Nghiên Cứu Chế Tạo Màng Chitosan - Gelatin Ứng Dụng Làm Bao Bì Thực Phẩm - Tài Liệu, eBook, Giáo Trình

1
M U
1>Tnh cy thit ca ti:
Cng vi s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut, ngnh cng ngh ch bin thy sn cng
pht trin vt bc v ng gp mt phn khng nh vo vic pht trin nn kinh t t nc.
Tuy nhin, cng ngh ch bin thy sn pht trin bn cnh nhng thun li nh ch bin ra
cc mt hng thy sn c cht lng cao, m bo v sinh an ton thc phm phc v cho
xut khu v tiu th trong nc cn c bt li l lng ph liu thy sn thi ra rt nhiu lm
nhim mi trng. Mt trong nhng ngun ph liu thi ra l v ca cc ng vt gip xc
nh tm, cua, gh... Ngun ph liu ny hin nay ch yu dng lm thc n chn nui hay
lm phn bn nn hiu qu kinh t rt thp. Mc tiu t ra cho cc nh cng ngh l nghin
cu tn dng t a nhng thnh phn c trong ph liu thy sn nhm nng cao hiu qu
kinh t ca chng v trnh c nhim mi trng do chng gy nn.
Trong cc mt hng thy sn c gi tr kinh t th cc mt hng thy sn ng lnh t
gip xc chim t 70 - 80% cng sut ch bin. V vy, lng ph liu t v gip xc do cc
nh my thy sn thi ra kh ln khong 70.000 tn / nm. Ngun ph liu ny cha mt
lng ln chitin - l nguyn liu quan trng cho cng nghip sn xut chitosan v cc sn
phm c gi tr khc.
Chitosan l mt dn xut ca Chitin, n l mt polyme hu c ph bin trong t nhin
v c ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc khoa hc cng ngh. Mt trong nhng ng dng ca
chitosan l lm mng mng bao gi thc phm. Trong thc t sn xut hin nay, vt liu
chnh dng bao gi thc phm l mng nha PE (polyethylen), p. (polyprothylen). Tuy nhin
dng cc vt liu ny bao gi thc phm th c mt s" hn ch l thi gian phn hy chng
ko di, kh x l v gy nhim mi trng. V vy, ngi ta nghin cu dng mng
chitosan bao gi thc phm thay th cho bao PE, p. nhm hn ch nhim mi trng do
2

rc thi l cc polyme tng hp.
Mng Chitosan c kh nng khng khun, khng nm, khng sinh c t, gi nc tt
cho thc phm trong qu trnh bo qun nhng mng Chitosan kh t tin nn dng n bao
gi thc phm cha em li hiu qu kinh t. Vic nghin cu phi trn Chitosan vi cc cht
khc nhm to ra mng Chitosan c bn cao, gi thnh ph hp dng lm bao gi thc
phm l vn ang c quan tm hin nay.
C nhiu nghin cu dng Gelatin ch to mng bao thc phm v ngun Gelatin
di do, gi thnh thp li c kh nng to mng cao, khi s dng lm mng thc phm n
lm tng gi tr cm quan, hn ch qu trnh gim trng lng do bc hi nc. Tuy nhin,
mng Gelatin yu v mt c hc, khng bn khi gp mi trng nc, d b vi khun, nm tn
cng nn kh nng bo qun i vi thc phm thp.
Vic nghin cu kt hp gia cc polyme t nhin sn xut mng bo qun thc
phm c thc hin nhiu nh mng chitosan vi xenlulose, chitosan vi alginate,
chitosan vi tinh bt, vv... c th to nn mt s tnh cht mi ca mng. Tuy nhin cc
nghin cu ny cng cn m rng vi cc polyme khc v k thut to mng cho tng hn
hp polyme l rt khc nhau v phc tp i hi s u t nghin cu nhiu trc khi tnh
n kh nng thng mi ha sn phm.
Mng chitosan khi phi trn vi cc gelatin to nn mt s" tnh cht mi ca mng
nn c th lm thay i mt s tnh nng ca mng chitosan nh tnh khng khun, khng
nm... nn trong lun vn ny nghin cu b sung thm Natri benzoat nhm tng cng kh
nng khng khun ca mng chitosan phi trn gelatin.
Chnh v vy, vic thc hin ti Nghin cu ch to mng Chitosan - Gelatin ng
dng lm bao b thc phm nhm to ra mng bao thc phm va c tnh khng nm, khng
khun, kh nng gi nc cho thc phm va c gi thnh hp l Vit Nam hin nay l vn
c ngha thc tin rt ln.
3

2> nsha khoa hoc ca ti:
- Xc nh c nng Chitosan, nng Gelatin, nng Natri benzoat ph hp
c th to ra mng mng va p ng c cc yu cu lm bao gi thc phm va c
gi thnh ph hp.
- a ra cng thc phi trn ti u cho quy trnh sn xut thch hp i vi mng
Chitosan - Gelatin s dng lm bao gi thc phm.
- Xc nh c nhng bin i v cht lng v dinh dng ca sn phm c ng i
dng fillet trong qu trnh cp ng v bo qun ng.
3> ngha thc tin ca ti:
- Dng mng Chitosan - Gelatin bao gi thc phm thay th cho mng nha PE, p. v
mng mng bao gi t Chitosan c tnh khng khun v chng mt nc cho thc
phm rt tt.
- Gp phn gii quyt lng ph liu thy sn c ngun gc t v gip xc t cc x
nghip ch bin thy sn ng thi nng cao gi tr kinh t ca cc loi ph liu thy
sn so vi vic ch dng chng lm thc n gia sc hay lm phn bn.
Chng 1: TNG QUAN
1.1 TNG QUAN V CHITOSAN:
1.1.1 Cu trc phn t ca chitosan:
Chitosan l mt amino polysaccarit, c hnh thnh t qu trnh tch gc acetyl ca
chitin bng x l bng xt c. Chitosan c pht hin ln u tin bi Rouget vo nm
1859. Cng thc cu to ca chitosan gn ging nh chitin v xellulose nhng khng ging v
chitin ch tan trong mt s t h dung mi, m in hnh l Lithium Chloride-Tertiary Amides,
chitosan th d tan trong cc axt hu c, thng thng dng axit acetic nn c nhiu ng
dng hn chitin.
4

Hnh 1.1 : Cu trc chitin, chitosan, xellulose
5

NHCCHa J
n

CHITIN

NH3+
CHTOSAN
Chitosan l mt polyme hu c c cu trc tuyn tnh t cc n v - D - glucosamin
lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt - 1,4 Glucozit. Chitosan l sn phm c sn xut t chitin
sau khi x l chitin trong kim c nng (qu trnh deacetyl ha Chitin) [34], [43].

Hnh 1.2: S qu trnh deacetyl ha chitin.
1.1.2 Cc loai nguvn vt liu sn xut chtin v chitosan chnh:
Chitin v chitosan c th c chit rt t nhiu ngun nguyn liu nh t v tm cua,
to, nm, vi khun v su b. Ngun ph thi tm, cua, gh, nang mc trong qu trnh ch
bin thy sn l ngun nguyn liu sn c, nhiu, cha hm lng chitin, chitosan cao.
Bng 1.1: Thnh phn ha hc ch yu ca cc nguyn liu chnh sn xut chitin v
chitosan ( Muzzarelli, 1997)

NH2
CHtTOSAN
Nguyn liu Thnh phn

m Protit Tro Lipit Chitin
Cua

/. Callinectes sapidus 4,5 24 56 2 12,9
2. Chinonecetes opilio

29,19 40,6 1,35 26,65
3. Portunus trituberculatus 12,9 10,3 57,9 0,3 17,1
Tm

1. Penaeus monodom 9,1 26,8 29,3 0,5 34,9
Phn v gip u ngc 9,7 42,8 20,8 1,2 36,5
Phn v

2. Pandalus borealis

23,5 33,9 14,7 30,0
Tm cng 9,24 61,6 26,67 1,4 30
Tm sng nc ngt 5,7 28,1 44 4,4 12,5
Con moi ln

