.
Kho buret phi kn v trn, nu h v xt phi bi mt lp mng
vaselin (trnh bi vo l kho).
Khi dng, buret phi sch v kh, nu buret cn t mun dng ngay,
phi trng buret hai ln bng mt t dung dch cn o.


Hnh 3.1. Buret Hnh 3.2. Pipet Hnh 3.3. Bnh nh mc
Cc c (dung tch) buret hay s dng: buret 50 mL; 25 mL; 10 mL; 5
mL; 2 mL; ...
Cch s dng:
Trc khi dng, kim tra kha buret v x l (nu cn).
Dng phu hoc rt thng dung dch chun ln trn buret. M
kha buret dung dch chy mnh sao cho phn di kha y dung
dch, nu cn bt kh th nhng ngp u di ca buret vo dung
dch v ht ngc ln. Cho dung dch ln qu vch s 0.
iu chnh kha buret cho dung dch chy ra t t n ng vch s 0
v bt u chun .
Mt tay iu chnh kha buret (dng 3 ngn tay ci, tr, gia iu
chnh kha buret, cn 2 ngn kia gp li), tay kia lc bnh nn cha
dung dch cn chun .
2.1.2. Pipet chnh xc (hnh 3.2)
L dng c dng ly mt th tch chnh xc ca dung dch cn ly.
235
C nhiu loi pipet chnh xc:
Loi l ng thy tinh c bu (c 1 vch hoc 2 vch)
Loi l ng thy tinh thng u v chia chnh xc nhiu vch ti
1/10, 1/20, 1/50, 1/100 mL... tu theo yu cu s dng.
Sai s tuyt i ca cc pipet thng l (0,01 - 0,05) mL.
Trc khi dng, pipet phi sch v kh, nu cn t mun dng ngay,
phi trng pipet 2 ln bng mt t dung dch cn ly.
Cc c (dung tch) pipet hay s dng: 100 mL; 50 mL; 25 mL; 20mL;
10 mL; 5 mL; 4 mL; 3 mL; 2 mL; 1 mL.
Cch s dng: Khi cn ly dung dch no bng pipet, c th dng
qu bp hoc ht bng mm. ngp u pipiet trong dung dch cn ly,
ht dung dch ln t t, qu vch trn (i vi pipet c bu) hoc qu dung
tch cn ly (i vi pipet chia vch). Sau , dng ngn tay tr kh bt kn
u pha trn ca pipet, hi nghing ngn tay tr to mt khe h nh
dung dch c th chy c v iu chnh cho dung dch chy ra n ng
vch. Ly th tch dung dch cn ly t pipet trn vo dng c ng (bnh
nn, cc, ...), cng dng ngn tr iu chnh dung dch chy ra t t.
Nu s dng pipet c bu, mt vch th khng c thi git cui cng cn
ng u pipet.
2.1.3. Bnh nh mc (hnh 3.3)
L dng c dng pha ch cc dung dch vi mt th tch chnh xc
no .
l nhng bnh cu y bng, c di hp, c vch ngn vi cc th
tch chnh xc.
Sai s tuyt i ca cc bnh ny t t (0,01 - 1) mL tu theo cc
loi khc nhau.
Bnh nh mc phi c ra sch trc khi dng bng nc ct,
khng c ra trng bng dung dch nh trng hp ca pipet v buret.
Cc c (dung tch) bnh nh mc hay s dng: 5mL; 10mL; 20mL;
25mL; 50mL; 100mL; 200mL; 500mL; 1 lt; 2 lt.
Cch s dng:
Khi dng pha dung dch t ha cht rn: chuyn ha cht vo bnh
qua mt phu, sau dng nc ct trng sch phu. B phu ra. Thm
nc vo bnh nh mc n khong na bnh. Lc mnh n khi ha cht
tan ht. Thm nc va ti vch. Lc u.
Khi dng pha long dung dch: chuyn dung dch vo bnh. Thm
nc vo bnh nh mc n khong 2/ 3 bnh. Lc k. Thm nc va
ti vch. Lc u.
236
Ch :
Khng c rt thng dung dch nng hoc lnh vo bnh nh mc.
Khng dng bnh nh mc ng lu cc dung dch th (nht l i
vi dung dch kim).
2.2. Cc dng c o th tch khng chnh xc
Ngoi cc dng c o th tch chnh xc trnh by trn, cn c cc
dng c ong o th tch khng chnh xc nh: cc c m, bnh nn, ng
ong, pipet khng chnh xc, ... Cc dng c ny dng ng hoc ly cc
th tch dung dch khng cn chnh xc cao.
Nhng dng c ny cn phi c ra sch trc khi s dng. Ty
mc ch s dng m cc dng c ny c th ch ra bng nc ct, kh
hoc trng ra bng cc dung dch s c ng ngay trc khi dng.
Khi chun , cm bnh nn bng 3 ngn tay (ngn ci, ngn tr v
ngn gia).
2.3. Thc hnh nhn bit, thao tc ring v vi nc ct
Quan st nhn bit cc loi dng c: buret, pipet cc loi, bnh nh
mc, bnh nn, cc c m, ng ong...
Ra buret, kim tra bi trn kha buret. Ly cc dung dch vo
buret (dng nc ct), iu chnh dung dch n vch 0, cho dung dch
chy xung tng dng, tng git, na git. Ch khng c cho
dung dch chy ht xung qu phn khng chia vch.
Tp s dng pipet (dng nc ct).
Tp cm v lc bnh nn (dng nc ct).
Tp ng tc chun : phi hp lc bnh nn v cho dung dch t
buret xung. Yu cu, lc bnh nn xoay trn, nghing 10 - 15
o
, khng
c ting ku rc rch; iu chnh buret sao cho ly c tng dng,
tng git, na git dung dch vo bnh nn ang lc di.
3. nh lng dung dch acid acetic
3.1. Nguyn tc
Php chun ny l nh lng mt acid yu bng mt kim mnh,
dng ch th l phenolphthalein, kt thc nh lng khi ch th chuyn t
khng mu sang mu hng.
Phng trnh phn ng nh lng:
CH
3
COOH + NaOH = CH
3
COONa + H
2
O
237
3.2. Tin hnh
Dng phu rt dung dch (t cc c m) khong 10 - 15 mL dung dch
NaOH 0,1N ln trn buret trng buret (lm 2 ln). Cho y dung
dch NaOH 0,1N ln trn buret v iu chnh kha buret c dung
dch n vch 0.
Dng pipet chnh xc (c bu) dung tch 10 mL ly 10,00 mL dung
dch CH
3
COOH cn nh lng cho vo bnh nn sch. Thm vo 1
- 2 git dung dch ch th phenolphthalein.
B tr th nghim c trnh by hnh 3.4.
Error!






Dung dch NaOH 0,1N
10,00 mL dung dch CH3COOH
1 - 2 git dung dch phenolphthalein
Hnh 3.4. B tr th nghim chun dung dch CH
3
COOH bng dung dch NaOH 0,1N
Tin hnh chun : Mt tay iu chnh kha buret cho dung dch
NaOH 0,1N t buret xung bnh nn (lc u nhanh, gn im tng
ng cho t t tng git, na git), tay kia lc bnh nn cha dung dch
CH
3
COOH. Chun ti khi dung dch bnh nn chuyn sang mu hng
th dng li, ghi th tch dung dch NaOH 0,1N dng.
3.3. Tnh kt qu
Nng ng lng (N
A
) ca dung dch CH
3
COOH c tnh theo
cng thc sau:
A
B B
A
V
N V
N

=

Trong :
V
B
l th tch dung dch NaOH 0,1N, tnh bng mL dng chun
N
B
l nng ng lng ca dung dch NaOH (N
B
= 0,1)
V
A
l th tch dung dch CH
3
COOH, tnh bng mL cn xc nh nng
(V
A
= 10,00 mL
238
BAI TP (BAI 3)
3.1. Trnh by c im, ng dng ca ba dng c ong o th tch
chnh xc (buret, pipet, bnh nh mc).
3.2. Trong ba dng c: buret, pipet chnh xc, bnh nh mc, loi dng
c no c hoc khng c trng bng dung dch cn ly hoc
cn pha.
3.3. S dng thnh tho dng c ong o th tch, dng nc ct.
3.4. Trnh by nguyn tc nh lng dung dch CH
3
COOH bng dung
dch NaOH.
3.5. Trnh by cch tin hnh nh lng dung dch CH
3
COOH 0,1N
bng dung dch NaOH 0,1N. Thit lp cng thc tnh nng
ng lng (N) ca dung dch CH
3
COOH.
3.6. Chn cch tr li ng A/ B/ C/ D
Khi chun dung dch CH
3
COOH bng dung dch NaOH vi ch
th phenolphthalein, mu ca dung dch chuyn t mu:
A. Hng sang khng mu B. Khng mu sang mu hng
C. Hng sang tm D. Khng chuyn mu
3.7. Tnh nng ng lng ca dung dch CH
3
COOH, bit khi
nh lng 10,00 mL dung dch CH
3
COOH ht 10,55 mL dung
dch NaOH 0,1012 N.
239
Bi 4
pha v xc nh nng dung dch
acid hydrochloric 0,1N
mc tiu
1. Trnh by c nguyn tc v phn ng nh lng acid hydrochloric
2. Tnh c th tch dung dch acid hydrochloric c pha v pha c
100 mL dung dch acid hydrochloric 0,1N.
3. Xc nh c nng dung dch acid hydrochloric 0,1N.
1. dng c - ha cht
Cn phn tch
Buret
Pipet chnh xc dung tch 10 mL
Bnh nn dung tch 100 mL
Cc c m
Phu thy tinh
a thy tinh
Cc chn dung tch 100 mL
n cn hoc bp in
Cht gc natri carbonat
Dung dch acid hydrochloric c
Dung dch ch th da cam methyl.
2. pha dung dch acid hydrochloric 0,1N
Acid hydrochloric (HCl) c khi lng phn t M = 36,46.
240
Acid hydrochloric c l cht lng trong, khng mu, bc khi, c t
trng 20
o
C khong 1,18, nng HCl t 35 n 38% (kl/ kl) ng vi
nng ng lng khong 10 12 N.
Acid hydrochloric c d bay hi, thng khng t tiu chun cht
gc, bi vy khi pha dung dch HCl 0,1 N t dung dch HCl c ta ch
c th pha gn ng. Nng dung dch HCl 0,1 N sau khi pha c
xc nh bng mt dung dch chun khc c tnh base bit nng .
V dung dch HCl c l cht lng, bc khi nn ta tnh th tnh dung
dch cn ly thay cho khi lng. Gi s, pha 100 mL dung dch
HCl c nng xp x 0,1N ta tnh nh sau:
Bit ng lng gam E ca HCl bng khi lng phn t ca n v
bng 36,46.
S gam HCl nguyn cht c trong 100 mL dung dch HCl 0,1N l:
(g) 0,3646
1000
100 36,46 0,1
1000
V E N
m =

=

=
Do , th tch dung dch HCl c cn ly l:
(ml) 0,81 100
38 1,18
0,3646
100
C d
m
V
HCldc

=
Tin hnh pha dung dch HCl 0,1N:
Cho vo cc chn khong 30 - 50 mL nc ct.
Dng pipet chia vch cho khong 0,8 mL dung dch HCl c (dng
qu bp hoc dung dch t mao dn, tuyt i khng c ht) vo
cc chn trn. Thao tc ny c thc hin trong t ht.
Dng a thy tinh khuy u.
Thm nc ct va 100 mL. Khuy u.
3. nguyn tc nh lng acid hydrochloric
Acid hydrochloric l mt acid mnh, c th dng cht gc l natri
carbonat xc nh nng ca n. im tng ng c xc nh da
vo s chuyn mu ca dung dch c cho thm ch th mu thch hp do c
s thay i t ngt pH ca dung dch.
Phng trnh phn ng nh lng:
Na
2
CO
3
+ HCl = NaHCO
3
+ NaCl (1)
NaHCO
3
+ HCl = H
2
O + CO
2
+ NaCl (2)
241
Phn ng 1, pH im tng ng l 8,4 nm vng base do c
th dng ch th l phenolphthalein mu chuyn t hng sang hng
nht ( trnh sai s nhn mu nn dng mt bnh mu c cha NaHCO
3

0,1N v ch th phenolphthalein so snh, nu khng dng bnh mu c
th sai 10%).
Phn ng 2, pH im tng ng l 3,8 nm vng acid do chn
ch th l da cam methyl mu chuyn t vng sang hng .
Nu dng ch th phenolphthalein th mi chun ht 1/2 lng
Na
2
CO
3
cn nu dng ch th da cam methyl s chun c ton b
lng Na
2
CO
3
.
4. nh lng dung dch acid hydrochloric 0,1N
Dng cht gc l Na
2
CO
3
nh lng dung dch HCl nng xp x
0,1N.

4.1. Pha dung dch gc natri carbonat 0,1N
Na
2
CO
3
khan c dng lm gc, trc khi s dng cn sy 180- 200
o
C trong 2 gi ui ht nc v Na
2
CO
3
d ht m trong khng kh
to thnh Na
2
CO
3
. 10H
2
O.
ng lng gam E ca Na
2
CO
3
bng 1/ 2 khi lng phn t ca n
v bng 52,997.
Lng Na
2
CO
3
cn thit pha 100 mL dung dch Na
2
CO
3
c nng
chnh xc 0,1N l:
) g ( 52997 , 0
1000
100 997 , 52 1 , 0
1000
V E N
m =

=

=
Tin hnh pha 100 mL dung dch Na
2
CO
3
0,1N nh sau:
Cn chnh xc khong 0,53 g cht chun gc Na
2
CO
3
trn cn phn
tch cho vo bnh nh mc dung tch 100 mL qua phu.
Trng phu nhiu ln bng nc ct (khong 50 mL). B phu ra.
Lc nh ha tan hon ton Na
2
CO
3
.
Thm nc va n vch. Lc u.
Tnh nng thc (N
th
) ca dung dch Na
2
CO
3
pha c:
0,1
m
m
N
LT
TH
th
=
Trong :
- m
TH
l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca Na
2
CO
3
cn c
242
- m
LT
l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca Na
2
CO
3
va pha c 100,0
mL dung dch Na
2
CO
3
nng chnh xc 0,1N (m
LT
= 0,52997 g).
4.2. Tin hnh nh lng
Dng pipet chnh xc (c bu) dung tch 10 mL ly 10,00 mL dung
dch Na
2
CO
3
cho vo bnh nn sch. Thm vo 2 git dung dch ch
th da cam methyl.
Dng phu rt dung dch (t cc c m) khong 10 - 15 mL dung dch
HCl 0,1N ln trn buret trng buret (lm 2 ln). Cho y dung dch
HCl 0,1N ln trn buret v iu chnh kha buret c dung dch n
vch 0.
B tr th nghim c trnh by hnh 4.1.
Error!