44,6 24,7 1,8 19,9
6

7

1.1.3 Tnh cht ca chtosan:
c tnh c bn ca Chitosan:
Chitosan c ngun gc thin nhin, khng c, an ton cho ngi khi s dng lm thc
phm, dc phm, c tnh ha hp sinh hc cao i vi c th, c kh nng t phn hy sinh hc.
Chitosan c nhiu tc dng sinh hc a dng nh: kh nng ht nc, gi m, khng nm,
khng khun vi nhiu chng loi khc nhau [18], [25], [29], [36], kch thch tng sinh t bo
ngi v ng thc vt, c kh nng nui dng t bo trong iu kin ngho dinh dng.
Tnh cht ho hoc:
- Chitosan l cht rn, xp, nh, dng bt c mu trng ng, dng vy c mu trng trong
hay hi vng.
- Khng mi, khng v.
- Chitosan c tnh kim nh, khng ho tan trong nc v trong kim nhng ho tan d dng
trong cc dung dch axit long nh axit acetic, axit propionic, axit lactic, axit citric .... Khi ho tan
chitosan trong mi trng axit long to thnh keo dng. y l mt im rt c bit v phn
ln cc keo polyssacharit c in tch m. Chitosan c xem nh l mt polycation c kh nng
bm dnh vo b mt cc in tch m v c kh nng to phc vi mt s ion kim loi.
- Chitosan khi ho tan trong dung dch axit acetic long c pH = 6 - 6 . 5 to thnh mt dung
dch keo dng, nh m keo Chitosan khng b kt ta khi c mt ca mt s ion kim loi
nng nh Pb
3+
, Hg
2+
.
- Chitosan kt hp vi aldehyt trong iu kin thch hp hnh thnh gel, y l c s
by t bo, enzym.
Tnh cht ca chitosan ph thuc rt nhiu vo tinh khit, deacetyl ha, phn t lng
v rn. Chitosan c tinh khit cng cao th cng d tan, mu sc dung dch ha tan c
trong cao, c tnh kt dnh cao v c ng dng vo nhiu lnh vc hn. deacetyl ha l mt
thng s" quan trng, c trng cho t l gia 2- acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose vi 2-
8

amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose trong phn t chitosan. Kh nng thm nc ca mng chitosan
c deacetyl ha thp th s cao hn so vi mng chitosan c deacetyl ha cao [58]. Phn t
lng ca chitosan cng l mt thng s" quan trng [59], n quyt nh tnh cht ca chitosan
nh kh nng kt dnh, to mng, to gel, kh nng hp ph cht mu [60]. rn ca chitosan
ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh ngun gc chitin, deacetyl ha, phn t lng v thng c 2
peak chnh khong 9 - 10 v 20 qut khi xc nh bng nhiu x tia X (Hnh 1.3).

Hnh 1.3. Ph nhiu x tia X ca cc loi chitosan khc nhau, a: Phn t lng
thp, deacetyl trung bnh; b: nht thp, deacetyl cao c: nht cao, deacetyl
ha trung bnh; d: nht cao, deacetyl ha cao Ngun: Nunthanid et al. (2001)

20 0

Wavenumbe r/cm"
1

Ph hng ngoi-IR ca chitin (A) v chitosan (B)
Hnh 1.4: Ph hng ngoi-IR v ph cng hng t ht nhn-MNR ca chitosan
10

Hnh 1.5: Cu trc phn t gelatin
1.2 TNG QUAN VE GELATIN
1.2.1 Ngun gc Gelatn:
Gelatin l ch phm c to thnh t qu trnh thy phn Colagen (c loi Colagen
lc un nng trong nc c th bin thnh Gelatin nh Colagen vy c nhng cng c loi
phi qua bc x l mi c th bin thnh Gelatin) [23].
Khi lm bin tnh collagen di tc ng ca tc nhn bin tnh nh nhit, vt l v
ha hc ta thu c gelatin.
1.2.2. Cu trc ca gelatin:
Ging nh cu trc ca colagen, gelatin c cu trc dng chui. Chui gelatin gm
nhng phn t c kch thc siu nh lin kt li vi nhau bng lin kt hydro to thnh
mng li gelatin [40], [50].
- Cng thc tiu biu ca gelatin l - Alanin - Glycin - Prolin - Arginin - Glycin -
Glutamic - 4 Hydroxyproline - Glycin - Prolin - [60]

NHj
11

12

Phn tch thnh phn axit amin ca mt s" loi gelatin ta c kt qu trnh by trong Bng 1.2

Bng 1.2: Thnh phn axit amin ca mt s" loi gelatin [49]
Tn axit amin S" lng axit amin / 1000 g gelatin
Gelatin da c chp Gelatin da c tuyt Gelatin da c ch
Glycin 317 345 328
Alanin 120 107 114
Valin 19 19 18
Isoleucin 12 11 9,2
Leucin 25 23 20
Prolin 124 102 129
Hydroxyprolin 73 53 70
Phenylalanin 14 13 14
Tyrosin 3,2 3,5 1,8
Serin 43 69 41
Threoinin 27 25 25
Methionin 12 13 12
Cystin <1 <1 <1
Hydroxylysin 4,5 6 7,9
Lyzin 27 25 22
Histidin 4,5 7,5 7,4
Arginin 53 51 45
Aspartic axit 47 52 54
Glutamic axit 74 75 81
13

Mch
Gelatin
Da vo cu trc phn t gelatin v thnh phn cc axit amin ca mt s" loi geletin trnh by
trong Bng 1.2 ta thy cc axit amin ch yu cu to nn phn t gelatin l Alanin, Glycin, Prolin,
Arginin, Glutamic axit, Hydroxyprolin.
Cng thc cu to chung ca axit amin l [9], [10] ^ COOH
NH
2

Cho nn khi phi trn chitosan v gelatin s xy ra tng tc ha hc gia nhm - NH
2
ca
chitosan v nhm - COOH ca gelatin.
1.2.3 Tnh cht Gelatn:
Gelatin khng tan trong nc di 20c m ch ht nc v trng n. Khi nhit tng ln, n
tan ra v hnh thnh dung dch th keo. Dung dch ny em lm lnh, d nng rt thp (0,25%) cng
c th ng c.
Trong nc lnh Gelatin khng ho tan, mt phn n ra, ht t 5 - 15 ln nc ng thi hnh
thnh keo ng. Trong mi trng nc Gelatin ht vo lng nc kt hp chng 66 - 71% (so vi cht
kh tuyt i). Ly lg Gelatin ngm vo lOOml nc, xc nh ho tan ca n cho kt qu nh Bng
1.3 sau:

Lc lin kt keo ng ca Gelatin l lin kt Hydro thng qua cu ni Hydrat c th hin nh
hnh v sau:
I I
c = o ... H - OH... H - N
I I
Mch N - H ... OH - H ... o = c
Gelatin ^ ^
c = o ... H - OH ... H - N I I
N - H... OH - H... o = (|
Bng 1.3: ho tan ca Gelatin theo nhit
Nhit (C) 10 15 20 24 27 30
S g trong 100ml nc 0,030 0,055 0,080 0,200 0,700 0,870
14

Khi nhit tng ln, keo ng tan ra ht do lin kt hydro khng bn nhit, nng dung dch trn
1% khi lm lnh th ng c tr li.
Sc ng ca dung dch keo ngoi quan h vi nng ra cn lin quan ti nguyn liu v thun
khit ca nguyn liu. Trong iu kin p lc, nhit cao th sc ng ca n gim i nhanh chng do
gelatin b thy phn ct thnh mch ngn dn lm gim lin kt hydro to gel.
- Nhit ng c ca Gelatin ph thuc vo nng ca n.
- Axit, kim, Cl
2
, Ca, Pb(CH
3
COO)
2
, MgCl
2
, FeS0
4
khng lm cho Gelatin kt ta. Nhng axit
Photphotungstic hoc mui thy ngn c th lm cho Gelatin kt ta. Cho (NH
4
)
2
S0
4
, MgS0
4
, ZnS0
4
vo
dung dch Gelatin cho n khi bo ho th Gelatin kt ta hon ton. Tanin v fomaldehyt cng c th
lm cho Gelatin kt ta.
Gelatin c th lm gim ho tan ca mt s" mui d ho tan nh NH4CI, MgCl
2
nhng li
lm tng ho tan ca mt s" mui kh ho tan nh CaS0
4
, CaC
3
...
Cho cht in phn vo dung dch Gelatin th c th lm thay i tc v nhit ng c ca
n (rt ngn thi gian ng c). Trong , s nh hng ca cc ion m rt ln, cc ion ca cc axit
sulfuric, axit nitric, axit tartaric v axit acetic c th rt ngn thi gian ng c, ng thi nhit ng
c ca n li tng ln. Nhng ion m ca axit chlohydric th c tc dng ngc li.
dnh ca dung dch Gelatin chu nh hng ca rt nhiu nhn t nh thi gian, nhit ,
khuy trn, mc thy phn, mi trng thy phn bng axit hay kim, nh hng ca t l mui.
Gelatin c nhiu ng dng trong cng nghip thc phm. Ngi ta ng dng gelatin lm tc nhn
chuyn th ca sa trong sn xut kem, lm tc nhn to bt, to mng, lm tc nhn tr lc trong cng
ngh sn xut ru vang v nc p tri cy.
- Ngi ta nghin cu dng Gelatin ch to mng bao thc phm v ngun Gelatin di do, gi
thnh thp li c kh nng to mng cao, khi s dng lm mng thc phm n lm tng gi tr cm quan,
hn ch qu trnh gim trng lng do bc hi nc[26], [32]. Tuy nhin, mng Gelatin yu v mt c
hc, khng bn khi gp mi trng nc, d b vi khun, nm tn cng dn n kh nng bo qun i
vi thc phm thp [23], [37], [38].
15

1.2.4 So snh Chitosan v Gelatin:
Chitosan l 1 polyme t nhin c nhiu c tnh rt c o nh kh nng khng khun, khng
nm, khng sinh c t, to mng, to si. Mng Chitosan c bn cao, kh nng khng khun, khng
nm, kh nng gi nc cho thc phm tt nhng gi thnh cn rt cao [41].
Gelatin cng c kh nng to mng nhng mng Gelatin khng bn v mt c hc, khng bn khi
gp mi trng nc, d b vi khun, nm tn cng, kh nng bo qun i vi thc phm thp [40].
Chitosan c trong nhiu loi nm hoc trong lp v ca nhiu ng vt gip xc nh tm, cua, gh.
Gelatin c trong vy, xng, bong bong c v da c v da ca ng vt.
Chitosan khng tan trong nc m ch tan trong cc dung dch axit hu c long.
Gelatin khng tan trong nc di 20c m ch ht nc v trng n.
Kt hp kh nng u vit ca mng Chitosan l kh nng khng nm, khng khun, kh nng gi
nc cho thc phm vi kh nng d to mng v gi thnh r ca Gelatin ch to mng Chitosan -
Gelatin bao gi thc phm c gi thnh ph hp nhm lm gim mc mt nc ca thc phm trong
qu trnh bo qun lnh v bo qun ng.
1.3 TNG QUAN V CC CHAT BO QUN DNG TRONG SN PHM THC PHM NHM
TNG CNG KH NNG KHNG KHUAN CA THC PHM
Theo quy nh danh mc cc cht ph gia c php s dng trong thc phm, cc cht bo qun
thc phm cho vo thc phm nhm tng cng kh nng khng khun ca thc phm bao gm 2 nhm
chnh:
- Axit sorbic v cc mui ca n nh natri sorbat, kali sorbat, canxi sorbat.
- Axit benzoic v cc mui ca n nhnatri benzoat, kali benzoat, canxi benzoat.
Tuy nhin c cng trnh ca tc gi Pranoto v cc cng tc vin (2005) nghin cu b sung mt
s" tc nhn khng khun nh du ti, kali sorbat, nisin lm tng cng kh nng khng khun ca
mng chitosan nn trong lun vn ny nghin cu b sung cht khng khun l natri benzoat vo mng
chitosan - gelatin.
1.4 TNG QUAN VE BENZOAT
16

Benzoat l mui ca axit benzoic [44]. Axit benzoic c tc dng c ch mnh nm men, nm mc,
vi khun. V axit benzoic kh ha tan trong nc nn ngi ta thng s dng mui ca n l Natri
benzoat.
Cng thc cu to

Benzoic axit Natri benzoat Hnh 1.6 : Axit benzoic v Natri benzoat
Cng thc cu to: C
7
H
5
0
2
Na
Khi lng phn t: 144.11
Tnh cht l ha:
Natri benzoat dng bt mu trng, c mi hng, tan tct trong nc (55g/100ml H
2
0, 20C)
Tnh khng khun, khng nm ca lg Natri benzoat tng ng 0,827g axit benzoic.
* Tnh khng khun, khng nm:
Natri benzoat c tc dng c ch mnh nm men, nm mc, vi khun. C tc dng bo qun mnh
trong mi trng axit (pH = 3,5 - 4).
> C ch c ch vi sinh vt:
C ch tc dng ca axit benzoic v nhng dn xut ca chng l lm c ch qu trnh h hp ca
t bo, c ch qu trnh oxi ha gluco v pyruvat. Mt khc, axit benzoic lm tng nhu cu oxi trong sut
qu trnh oxi ha gluco. Benzoat tc ng lm hn ch kh nng nhn c cht ca t bo.
ng dng:
Natri benzoat c dng bo qun nc qu, bnh ko, mt ... Nng benzoat c php s
dng trong thc phm theo khuyn ngh ca WHO l khng c qu 0,1% tnh theo khi lng ( M,
FDA quy nh lng s dng trong thc phm l 0,05 - 0 ,1% tnh theo khi lng). Nhc im ca
vic s dng benzoat trong vic bo qun mt s" sn phm thc phm nh mt, mt ng, tng c
chua, tng t, tng qu ... l c th lm cho sn phm b thm en v d nhn bit d v.
OH O- Na

17

* c tnh:
cc nng cho php s dng nh trn, cha c bng chng c th no cho thy tc ng khng
tt n sc khe ca ngi tiu dng. Tin hnh th nghim trn ch cho thy mc s dng di lg/lkg
th khng nh hng nhng khi s dng vot qu mc trn th ch bt u c biu hin co git thn
kinh, mt vi trng hp c th dn n cht. i vi ngi, nu s dng cc sn phm thc phm c
nng Natri benzoat cao s nh hng n thn kinh nht l i vi tr em.
1.5 TNG QUAN VE C NG I DNG
1.5.1 Gii thiu mt s' loi c ng ai dng:
C ng i dng l ng vt mu nng. Chng c kch thc, mu sc rt a dng v gi tr
kinh t cao. C ng i dng c rt nhiu loi nhng hin nay ch c 5-6 loi c ng cho sn lng
ln v l i tng khai thc chnh:
- C ng vn (Thunnus pelanus) - C ng vy vng (Thunnus abbacares)
- C ng mt to (Thunnus obesus) - C ng vy di (Thunnus alaluga)
- C ng xanh (Thunnus thunnus)
Loi c ng c sn lng ln v phn b" rng vng bin min Trung, ng
Nam B, c bit l vng bin Khnh Ha l c ng vy vng. y cng chnh l
i tng nghin cu trong lun vn ny.
1.5.2 Thnh phn ha hoc ca c ng ai dng:
C ng i dng l mt trong nhng loi hi sn c a chung v qu him trn th gii
hin nay. Theo nghin cu ca y ban o to ngh c Queenland, thnh phn ha hc ca c ng theo
Bng 1.4
Bng 1.4 : Thnh phn ha hc ca c ng
n v tnh: g/100g phn n c
18

im c bit l thnh phn lipid ca c ng i dng c hm lng cholesterol rt thp. y
l u im rt ln ca c ng i dng v gp phn c ng i dng c s dng ch bin cc
mn n cao cp (sashimi, sushi...)
Bng 1.5: Thnh phn ha hc ca lipid c ng i dng
n v tnh: g/100g ca phn n c

Cc thnh phn dinh dng trong c ng i dng rt d tn tht trong qu trnh ch bin v
bo qun nn cn c bin php hn ch tn tht cht dinh dng. Mc ch ca lun vn l nghin cu
dng mng chitosan phi trn ph liu t u lm mng bao c ng i dng fillet.
TT Loi Nc Protein Lipid Gluxid Tro
1
C ng vy xanh - C tht
68,7 28,3 1,4 0,1 1,5

- C tht trng 52,6 21,4 24,6 0,1 1,3
2
C ng vy xanh phng nam -
C tht
5,6
23,6
9,3 1,4

- C tht trng 63,9 23,1
11,6 0,3
3
C ng vy vng - C tht
74,2 22,2 2,1 0,1 1,4
4 C ng vn 70,4 25,8 2,0 0,4 1,4
STT Thnh phn lipid Khi lng
1 Axit bo khng no (mt ni i) 0,197
2 Axit bo khng no (nhiu ni i) 0,363

(trong c Cholesterol) (0,058)
3 Axit bo bo ha 0,301
Ngoi ra, tht c ng i dng cha y , cn i lng axit amin thay th v khng thay th
nn c ng i dng l loi nguyn liu tuyt vi cung cp dinh dng cho c th.
1.6 NG DNG CA CHITOSAN
Chitosan v dn xut ca chng c rt nhiu ng dng trong nng nghip, cng nghip thc phm,
cng nghip nh, y hc v mt s ngnh khc. Chitosan c th c bo ch ra nhiu hnh thc khc
nhau: cht do, bt nhuyn, lt mng, si cht lng hoc hi xt...
1.6.1. ng dung trong nng nghip:
- Chitosan c dng nh mt thnh phn chnh trong thuc phng tr nm bnh (o n, kh
vn...), lm thuc kch thch sinh trng cy trng nh la, cy cng nghip cy n qu, cy cnh...
Chitosan khng c hi, gi tc dng lu trn l, cy, lm tng ny mm ca ht, tng vic to dip
lc trn l, tng kh nng m r, thc y qu trnh ra hoa kt qu v lm tng nng sut thu hoch ca
cy trng.
- Cc nh khoa hc Nguyn Th Hu, Lm Ngc Th - trng i Hc Khoa Hc T Nhin, HQG
H Ni v Nguyn Vn Hoan - trng H Nng Nghip 1 s dng cc cht c hot tnh sinh hc cao
t chitin kch thch ny mm nhng ht la ging quc gia H 60 bo qun c 1 9 - 2 1 thng,
c bit l cc ht gn nh mt ht kh nng ny mm. ng thi khi s dng cc cht c hot tnh sinh
hc ny cn c kh nng kch thch cho sc sng ca ht ging cao hn, cht lng cy mm tt hn,
gp phn nng cao gi tr gieo trng ca ht ging [16].
Vin Khoa hc nng nghip Min Nam v Trung tm cng ngh sinh hc Thy sn cng tham gia
nghin cu tc dng ca chitosan ln mt s loi ht d mt kh nng ny mm v gp phn thc y
sinh trng, pht trin ca cy trng ngoi ng. Kt qu l c kh nng ko di thi gian sng v duy
tr kh nng ny mm tt ca ht ging c chua v ht ging u c ve sau thi gian bo qun 9 - 1 2
thng trong iu kin bnh thng [11].
- Nm 1987, Bentech c cp bng sng ch nh nghin cu dng chitosan trong vic bc nang
ht ging ngn nga s tn cng ca nm trong t. Trong nhng vng m cy trng thng b nm
tn cng vo h r, nu ht ging c bc nang bng chitosan s nng cao c hiu sut thu hoch ln
20% so vi khng dng chitosan. Ngoi ra, chitosan c tc dng c" nh phn bn, thuc tr su.
20