Hnh 4.1. B tr th nghim chun dung dch HCl 0,1N
Tin hnh chun : Mt tay iu chnh kha buret cho dung dch
HCl 0,1N t buret xung bnh nn (lc u nhanh, gn im tng ng
cho t t tng git, na git), tay kia lc bnh nn cha dung dch Na
2
CO
3
.
Chun ti khi dung dch bnh nn chuyn sang mu hng da cam. Ghi
th tch dung dch HCl 0,1N dng.
Dung dch HCl 0,1N
10,00 mL dung dch Na
2
CO
3

2 git dung dch da cam methyl
4.3. Tnh kt qu
Nng ng lng (N
A
) ca dung dch HCl c tnh theo cng thc sau:

A
B B
A
V
N V
N

=
Trong :
- V
B
l th tch dung dch Na
2
CO
3
0,1N, tnh bng mL, dng
(V
B
=10,00 mL)
- N
B
l nng ng lng ca dung dch Na
2
CO
3
, (N
B
= N
Th
)
- V
A
l th tch dung dch HCl, tnh bng mL, dng chun .
243
bi tp (bi 4)
4.1. Tnh lng dung dch HCl c cn pha v pha ng k thut
100ml dung dch HCl 0,1N.
4.2. Pha 100,0 mL dung dch gc Na
2
CO
3
0,1N. Tnh nng dung
dch Na
2
CO
3
pha c.
4.3. Trnh by nguyn tc nh lng dung dch HCl 0,1N bng dung
dch Na
2
CO
3
0,1N.
4.4. Trnh by cch tin hnh nh lng dung dch HCl 0,1N bng
dung dch Na
2
CO
3
0,1N. Thit lp cng thc tnh nng ng
lng (N) ca dung dch HCl.
4.5. Chn cch tr li ng A/ B/ C/ D
Khi chun Na
2
CO
3
bng dung dch HCl vi ch th da cam
methyl, mu ca dung dch chuyn t mu:
A. Vng sang cam B. cam sang khng mu
C. cam sang vng D. Khng chuyn mu
4.6. Tnh nng ng lng ca dung dch HCl, bit khi nh lng
10,00 mL Na
2
CO
3
0,1017 N vi ch th da cam methyl ht 11,30
mL dung dch HCl.





244
Bi 5
pha v xc nh nng
dung dch natri hydroxyd 0,1N
mc tiu
1. Trnh by c nguyn tc v phn ng nh lng natri hydroxyd.
2. Tnh c khi lng natri hydroxyd pha v pha c 100 mL dung dch
natri hydroxyd 0,1 N.
3. Xc nh c nng dung dch natri hydroxyd 0,1 N.
1. dng c - ha cht
Cn phn tch
Cn k thut
Buret
Pipet chnh xc dung tch 10 mL
Bnh nn dung tch 100 mL
Cc c m
Phu thy tinh
a thy tinh
Cc chn dung tch 100 mL
Cht gc acid oxalic ngm 2 phn t nc (C
2
H
2
O
4
.2H
2
O)
Natri hydroxyd
Dung dch ch th phenolphthalein.
2. pha dung dch natri hydroxyd 0,1N
Natri hydroxyd (NaOH) c khi lng phn t M = 40.
Natri hydroxyd thng dng cc hay thi hnh tr mu trng, d
ht m.
245
Natri hydroxyd d ht nc v b carbonat ha do kh CO
2
ca khng
kh v th n khng tha mn yu cu i vi mt cht gc. Ta ch c
th pha dung dch NaOH nng xp x 0,1N t NaOH. Nng
dung dch NaOH 0,1N sau khi pha c xc nh bng mt dung dch
chun khc c tnh acid bit nng .
Lng NaOH cn thit pha 100 mL dung dch NaOH c nng
xp x 0,1N c tnh nh sau:
Bit ng lng gam E ca NaOH bng khi lng phn t ca n
v bng 40.
S gam NaOH cn cn l: (g) 0,40
1000
100 40 0,1
1000
V E N
m =

=

=
Trc khi pha dung dch NaOH ta thng loi phn b carbonat ha (
lp ngoi) ca NaOH bng cch ra nhanh NaOH vi mt t nc ct,
phn carbonat bn ngoi s tan ra v b i, phn NaOH cn li coi
nh loi ht Na
2
CO
3
. Trong thc t, lng cn NaOH thng c
tnh thm khong 10 - 20%.
Tin hnh pha dung dch NaOH 0,1N:
Cho vo cc chn khong 30 - 50 mL nc ct.
Cn vo cc c m kh khong 0,45 - 0,50 g NaOH trn cn k thut.
Thm khong 5 mL nc ct, lc nh trong 5 - 10 giy v gn b ngay
phn nc.
Thm khong 30 mL nc v ha tan NaOH. Chuyn ton b dung
dch ny sang cc chn. Trng cc c m 3 - 4 ln, mi ln khong 10 -
15 mL nc. Tp trung nc trng vo cc chn.
Thm nc ct va 100 mL. Khuy u.
3. nguyn tc nh lng natri hydroxyd
Natri hydroxyd l mt base mnh, c th dng cht gc l acid oxalic
xc nh nng ca n. im tng ng c xc nh da vo s
chuyn mu ca dung dch c cho thm ch th mu thch hp do c s thay
i t ngt pH ca dung dch.
Phng trnh phn ng nh lng:
H
2
C
2
O
4
+ 2 NaOH

Na
2
C
2
O
4
+ 2H
2
O
Ti tng ng, pH ca dung dch l 8,4 nm vng base do c
th dng ch th l phenolphthalein mu chuyn t khng mu sang hng
nht.
246
4. nh lng dung dch natri hydroxyd 0,1N
4.1. Pha dung dch gc acid oxalic 0,1N
Acid oxalic ngm 2 phn t nc (C
2
H
2
O
4
.2H
2
O) tinh khit l mt cht
tha mn yu cu ca mt cht gc.
ng lng gam E ca C
2
H
2
O
4
.2H
2
O bng 1/ 2 khi lng phn t
ca n v bng 63,03.
Lng C
2
H
2
O
4
.2H
2
O cn thit pha 100 mL dung dch C
2
H
2
O
4
c
nng chnh xc 0,1N l: (g) 0,6303
1000
100 63,03 0,1
1000
V E N
m =

=

=
Tin hnh pha 100 mL dung dch C
2
H
2
O
4
0,1 N nh sau:
Cn chnh xc khong 0,63 g cht chun gc C
2
H
2
O
4
.2H
2
O trn cn
phn tch cho vo bnh nh mc dung tch 100 mL qua phu.
Trng phu nhiu ln bng nc ct (khong 50 ml). B phu ra.
Lc nh ha tan hon ton C
2
H
2
O
4
.
Thm nc va n vch. Lc u.
Tnh nng thc (N
th
) ca dung dch C
2
H
2
O
4
pha c:
0,1
m
m
N
LT
TH
th
=
Trong :
- m
TH
l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca C
2
H
2
O
4
.2H
2
O cn c
- m
LT
l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca C
2
H
2
O
4
.2H
2
O va pha c
100,0 mL dung dch C
2
H
2
O
4
nng chnh xc 0,1N (m
LT
= 0,6303 g).
4.2. Tin hnh nh lng
Dng phu rt dung dch (t cc c m) khong 10 - 15 mL dung dch
NaOH 0,1N ln trn buret trng buret (lm 2 ln). Cho y dung
dch NaOH 0,1N ln trn buret v iu chnh kha buret c dung
dch n vch 0.
Dng pipet chnh xc (c bu) dung tch 10 mL ly 10,00 mL dung
dch C
2
H
2
O
4
cho vo bnh nn sch. Thm vo 2 git dung dch ch
th phenolphtalein.
B tr th nghim c trnh by hnh 5.1.
Tin hnh chun : Mt tay iu chnh kha buret cho dung dch
NaOH 0,1N t buret xung bnh nn (lc u nhanh, gn im tng
247
ng cho t t tng git, na git), tay kia lc bnh nn cha dung
dch H
2
C
2
O
4
. Chun ti khi dung dch bnh nn chuyn t khng
mu sang mu hng.
Ghi th tch dung dch NaOH 0,1N dng.





Error!

Hnh 5.1. B tr th nghim chun dung dch NaOH 0,1N
Dung dch NaOH 0,1N
10,00 mL dung dch H
2
C
2
O
4

2 git dung dch phenolphthalein
4.3. Tnh kt qu
Nng ng lng (N
B
) ca dung dch NaOH c tnh theo cng
thc sau:
B
A A
B
V
N V
N

=
Trong :
- V
B
l th tch dung dch NaOH, tnh bng mL, dng chun
- N
A
l nng ng lng ca dung dch H
2
C
2
O
4
, (N
A
= N
Th
)
- V
A
l th tch dung dch H
2
C
2
O
4
, tnh bng ml, (V
A
= 10,00 mL)
bi tp (bi 5)
5.1. Tnh lng dung dch NaOH cn pha v pha ng k thut
100mL dung dch NaOH 0,1 N.
5.2. Pha 100,0 mL dung dch gc H
2
C
2
O
4
0,1 N t H
2
C
2
O
4
. H
2
O. Tnh
nng dung dch H
2
C
2
O
4
0,1 N

pha c.
5.3. Trnh by nguyn tc nh lng dung dch NaOH 0,1 N bng
dung dch gc H
2
C
2
O
4
0,1 N.
248
5.4. Trnh by cch tin hnh nh lng dung dch NaOH 0,1 N bng
dung dch H
2
C
2
O
4
0,1 N. Thit lp cng thc tnh nng ng
lng (N) ca dung dch NaOH.
5.5. Chn cch tr li ng A/ B/ C/ D
Khi chun H
2
C
2
O
4
bng dung dch NaOH vi ch th
phenolphthalein, mu ca dung dch chuyn t mu:
A. Hng sang khng mu B. Khng chuyn mu
C. Khng mu sang vng D. Khng mu sang hng
5.6. Tnh nng ng lng ca dung dch NaOH, bit khi nh
lng 10,00 mL H
2
C
2
O
4
0,1044 N vi ch th phenolphthalein ht
10,25 mL dung dch NaOH.















249
Bi 6
nh lng natri hydrocarbonat
mc tiu
1. Pha v xc nh c nng dung dch acid hydrochloric 1 N.
2. nh lng v tnh c hm lng phn trm (kl/kl) ca natri
hydrocarbonat carbonat.
1. dng c - ha cht
Cn phn tch
Buret
Pipet chnh xc dung tch 10 mL
Bnh nn dung tch 100 mL
Cc c m
Chn cn
Phu thy tinh
a thy tinh
Dung dch acid hydrochloric c
Cht gc Na
2
CO
3

Dung dch ch th da cam methyl
2. pha v xc nh nng dung dch acid hydrochloric 1 N
2.1. Pha dung dch acid hydrochloric 1 N
Tin hnh pha dung dch HCl 1N nh sau:
Cho vo cc chn khong 30 - 50 mL nc ct.
Dng pipet chia vch ly khong 8 mL dung dch HCl c (dng qu
bp hoc dung dch t mao dn, tuyt i khng c ht) v cho
vo cc chn trn. Thao tc ny c thc hin trong t ht.
Dng a thy tinh khuy u.
250
Thm nc ct va 100 ml. Khuy u.
2.2. Xc nh nng dung dch acid hydrochloric 1 N
Cn (trn cn phn tch) chnh xc khong 0,50g cht gc Na
2
CO
3
cho
vo bnh nn sch. Ha tan trong khong 50 mL nc. Thm vo 2
git dung dch ch th da cam methyl.
Dng phu rt dung dch (t cc c m) khong 10 - 15 mL dung dch
HCl 1 N ln trn buret trng buret (lm 2 ln). Cho y dung dch
HCl 1 N ln trn buret v iu chnh kha buret c dung dch n
vch 0.
Tin hnh chun : Mt tay iu chnh kha buret cho dung dch
HCl 1N t buret xung bnh nn (lc u nhanh, gn im tng ng
cho t t tng git, na git), tay kia lc bnh nn cha dung dch Na
2
CO
3
.
Chun ti khi dung dch bnh nn chuyn sang mu hng da cam. un
si 2 pht, ngui ri chun tip n mu hng da cam. Ghi th tch
dung dch HCl 1 N dng.
2.3. Tnh kt qu
H s hiu chnh (K) ca dung dch HCl 1N c tnh theo cng thc sau:

V E
1000 a
K

=
Trong :
- V l th tch dung dch HCl, tnh bng ml, dng chun
- a l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca Na
2
CO
3
- E l ng lng gam ca Na
2
CO
3
(E = 52,997)
3. nh lng natri hydrocarbonat
3.1. Tin hnh nh lng
Cn chnh xc khong 1,50 g natri hydrocarbonat trn cn phn tch
cho vo bnh nn. Thm khong 50 mL nc ct va mi un si
ngui. Lc ha tan hon ton natri hydrocarbonat . Thm 2 git
dung dch ch th da cam methyl.
B tr th nghim c trnh by hnh 6.1.
Tin hnh chun : Mt tay iu chnh kha buret cho dung dch
HCl 1N t buret xung bnh nn (lc u nhanh, gn im tng ng
cho t t tng git, na git), tay kia lc bnh nn cha dung dch natri
hydrocarbonat. Chun ti khi dung dch bnh nn chuyn sang mu
hng da cam. Ghi th tch dung dch HCl 1N dng.
251


Error!




Hnh 6.1. B tr th nghim chun natri hydrocarbonat
Dung dch HCl 1N
Natri hydrocarbonat 1,50 g
50 mL nc ct
2 git dung dch da cam methyl
3.2. Tnh kt qu
Hm lng phn trm (kl/ kl) ca natri hydrocarbonat c tnh theo
cng thc sau:
m
100 0,084 K V
% C

=
Trong :
- V l th tch dung dch HCl 1 N, tnh bng mL, dng chun
- K l h s hiu chnh ca dung dch HCl 1 N
- m l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca natri hydrocarbonat cn nh lng
bi tp (bi 6)
6.1. Pha ng k thut 100 mL dung dch gc HCl

1N t dung dch
HCl c.
6.2. Trnh by cch tin hnh nh lng natri hydrocarbonat bng
dung dch HCl 1N.
6.3. Thit lp cng thc tnh hm lng phn trm (kl/kl) ca natri
hydrocarbonat.
6.4. Tnh h s hiu chnh K ca dung dch HCl 1N, bit chun
0,5012 g cht gc Na
2
CO
3
ht 9,60 mL dung dch HCl 1N pha.
6.5. Tnh hm lng % (kl/ kl) ca natri hydrocarbonat, bit khi nh
lng 1,4975 g natri hydrocarbonat vi ch th da cam methyl ht
17,60 mL dung dch HCl 1N c h s hiu chnh K = 1,0012.
252
Bi 7
nh lng natri clorid
bng phng php mohr
mc tiu
1. Pha c dung dch gc bc nitrat 0,1 N.
2. Trnh by c nguyn tc v phn ng nh lng natri clorid theo phng
php Mohr.
3. Chun v tnh c hm lng phn trm (kl/ kl) ca natri clorid .
1. dng c - ha cht
Cn phn tch
Buret
Pipet chnh xc dung tch 10 mL
Bnh nh mc dung tch 100 mL
Bnh nn dung tch 100 mL
Cc c m
Phu thy tinh
a thy tinh
Cht gc bc nitrat
Natri clorid cn nh lng
Dung dch ch th kali cromat 5%.
2. pha dung dch Bc nitrat 0,1 N
Bc nitrat (AgNO
3
) c trng lng phn t M = 169,9.
Bc nitrat dng bt kt tinh hoc tinh th khng mu, d tan trong
nc. Bc nitrat tinh khit tha mn yu cu ca mt cht gc.
253
ng lng gam E ca AgNO
3
bng khi lng phn t ca n v
bng 169,9.
Lng AgNO
3
cn thit pha 100 mL dung dch AgNO
3
c nng
chnh xc 0,1N l:
) g ( 6990 , 1
1000
100 9 , 169 1 , 0
1000
V E N
m =

=

=
Tin hnh pha 100 mL dung dch AgNO
3
0,1N nh sau:
Cn chnh xc khong 1,70 g cht chun gc AgNO
3
trn cn phn
tch cho vo bnh nh mc dung tch 100 mL qua phu.
Trng phu nhiu ln bng nc ct (khong 50 mL). B phu ra.
Lc nh ha tan hon ton AgNO
3
.
Thm nc va n vch. Lc u.
Tnh h s hiu chnh (K) ca dung dch AgNO
3
pha c:
LT
TH
m
m
K =

Trong :
m
TH
l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca AgNO
3
cn c
m
LT
l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca AgNO
3
va pha c 100,0
mL dung dch AgNO
3
nng chnh xc 0,1N (m
LT
= 1,699 g).
3. Nguyn tc nh lng natri clorid bng phng php mohr
L phng php nh lng trc tip Cl
-
bng Ag
+
vi ch th l kali
cromat (K
2
CrO
4
). Mt git Ag
+
d s kt hp vi ch th cho ta nu
Ag
2
CrO
4
ln cn im tng ng.
Phn ng chun :
AgNO
3
+ NaCl

AgCl + NaNO
3

trng
Nhn ra im tng ng:
AgNO
3
+ K
2
CrO
4


Ag
2
CrO
4
+ 2KNO
3

nu
4. nh lng dung dch natri clorid bng phng php mohr
4.1. Tin hnh nh lng
Lm phn ng:
254
Dng phu rt dung dch (t cc c m) khong 10 - 15 mL dung dch
AgNO
3
0,1N ln trn buret trng buret (lm 2 ln). Cho y dung
dch AgNO
3
0,1N ln trn buret v iu chnh kha buret c dung
dch n vch 0.
Cn chnh xc khong 0,10 g NaCl trn cn phn tch cho vo bnh
nn. Thm khong 50 mL nc ct. Lc ha tan hon ton NaCl.
Thm 5 git dung dch ch th kali cromat 5%.
B tr th nghim c trnh by hnh 7.1.
Error!









Hnh 7.1. B tr th nghim chun NaCl bng phng php Mohr
Tin hnh chun : Mt tay iu chnh kha buret cho dung dch
AgNO
3
0,1N t buret xung bnh nn (lc u nhanh, gn im tng
ng cho t t tng git, na git), tay kia lc bnh nn cha dung dch
NaCl. Chun ti khi dung dch bnh nn xut hin kt ta mu nu
. Ghi th tch dung dch AgNO
3
0,1N dng.
Dung dch AgNO3 0,1N
Natri clorid 0,10 g
5 git dung dch kali cromat 5%
4.2. Tnh kt qu
Hm lng phn trm (kl/ kl) ca NaCl

c tnh theo cng thc sau:

m
100 005844 , 0 K V
% C

=
Trong :
- V l th tch dung dch AgNO
3
0,1N , tnh bng mL, dng chun
- K l h s hiu chnh ca dung dch AgNO
3
0,1N
- m l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca NaCl cn nh lng
255
bi tp (bi 7)
7.1. Pha ng k thut 100ml dung dch gc AgNO
3
0,1N.
7.2. Trnh by nguyn tc nh lng natri clorid theo phng php Mohr.
7.3. Trnh by cch tin hnh nh lng natri clorid theo phng
php Mohr.
7.4. Thit lp cng thc tnh hm lng phn trm (kl/kl) ca natri
clorid.
7.5. Tnh h s hiu chnh K ca dung dch AgNO
3
0,1N, bit khi pha
100,00 mL dung dch AgNO
3
th dng 1,6851 g AgNO
3
.
7.6. Tnh hm lng % (kl/ kl) ca NaCl, bit khi nh lng 0,1056 g
NaCl theo phng php Mohr ht 17,20 mL dung dch AgNO
3

0,1N c h s hiu chnh K = 1,0320.










256
Bi 8
nh lng natri clorid bng
phng php fonhard
mc tiu
1. Trnh by c nguyn tc v phn ng nh lng natri clorid theo phng
php Fonhard.
2. nh lng c dung dch natri clorid 0,9% theo phng php Fonhard v
tnh c hm lng phn trm (kl/ tt) ca dung dch natri clorid .
1. dng c - ha cht
Buret
Pipet chnh xc dung tch 10 mL, 25 mL, 50 mL
Bnh nn dung tch 100 mL
Bnh nh mc dung tch 100 mL
Cc c m
ng ong dung tch 10 mL
Phu thy tinh
Dung dch bc nitrat 0,0500 N
Dung dch kali sulfocyanid 0,05N (hoc Dung dch amoni sulfocyanid
0,05 N)
Dung dch natri clorid 0,9% cn nh lng
Dung dch ch th phn st amoni 10%.
2. nguyn tc nh lng natri clorid bng phng php
fonhard
Dng AgNO
3
tha chnh xc bit nng kt ta ht NaCl, sau
nh lng AgNO
3
tha bng dung dch KCNS bit nng vi
ch th l Fe
3+
. Cc phn ng xy ra:
257
AgNO
3
+ NaCl
(D chnh xc) (Chnh xc)
AgCl + NaNO
3
Trng
AgNO
3
+ KCNS
(D )
AgCNS + KNO
3

Trng
Nhn ra im tng ng khi c mu :
Fe
3+
+ CNS

FeCNS
2+


Ch :
Mi trng nn dng mi trng acid mnh (thng dng HNO
3
)
trnh Fe(OH)
3
, Ag
2
O v lm gim hin tng hp ph.
Khi nh lng Clorid bng phng php Mohr c hin tng mu
chuyn khng r rng dt khot, khng bn, khi mu bn vng th
qu im tng ng nhiu gy sai s ln. khc phc sai s ny
ta phi loi b kt ta AgCl, ri sau mi nh lng Ag
+
d phn
nc lc.
3. nh lng dung dch natri clorid bng phng php
fonhard
3.1. Xc nh nng dung dch kali sulfocyanid
Dng phu rt dung dch (t cc c m) khong 10 - 15 mL dung dch
KCNS 0,05N ln trn buret trng buret (lm 2 ln). Cho y dung
dch KCNS 0,05N ln trn buret v iu chnh kha buret c dung
dch n vch 0.
Dng pipet chnh xc ly 10,00 mL dung dch AgNO
3
0,05N cho vo
bnh nn sch. Thm vo 2 mL dung dch HNO
3
c v 2 mL dung
dch phn st amoni 10%
Chun ti khi dung dch bnh nn xut hin mu . Ghi th tch
dung dch KSCN 0,05N dng.
Nng ng lng (N
B
) ca dung dch KSCN c tnh theo cng
thc sau:

Trong :
- V
B
l th tch dung dch KSCN, tnh bng mL, dng
- N
A
l nng ng lng ca dung dch AgNO
3
, (N
A
= 0,0500 N)
- V
A
l th tch dung dch AgNO
3
, tnh bng ml, (V
A
= 10,00 mL)
B
A A
B
V
N V
N

=
258
3.2. Tin hnh nh lng natri clorid
Lm phn ng:
Dng pipet chnh xc ly 25,00 mL dung dch natri clorid 0,9% cn
nh lng cho vo bnh nh mc 100 mL. Thm nc va n
vch. Lc u.
Ly chnh xc 10,00 mL dung dch va pha long cho vo bnh nh mc
100 mL, thm 25,00 mL AgNO
3
0,05 N (bng pipet chnh xc) v 1 mL
dung dch HNO
3
c. Lc u. Thm nc ct n vch, lc u. lng,
lc qua 2 ln giy lc, nc lc phi trong. B 10 mL dch lc u.
Ly chnh xc 50,00 mL dch lc (bng pipet chnh xc) thm 5ml
dung dch HNO
3
c v 5 mL ch th phn st amoni 10%.
Cho y dung dch KCNS 0,05 N ln trn buret v iu chnh kha
buret c dung dch n vch 0.
B tr th nghim c trnh by hnh 8.1.
Error!






Hnh 8.1. B tr th nghim chun NaCl bng phng php Fonhard
Tin hnh chun : Mt tay iu chnh kha buret cho dung dch
KCNS 0,05N t buret xung bnh nn (lc u nhanh, gn im tng
ng cho t t tng git, na git), tay kia lc bnh nn. Chun ti khi
dung dch bnh nn xut hin mu hng. Ghi th tch KCNS 0,05N
dng.
Ghi ch: Nng ca KCNS, AgNO
3
, NaCl xp x bng nhau.
Dung dch KCNS 0,05N
Dch lc 50,00 mL
Dung dch HNO
3
c 5mL
Dung dch phn st amoni 10% 5 mL
3.3. Tnh kt qu
Hm lng phn trm (kl/tt) ca NaCl

trong dung dch cn nh lng
c tnh theo cng thc sau:
( )
f
V 1000
100 58,44 N V 2 N V
% C
Cl
SCN SCN Ag Ag

+ +

259
Trong :
- l th tch dung dch AgNO
+
Ag
V
3
0,05N, tnh bng mL, dng
( = 25,00mL)
+
Ag
V
- l nng ng lng dung dch AgNO
+
Ag
N
3
0,05N, ( = 0,0500)
+
Ag
N
- l th tch dung dch KSCN, tnh bng mL, dng chun

SCN
V
- l nng ng lng dung dch KSCN, xc nh mc 3.1.

SCN
N
- l th tch dung dch NaCl, tnh bng mL, ly nh lng
( = 10,00mL)

Cl
V

Cl
V
- f l h s pha long ca dung dch NaCl 0,9%

=
25
100
f

bi tp (bi 8)
8.1. Tnh nng dung dch NH
4
SCN, bit khi nh lng 10,00 mL
dung dch AgNO
3
0,0513 N vi ch th phn st amoni th ht
10,30 mL dung dch NH
4
SCN.
8.2. Trnh by nguyn tc nh lng natri clorid theo phng php
Fonhard.
8.3. Trnh by cch tin hnh nh lng natri clorid theo phng
php Fonhard. Thit lp cng thc tnh hm lng phn trm
(kl/kl) ca natri clorid.
8.4. Chn cch tr li ng A/ B/ C/ D
Khi chun Ag
+
d bng dung dch NH
4
SCN vi ch th phn st
amoni, mu ca dung dch chuyn t mu:
A. Hng sang khng mu B. Khng mu sang vng
C. Khng mu sang hng D. Khng chuyn mu
8.5. Hy cho bit c th thay ch th phn st amoni bng dung dch
mui st II trong php nh lng natri clorid theo phng php
Fonhard c khng? Ti sao?
8.6. Tnh hm lng % (kl/kl) ca NaCl, bit khi nh lng 10,00 mL
dung dch NaCl theo phng php Fonhard (theo mc 3.2 trn)
ht 8,25 mL dung dch NH
4
SCN. Trong , nng dung dch
NH
4
SCN l 0,0485N v AgNO
3
l 0,0502 N.
260
Bi 9
pha v xc nh nng dung dch kali
permanganat 0,1N
mc tiu
1. Trnh by c nguyn tc v phn ng nh lng kali permanganat.
2. Tnh c khi lng kali permanganat pha v pha c 100 mL dung dch
kali permanganat 0,1N.
3. Xc nh c nng dung dch kali permanganat 0,1N.
1. dng c - ha cht
Cn k thut
Buret
Pipet chnh xc dung tch 10 mL
Bnh nn dung tch 100 mL
Cc c m
Phu thy tinh
a thy tinh
Cc chn dung tch 100 mL
ng ong dung tch 10 mL
n cn
Dung dch gc acid oxalic 0,1000 N
Dung dch acid sulfuric 50%
2. pha dung dch kali permanganat 0,1 N
Kali permanganat (KMnO
4
) c khi lng phn t M = 158,05.
261
Kali permanganat dng tinh th hnh lng tr hoc bt mu tm
sm hoc gn nh en, c nh kim, khng mi. Tan trong nc lnh,
d tan trong nc si.
Kali permanganat khng tha mn tiu chun cht gc v KMnO
4
l
cht oxy ha mnh, d b kh to thnh MnO
2
. Ta ch c th pha dung
dch KMnO
4
nng xp x 0,1N t KMnO
4
. Nng dung dch
KMnO
4
0,1N sau khi pha, c xc nh bng mt dung dch chun
khc c tnh kh bit nng .
Lng KMnO
4
cn thit pha 100 mL dung dch KMnO
4
c nng
xp x 0,1N c tnh nh sau:
+ Bit ng lng gam E ca KMnO
4
bng 1/5 khi lng phn t
ca n v bng 31,61.
+ S gam KMnO
4
cn cn l: ) g ( 3161 , 0
1000
100 61 , 31 1 , 0
1000
V E N
m =