1.6.2 ng dung trong V dc:
- T chitosan sn xut glucozamin c kh nng thc tin thuc khng sinh t v c th dng lm
nguyn liu nui vi trng v ch thuc.
- Trong k ngh bo ch dc phm, chitosan c th dng lm cht ph gia nh lm t dc n, t
dc dnh, cht to mng vin nang mm v cng v cht mang sinh hc dn thuc... Theo nghin cu
dng chitosan lm t dc dnh trong mt s cng thc vin c dc cht d b tc ng bi cc ion kim
loi nng ca Nguyn Th Ngc T, Nguyn Phc Khu v Nguyn Th Thanh Hi cho kt qu chitosan
lm t dc dnh trn vin Vitamin c tt ngang PVP (dung dch cn polyvinyl pirovidin) v l tc nhn
kho ion kim loi nng tng t EDTA_Na
2
(Etylen Diamin Tetra Natriacetat). Chitosan c kh nng
dng thay th hn hp PVP, EDTA_Na
2
trong t bo thuc vin v c kh nng to mng phim trn
vin, thch hp bao cc vin c thnh phn trung tnh hoc axit nh.
Chitosan v cc dn xut ca n c dng lm thuc cha bnh,thuc h
Cholesterol trong mu, thuc cha vt thng, vt bng, thuc cha au ddy,
thuc chng ng t mu, tc dng tng cng min dch c th.
Khoa dc trng i Hc Y Dc Thnh Ph H Ch Minh nghin cu thuc cha vim
lot d dy t trng t ch phm ca chitosan: Gel chitosan, gel chitin, gel chitosan v Al(OH)
3
[22].
Chitosan c nghin cu v bo ch thnh sn phm thuc kem cha bng Polysan [17],
[19], [24]. Kho st trn sc vt thc nghim cho thy thuc ny khng c tc dng ph, khng gy d
ng , li c tc dng kch thch m to iu kin cho vt thng nhanh lin, khng b nhim trng,
khng li so.
1.6.3 ng dung trong cng ngh sinh hoc:
- Dng chitsan trong c nh t bo v enzym.
+ Chitin-chitosan l mt cht mang ph hp cho s c nh enzym t bo. Enzym c" nh t
bo l mt cht xc tc sinh hc hot ng trong mt khng gian linh hot. Enzym c" nh cho php m
ra vic s dng rng ri enzym trong cng nghip, trong y hc, khoa hc phn tch... Enzym c" nh
c s dng lu di, khng cn thay i cht xc tc, nht l trong cng ngh lm schnc, lm
21

trong
nc qu, s dng enzym c nh rt thun li v t hiu qu cao
+ c im quan trng ca cc nguyn liu c s dng lm cht mang enzym l din tch
b mt trn mt n v th tch hay trng lng phi rng, khng b phn gii, khng tan, bn vng vi
cc yu t" ho hc, gi r, d kim. Trong cc loi polyme th chitin v chitosan tho mn yu cu trn.
+ Phng php c nh enzym bao gm: enzym c dnh trn cht mang bng lin kt hp
ph hay lin kt tnh in (lin kt ion), hoc lin kt vi trong li gel, lin kt ngang (Cross linking).
Enzym c c" nh trong chitosan bng lin kt hp ph hay lin kt ngang qua cu n trung gian nh
Glutaraldehyt hoc c khi enzym b vi trong li gel to thnh lin kt ngang gia chitosan v
Glutaraldehyt.
- Qua nhiu nghin cu cho thy chitosan c cc c im sau:
+ Chitosan l mt nguyn liu do, linh hot, n c th c nh enzym bng cc hp ph n
gin, bng hp ph dng li gel hay bng lin kt ion qua
nhn t" chc nng trung gian hoc dng th vi.
+ S lin kt ion NH
3
+
ca chitosan vi cc ion m t do khc trn enzym, l nhn t hnh
thnh lin kt hp ph hay ion.
Hiu sut c nh theo phng php hp ph c khuynh hng cao hn theo lin kt ion, cho php
thc hin trong iu kin nh nhng.
+ Khi so snh vi cc cht mang khc th chitosan c kh nng cha ng lng protein 10 -
30mg/g chitosan ...
1.6.4 ng dung trong cng nghip thc phm:
Chitosan c ngun gc t nhin, khng c v rt an ton cho ngi khi s dng lm thc phm
[28], [33]. Chitosan c nhng tnh cht rt c trng nh c kh nng khng khun, khng nm, to
mng, c kh nng hp th mu m khng hp th mi, hp th mt s kim loi nng., nn n c ng
dng rng ri trong cng nghip thc phm v dng bo qun thc phm.
- Do chitosan c tnh khng khun, khng ho tan trong nc, trong kim, ru v aceton nhng li
22

tan trong dung dch axit acetic long. Dng hn hp chitosan ha tan trong axit acetic long trng mng
trn tm knh hay tm nilon phng ri lm kh nhit 40-60C hoc phi nng khi kh bc ra ta
c mng mng chitosan. Mng mng ny c thay th polyetylen sn xut giy bng knh, lm
mng bao bc thc phm cao cp hoc bc lt cc linh kin khc.
- Chitosan bt c tnh ty mu m khng hp th mi v cc thnh phn khc nn ngi ta ng dng
n vo vic kh mu nc ung nng Ig chitosan bt cho lOOml nc ung.
- Chitosan dng lc trong cc loi nc p hoa qu, ru bia, nc ngt v c th ty lc cc
ngun nc thi cng nghip t cc nh my ch bin thc phm nh kh nng lm ng cc th l
lng, rn giu protein trong nc thi ca qu trnh ch bin tht, rau ci v cng ngh ch bin tm nh
kh nng kt dnh tt cc ion kim loi nng Hg, Pb... ca keo dng chitosan. V vy cc ion kim loi
trn b gi li m keo chitosan khng b keo t [33].
Dung dch keo chitosan c th bc ht Gel Alginat trong vic c nh t bo nm men ln men
ru v dch qu nhiu ln.
1.6.5 ng dung trong mt s" ngnh cng nihip khc:
* Trong cng nghip giy:
Ch cn b 1 % Chitin tnh theo trng lng vo bt giy cng lm tng sc do dai ca giy,
gim thi gian cn thit rt nc ra khi bt, gia tng s lng cht si trong giy. Nh cc nh
my c th dng dng t cht si hn nhng vn gi c phn tt ca giy. Loi giy c ch to bng
chitin d in hn loi giy bnh thng v kh rch hn khi b t nn c th c dng trong vic ch
to t lt thay cho tr em, khn giy v bao giy gi hng.
* Trong cng nghip dt:
- Chitin dng h vi, c nh hnh in hoa, mu sc. u im l lm cho vi hoa, t si bn mu,
bn si, chu c c xt mt ngoi th nh p.
- Chitosan l nguyn liu quan trng c dng h vi chng nc. Ho tan chitosan trong dung
dch CH3COOH long 1,5% dng vi acetat nhm v axit stearic em sn trn vi, khi kh to thnh
23

mng mng chc bn chu c nc, chng la, cch nhit, chu nng v chng thi, vi ny c s
dng sn xut vi bao dy in, nhng dng c bo h trong sn xut, nghin cu.
- T chitin c th sn xut ra si chitin theo phng php sn xut si keo dnh hoc acetat xellulose
ri cho tc dng vi cs
2
ch thnh Sulfonate. Sau qua nhng qu trnh lc ty bt thnh si chitin...
Si chitin c u im l chu c axit, nh sng, khng c hL.Nhng khuyt im l kh nhum, gi
thnh cao.
Dng trong m phm:
Chitosan dng lm cht ph gia, lm kem bi mt, thuc lm mm da, lm tng kh nng ho hp
sinh hc gia thuc v da, ch to thuc nh hnh tc, kem bi da lt mt.
T nm 1969: chitin d c dng nhiu trong k thut bo ch m phm. Vi hng ng n
trong kem v thuc bi ngoi da lm cho kem c li v nhng hng khc ang th nghim n trong
vic bo ch thuc tr st v sn mng tay. Chitosan c cho thm vo trong thuc gi u lm cho
nc long hn bng cch kho cc ion Fe, Ca,v Mg li vi nhau.
* Dng trong phim nh v mt s ngnh cng nghip khc:
Phim chitosan c nt cao, khng tan trong nc, axit nhng tan trong axit long nh axit acetic
.
Chitosan c dng lm mc in trong cng ngh in.
Chitin - chitosan lm tng bn g trong cng ngh ch bin g.
Hng k thut ca Matsushita cn dng chitosan trong vic ch to my pht
thanh.
Chitosan cn dng trong x l nc thi cng nghip, n c kh nng to phc vi kim loi nng
c hi, dng lc trong nc sch tiu dng, thanh lc nc nhim cht c hi v cht phng x do
chitosan kho cht cc ion kim loi nh: Hg, Pb v Uranium.
1.7 TNH HNH NGHIN cu NG DNG CA MNG CHITOSAN
24

1.7.1 Nghin cu trong nc:
Tc gi ng Th Anh o v Chu Trn Dim i (Khoa Cng Ngh Ho Hc V Du Kh -
Trng i Hc Bch Khoa TpHCM) nghin cu ch to mt s mng bn thm polysaccaride nh
CMC, Chitosan dng bao gi bo qun nhn trong mi trng c nng C2 cao hn mi trng kh
quyn [7]. Kt qu l nhn c bao gi bng mng bn thm vn gi c gi tr thng phm sau 45
ngy bo qun (ko di thi gian bo qun nhn ln gp 3-9 ln so vi cng iu kin bo qun khng
c bao b).
Cc nh khoa hc thuc Trng i Hc Khoa Hc T Nhin nghin cu dng mng mng
Chitosan ch ra cc dng sinh hot hng ngy nh cc, bt, da thc n, giy gi ko dng mt ln
th thy sau khi s dng ch cn b chng vo trong thng rc c nc l chng t phn hy trong mt
thi gian ngn [13].
Tc gi Bi Vn Min v Nguyn Anh Trinh (Khoa cng ngh thc phm trng i Hc Nng
Lm) nghin cu dng Chitosan to mng bao gi thc phm [2], [12]. Mng Chitosan c tnh
khng khun, tnh gi nc dng bao gi cc loi thc phm ti sng giu m nh c, tht... ng
thi, b sung ph gia l cc cht ho do (Ethylen Glycol - EG, Polyethylen Glycol - PEG) tng tnh
do dai v n hi cho mng. Cc tc gi ng dng mng ny bao gi xc xch th thy rng ngoi
vic gip cho sn phm xc xch c hnh dng p lp mng Chitosan ny cn c tc dng khng lm
mt mu v mi c trng ca xc xch.
Cc tc gi ny cng nghin cu dng v bc Chitosan bo qun cc loi thy sn ti v kh
[1]. Bo qun c ti bng Chitosan hn ch c hin tng mt nc v tn tht cht dinh dng ca
c khi cp ng v sau khi r ng. i vi thy sn kh nh c kh, c mc ... th tin hnh pha dung
dch Chitosan 2% trong dung dch axit acetic 1,5%. Sau nhng c kh v mc kh vo dung dch
c pha, lm kh bng cch sy nhit 30c c qut gi. Sn phm thu c c th bo qun tt
nhit bnh thng. Ty theo m ca c v mc m sn phm c thi gian bo qun khc nhau, vi
m 26 - 30%, c kh bo qun c 83 ngy, mc kh 85 ngy cn m 41 - 45% th c kh gi
25

c 17 ngy, mc kh gic 19 ngy.
- Tc gi Chu Vn Minh, Phm Hu in, ng Lan Hng, Trnh c Hng, Hong Thanh
Hng nghin cu dng mng Chitosan bo qun hoa qu ti [3], [4] th thy dng mng
Chitosan bo qun th thi gian bo qun hoa qu ko di hn so vi hoa qu ch c bo qun lnh.
Kim tra s" lng vi sinh vt th thy hoa qu c bo qun bng mng Chitosan c kh nng khng
khun rt tt.
1.7.2 Nghin cu ngoi nc:
Krasavtsev v cc cng tc vin nghin cu ng dng mng Chitosan lm bao gi bo
qun c v cc sn phm t c [45]. Ngi ta dng Chitosan c chit rt t cc ngun ph liu thy
sn khc nhau nh tm, cua, gh ln lt lm mng mng bao gi c th thy mng Chitosan chit rt t
v tm c dy, bn ko, n hi cao nht. Mng Chitosan gip cho sn phm gi nc rt tt v
gi c cc c tnh t nhin ca sn phm.
Attaya Kungsuwan v cc cng tc vin nghin cu s dng dung dch Chitosan (ho tan 5g
Chitosan trong 500 ml axit acetic %) lm bao gi bo qun c [27] th thy c c bo qun bng mng
Chitosan ko di thi gian bo qun ti 2 thng trong khi c khng c bo qun bng mng Chitosan
th thi gian bo qun ch ko di ti a 1 thng trong cng mt iu kin bo qun.
Blaise Ouattara v cc cng s nghin cu dng mng Chitosan bao gi tht th c th c ch
c s pht trin ca cc vi sinh vt gy thi ra nhm ko di thi gian bo qun tht v cc sn phm
t tht [29].
Lopez - Caballero v cc cng s nghin cu dng hn hp chitosan- gelatin bao gi bo qun
ch c th thy sau 20 ngy bo qun mi v ca ch c hu nh khng bin i nhiu v cc tnh cht
khc nh cng, c kt, mm do ... hu nh khng i [ 39]
Sobral v cc cng s nghin cu cc tnh cht c l ca mng Gelatin nh hng bi ngun
gc Gelatin v cht to do sorbitol. C th l khi tng hm lng sorbitol th tnh ngn cn thot hi
nc ca mng gim [40]. nh hng ca nng Gelatin s dng to mng v cc cht to do
khc nhau nh glycerol, PEG v EG c nghin cu vi nhiu nng khc nhau t 10 n 30 g/100 g
26

Gelatin [26], [32]. Vic nghin cu tnh cht ca mng to t hn hp Gelatin v mt s" polyme khc
cng c thc hin nh kt hp Gelatin vi carrageenan, tinh bt, alginate cho php chng ta thay i
tnh cht c hc, l hc ca mng, lm mng c bn thch hp, kh nng chu c hi m tt hn,
ph hp hn cho vic ng dng trong thc phm, thng c m cao [35].
1.8. GII THIU CHUNG V MNG CHITOSAN
Mng mng chitosan c mt vai tr ht sc quan trng, dng n bao bc thc phm s hn ch
kh nng mt nc cng nh khng s pht trin ca vi sinh vt ca thc phm trong qu trnh bo qun
lnh .
Chitosan c tc dng lm bt ng cc t bo vi trng ng vt hoc thc vt hay cc enzym.
l tnh khng khun, khng nm (chitosan b sung vo thc n gia sc s kch thch s pht trin ca vi
khun Bifido Bacterium trong rut, vi khun ny to ra enzym lactaza cn thit cho s tiu ho v cn tr
s sinh trng ca cc vi sinh vt khc). C ch khng khun ca chitosan vn cha chc chn. Tuy
nhin mt vi suy on tin cy xut kin rng:
27

- Chitosan s ly i t cc vi sinh vt ny cc ion quan trng v d nh ion Cu
++
. Nh vy vi
sinh vt s cht do mt cn bng cc ion quan trng .

Hnh 1.7 : Phn ng to phc gia ion Cu
++
v phn t chitosan (theo Kaminski v Modrjewska, 1997)
- Ngn chn ph hoi chc nng mng t bo
- Gy ra s tng hp ca polyelectrolyte vi polyme mang tnh cht axit trn b mt t bo vi
khun.
Nh vy vic dng mng chitosan bao bc thc phm c th ko di thi gian bo qun, gim s
thi hng do kh nng khng khun, khng nm ca n.
Mng mng chitosan c th ng dng rng ri trong ngnh cng nghip bao gi, bao b thc phm
v n c th thay th PE sn xut giy bng knh bao bc thc phm cao cp. c bit mng mng
chitosan cn c kh nng bo qun thc phm v thc phm ti sng. Ngoi ra ngi ta s dng
chitosan lm mng mng ph trn tri cy tng thi gian bo qun.
Mt khc hin nay nhim mi trng l vn bc xc ang c quan tm ca ton cu, ang
tm mi cch khc phc, nh lng rc thi, nc thi cng nghip ...Trong vt dng bao b t PE,
PVC,... m hng ngy thi ra mi trng mt lng rt ln v vic x l n rt phc tp, gy nhim
mi trng trm trng, ngoi ra nh hng n sc kho con ngi. Chnh v vy vic ng dng mng
mng chitosan trong cng nghip bao gi l ht sc quan trng .