=

=
Tin hnh pha dung dch KMnO
4
0,1N:
Cn vo cc c m kh khong 0,32 g KMnO
4
trn cn k thut.
Thm khong 20 mL nc ct vo cc KMnO
4
.
Va un nng va khuy trong khong 5 pht. ngui. Gn phn
dung dch pha trn vo cc chn.
Lp li ng tc ha tan nh trn 2 3 ln na. Tp trung dch trong
vo cc chn.
Thm nc ct vo cc chn va 100 mL. Khuy u.
3. nguyn tc nh lng bng permanganat
L phng php nh lng da vo kh nng oxy ha ca
permanganat.
Permanganat th hin kh nng oxy ha c trong mi trng acid,
trung tnh v kim, nhng mnh nht l trong mi trng acid. Mt khc,
sn phm oxy ha trong mi trng acid l Mn
2+
khng mu, trong mi
trng trung tnh, kim l ta MnO
2
c mu nu. V vy, ngi ta thng
xc nh nng KMnO
4
trong mi trng acid.
Phng trnh phn ng nh lng permanganat bng cht kh l
acid oxalic trong mi trng acid mnh nh sau:
2KMnO
4
+ 5H
2
C
2
O
4
+ 3 H
2
SO
4
= 2 MnSO
4
+ 10CO
2
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 8 H
2
O
262
Phn ng trao i in t:
5 C
2
O
4
2-
- 2e = 2CO
2

2 MnO
4
-
+ 5e + 8H
+
= Mn
2+
+ 4 H
2
O
(Mu hng) (Khng mu)
Trong thc t, ngi ta hay nh lng cc cht kh bng dung dch
KMnO
4
trong mi trng acid, vi ch th l chnh dung dch chun KMnO
4
,
khi d MnO
4
-
dung dch c mu hng.
4. nh lng dung dch kali permanganat 0,1N
4.1. Tin hnh nh lng
Dng phu rt dung dch (t cc c m) khong 10 - 15 mL dung dch
KMnO
4
0,1N ln trn buret trng (lm 2 ln). Cho y dung dch
KMnO
4
0,1N ln trn buret v iu chnh kha buret c dung dch
n vch 0.
Dng pipet chnh xc ly 10,00 mL dung dch C
2
H
2
O
4
cho vo bnh
nn sch. Thm vo 5 mL dung dch H
2
SO
4
50% v 50 mL nc ct.
un nng dung dch trong bnh nn n khong 70 80
o
C trn bp
n cn.
Nhc bnh nn ra khi bp n cn v tin hnh chun ngay (Nh
tng git KMnO
4
xung) cho ti khi c mu hng nht. Ghi th tch
KMnO
4
dng.
B tr th nghim c trnh by hnh 9.1.






Hnh 9.1. B tr th nghim chun dung dch KMnO
4
0,1N
Ghi ch: un nng ti khi dung dch si ln tn. Chun khi dung
dch nng nhm tng tc phn ng (Mn
2+
l cht xc tc cho phn ng,
do lc u khi chun phn ng xy ra chm, sau khi c Mn
2+
to
thnh, tc phn ng tng ln lm KMnO
4
mt mu nhanh hn lc ban
u).
Dung dch KMnO
4
0,1N
Dung dch H
2
C
2
O
4
10,00 mL
Dung dch H2SO
4
50% 5 mL
Nc ct 50 mL
263
4.2. Tnh kt qu
Nng ng lng (N
B
) ca dung dch KMnO
4
c tnh theo cng
thc sau:
B
A A
B
V
N V
N

=
Trong :
- V
B
l th tch dung dch KMnO
4
, tnh bng mL, dng
- N
A
l nng ng lng ca dung dch H
2
C
2
O
4
, (N
A
= 0,1000 N)
- V
A
l th tch dung dch H
2
C
2
O
4
, tnh bng ml, (V
A
= 10,00 mL)
bi tp (bi 9)
9.1. Pha ng k thut 100mL dung dch KMnO
4
0,1N.
9.2. Trnh by nguyn tc nh lng dung dch KMnO
4
0,1N bng
cht gc H
2
C
2
O
4
.
9.3. Trnh by cch tin hnh nh lng dung dch KMnO
4
0,1N bng
dung dch gc H
2
C
2
O
4
0,1N.
9.3. Thit lp cng thc tnh nng ng lng (N) ca dung dch
KMnO
4
pha.
9.4. Hy cho bit ch th ca phng php o kali permanganat. Cch
pht hin im tng ng.
9.5. Tnh nng ng lng ca dung dch KMnO
4
, bit khi nh
lng 10,00mL dung dch H
2
C
2
O
4
0,0986 N ht KMnO
4
ht 9,70 mL.





264
Bi 10
nh lng dung dch nc oxy gi 3%
mc tiu
1. Trnh by c nguyn tc v phn ng nh lng dung dch nc oxy gi.
2. nh lng c dung dch nc oxy gi v tnh c hm lng phn trm
(kl/tt) ca dung dch nwc oxy gi .
1. dng c - ha cht
Cn k thut
Buret
Pipet chnh xc dung tch 10 mL
Bnh nn dung tch 100 mL
Cc c m
Phu thy tinh
a thy tinh
ng ong dung tch 25 mL
Dung dch kali permanganat 0,1 N
Dung dch natri thiosulfat 0,1000 N
Dung dch acid sulfuric 10%
Dung dch kali iodid 10%
Dung dch ch th h tinh bt
2. xc nh nng ca dung dch kali permanganat 0,1 N
bi 9 trnh by cch xc nh nng ca dung dch KMnO
4

dng cht kh l acid oxalic. Ngoi ra, cn c th xc nh nng ca
KMnO
4
bng phng php o iod. Cho chnh xc mt lng KMnO
4
phn
ng vi mt lng d KI trong mi trng acid (H
2
SO
4
) s to thnh mt
lng tng ng iod:
265
2KMnO
4
+ 10KI + 8H
2
SO
4
= 2 MnSO
4
+ 5I
2
+ 6K
2
SO
4
+ 8 H
2
O
Sau nh lng iod gii phng ra bng dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
:
2 Na
2
S
2
O
3
+ I
2
= 2 NaI + Na
2
S
4
O
6
Qu trnh chun c tin hnh c th nh sau:
Dng phu rt dung dch (t cc c m) khong 10 - 15 mL dung dch
Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,1N ln trn buret trng buret (lm 2 ln). Cho y dung
dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,1N ln trn buret v iu chnh kha buret c dung
dch n vch 0.
Dng pipet chnh xc ly 10,00 mL dung dch KMnO
4
cho vo bnh
nn sch. Thm vo 10 mL dung dch KI 10% v 10 mL dung dch
H
2
SO
4
long. Dung dch s c mu nu .
Tin hnh chun : Mt tay iu chnh kha buret cho dung dch
Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,1N t buret xung bnh nn, tay kia lc bnh nn. Chun
ti khi dung dch bnh nn chuyn sang mu vng. Thm vo bnh
nn 5 git ch th h tinh bt v nh dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,1N t buret
xung ti khi dung dch chuyn sang khng mu. Ghi th tch dung
dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,1N dng (V
A
).
Song song tin hnh mt mu trng: Tin hnh nh trn nhng thay
10,00 mL dung dch KMnO
4
trong bnh nn bng 10,00 mL nc ct.
Th tch dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,1N dng (V
0
).
Tnh h s hiu chnh (K) ca dung dch KMnO
4
0,1N theo cng thc sau:

0,1 V
N ) V (V
K
B
A 0 A

=

Trong :
- V
B
l th tch dung dch KMnO
4
, tnh bng ml, dng (V
B
= 10,00 mL)
- N
A
l nng ng lng ca dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
, (N
A
= 0,1000 N)
- V
A
l th tch dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
, tnh bng mL, dng chun
dung dch KMnO
4
- V
0
l th tch dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
, tnh bng mL, dng chun
mu trng.
3. nguyn tc nh lng nc oxy gi
nh lng nc oxy gi bng permanganat l da vo phn ng oxy
ho kh gia permanganat v nc oxy gi, trong permanganat ng
vai tr cht oxy ha, cn nc oxy gi ng vai tr l cht kh.

266
Phng trnh phn ng nh lng:
2KMnO
4
+ 5H
2
O
2
+ 3H
2
SO
4
= 2MnSO
4
+ 5O
2
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 8H
2
O
Phn ng trao i in t:
5 O
2
2-
- 2e = O
2

2 MnO
4
-
+ 5e + 8H
+
= Mn
2+
+ 4 H
2
O
(Mu hng) (Khng mu)
4. nh lng dung dch nc oxy gi 3%
4.1. Tin hnh nh lng
Dng phu rt dung dch (t cc c m) khong 10 - 15 mL dung dch
KMnO
4
0,1N ln trn buret trng buret (lm 2 ln). Cho y dung
dch KMnO
4
0,1N ln trn buret v iu chnh kha buret c dung
dch n vch 0.
Dng ng ong ly 20 mL nc ct cho vo bnh nn sch.
Dng pipet chnh xc (c bu) ly 1,00 mL dung dch H
2
O
2
cho vo
bnh nn trn. Thm vo 20 mL dung dch H
2
SO
4
10% (ly bng
ng ong).
B tr th nghim c trnh by hnh 10.1.








Hnh 10.1. B tr th nghim chun dung dch nc oxy gi 3%
Tin hnh chun : Mt tay iu chnh kha buret cho dung dch
KMnO
4
0,1N t buret xung bnh nn, tay kia lc bnh nn. Chun ti
khi dung dch bnh nn chuyn sang mu hng nht. Ghi th tch dung
dch KMnO
4
0,1N dng.
Dung dch KMnO
4
0,1N
Nc ct 20 mL
Dung dch H
2
O
2
1,00 mL
Dung dch H
2
SO
4
10% 20 mL
267
4.2. Tnh kt qu
Hm lng phn trm (kl/ tt) ca dung dch H
2
O
2
c tnh theo cng
thc sau:
100
V
001701 , 0 K V
% C
C

=
Trong :
- V
C
l th tch dung dch KMnO
4
, tnh bng mL, dng chun
- K l h s hiu chnh ca dung dch KMnO
4
( xc nh mc 2)
- V l th tch dung dch H
2
O
2
, tnh bng mL, (V = 1,00 mL)
bi tp (bi 10)
10.1. Trnh by nguyn tc nh lng dung dch nc oxy gi bng
dung dch KMnO
4
.
10.2. Trnh by cch tin hnh nh lng dung dch nc oxy gi 3%
bng dung dch KMnO
4
0,1N. Thit lp cng thc tnh hm lng
phn trm (kl/tt) ca dung dch H
2
O
2
.
10.3. M t s chuyn mu ca dung dch trong nh lng (bnh nn)
trong qu trnh chun dung dch KMnO
4
bng phng php
o iod mc 2.
10.4. Tnh h s hiu chnh K ca dung dch KMnO
4
0,1N. Bit khi
nh lng 10,00 mL dung dch KMnO
4
theo ch dn mc 2 th
ht 9,75 mL dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,1018 N v th tch Na
2
S
2
O
3

0,1018 N dng cho mu trng l 0,05 mL.
10.5. Trnh by cch tnh nng dung dch H
2
O
2
theo th tch oxy.
10.6. Tnh hm lng % (kl/tt) ca dung dch H
2
O
2
, bit khi nh
lng 1,00 mL H
2
O
2
th ht 18,00 mL dung dch KMnO
4
0,1N c
h s hiu chnh K = 0,9872.


268
Bi 11
pha v xc nh nng dung dch
natri thiosulfat 0,1N
mc tiu
1. Trnh by c nguyn tc v phn ng nh lng natri thiosulfat.
2. Tnh c khi lng natri thiosulfat pha dung dch natri thiosulfat 0,1 N
v pha c 100 mL dung dch natri thiosulfat 0,1 N.
3. Xc nh c nng dung dch natri thiosulfat 0,1 N.
1. dng c - ha cht
Cn phn tch
Cn k thut
Buret
Pipet chnh xc dung tch 10 mL
Bnh nn dung tch 100 mL
Cc c m
Phu thy tinh
a thy tinh
Cc chn dung tch 100 mL
ng ong dung tch 10 mL
Cht gc kali dicromat (K
2
Cr
2
O
7
)
Dung dch acid hydrochloric c 50 %
Natri thiosulfat (Na
2
S
2
O
3
)
Natri carbonat (Na
2
CO
3
)

269
2. pha dung dch natri thiosulfat 0,1N
Natri thiosulfat (Na
2
S
2
O
3
) thng dng ngm nc (Na
2
S
2
O
3
.5H
2
O)
c khi lng phn t M = 248,2.
Natri thiosulfat dng tinh th khng mu, d tan trong nc.
Natri thiosulfat khng tha mn tiu chun cht gc v Na
2
S
2
O
3
.5H
2
O

d mt nc kt tinh nn thnh phn khng ng ng vi cng thc.
Ta ch c th pha dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
nng xp x 0,1N t Na
2
S
2
O
3
.
5H
2
O. Nng dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,1N sau khi pha, c xc nh
bng mt dung dch chun khc bit nng .
Lng Na
2
S
2
O
3
. 5H
2
O cn thit pha 100 mL dung dch KMnO
4
c
nng xp x 0,1N c tnh nh sau:
+ Bit ng lng gam E ca Na
2
S
2
O
3
. 5H
2
O bng khi lng phn
t ca n v bng 248,2.
+ S gam Na
2
S
2
O
3
. 5H
2
O cn cn l:
(g) 2,482
1000
100 248,2 0,1
1000
V E N
m =

=

=
Tin hnh pha dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,1N:
un si khong 120 mL nc ct v ngui. Nc ct ny dng
pha dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3

Cn khong 2,50 g Na
2
S
2
O
3
. 5H
2
O trn cn k thut v chuyn vo
cc chn.
Thm vo cc chn 0,01 g Na
2
CO
3
v khong 50 mL nc ct va un
si ngui trn.
Dng a thy tinh khuy cho cc tinh th tan ht.
Thm nc ct vo cc chn va 100 mL. Khuy u.
3. nguyn tc nh lng thiosulfat
L phng php nh lng da vo phn ng oxy ho kh gia
Na
2
S
2
O
3
v iod, trong Na
2
S
2
O
3
ng vai tr cht kh, cn iod ng vai
tr l cht oxy ha. Iod c th c to thnh t phn ng gia mt cht
oxy ha v iodid.
Phng trnh phn ng nh lng:
2Na
2
S
2
O
3
+ I
2
= Na
2
S
4
O
6
+ 2NaI
Phn ng trao i in t:
2 S
2
O
3
2-
- 2e = S
4
O
6
2-

I
2
+ 2e = 2I
-

270
Iod c to thnh t phn ng gia kali iodid v kali dicromat trong
mi trng acid. Phn ng din ra nh sau:
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 6KI+ 14HCl = 3I
2
+ 2CrCl
3
+ 8KCl + 7H
2
O
4. nh lng dung dch natri thiosulfat 0,1 N
4.1. Tin hnh nh lng
Dng phu rt dung dch (t cc c m) khong 10 - 15 mL dung dch
Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,1 N ln trn buret trng buret (lm 2 ln). Cho y dung
dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,1 N ln trn buret v iu chnh kha buret c
dung dch n vch 0.
Cn chnh xc khong 0,10 g K
2
Cr
2
O
7
(dng cn phn tch) cho vo
bnh nn nt mi. Thm vo 50 mL nc ct. Lc n tan hon
ton. Thm vo 10 mL dung dch KI 20%, 5 mL dung dch HCl c.
y nt v yn ch ti trong 10 pht. Thm vo bnh nn 100 mL
nc ct.
B tr th nghim c trnh by hnh 11.1.
Error!