28

Chng 2 I TNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN cu
2.1 I TNG NGHIN cu
2.1.1 Nguyn liu chnh:
i tng nghin cu l chitosan c chit tch t v tm s sau khi qua cng on kh
khong bng axit HC1, kh protein v deacetyl ha bng NaOH m c. Chitosan nghin cu c
cung cp bi trung tm ch bin i Hc Thy sn. Cc ch tiu cht lng ca chitosan nguyn liu:
- Mu sc, trng thi: trng, dng mnh.
- m : 11%
- Hm lng tro : 0,9%
- nht : 300 cps
- deacetyl (DD) : 95%
- tan : 99,8% (trong axit acetic 1%)
2.1.2 Nguyn liu phu:
Nguyn liu ph c s dng trong ti dng phi trn vi chitosan l gelatin v natri
benzoat.
Gelatin: sn phm do Php sn xut - c phn phi ti Vit Nam ti cng ty ha cht Thi Ha
- 138 T Hin Thnh qun 3 TPHCM.
Cc ch tiu cht lng ca gelatin:
- Mu sc, trng thi : mu vng nht, dng bt mn.
- tinh khit : 99%
- m : 12%
- ha tan : 100% trong nc nng (trn 30C).
Natri benzoat:
Cc ch tiu cht lng ca Natri benzoat:
- Mu sc, trng thi : mu trng, dng tinh th.
29

- tinh khit : 98%
2.2 PHNG PHP NGHIN cu
2.2.1 Phng php tao mng mng chitosan phi trn gelatin v natri benzoat:
Mng chitosan - gelatin c to ra bng phi trn chitosan (DD = 95%, M = 9.10
5
- 10
6
Dalton)
vi gelatin theo t l phi trn l 0/100, 80/20, 60/40, 40/60, 20/80, 0/100. B sung natri benzoat 0,05%;
0,1%; 0,15%; 0,2% ri ha tan trong dung dch axit acetic 1 %. Sau , dung dch ny s c rt vo
khun mica c din tch 30 cm X 30 cm. Da vo nguyn l bc hi, sau mt thi gian l 2 - 3 ngy ta
thu c mng mng trn tm mica. Tin hnh tch khun v em mng mng i bo qun v xc nh
cc ch tiu c l.
2.2.2 Xc inh cc ch tiu c lv:
2.2.2. Xc nh cc tnh cht c l ca mng nh sc cng ca mng (Tensile strength -
TS), gin ca mng (Elongation - E) c tin hnh o ti phng th nghim ca trung tm k thut
tiu chun o lng cht lng 3 - Quatest 3 trn my o Instron Model 5566 theo phng php th
ASTM D 882 - 02.
Cc mng ny c gi trong mi trng c nhit v m n nh trong thi gian 24h trc
khi tin hnh o. Mi trng phng th nghim c nhit l (253)c v m l (55 5) %.
2.2.2.2 Xc nh kh nng thm nc ca mng ( water vapor permeability -
WVP)
Phng php xc nh kh nng thm nc ca mng c xc nh nh sau: cc loi mng
chitosan phi trn ph liu c v khng c b sung cht khng khun thu c em kim tra kh nng
thm nc phi c gi trong iu kin n nh v nhit v m (t = 25 3c, cp = 55 5%)
trong thi gian l 24h. Sau thi gian ny em cc mng nay i cn v ghi nhn li khi lng ca tng
mng (ni|) ri c ngm trong nc trong thi gian lh. Sau lau kh tng mng bng giy ht nc
v cn li khi lng ca tng mng (m
2
). Kh nng thm nc ca tng mng s c tnh theo cng
thc sau:
m
2
- m ]
30

w
c
= -------------- ---------- X 100(%)
m,
Trong :
w
c
l kh nng thm nc ca mng (%)
ni], m
2
ln lt l khi lng ca mng trc v sau khi ngm trong nc (mg).
2.2.2.3 nh gi mu sc, trng thi ca mng:
Mu sc v trng thi ca mng c nh gi bng phng php cm quan.
2.2.3 Phng php kim tra kh nng khng khun ca mng: ri51. r201
Phng php kim tra kh nng khng khun ca mng c tin hnh nh sau:
- Ct mt mu nh mng c ng knh 17mm t cc mng cn kim tra.
- Thanh trng mi trng nui cy (mi trng MHA - Mueller Hinton Agar)
ri rt mi trng vo da petri. cy 0,1 ml dch cha vi sinh vt vi lng 10
5
10
6

cfu/ml (trong ti ny cn kim tra kh nng khng khun ca mng i vi 4 loi vi sinh vt l
Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhmurium, Escherichia coli, Vibrio parahaemolyticus vo mi
trng nui cy ri t tng mu mng ln trn mi trng.
- t da petri trong t m nhit 37c trong thi gian 24h. Tin hnh o vng khng khun
xung quanh mu, vng khng khun l vng trn sch (clear zone) xung quanh mng. ng knh vng
khng khun to thnh phi > 17mm th mi kt lun mng c tnh khng khun.
2.2.4. Phn tch ph hng ngoai ca mng:
Ph hng ngoi ca mng c phn tch ti phng th nghim trc thuc trung tm phn tch th
nghim TPHCM. Bc sng ca tia hng ngoi s dng t 500 - 4000 cm'
1
. My d s dng l my
TGS (Tri - Glycine - Sulfate).
2.2.5. Phn tch ph nhiu xa tia X:
Ph nhiu x tia X c phn tch ti Vin Ha Hc Du Kh trn my nhiu x tia X - Model
XPERT PRO (Philips).
2.2.6 Phng php b" tr th nghim la chon t l ph trn chtosan - gelatin t u:
31

Hnh 2.1: S b tr th nghim la chn t l phi trn chitosan-gelatin -benzoat
Chitosan / Gelatin T l 100/0; 80/20; 60/40; 40/60; 20/80; 0/100
To hn hp Chitosan / Gelatin c nng
Ho tan trong dung dch axit acetic 1 %

To mng mng
Lm kh nhit phng

Bo qun

Chon auv trnh t u

Xc nh cc ch tiu

Mu sc Sc cng gin thm

Kh nng Ph hng Ph
ca ca mng ca mng nc ca

khng khun ngoi nhiu x
mr)2 MPa) (%) mng (%)

ca mng

tia X
0 tun 2 tun 4 tun 8 tun 6 tun
32

Kt qu thu c 30 mng mng nh sau:
CG 1: mng chitosan - gelatin vi t l phi trn l 100/0.
CGB 1-1: mng chitosan - gelatin vi t l phi trn l 100/0 b sung 0,05% Natri benzoat.
CGB 3-1 : mng chitosan - gelatin vi t l phi trn l 60/40 b sung 0,05% Natri benzoat.
33

Cc mng mng thu c ny s c xc nh cc ch tiu sau:
- Ch tiu 1 (CT1): Sc cng ca mng.
- Ch tiu 2 (CT2): gin ca mng.
- Ch tiu 3 (CT3): Kh nng thm nc ca mng (WVP - water vapor permeability)
- Ch tiu 4 (CT4): Mu sc v trng thi ca mng.
- Ch tiu 5 (CT5): Kh nng khng khun ca mng i vi 4 loi vi khun l
Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhmurium, Escherichia coli, Vibrio
parahaemolyticus.
- Ch tiu 6 (CT6): Phn tch ph hng ngoi ca mng.
- Ch tiu 7 (CT7): Phn tch ph nhiu x tia X ca mng
Mi ch tiu c kim tra 3 ln, kt qu cui cng l gi tr trung bnh ca 3 ln kim tra (p
dng i vi cc CT1, CT2, CT3, CT4, CT5)
34

Bo qun
2.2.7 B" tr th nghim dng mng chitosan phi trn phu liu ti u bo qun
sn phm c ng ai dng fillet:
T 30 mng mng thu c sau khi em xc nh cc ch tiu chn ra c 2 mng
mng ti u l mng CG3, CGB3-2. Dng 2 mng mng ny th nghim bao gi sn phm
fillet c ng i dng.

_ - Nhit - 10c Thi gian 45 ngy
Xc nh mt s" ch tiu:
- Tng s vi khun hiu kh b mt.
- Hm lng histamin.
- Kh nng hn ch tn tht cht dinh dng.
Hnh 2.2: S b" tr th nghim dng mng mng ti u bo qun c ng i
dng
Sn phm fillet c ng i dng mua ti cng ty XNK Nam Trung B - ng 23/10
Nha Trang. Phi m ho nhit sn phm trong sut qu trnh ch hin k t khu tip nhn
nguyn liu cho n khi fillet ra sn phm nhit khng c vt qu 4c nhm hn ch s
pht trin histidine thnh histamin.

35

2.3 PHNG PHP X L S LIU THC NGHIM
S" liu thc nghim c x l theo phng php thng k ton hc trn phn
mm tin hc MS Excel 2000 [5].
Chng 3 KT QU NGHIN CU V THO LUN
3.1 XC NH NNG PHOI TRN CHITOSAN V GELATIN Ti u
3.1.1 Kt qu xc nh cc ch tiu c l ca cc loai mng mng thu c:
3.1.1.1 Kt qu nghin cu:
Mc ch ca ti l sn xut ra mng chitosan phi trn gelatin c cc tnh cht u
vit ca mng chitosan nh kh nng khng khun, khng nm, chng mt nc cho thc
phm trong qu trnh bo qun v c gi thnh ph hp, ta tin hnh phi trn
chitosan/gelatin cc t l phi trn 100/0, 80/20, 60/40, 40/60, 20/80, 0/100. tng cng
kh nng khng khun ca mng, ta phi trn thm natri benzoat cc t l 0,05%; 0,1%,
0,15%; 0,2%.
Bng 2.1: K hiu cc mu fillet c ng i dng nghin cu
STT Chun b cc mu fillet c ng i dng K hiu mu
1 Fillet c ng i dng khng bo qun, khng bao gi.
MB
2
Fillet c ng i dng khng bao gi, cp ng v bo qun - 10
trong thi gian 45 ngy.
Mf)
C

3
Fillet c ng i dng bao gi bng mng CG3 , cp ng v bo
qun - 10 trong thi gian 45 ngy.
M,
4
Fillet c ng i dng bao gi bng mng CGB 3-2, cp ng v
bo qun - 10 trong thi gian 45 ngy.
M
2

36

Sau khi to thnh mng mng kh tin hnh xc nh cc ch tiu c l ca mng nh
sc cng ca mng (MPa), gin ca mng (%). Kt qu o c trnh by trong bng 4.1
phn ph lc 4.
37

3.1.1.2 Nhn xt v tho lun:
Ch tiu bn ko:
- Theo chiu dc:

CG1 CG2 CG3 CG4 CG5 CG6 Mu kim tra
Hnh 3.1: th biu din sc cng ca cc loi mng chitosan
phi trn gelatin.
Trong cc mng chitosan phi trn gelatin em i kim tra sc cng, mng c G3 c bn ko
cao nht (80,7 MPa) v mng CG6 c bn ko thp nht (51,6 MPa). Mng chitosan ch b sung
ph liu l gelatin c sc cng tng dn theo t l b sung Ch/G l 100/0 (61,3 MPa), 80/20 (71,8
MPa), 60/40 (80,7 MPa) v bt u gim dn khi tng nng gelatin ln l Ch/G l 40/60 (60,3
MPa), 20/80 (52,2 MPa), 0/100 (51,6 MPa). So vi mng chitosan khng b sung gelatin (CG1),
mng c b sung gelatin c sc cng tng hn. S d nh vy l do chitosan khi kt hp vi gelatin
s xy ra tng tc gia nhm NH
3
+
ca chitosan vi cc nhm tch in m trong phn t gelatin
lm cho sc cng ca mng tng ln.
CQ 100 -I

38

Tc gi Qurashi v cc cng s (1992) nghin cu phi trn polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)
b sung vo mng chitosan cng theo t l phi trn 100/0, 80/20, 60/40, 40/60, 20/80, 0/100 th
thy bn ko ca mng c phi trn PVP gim dn khi t l phi trn PVP tng ln [48]. Mng
c bn ko cao nht l mng Ch/PVP l 100/0, bn ko ca mng gim dn khi t l phi
trn Ch/PVP tng dn v bn ko thp nht l mng 20/80.

Hnh 3.2: th biu din sc cng ca cc loi mng chitosan phi trn gelatin c b sung
natri benzoat 0,05%
Theo kt qu o sc cng ca mng chitosan phi trn gelatin c b sung cht khng khun
Natri Benzoat 0,05% trnh by trong th 3.2, ta thy rng sc cng o c cao nht l mng
CGB3-1 (51,1 MPa) v thp nht l mng CGB6-1 (33,3 MPa). Mng chitosan phi trn gelatin c
b sung Natri Benzoat 0,05% c sc cng tng dn theo t l b sung Ch/G l 100/0 (50,3 MPa),
80/20 (50,8 MPa), 60/40 (51,1 MPa) v bt u gim dn khi tng nng gelatin ln l Ch/G l
40/60 (44,5 MPa) 20/80 (43 MPa), 0/100 (33,3 MPa).

Mu kim tra
39

natri benzoat 0,1%
40/60 (48,2 MPa), 20/80 (40 MPa), 0/100 (33,1 MPa).

Mu kim tra
40

natri benzoat 0,15%
40/60 (28,4 MPa), 20/80 (24,4 MPa), 0/100 (23,2 MPa).

M u kim tra
41

28.4
26.6
30 1
a

25 -
0JD
c
'CS
20
a
S3
o
15 -
JD
s
10 -
>

<3
<z
5
5 -
0 -
CGB1-4 CGB2-4 CGB3-4 CGB4-4 CGB5-4
CGB6-4 Mu kim tra
Hnh 3.5: Biu din bn ko theo chiu dc ca cc loi mng
chitosan phi trn gelatin c b sung natri benzoat 0,2%
40/60 (22,7 MPa), 20/80 (19,3 MPa), 0/100 (16,2 MPa).
42

Kt lun
T kt qu o sc cng ca cc mng chitosan phi trn gelatin c b sung cht khng
khun Natri Benzoat theo t l 0,05%; 0,1%; 0,15%; 0,2% trnh by t th 3.1 - 3.5 ta thy rng
sc cng ca mng khng nhng ph thuc vo hm lng gelatin m cn ph thuc vo nng
cht khng khun b sung vo. Sc cng ca mng tng khi tng nng cht khng khun t
0,05% ln 0,1% nhng khi nng cht khng khun b sung vo cao hn (0,15 - 0,2%) th sc
cng ca mng li gim. iu ny c th l gii rng do s b sung thm Natri Benzoat, cc phn
t cht ny cnh tranh gc NH
3
+
ca phn t chitosan lm thay i cu trc chitosan lm cho lin
kt gia chitosan v gelatin thay i dn n bn ko theo chiu dc ca mng chitosan phi
trn gelatin c b sung Natri Benzoat gim.
Kt qu ny ph hp vi nghin cu ca tc gi nh Cagri v cc cng s (2001) l cc tc
nhn khng khun thm vo s lm thay i cc tnh cht c l ca mng [59]. Pranoto v cc cng
tc vin (2005) nghin cu b sung mt s tc nhn khng khun nh du ti, potassium sorbate,
nisin vo mng chitosan th cng thy cc tc nhn khng khun ny lm thay i cc tnh cht c
l ca mng v nng cht khng khun phi trn vo cng cao th sc cng ca mng cng gim
[41 ]. iu ny ph hp vi kt qu nghin cu ca lun vn ny.
Nu so snh sc cng ca tng loi mng chitosan phi trn gelatin vi mng c b sung
cht khng khun theo cc t l phi trn khc nhau ta c kt qu trnh by trong Bng 3.1
Bng 3.1 : So snh sc cng ca mng chitosan - gelatin vi mng chitosan - gelatin -
benzoat.
43

Theo kt qu trnh by trong bng 3.1 ta thy mng c b sung cht khng khun cng
nhiu th sc cng ca mng cng gim. S d nh vy l do nng cht khng khun cng
cao s xy ra tng tc gia nhm - NH
2
ca chitosan vi nhm chc nng ca tc nhn
khng khun gp phn ni lng cu trc mch lm cho bn ko theo chiu dc ca mng
gim.
^ XT l Ch/G Mc
gim ( %j
s
\
100/0 80/20 60/40 40/60 20/80 0/100
Mng c b sung Natri
Benzoat 0,05%
16,6 17,1 36,6 38,1 17,6 34,4
Mng c b sung Natri
Benzoat 0,1%
9,7 10,7 31,3 32,8 23,3 35,8
Mng c b sung Natri
Benzoat 0,15%
46,6 43,8 51,7 60,4 53,2 55,1
Mng c b sung Natri
Benzoat 0,2%
57,2 56,6 64,8 68,3 63,1 68,6
44

1.3
2.8
Ch tiu gin ca mng - %
2.7
2.3
2.
1
2.
2
I
15
=
s 1
0.
0 CG1 CG2 CG3 CG4 CG5 CG6 Mu kim tra
Hnh 3.6: th biu din gin ca cc loi mng chitosan c phi
trn gelatin.
Trong cc mng chitosan phi trn gelatin em i kim tra gin, mng CG3 c gin
theo chiu dc cao nht (2,8%) v thp nht l mng CG6 (1,3%). gin theo chiu dc ca mng
gim dn khi t l gelatin b sung vo tng dn. T l gelatin b sung vo cng cao th gin theo
chiu dc ca mng cng gim.
Kt qu ny ph hp vi nghin cu ca cc tc gi Qurashi v cc cng s (1992) nghin
cu phi trn polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) b sung vo mng chitosan cng theo t l phi trn
100/0, 80/20, 60/40, 40/60, 20/80, 0/100 th thy gin ca mng c phi trn PVP gim dn khi
t l phi trn PVP tng ln. Mng c gin cao nht l mng c t l phi trn Ch/PVP l 100/0,
gin ca mng gim dn khi t l phi trn Ch/PVP tng dn v gin thp nht l mng
0/100.
45