Hnh 11.1. B tr th nghim chun dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,1N
Tin hnh chun : Mt tay iu chnh kha buret cho dung dch
Na
2
S
2
O
3
t buret xung bnh nn, tay kia lc bnh nn. Chun ti khi
dung dch bnh nn chuyn t mu nu sang mu vng. Thm 5 git
dung dch ch th h tinh bt vo bnh nn v tip tc nh dung dch
Na
2
S
2
O
3
t buret xung ti khi dung dch chuyn t mu xanh lam thnh
mu xanh lc. Ghi th tch dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
dng.
Dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,1 N

K
2
Cr
2
O
7
0,10 g ha tan trong 50 mL nc ct
+ 10 mL dung dch KI 20%
+ 5 mL dung dch HCl c.
4.2. Tnh kt qu
Nng ng lng (N
B
) ca dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
c tnh theo cng
thc sau:
V E
1000 a
N

=
271
Trong :
- V l th tch dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
, tnh bng mL, dng chun
- a l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca K
2
Cr
2
O
7
- E l ng lng gam ca K
2
Cr
2
O
7
(E = 49,03)
bi tp (bi 11)
11.1. Pha ng k thut 100 mL dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,1N.
11.2. Hy cho bit iu kin ca phng php o iod.
11.3. Trnh by nguyn tc xc nh nng dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
bng
cht gc K
2
Cr
2
O
7
.
11.4. Trnh by cch tin hnh nh lng dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,1N
bng cht gc K
2
Cr
2
O
7
. Thit lp cng thc tnh nng ng
lng (N) ca dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,1N pha.
11.5. M t s chuyn mu ca dung dch trong nh lng (bnh nn)
trong qu trnh chun xc nh nng dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3

mc 4.1.
11.6. Tnh nng ng lng ca dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
, bit khi nh
lng 0,1085 g K
2
Cr
2
O
7
ht 21,05 mL dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
.



272
Bi 12
nh lng dung dch glucose 5%
mc tiu
1. Trnh by c nguyn tc v phn ng nh lng dung dch glucose.
2. Tnh c khi lng iod pha dung dch iod 0,1 N v pha c 100 mL
dung dch iod 0,1 N.
3. nh lng c dung dch glucose v tnh c hm lng phn trm (kl/tt)
ca dung dch glucose .
1. dng c - ha cht
Cn phn tch
Cn k thut
Buret
Pipet chnh xc dung tch 10 mL
Bnh nn nt mi dung tch 100 mL
Cc c m
Phu thy tinh
a thy tinh
ng ong dung tch 10 mL
Cht gc iod (I
2
)
Kali iodid (KI)
Dung dch natri hydroxyd 2 N
Dung dch acid sulfuric 4 N
Dung dch natri thiosulfat 0,1000 N
2. pha dung dch iod 0,1N
Iod (I
2
) thng hoa tinh khit tha mn yu cu ca mt cht gc.
273
ng lng gam E ca I
2
bng 1/2 khi lng phn t ca n v bng
126,7.
Lng I
2
cn thit pha 100 mL dung dch I
2
c nng chnh xc
0,1N l:
(g) 1,267
1000
100 126,7 0,1
1000
V E N
m =

=

=
Tin hnh pha 100 mL dung dch I
2
0,1N nh sau:
Cn khong 3,50 g KI vo chn cn c np mi. Thm vo 5 mL
nc. Khuy cho tan. y np. Cn chn cn trn cn phn tch c
khi lng a
1
g.
Cn khong 1,27 g cht chun gc I
2
vo mt knh ng h hoc cc c m.
Chuyn I
2
vo chn cn trn v y np li. Sau , cn chn cn trn
cn phn tch c khi lng a
2
g.

Khi lng I
2
l: a
2
- a
1
Dng a thy tinh khuy k ha tan, chuyn dn hon ton dung
dch ny sang bnh nh mc dung tch 100 mL qua phu.
Trng chn cn v phu nhiu ln bng nc ct (khong 50 ml). B
phu ra.
Thm nc va n vch. Lc u.
Tnh nng thc (N
th
) ca dung dch I
2
pha c:
0,1
m
m
th
N
LT
Th
=

Trong :
- m
TH
l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca I
2
cn c (m
TH
= a
2
- a
1
)
- m
LT
l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca I
2
va pha c 100,0 mL
dung dch I
2
nng chnh xc 0,1N (m
LT
= 1,267 g).
3. nguyn tc nh lng glucose
Glucose c nh lng bng phng php iod theo phng php
chun ngc (tha tr): Cho mt lng I
2
d chnh xc vo dung dch
glucose trong mi trng kim oxy ho glucose c nhm chc CHO
thnh acid gluconic theo phn ng sau:
I
2
+ 2NaOH = NaI + NaIO + H
2
O (1)
CH
2
OH(CHOH)
4
CHO + NaIO = CH
2
OH(CHOH)
4
COOH + NaI (2)
274
Sau khi hon thnh phn ng (2), acid ha mi trng bng H
2
SO
4

cn bng (1) chuyn dch v pha tri, nh lng I
2
d bng dung dch
Na
2
S
2
O
3
bit nng theo phng trnh phn ng sau:
2Na
2
S
2
O
3
+ I
2
= Na
2
S
4
O
6
+ 2NaI
4. nh lng dung dch glucose 5%
4.1. Tin hnh nh lng
Ly chnh xc 10,00 mL dung dch glucose cn nh lng cho vo
bnh nh mc 100 mL. Thm nc n vch. Lc u.
Dng pipet chnh xc ly 10,00 mL dung dch glucose pha long
cho vo bnh nn nt mi. Thm vo chnh xc 10,00 mL dung dch
I
2
. Thm t t 4 mL dung dch NaOH 2N. y np. Lc u. vo
ch ti 10 pht. Sau , thm 5 mL dung dch H
2
SO
4
4 N.
Dng phu rt dung dch (t cc c m) khong 10 - 15 mL dung dch
Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,1 N ln trn buret trng buret (lm 2 ln). Cho y dung
dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,1 N ln trn buret v iu chnh kha buret c
dung dch n vch 0.
B tr th nghim c trnh by hnh 12.1.







Dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,1 N
Dung dch glucose 10,00 mL
Dung dch I
2
10,00 mL
Dung dch NaOH 2N 4 mL
Dung dch H
2
SO
4
4N 5 mL
Hnh 12.1. B tr th nghim chun dung dch glucose
Tin hnh chun : Mt tay iu chnh kha buret cho dung dch
Na
2
S
2
O
3
t buret xung bnh nn, tay kia lc bnh nn. Chun ti khi
dung dch bnh nn chuyn t mu nu sang mu vng. Thm 5 git
dung dch ch th h tinh bt vo bnh nn v tip tc nh dung dch
Na
2
S
2
O
3
t buret xung ti khi dung dch chuyn t mu xanh lam sang
khng mu. Ghi th tch dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
dng.
275
4.2. Tnh kt qu
Hm lng phn trm (kl/tt) ca glucose

trong dung dch cn nh
lng c tnh theo cng thc sau:

( )
f
V 1000
100 E N V N V
% C
B B A A

=
Trong :
- V
A
l th tch dung dch I
2
0,1 N, tnh bng mL, dng (V
A
= 10,00mL)
- N
A
l nng ng lng dung dch I
2
, (N
A
= N
th
) mc 2.
- V
B
l th tch dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,1 N, tnh bng mL, dng chun
- N
B
l nng ng lng dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
, (N
B
= 0,1000)
- E l ng lng gam ca glucose (E = 90,08)
- V l th tch dung dch glucose ly nh lng (V = 10,00 mL)
- f l h s pha long ca dung dch glucose 5%

=
10
100
f

bi tp (bi 12)
12.1. Pha ng k thut 100ml dung dch gc I
2
0,1N.
12.2. Trnh by nguyn tc nh lng dung dch glucose bng phng
php o iod.
12.3. Trnh by cch tin hnh nh lng dung dch glucose 5% bng
phng php o iod.
12.4. Thit lp cng thc tnh hm lng phn trm (kl/tt) ca glucose.
12.5. M t s chuyn mu ca dung dch trong nh lng (bnh nn)
trong qu trnh chun xc nh hm lng dung dch glucose


mc 4.1.
12.6. Tnh nng ng lng ca dung dch I
2
, bit dng 1,2635 g
Iod pha thnh va 100,0 mL dung dch.
276
Bi 13
pha v xc nh nng dung dch edta 0,05M
mc tiu
1. Trnh by c nguyn tc v phn ng nh lng EDTA.
2. Tnh c khi lng km pha dung dch km sulfat 0,05 M v pha c 100
mL dung dch km sulfat 0,05 M.
3. Xc nh c nng dung dch EDTA 0,05 M.
1. dng c - ha cht
Cn phn tch
Buret
Pipet chnh xc dung tch 10 mL
Bnh nn dung tch 100 mL
Cc c m
Phu thy tinh
a thy tinh
Cc chn
ng ong dung tch 10 mL
Cht gc km (Zn)
Dung dch acid sufuric 10%
Dung dch m amoniac
Hn hp ch th en eriocrom T
2. pha dung dch complexon iii 0,05M
Complexon III (trilon B) l dinatri dihydro ethylen diamin
tetraacetat. Complexon III thng dng ngm nc v c cng thc
ha hc l C
10
H
14
N
2
O
8
Na
2
.2H
2
O vit tt l EDTA. Complexon III c
khi lng phn t l 372,2.
277
Complexon III dng tinh th khng mu, d tan trong nc.
Complexon III khng tha mn tiu chun cht gc v
C
10
H
14
N
2
O
8
Na
2
.2H
2
O d mt nc kt tinh nn thnh phn khng ng
ng vi cng thc. Ta ch c th pha dung dch EDTA nng xp x
0,05M t C
10
H
14
N
2
O
8
Na
2
.2H
2
O. Nng dung dch EDTA sau khi pha,
c xc nh bng mt dung dch chun khc bit nng .
Lng C
10
H
14
N
2
O
8
Na
2
.2H
2
O cn thit pha 100 mL dung dch EDTA
c nng xp x 0,05M c tnh nh sau:
S gam C
10
H
14
N
2
O
8
Na
2
.2H
2
O cn cn l:
(g) 1,861
1000
100 372,2 0,05
1000
V M C
m
M
=

=

=
Tin hnh pha dung dch EDTA 0,05M:
Cn khong 1,86 g C
10
H
14
N
2
O
8
Na
2
.2H
2
O trn cn k thut v chuyn
vo cc chn.
Thm vo cc chn khong 50 mL nc ct v dng a thy tinh
khuy cho cc tinh th tan ht.
Thm nc ct vo cc chn va 100 mL. Khuy u.
3. nguyn tc nh lng complexon
Da vo phn ng to phc gia EDTA v kim loi trong mi trng
m pH 9. Lc u dung dch c mu vang do phn ng ca Mg
2+
vi ch
th (Hind
2
):
Zn
2+
+ Hind
2
ZnInd

+ H
+

( vang )
Khi nh EDTA (HY
3
) xung, Mg
2+
t do s phn ng trc:
Zn
2+
+ HY
3
ZnY
2
+ H
+
Lc y mu ca dung dch vn khng b bin i. Gn im tng
ng, ta c s cnh tranh to phc:
HY
3
+ ZnInd

ZnY
2
+ Hind
2
( vang ) (Xanh)
Kt thc chun khi mu chuyn t tm sang xanh ti hon ton
(mu ca ch th dng t do).

278
4. nh lng dung dch EDTA 0,05 M
4.1. Pha dung dch gc km sulfat 0,05 M
Km ht (Zn) tinh khit tha mn yu cu ca mt cht gc.
Khi lng phn t lng ca Zn bng 65,37.
Lng Zn cn thit pha 100 mL dung dch ZnSO
4
c nng chnh
xc 0,05M l: (g) 0,32685
1000
100 65,37 0,05
1000
V M C
m
M
=

=

=
Tin hnh pha 100 mL dung dch ZnSO
4
0,05 M nh sau:
Cn chnh xc khong 0,32 g Zn vo cc c m.

Thm vo Zn trong cc khong 5 mL dung dch H

2
SO
4
10%. Lc cho
tan hon ton. Thm vo khong 20 mL nc ct.

Chuyn dung dch cc c m sang bnh nh mc dung tch 100 mL
qua phu.
Trng cc v phu nhiu ln bng nc ct (khong 50 mL). B phu ra.
Thm nc va n vch. Lc u.
Tnh nng thc (C
M,th
) ca dung dch ZnSO
4
pha c:
0,05
m
m
C
LT
TH
t M,
=
h

Trong :
- m
TH
l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca Zn cn c
- m
LT
l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca Zn va pha c 100,0 mL
dung dch ZnSO
4
nng chnh xc 0,05M (m
LT
= 0,32685 g).
4.2. Tin hnh nh lng
Ly chnh xc 10,00 mL dung dch ZnSO
4
pha cho vo bnh nn
sch. Thm vo 5 mL dung dch m amoniac, khong 0,1 g hn
hp ch th en eriocrom T v 30 mL nc ct. Lc cho tan ht ch th.
Dng phu rt dung dch (t cc c m) khong 10 - 15 mL dung dch
EDTA ln trn buret trng buret (lm 2 ln). Cho y dung dch
EDTA ln trn buret v iu chnh kha buret c dung dch n
vch 0.
B tr th nghim c trnh by hnh 13.1.

279

Error!




Hnh 13.1. B tr th nghim chun dung dch EDTA 0,05 M
Dung dch EDTA 0,05M
10,00 mL dung dch ZnSO
4
,
Dung dch m amoniac 5 mL ,
Hn hp ch th en eriocrom T 0,1g Nc ct 30 mL
Tin hnh chun : Mt tay iu chnh kha buret cho dung dch
EDTA t buret xung bnh nn, tay kia lc bnh nn. Chun ti khi
dung dch bnh nn chuyn t mu vang sang mu xanh ti hon
ton (khng cn nh tm). Ghi th tch dung dch EDTA

dng.
4.3. Tnh kt qu
Nng mol/ L (C
M,A
) ca dung dch EDTA c tnh theo cng thc sau:

A
B B M,
A M,
V
V C
C

=
Trong :
V
B
l th tch dung dch gc ZnSO
4
, tnh bng mL, (V
B
= 10,00 mL)
C
M,B
l nng mol/ L ca dung dch ZnSO
4
, (C
M,B
= C
M,th
)
V
A
l th tch dung dch EDTA, tnh bng mL, dng chun .
Bi tp (bi 13)
13.1. Pha ng k thut 100 mL dung dch EDTA 0,05M v 100,0 mL
dung dch gc ZnSO
4
0,05M.
13.2. Trnh by nguyn tc nh lng bng phng php complexon.
13.3. Trnh by cch tin hnh nh lng dung dch EDTA 0,05 M
dng dung dch gc ZnSO
4
0,05 M.
13.4. Thit lp cng thc tnh nng mol/L (C
M,A
) ca dung dch EDTA.
13.5. M t s chuyn mu ca dung dch trong nh lng (bnh nn)
trong qu trnh chun xc nh nng dung dch EDTA
mc 4.2.
13.6. Tnh nng C
M
ca dung dch EDTA, bit khi chun
10,00 mL dung dch ZnSO
4
0,0525 M trong mi trng m
amoniac ht 10,55 mL dung dch EDTA.
280
Phn ph lc
Ph lc 1. Dng c thng thng bng s, thu tinh v mt
s my thng dng dng trong ho phn tch







Hnh 1. Pipt in t Hnh 2. Pipt nh mc Hnh 3






Hnh 4. Cc loi gi Pipt






Hnh 5. Qu bp cao su Hnh 6. Cc loi ng trong nh mc
dng ni pipt
281







Hnh 7. Cc c chn dng trong nh mc









Hnh 8. Cc loi bnh nh mc pha dung dch Hnh 9. Cc loi bu rt









Hnh 10. ng nghim thng v ng nghim cso chia vch

282





Hnh 11. Gi ng nghim






Hnh 12. Cc loi cc c m





Hnh 13. Knh cn mng cn








Hnh 14. Cc loi bnh cu y trn

283





Hnh 15. Bnh cu y bng Hnh 16. Cc loi bnh nn







Hnh 17. Cc loi phu lc







Hnh 18. Cch gp giy lc nhiu np Hnh 19. Cch gp giy lc phng ly
ly dch lc cht kt ta




Hnh 20. Phu thy tinh t th lc

284






Hnh 21. Cc loi king v li un nng





Hnh 22. n cn Hnh 23. Cc loi n gas







Hnh 24. Cc loi bp in







Hnh 25. Cc loi ni un cch thy
285















Hnh 26. Cc loi ng h o trong phng th nghim





Hnh 27. Cc loi knh bo him






Hnh 28. Cc loi knh lp thng

286












Hnh 29. Cc loi knh hin vi







Hnh 30








Hnh 30. Cc loi t ht
287










Hnh 31. Cc loi my iu nhit









Hnh 32. My ly tm








Hnh 33. Cc loi my o pH
288
Ph lc 2. Danh php cht v c theo Dc in Vit Nam
2.1. Cc n cht
2.1.1. Nguyn t
c tn quc t rt gn.
V d:
Ar Argon Cd Cadmi I Iod Ni Nickel
As Arsen Ca Calci Li Lithi N Nitrogen
Be Beryli Cl Clor Mg Magnesi O Oxygen
Bi Bismuth Co Cobalt Mo Molybden P Phosphor
B Bor F Fluor Na Natri S Sulfur (lu hunh)
(Bng y xem Dc in Vit Nam).
Hoc c tn hon ton Vit ho.
V d:
Ag Bc (Argentum) S Lu hunh (Sulfur)
Pt Bch kim (Platinum) Al Nhm (Aluminium)
Pb Ch (Plumbum) Fe St (Ferrum)
Cu ng (Cuprum) Sn Thic (Stanium)
Zn Km (Zincum) Hg Thy ngn (Hydragyrum, Mercurium)
Ni Kn (Nickel) Au Vng (Aurum)
2.1.2. Dng th hnh
c theo tn ring.
V d:
Ozn (O
3
)
Phosphor , phosphor trng.
Than ch, kim cng
.
2.2. Cc hp cht
Lun c phn mang in tch dng trc, phn mang in tch m sau.
289
2.2.1. Oxyd
Theo quy nh: Tn nguyn t (s oxy ha) oxyd
V d:
FeO st(II) oxyd
Fe
2
O
3
st(III) oxyd
SO
2
lu hunh(IV) oxyd
Nguyn t ch c mt trng thi oxy ha th khng cn ghi s oxy ha.
V d:
Al
2
O
3
Nhm oxyd
CaO Calci oxyd
Na
2
O Natri oxyd
Tn ring:
CO
2
(kh) Carbonic, Anhydrid carbonic
CaO Vi sng
SO
2
(kh) Sulfur
SO
3
Anhydrid sulfuric
Dng tin t: Mono (1), di (2), tri (3), tetra (4), penta (5) ch s
nguyn t ca mi nguyn t.
V d:
CO
2
Carbon dioxyd
P
2
O
5
Diphosphor pentaoxyd
Ch : F
2
O khng phi l oxyd thng thng, vit ng l OF
2
v c
l oxygen fluorid, mui oxygen ca acid HF.
2.2.2. Hydroxyd = H
2
O + Oxyd
a. Hydroxyd acid: E(OH)
n
l cc acid cha oxy, gi chung l oxoacid, E l
nguyn t mc oxy ha dng cao to tnh acid.
c theo hydroxyd: Tn nguyn t (s oxy ha) hydroxyd
V d:
C(OH)
4
H
2
CO
3
Carbon(IV) hydroxyd
S(OH)
6
H
2
SO
4
Lu hunh(VI) hydroxyd
P(OH)
5
H
3
PO
4
Phosphor(V) hydroxyd
(cch gi ny t c s dng)
H
2
O
H
2
O
H
2
O
290
c theo quy nh chung:
+ Nguyn t ch c mt mc oxy ha (hay mt ha tr) to acid:
Acid Tn nguyn t + ic
V d:
H
3
BO
3
acid boric
H
2
CO
3
acid carbonic
+ Nguyn t c hai mc oxy ha (hay hai ha tr) to acid:
Mc oxy ha thp: Acid Tn nguyn t +
Mc oxy ha cao: Acid Tn nguyn t + ic
V d:
H
3
PO
3
acid phosphor H
3
PO
4
acid phosphoric
H
3
AsO
3
acid arsen H
3
AsO
4
acid arsenic
H
2
SnO
2
acid stan H
2
SnO
3
acid stanic
+ Nguyn t c ba mc oxy ha (hay ba ha tr) to acid:
Mc oxy ha thp nht: Acid Hypo + Tn nguyn t +
Mc oxy ha cao hn: Acid Tn nguyn t +
Mc oxy ha cao nht: Acid Tn nguyn t + ic
V d:
H
2
SO
2
acid hyposulfur (tn ring: acid sulfoxylic)
H
2
SO
3
acid sulfur
H
2
SO
4
acid sulfuric
+ Nguyn t c bn mc oxy ha (hay bn ha tr) to acid:
Mc oxy ha thp nht: Acid Hypo + Tn nguyn t +
Mc oxy ha cao hn: Acid Tn nguyn t +
Mc oxy ha cao hn na: Acid Tn nguyn t + ic
Mc oxy ha cao nht: Acid Per + Tn nguyn t + ic
V d:
HClO acid hypoclor
HClO
2
acid clor
HClO
3
acid cloric
HClO
4
acid percloric
291
Ch :
1. Tn nguyn t to acid phi c theo gc tn quc t.
2. Tip u per cn ch cc cht c lin kt O-O, nhiu oxy hn bnh
thng. V d:
BaO Bari oxyd BaO
2
Bari peroxyd
H
2
SO
4
acid sulfuric H
2
SO
5
acid persulfuric
H
2
O Hydro oxyd H
2
O
2
Hydro peroxyd
Ba
O
O
;

S
O-H
O-O-H
O
O
;
H
O O
H

3. cng mt ha tr to acid, nu:
t nc hn: thm tip u meta
Nhiu nc hn: thm tip u ortho
V d:
HPO
3
acid metaphosphoric; H
3
PO
4
acid orthophosphoric
HAlO
2
acid metaaluminic; H
3
AlO
3
acid orthoaluminic
(Theo thi quen, t s dng tip u ng ortho nu acid va nc
dng bn, chng hn, H
3
PO
4
ch c l acid phosphoric).
4. ng a acid l nhng acid m mi O
2-
c thay th bi gc acid
(c in tch tng ng) ca chnh acid .
c tn ng a acid: dng cc tin t di, tri, tetra, penta ch s
gc acid c trong phn t acid.
V d:
H
2
SO
4
(acid sulfuric) H
2
SO
3
O
2-
H
2
SO
3
.SO
4
H
2
S
2
O
7
(acid
disulfuric). Nu thay 2O
2-
bng hai gc SO
4
2-
, to H
2
S
3
O
10
(acid
trisulfuric). thay tip cc O
2-
c H
2
S
n
O
3n+1
(acid polysulfuric).
Tng t, H
2
CrO
4
(acid cromic) H
2
CrO
3
O
2-
H
2
CrO
3
CrO
4

H
2
Cr
2
O
7
(acid dicromic)
Hoc H
3
PO
4
(acid phosphoric) H
3
PO
3
.O
2-
H
3
PO
3
.HPO
4
2-
H
4
P
2
O
7

(acid diphosphoric) . H
n+2
P
n
O
3n+1
(acid polyphosphoric).
5. D a acid l nhng acid m mi O
2-
c thay th bi gc acid (c
in tch tng ng) ca mt acid khc.
292
c tn d a acid: Dng cc tin t di, tri, tetra, penta ch s
nguyn t ca nguyn t (mang ui O) mi thay vo trong gc, tn ca
acid ban u c gi nguyn.
V d:
H
2
CrO
4
(acid cromic) H
2
CrO
3
.O
2-
H
2
CrO
3
.S
2-
H
2
SCrO
3
(acid
sulfocromic)
H
2
SO
4
(acid sulfuric) H
2
SO
3
.O
2-
H
2
SO
3
.S
2-
H
2
S
2
O
3
(acid
thiosulfuric). Lu hunh (S) cn c l thio khi thay th O trong cc hp
cht khc.
H
2
CO
3
(acid carbonic) H
2
CS
3
(acid trithiocarbonic).
b. Hydroxyd base: R(OH)
n
R l nguyn t hay mt gc c mc oxy ha dng thp to tnh base.
Theo quy nh: Tn nguyn t (s oxy ha) hydroxyd
V d:
Fe(OH)
2
st(II) hydroxyd
Cr(OH)
3
Crom(III) hydroxyd
NaOH Natri hydroxyd
Ca(OH)
2
Calci hydroxyd
NH
4
OH Amoni hydroxyd
Tn ring: NaOH xt; KOH potat; NH
4
OH dung dch amoniac.
2.2.3. Mui ca oxoacid
Quy nh: Tn cation(s oxy ha) tn gc acid
Acid c ui gc acid c ui it
Acid c ui ic gc acid c ui at
v gi nguyn cc tip u ca acid (nu c) gc acid.
V d:
NaClO Natri hypoclorit Co
2
(SO
4
)
3
Cobalt(III) sulfat
Ca(ClO
2
)
2
Calci clorit Na
2
S
2
O
3
Natri thiosulfat
KClO
3
Kali clorat KNO
2
Kali nitrit
NH
4
IO
3
Amoni iodat NaNO
3
Natri nitrat
Mg(ClO
4
)
2
Magnesi perclorat K
2
CrO
4
Kali cromat
293
Fe(BrO
4
)
3
St(III) perbromat K
2
Cr
2
O
7
Kali dicromat
KMnO
4
Kali permanganat K
3
AsO
3
Kali arsenit
Na
3
AsO
4
Natri arsenat
Nu acid to nhiu mui, c th c theo cc cch truyn thng.
V d:
NaHCO
3
Natri hydrocarbonat hoc Natri bicarbonat
KH
2
PO
4
Kali dihydrophosphat hoc Monokali phosphat
K
2
HPO
4
Kali monohydrophosphat hoc Dikali phosphat
K
3
PO
4
Kali phosphat hoc Trikali phosphat
Mui base: nhm OH
-
c l hydroxy
V d:
Bi(OH)
2
NO
3
Bismuth dihydroxy nitrat
Nu cc nhm OH mt nc, cation to thnh mang ui yl.
V d:
Bi(OH)
2
NO
3
BiONO

O H
2
3
Bismuthyl nitrat
Sb(OH)
2
Cl

SbOCl Stibyl clorid (Antimonyl clorid)

O H
2
V(OH)
4
NO
3
VO

O H 2
2
2
NO
3
Vanadyl nitrat
(VO
2
)
2
SO
4
Vanadyl sulfat
C(OH)
2
Cl
2
COCl

O H
2
2
Carbonyl clorid (Phosgen)
N(OH)
2
Cl NOCl Nitrosyl clorid

O H
2
U(OH)
4
(CH
3
COO)
2
UO

O H 2
2
2
(CH
3
COO)
2
Uranyl acetat
NaZn(UO
2
)
3
(CH
3
COO)
9
Km natri uranyl acetat
2.2.4. Acid khng c oxy v mui ca chng
Theo quy nh: Acid hydro + tn nguyn t hoc tn nhm gc + ic
294
V d:
HF acid hydrofluoric H
2
S acid hydrosulfuric
(dng ngn: acid hydrosulfic)
HCl acid hydrocloric HCN acid hydrocyanic
HBr acid hydrobromic HSCN acid hydrosulfocyanic
HI acid hydroiodic H
3
N acid hydronitrogenic
(dng ngn: acid hydronitric)
Mui: Tn cation (s oxy ha) tn nguyn t hoc tn nhm gc + id
(Ch : B tip u hydro, ch gi tn nguyn t hoc tn nhm gc
to acid v thm ui id).
V d:
FeCl
3
St(III) clorid Ca(CN)
2
Calci cyanid
Na
2
S Natri sulfid (NH
4
)
2
S Amoni sulfid
KSCN Kali sulfocyanid OF
2
Oxygen fluorid
AlN Nhm nitrid
Nu cc acid dng kh, c tn nh mt mui ca cation H
+
.
V d:
HCl Hydro clorid
H
2
S Hydro sulfid
HCN Hydro cyanid
Ch : ng nhm natri clorid (NaCl) vi natri clorit (NaClO
2
); hoc
Natri sulfid (Na
2
S) vi Natri sulfit (Na
2
SO
3
)
2.2.5. Phc cht v c
Vn theo nguyn tc ion dng c trc, ion m c sau.
a) Phc cation (cu ni l ion dng):
Trnh t c: [cu ni] cu ngoi
[cu ni]: tn ion trung tm (s oxy ha) + s phi t + tn phi t + o
cu ngoi: Tn anion
Ch gii:
Cc thnh phn trong cu ni c vit lin nhau. Ch c mt ch
trng duy nht gia cation (cu ni) v anion (cu ngoi).
295
S phi t c ch ra nh cc tin t: mono (1), t dng/ di (2)/tri
(3)/tetra (4)/penta (5)/hexa (6)/
Cc phi t trong cu ni sp xp theo vn alphabet, phi t trung
ho vit trc phi t anion.
Tn cc phi t: nu l anion ui id th b ui id thay bng o; cc
anion khc thm o.
V d:
F
-
Fluoro CN
-
Cyano
Cl
-
Cloro CO
3
2-
Carbonato
Br
-
Bromo SO
4
2-
Sulfato
I
-
Iodo NO
2
-
Nitrito
Mt s ngoi l hoc c tn ring:
NH
3
Amino CO Carbonyl
OH
-
Hydroxo NO Nitrosyl
H
2
O Aquo (hay aqua)
Tn ion trung tm c trc phi t v km theo s La M ch s
oxy ha (trong du ngoc n).
V d:
[Cu(H
2
O)
4
]SO
4
ng(II)tetraaquo sulfat
[Co(NH
3
)
2
Cl
2
]Cl Cobalt(III)diaminodicloro clorid
[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]Br Bcdiamino bromid
[Cr(H
2
O)
6
](NO
3
)
3
Crom(III)hexaaquo nitrat
b. Phc anion (cu ni l ion m)
Trnh t c: Cu ngoi [cu ni]
Cu ngoi: Tn ion dng
[Cu ni]: S phi t + tn phi t + tn ion trung tm + at (s oxy ha)
Cch c v vit thnh phn ca cu ni ging nh phc cation pha
trn; ring ion trung tm c sau cng c thm ui at v s oxy ha (trong
du ngoc n).
V d:
K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
] Kali hexacyanoferat(II) (tn ring: kali ferocyanid)
K
3
[Fe(CN)
6
] Kali hexacyanoferat(III) (tn ring: kali fericyanid)
K
2
[HgI
4
] Kali tetraiodomercurat(II)
296
(NH
4
)
2
[Co(NH
3
)
2
Cl
4
] Amoni diaminotetraclorocobaltat(II)
c. Phc hn hp:
c theo cc quy nh chung nu trn.
V d:
[Co(NH
3
)
6
][FeCl
4
]
3
Cobalt(III)hexaamino tetracloroferat(III)
d. Phc khng mang in tch:
c nh phc anion nhng ion trung tm khng thm ui at v s oxy
ha. Cc thnh phn ca phc c vit lin nhau thnh mt t khng c ch
trng.
V d:
[Pt(NH
3
)
2
Cl
2
] Diaminodicloroplatin
[Co(NH
3
)
3
Cl
3
] Triaminotriclorocobalt
















297
Ph lc 3. Bng nguyn t lng cc nguyn t
Theo ti liu ca Lin on quc t v ha hc thun tu v ng dng
xut bn nm 1989 (Pure App.Chem.1991,63,978.)

Tn nguyn t K hiu Nguyn t s Nguyn t lng
Argon Ar 18 39,948
Arsen As 33 74,9216
Bc (Argentum) Ag 47 107,8682
Bari Ba 56 137,327
Beryli Be 4 9,0122
Bismuth Bi 83 208,9804
Bor B 5 10,811
Brom Br 35 79,904
Cadmi Cd 48 112,411
Cesi Cs 55 132,9054
Calci Ca 20 40,078
Carbon C 6 12,011
Ceri Ce 58 140,115
Ch (Plumbum) Pb 82 207,2
Clor Cl 17 35,4527
Crom Cr 24 51,9961
Cobalt Co 27 58,9332
ng (Cuprum) Cu 29 63,546
Dysprosi Dy 66 162,50
Erbi Er 68 167,26
Europi Eu 63 151,965
Flour F 9 18,9984
Gadolini Gd 64 157,25
Gali Ga 31 69,723
Germani Ge 32 72,61
Hafni Hf 72 178,49
Heli He 2 4,0026
Holmi Ho 67 163,9303
Hydrogen H 1 1,0079
298
Tn nguyn t K hiu Nguyn t s Nguyn t lng
Indi In 49 114,82
Iod I 53 126,9045
Iridi Ir 77 192,22
Kali K 19 39,0983
Km (Zincum) Zn 30 65,39
Krypton Kr 36 83,80
Lanthan La 57 138,9055
Lithi Li 3 6,941
Luteti Lu 71 174,967
Lu hunh (Sulfur) S 16 32,066
Magnesi Mg 12 24,3050
Mangan Mn 25 54,9381
Molybden Mo 42 95,94
Natri Na 11 22,9898
Neodymi Nd 60 144,24
Neo Ne 10 20,1797
Nhm (Aluminium) Al 13 26,9815
Nickel (Niccolum) Ni 28 58,6934
Niobi Nb 41 92,9064
Nitrogen N 7 14,0067
Osmi Os 76 190,2
Oxygen O 8 15,9994
Paladi Pd 46 106,42
Phosphor P 15 30,9738
Platin Pt 78 195,08
Prasodymi Pr 59 140,9077
Rheni Re 75 186,207
Rhodi Rh 45 102,9055
Rubidi Rb 37 85,4678
Rutheni Ru 44 101,07
Samari Sm 62 150,36
St (Iron) Fe 26 55,847
Scandi Sc 21 44,9559
Selen Se 34 78,96
299
Tn nguyn t K hiu Nguyn t s Nguyn t lng
Silic (Silicium) Si 14 28,0855
Stibi (Stibium) Sb 51 121,757
Stronti Sr 38 87,62
Tantal Ta 73 180,9479
Techneti Tc 43 (97)
Telur Te 52 127,60
Terbi Tb 65 158,9253
Thali Tl 81 204,3833
Thic (Stanium) Sn 50 118,70
Thori Th 90 232,0381
Thuli Tm 69 168,9342
Thy ngn (Hydragyrum) Hg 80 200,59
Titan Ti 22 47,88
uran U 92 238,0289
Vanadi V 23 50,9415
Vng (Aurum) Au 79 196,9665
Wolfram W 74 183,85
Xenon Xe 54 131,29
Yterbi Yb 70 173,04
Ytri Y 39 88,9059
Zirconi Zn 40 91,224






300
Ph lc 4. Hng s in ly ca cc acid v base
ACID K
1
K
2
K
3
Acetic 1,75. 10
5
Arsenic 6,0. 10
3
1,05. 10
7
3,0. 10
12
Benzoic 6,14. 10
5

Boric 5,83. 10
10

Carbonic 4,45. 10
7
4,7. 10
11

Cloracetic 1,36. 10
3

Citric 7,45. 10
4
1,73. 10
5
4,02. 10
7
Formic 1,77. 10
4

Fumaric 9,6. 10
4
4,1. 10
5

Iodic 1,7. 10
1

Lactic 1,37. 10
4

Malic 4,0. 10
4
8,9. 10
6

Maleic 1,2. 10
2
5,96. 10
7

Malonic 1,40. 10
3
2,01. 10
6

Oxalic 5,36. 10
2
5,42. 10
5

Phenic 1,00. 10
10

Phosphoric 7,11. 10
3
6,34. 10
8
4,2. 10
13
0-Phthalic 1,12. 10
3
3,91. 10
6

Picric 5,1. 10
1

Pyruvic 3,24. 10
3

Salicylic 1,05. 10
3

Succinic 6,21. 10
5
2,32. 10
6

Tartric 9,2. 10
4
4,31. 10
5

Tricloracetic 1,29. 10
1


BASE Hng s phn ly
Amoniac 1,76. 10
5
Anilin 3,94. 10
10
1- Butylamin 4,0. 10
4
Dimethylamin 5,9. 10
4
Ethanolamin 3,18. 10
5
Ethylamin 4,28. 10
4
Ethylendiamin K
1
= 8,5. 10
5
K
2
= 7,1. 10
8
Hydrazin 1,3. 10
6
Hydroxylamin 1,07. 10
8
Methylamin 4,8. 10
4
Piperidin 1,3. 10
3
Pyridin 1,7. 10
9
Trimethylamin 6,25. 10
5
301
Ph lc 5. th oxy ha kh chun (E
o
)
( 25
o
C) (k = kh, l = lng, r = rn)
Nguyn t Cp oxy ha kh E
o
(V)
Ag Ag
+
+ e Ag (r) + 0,80
As(r) + 3H
+
+ 3e AsH
3
0,54
As
AsO
4
3
+ 2H
+
+ 2e AsO
3
3
+ H
2
O + 0,559
Bi
3+
+ 3e Bi (r) + 0,39
NaBiO
3
+ 4H
+
+ 2e BiO
+
+ Na
+
+ 2H
2
O + 1,8 Bi
BiO
+
+ 2H
+
+ 3e Bi (r) + H
2
O + 0,320
Br
2
(l) + 2e 2Br

+ 1,07
Br
BrO
3

+ 6H
+
+ 6e Br

+ 3H
2
O + 1,44
Ce Ce
4+
+ e Ce
3+
+ 1,71
Cl
2
(k) + 2e 2Cl

+ 1,36
2HClO + 2H
+
+ 2e Cl
2
+ 2H
2
O + 1,63
ClO
3

+6H
+
+ 5e 0,5 Cl
2
+ 3H
2
O + 1,47
Cl
ClO
4

+ 8H
+
+ 8e Cl

+ 4H
2
O + 1,35
Cr
2+
+ 2e Cr (r) 0,56
CrO
2
+ 2H
2
O + 3e Cr (r) + 4OH

1,2
Cr
3+
+ 3e Cr
2+
0,41
Cr
3+
+ 3e Cr (r) 0,744
Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 14H
+
+ 6e 2 Cr
3+
+7H
2
O + 1,36
Cr
CrO
4
2
+ 2H
2
O + 3e CrO
2

+ 4OH

0,12
Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu (r) + 0,337
Cu
2+
+ e Cu
+
+ 0,153
2 Cu(OH)
2
+ 2e Cu
2
O + 2OH

+ H
2
O 0,09
Cu
Cu
2+
+ I

+ e CuI (r) + 0,86

Fe
2+
+ 2e Fe (r) 0,440
Fe
3+
+ e Fe
2+
+ 0,771
Fe (OH)
3
(r) + e Fe(OH)
2
(r) + OH

0,65


Fe

FeO
4
2
+ 4H
2
O + 3e Fe(OH)
3
+ 5OH

+ 0,60
302
Nguyn t Cp oxy ha kh E
o
(V)
FeO
4
2
+ 8H
+
+ 3e Fe
3+
+ 4H
2
O + 1,9
Fe(CN)
6
3
+ e Fe(CN)
6
4
+ 0,36
2H
+
+ 2e H
2
+ 0,00
H
2
O
2
+ 2H
+
+ 2e 2H
2
O + 1,80 H
2H
+
+O
2
+ 2e H
2
O
2
+ 0,68
Hg
2
2+
+ 2e 2 Hg (l) + 0,788
Hg
2+
+ 2e Hg (l) + 0,854 Hg
2Hg
2+
+ 2e Hg
2
2+
+ 0,920
I
2
+ 2e 2 I

+ 0,536
2HIO +2H
+
+ 2e I
2
+2H
2
O + 1,45
HIO + H
+
+ 2e I

+H
2
O + 1,00
IO
3

+ 6H
+
+ 5e 0,5I
2
+ 3H
2
O + 1,178
I
IO
3

+ 2Cl

+ 6H
+
+ 4e ICl
2

+ 3H
2
O + 1,24
Mn
2+
+ 2e Mn (r) 1,180
Mn
3+
+ e Mn
2+
1,51
Mn
4+
+ 2e Mn
2+
+ 1,57
MnO
2
(r)+4H
+
+ 2e Mn
2+
+ 2H
2
O + 1,23
MnO
4

+ 8H
+
+ 5e Mn
2+
+ 4H
2
O + 1,51
MnO
4

+ 4H
+
+ 3e MnO
2
+ 2H
2
O + 1,695
Mn
MnO
4

+ e MnO
4
2
+ 0,564
HNO
2
+ H
+
+ e NO (k) + H
2
O + 0,99
2HNO
2
+ 6H
+
+ 6e N
2
(k) + 4H
2
O + 1,45
NO
3

+ 3H
+
+ 2e HNO
2
+ H
2
O + 0,93
NO
3

+ 2H
+
+ e NO
2
+ H
2
O + 0,81
NO
3

+ 4H
+
+ 3e NO (k) + 2H
2
O + 0,85
2NO
3

+ 12H
+
+ 10e N
2
+ 6H
2
O + 1,24
N
NO
3

+ 7H
+
+ 8e NH
4
OH+ 2OH

+ 0,12
Pb
2+
+ 2e Pb (r) 0,126
PbO
2
(r) + 4H
+
+ 2e Pb
2+
+ 2H
2
O + 1,455
Pb

PbSO
4
(r) + 2e Pb (r) + SO
4
2
0,350
303
Nguyn t Cp oxy ha kh E
o
(V)
S (r) + 2e S
2
0,55
S (r) + H
2
O + 2e HS

+ OH

0,51
S + 2H
+
+ 2e H
2
S + 0,17
S
2
2
+ 2e 2S
2
0,51
S
4
O
6
2
+ 2e 2S
2
O
3
2
+ 0,08
SO
4
2
+ 4H
+
+ 2e H
2
SO
3
+H
2
O + 0,60
S
2
O
8
2
+ 2e 2SO
4
2
+ 1,1
S
S
2
O
8
2
+ 2e 2SO
4
2
c mt Ag
+
+ 1,98
Sn
2+
+ 2e Sn (r) 0,136

Sn
Sn
4+
+ 2e Sn
2+
+ 0,154

Zn
2+
+ 2e Zn (r) 0,763
Zn
ZnO
2
2
+ 2H
2
O + 2e Zn (r) + 3H
2
O 1,22










304
Ph lc 6. tch s tan ca mt s cht t tan ( 25
o
C)
Nguyn t Tn cht Tch s tan
Ag Bc arsenat 1. 10
22
Bc bromid 5,2. 10
13
Bc carbonat 8,1. 10
12
Bc chlorid 1,82. 10
10
Bc cromat 1,1. 10
12
Bc cyanid 7,2. 10
11
Bc iodat 3,0. 10
8
Bc iodid 8,3. 10
17
Bc oxalat 3,5. 10
11
Bc sulfid 6. 10
50
Al Nhm hydroxyd 2. 10
32
Ba Bari carbonat 5,1. 10
9
Bari cromat 1,2. 10
10
Bari iodat 1,57. 10
9
Bari manganat 2,5. 10
10
Bari oxalat 2,3. 10
8
Bari sulfat 1,3. 10
10
Bi Bismutyl clorid 7. 10
9
Bismutyl hydroxyd 4. 10
10
Ca Calci carbonat 4,8. 10
9
Calci fluorid 4,9. 10
11
Calci oxalat 2,3. 10
9
Calci sulfat 2,6. 10
5
Fe St (II) sulfid 6.10
8
St (II) hydroxyd 8. 10
16
St (III) hydroxyd 4. 10
38
Hg Thy ngn (I) bromid 5,8. 10
23
Thy ngn (I) clorid 1,3. 10
18
Thy ngn (I) iodid 4,5. 10
29
305
Nguyn t Tn cht Tch s tan
Mg Magnesi amon phosphat 3. 10
13
Magnesi carbonat 1. 10
5
Magnesi hydroxyd 1,8. 10
11
Magnesi oxalat 8,6. 10
5
Mn Mangan (II) hydroxyd 1,9. 10
13
Mangan (II) sulfid 3. 10
13
Pb Ch carbonat 3,3. 10
14
Ch clorid 1,6. 10
5
Ch cromat 1,8. 10
14
Ch hydroxyd 2,5. 10
16
Ch iodid 7,1. 10
9
Ch oxalat 4,8. 10
10
Ch sulfat 1,6. 10
8
Ch sulfid 7. 10
28
Sr Stronti oxalat 5,6. 10
8
Stronti sulfat 3,2. 10
7
Zn Km hydroxyd 1,2. 10
17
Km oxalat 7,5. 10
9
Km sulfid 4,5. 10
24










306
Ph lc 7. Hng s to phc
7.1. Phi t v c
Phi t Cation logK
1
logK
2
logK
3
logK
4
logK
5
logK
6
Ag
+
3,3 3,8
Cd
2+
2,6 2,1 1,4 0,9 0,3 1,7
Co
2+
2,1 1,6 1,0 0,8 0,2 0,6
Cu
2+
4,3 3,7 3,0 2,3 0,5
Ni
2+
2,8 2,2 1,7 1,2 0,8 0,0
NH
3
Zn
2+
2,4 2,4 2,5 2,1
Ag
+
AgBr(r) + Br

AgBr
2

lgK
2
= 4,7
AgBr
2

+ Br

AgBr
3
2
lgK
3
= 0,7
Hg
2+
9,0 8,3 1,4 1,3
Br

Pb
2+
1,2
Ag
+
AgCl(r) + Cl

AgCl
2

log K
s2
= 4,7
AgCl
2

+ Cl

AgCl
3
2
log K
3
= 0,0
Bi
3+
2,4 2,0 1,4 0,4 0,5
Cd
2+
1,5 0,4 0,4
Cu
+
Cu
+
+ 2Cl

CuCl
2

logK
1
K
2
= 4,9
Fe
2+
0,4 0,0
Fe
3+
1,5 0,6 1,0
Hg
2+
6,7 6,5 0,9 1,0
Pb
2+
1,6 Pb
2+
+ 3Cl

PbCl
3

log K
1
K
2
K
3
= 1,7
Cl

Sn
2+
1,1 0,6 0,0
Ag
+
Ag
+
+ 2CN

Ag(CN)
2

logK
1
K
2
= 21,1
Cd
2+
5,5 5,1 4,6 3,6
Hg
2+
18,0 16,7 3,8 3,0
CN

Ni
2+
Ni
2+
+ 4CN

Ni(CN)
4

logK
1
K
2
K
3
K
4
= 22
Al
3+
6,1 5,0 3,8 2,7 1,6 0,5 F

Fe
3+
5,3 4,0 2,8
Al
3+
8,9 Al(OH)
3
(r) + OH

Al(OH)
4

log K
r4
= 1,0
Cd
2+
2,3
Cu
2+
6,5
OH

Fe
2+
3,9
307
Phi t Cation logK
1
logK
2
logK
3
logK
4
logK
5
logK
6
Fe
3+
11,1 10,7
Hg
2+
10,3
Ni
2+
4,6
Pb
2+
6,2 Pb(OH)
2
(r)+ OH

Pb(OH)
3

logK
r3
= 1,3
Zn
2+
4,4 Zn(OH)
2
(r)+ 2OH

Zn(OH)
2-
4
log K
r4
= 0,9
Cd
2+
2,4 1,6 1,0 1,1
Cu
+
CuI (r)+ I

CuI
2

log K
r2
= 3,1
Hg
2+
12,9 11,0 3,8 2,3
Pb
2+
1,3 PbI
2
(r) + I

PbI
3

log K
r 3
= 4,7
I

PbI
3

+ I

PbI
4
2
log K
4
= 3,8
Ag
+
AgSCN(r) + SCN

Ag(SCN)
2

logK
r2
= 7,2
Cd
2+
1,0 0,7 0,6 1,0
Co
2+
2,3 0,7 0,7 0,0
Cu
2+
CuSCN(r)+ SCN

Cu(SCN)
2

log K
r2
= 3,4
Fe
3+
2,1 1,3
Hg
2+
log K
1
K
2
= 17,3 2,7 1,8
SCN

Ni
2+
1,2 0,5 0,2
OH
7.2. Phi t hu c
Cc complexonat (lg
[ ]
[ ][ ]
+

=
4
) 4 (
.Y M
MY
K
n
n
MY
)

ion lgK
MY
ion lgK
MY
ion lgK
MY
Fe
3+
25,1 Zn
2+
16,30 Ca
2+
10,7
Th
4+
23,2 Cd
2+
16,4 Mg
2+
8,7
Hg
2+
21,8 Al
3+
16,1 Ba
2+
7,8
Pb
2+
18,0 Fe
2+
14,3 Ag
+
7,3


308
gii p bi tp
Phn 1. L thuyt phn tch nh tnh
Bi 1
1.1. CO; 43 kg C/100 kg CO; 43 g C/100 g CO; 43 v-
12
C/100 v-
12
C)
1.2. a)
1.3. 27,7% Mg; 23,6% P; 48,7% O
1.4. a) % H = 7,74%; %C = 92,26% C
b) % H = 7,74%; %C = 92,26% C
c) % H v %C trong 2 cht l nh nhau, v chng c cng
cng thc thc nghim CH.
d) Khi lng phn t (78 v 26 v-
12
C))
1.5. 5,42.10
24
1.6. a) FeS; b) FeS
2
; c) Fe
2
S
3
1.8. a) 13,7 L; b) 28,0L
1.9. a) 0,1251 E/L = 0,1251N; b) 0,500N
1.10. a) 2E; b) 0,5E; c) 0,1E
1.11. 0,600N
1.12. 375 mL
1.13. 20 mL
1.14. 1,59 N
1.15. 0,584M
1.16. a) 4; b) 3
1.17. a) 3,95 g KMnO
4
; b) 1,59g KI
1.18. a) +5; b) +4/3; c) +7; d) +6; e) +5;
f) +6; g) +5; h) +2; i) C: +4; s: -2;
j) +2,5; k) Cl: -1 ; S: +1)
1-20. a) Ln lt cc trng t tri sang phi, t trn xung di:
2.10
-11
; 3,3 ; 10,7

309
3,3.10
-10
; 9,48 ; 4,52
10
-6
; 10
-8
; 8
10
-2
; 10
-12
; 2
b) Ch dung dch 2)
1.21. a) 3 b) 11 c) 11,3 d) 7
1.22. a) pH = 2,46 pOH = 11,5
b) pH = 3,11 pOH = 10,8
c) pH = 2,05 pOH = 11,95
1.23. pH = 13,00
1.24. a) [H
3
O
+
] = 10
-4
; b) [H
3
O
+
] = 10
-7
c) [H
3
O
+
] = 3,2.10
-3
; d) [H
3
O
+
] = 5,5.10
-9
1.25. T
AgCl
= 1,0.10
-1
1.26. 1,4.10
-4
M
1.27. pH = 10,45
1.28. 5.10
-10
1.29. = 1,6.10
4
PbSO
T
-8
1.30. = 9,3.10
4 2
CrO Ag
T
-12
1.31. 1,0.10
-18
M
1.32. 5.10
-10
M
1.33. = 3.10
2
) OH ( Fe
T
-14
1.34. a) 0,35g b) 3,2.10
-4
g (0,32mg) c) 0,15g
1.35. a) Ca[ZnF
4
]
2-
b) [Pt
4+
(NH
3
)
5
Cl]
3+
Cl
3
b) Na
4
[Fe
2+
(CN)
6
]
4-
d) K
3
[Fe
3+
(CN)
6
]
3-
1.36. a) Calci tetrafluorozincat
b) Platin(IV)pentaaminomonocloro clorid
c) Natri hexacyanoferat(II)
d) Kali hexacyanoferat(III)
Bi 2
2-1. a) C b) A c) B d) B
2-2. a) S b) c) d) S e) f) g)

310
Bi 3
3.2. 3)
3.3. Ring tan ca PbCl
2
tng nhiu theo nhit
3.4. PbCl
2
, v theo 3-3.
3.5. gim s ha tan ta clorid, c bit l ta PbCl
2
Bi 5
5.3. 3)
Bi 7
7.2. V sn phm ca phn ng u l cht khng tan (S), bay hi
(NO) hoc khng in ly (HgCl
2
, H
2
O) nn cn bng chuyn
mnh sang phi.
Dung dch cng thy to ra clor nguyn t oxy ha d dng
S
2-
trong HgS:
3HCl + HNO
3
3Cl + NO + 2H
2
O
v 2Cl + HgS S + HgCl
2
Bi 9
9.2. 1)
9.3. Khng c, v khng c trng ring
9.4. 1)
9.5. 1)
9.6. 1)
9.7. V d Cl
2
th I
2
HIO
3
khng mu; cn Br
-
b oxy ha tip to
thm nhiu Br
2
c mu trong nc hoc trong cloroform
Bi 10
10.2. 1) V gii phng kh CO
2
lm c nc vi trong, li khng
phn ng vi dung dch KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
(nh kh SO
2
)
10.3. 3)
10.4. 1)

311
Phn 3. L thuyt phn tch nh lng
Bi 2
2.8: 21,22%
2.9: 15,88% CaCl
2
v 84,12% Ca(NO
3
)
2
)
Bi 3
3.6: 31,52 g
3.7: 118,2 mL
3.8: 27,7 mL
3.9: 2,6500 g
3.10: 4,768 g
3.11: 7,302 g H
4
Y v 2 g NaOH
3.12: K = 1,083
Bi 4
4.8: K = 0,9879 v N
HCl
= 0,0977
4.9: 6,908 g/L
4.10: 0,1201N
4.11: 0,29 %
4.12: 0,0784 N
Bi 5
5.6: 0,07969 N
5.7: 2,78
5.8: 8,87
5.9: 4,312 g/L
5.10: 0,00546 M
5.11: NaOH 0,010 M v Na
2
CO
3
0,02 M
5.12: 1,836 g NH
3
5.13: 6,576 g/L
Bi 6
6.7: 0,1025 N
6.8: 0,698 L

312
6.9: 0,1664 g
6.10: 4,8718 g/L
6.11: 42,35 g/L
Bi 7
7.7: 8,30 g/L
7.8: 70,68% KBr v 29,32% KCl
7.9: pH 2:
7.17: 0,0288 M
7.18: 4,76 c
7.19: 0,125 N
7.20: 8,8186 g SO
4
2-
/L
Phn 4. Thc hnh phn tch nh lng
Bi 3 Bi 8
3.6: B 8. 1: 0,0498 N
3.7: 0,1068 N 8. 4: C
8. 6: 0,2658 %
Bi 4 Bi 9
4. 5: A 9. 6: 0,1016 N
4. 6: 0,0900 N
Bi 5 Bi 10
5. 5: D 10. 4: 0,9875
5. 6: 0,1018 N 10.6: 3,02 %
Bi 6 Bi 11
6. 4: 0,9859 11. 6: 0,1051 N
6. 5: 98,84 %
Bi 7 Bi 12
7. 5: 0,9918 12.6: 0,0997 N
7. 6: 98,23 %
Bi 13
13. 6: 0,0997 N

313
TAI LIU THAM KHO
1. B Y t (2002). Dc in Vit Nam III. NXB Y hc. H Ni.
2. B mn Ha i cng - V c (2004 - 2006), L thuyt Ha i cng
- V c, quyn I, II, III. Trng i hc Dc H Ni.
3. B mn Ha phn tch - Trng i hc Dc H Ni (2005), Ha
phn tch 1. Ti liu lu hnh ni b - Trung tm thng tin th vin
i hc Dc H Ni.
4. B mn Ha phn tch - Trng i hc Dc H Ni (1998). Thc tp
Ho phn tch. Ti liu lu hnh ni b - Trung tm thng tin th
vin i hc Dc H Ni.
5. B mn Ha phn tch (2005). Ha phn tch 1 - i hc Dc H Ni.
6. B mn Ha phn tch - i hc Dc H Ni (1998), Ha phn tch 1.
Ti liu lu hnh ni b - Trung tm thng tin th vin i hc Dc -
H Ni.
7. Hong Minh Chu, T Vn Mc, T Vng Nghi (2002). C s l thuyt
ca Ha phn tch. NXB Khoa hc k thut. H Ni.
8. L Thnh Phc (ch bin, 2006), L thuyt Ho i cng - V c,
Trng i hc Dc H Ni.
9. Nguyn Duy i, Nguyn Tnh Dung, Trn Thanh Hu, Trn Quc
Sn, Nguyn Vn Tng (2002). Mt s vn chn lc ca Ha hc.
NXB Gio dc. H Ni.
10. Trn T Hiu, Lm Ngc Th (1990), Phn tch nh tnh, Nh xut
bn i hc v Gio dc chuyn nghip.
11. Trng Trung hc k thut Dc Trung ng (1995). Ha hc Phn
tch. NXB Y hc. H Ni
12. L.Kolditz (1985), Anorganikum, Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften,
Berlin.

314