2.2
a 1 R o
a
a
O'
1
s 0.5
0
2.8

2.3

1.9
/CS

-1 I I I I I
CGB1-1 CGB2-1 CGB3-1 CGB4-1 CGB5-1 CGB6-1

Mu kim tra
Hnh 3.7: th biu din gin ca cc loi mng chitosan phi trn gelatin c b sung
Natri benzoat 0,05%.
Theo kt qu o gin ca mng chitosan phi trn gelatin c b sung cht khng
khun Natri Benzoat 0,05% trnh by trong th 3.7, ta thy rng gin o c cao nht
l mng CGB1-1 (2,8%) v thp nht l mng CGB6-1 (1,9%). gin theo chiu dc ca
mng gim dn khi t l gelatin b sung vo tng dn. T l gelatin b sung vo cng cao th
gin theo chiu dc ca mng cng gim.
46

2.2
2.1
1.9 1.9

n I I I I I
CGB1-2 CGB2-2 CGB3-2 CGB4-2 CGB5-2 CGB6-2 Mail kim tra
Natri benzoat 0,1%.
Theo kt qu o gin ca mng chitosan phi trn gelatin c b sung cht khng
khun Natri Benzoat 0,1 % trnh by trong th 3.8, ta thy rng gin o c cao nht
l mng CGB1-2 (2,2%) v thp nht l mng CGB6-2 (1,9%). gin theo chiu dc ca
mng gim dn khi t l gelatin b sung vo tng dn. T l gelatin b sung vo cng cao th
gin theo chiu dc ca mng cng gim.

2.5
1 2
JD

S

i
1.5
CQ

o
c
1
o

<
o-
0.5

0
47

CGB1-3 CGB2-3 CGB3-3 CGB4-3 CGB5-3 CGB6-3
Mu kim tra
Hnh 3.9: th biu din gin ca cc loi mng chitosan phi trn gelatin c b sung Natri
benzoat 0,15%.
Theo kt qu o gin ca mng chitosan phi trn gelatin c b sung cht khng khun
Natri Benzoat 0,15 % trnh by trong th 3.9, ta thy rng gin o c cao nht l mng
CGB1-3 (5,8%) v thp nht l mng CGB6-3 (4%). gin theo chiu dc ca mng gim dn
khi t l gelatin b sung vo tng dn. T l gelatin b sung vo cng cao th gin theo chiu
dc ca mng cng gim.
5.8
5.4
5.2
4.9
4.2

7

6

1
&
5

4
a

u 3
e

uy
2
<
o-

Q

1

0

CGB1-4 CGB2-4 CGB3-4 CGB4-4 CGB5-4 CGB6-4 Mau kim tra
Natri benzoat 0,2%.
Theo kt qu o gin ca mng chitosan phi trn gelatin c b sung cht khng khun
Natri Benzoat 0,2 % trnh by trong th 3.10, ta thy rng gin o c cao nht l mng
CGB1-4 (17,3%) v thp nht l mng CGB6-4 (5,8%). gin theo chiu dc ca mng gim
dn khi t l gelatin b sung vo tng dn. T l gelatin b sung vo cng cao th gin theo
chiu dc ca mng cng gim.
Kt lun:
T kt qu o gin ca cc mng chitosan phi trn gelatin c b sung cht khng
khun Natri Benzoat theo t l 0,05%; 0,1%; 0,15%; 0,2% trnh by t th 3.6 - 3.10 ta thy
rng gin ca mng khng nhng ph thuc vo hm lng gelatin m cn ph thuc vo
nng cht khng khun b sung vo. gin ca mng tng dn khi nng cht khng
khun tng ln. iu ny c th l gii l do khi c mt cc tc nhn khng khun vi nng
cng cao s gp phn ko di trong lng phn t ca mng, ni lng cu trc cht ch ca mng

49

lm cho gin ca mng tng ln nhng mng li km bn v mt c hc hn.
Kt qu ny ph hp vi nghin cu ca tc gi nh Cagri v cc cng s (2001) l cc
tc nhn khng khun thm vo s lm thay i cc tnh cht c l ca mng [59]. Pranoto v cc
cng tc vin (2005) nghin cu b sung mt s" tc nhn khng khun nh du ti, potassium
sorbate, nisin vo mng chitosan th cng thy cc tc nhn khng khun ny lm thay i cc
tnh cht c l ca mng v nng cht khng khun phi trn vo cng cao th gin ca
mng cng tng [41]. iu ny ph hp vi kt qu nghin cu ca lun vn ny.
Nu so snh gin ca tng loi mng chitosan phi trn ph liu gelatin vi cc loi
mng c b sung Natri Benzoat theo t l phi trn khc nhau ta c kt qu trnh by trong Bng
3.2.
Bng 3.2 : So snh gin theo chiu dc ca mng chitosan - gelatin vi mng
chitosan - gelatin - benzoat
50

Theo kt qu trnh by trong Bng 3.2 ta thy mng c b sung cht khng khun
cng nhiu th gin theo chiu dc ca mng cng tng. S d nh vy l do nng cht
khng khun cng cao gp phn ni lng cu trc mch, ko di phn t mch lm cho dn
ca mng tng.
\ T l Ch/G Mc
gim (%>v
100/0 80/20 60/40 40/60 20/80 0/100
Mng c b sung Natri
Benzoat 0,05%
0 14,8 4,3 9,1 4,6 +46,1
Mng c b sung Natri
Benzoat 0,1%
21,4 22,2 13,1 9,1 9,5 +46,1
Mng c b sung Natri
Benzoat 0,15%
+107,1 + 100 + 126,1 +122,7 +100 +207,7
Mng c b sung Natri
Benzoat 0,2%
+517,8 +500 +565,2 +463,6 +333,3 +346,1
51

450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
3.1.2Kt qu xc inh kh nng thm nc ca mng:
Kt qu xc nh thm nc ca mng c trnh by Bng 4.2 trong ph lc 4.
425
250
- 175 180
50
CG1 CG2 CG3 CG4 CG5 CG6 Mu kim tra
Hnh 3.11: th biu din thm nc ca cc loi mng chitosan
c phi trn gelatin.
Qua kt qu nghin cu kh nng thm nc ca cc loi mng chitosan phi trn Gelatin
ta thy kh nng thm nc ca mng ph thuc vo nng gelatin. Cc mng c nng
gelatin cng cao th kh nng thm nc ca mng cng cao v gelatin c tnh cht ht nc
trng n [23], [40]. Kh nng thm nc ca mng chitosan phi trn gelatin thp nht l mng
CG1 (175%), mc thm nc ca mng tng dn v cao nht mng CG4 (425%). Cc mng
CG5 v CG6 do nng phi trn gelatin kh cao nn ht nc trng n v hu nh tan trong
nc nn khng xc nh c kh nng thm nc ca mng ny.
450
52

0
320
250
200
CGBl-1 CGB2-1 CGB3-1 CGB4-1 CGB5-1 CGB6-1 Mau kim tra
Hnh 3.12: th biu din mc thm nc ca cc mng chitosan phi
trn gelatin c b sung Natri Benzoat 0,05%
Theo kt qu o kh nng thm nc ca mng chitosan phi
trn gelatin c b sung cht khng khun natri benzoat 0,05% trnh by
trong th 3.12 ta thy rng kh nng thm nc thp nht l mng CGB1-1 (200%), mc
thm nc ca mng tng dn v cao nht mng CGB4-1 (450%). Cc mng CGB5-1 v
CGB6-1 do nng phi trn gelatin kh cao nn ht nc trng n v hu nh tan trong nc
nn khng xc nh c kh nng thm nc ca mng ny.
53

/
5
CJ
0
1
3
-4-i
I
c
CGB1-2
CGB2-2 CGB32 CGB4-2 CGB5-2 CGB6-2 Mau kim tra
Hnh 3.13: th biu din mc thm nc ca cc mng chitosan phi trn gelatin c b
sung Natri Benzoat 0,1%
Theo kt qu o kh nng thm nc ca mng chitosan phi trn gelatin c b sung
cht khng khun natri benzoat 0,1% trnh by trong th 3.13 ta thy rng kh nng thm
nc thp nht l mng CGB1-2 (280%), mc thm nc ca mng tng dn v cao nht
mng CGB4-2 (480%). Cc mng CGB5-2 v CGB6-2 do nng phi trn gelatin kh cao
nn ht nc trng n v hu nh tan trong nc nn khng xc nh c kh nng thm
nc ca mng ny.
54

CGBl-3 CGB2-3 CGB3-3 CGB4-3 CGB5-3 CGB6-3 Mu kim tra
Hnh 3.14: th biu din mc thm nc ca cc mng chitosan phi trn gelatin c b
sung Natri benzoat 0,15%
mng CGB4-3 (500%). Cc mng CGB5-3 v CGB6-3 do nng phi trn gelatin kh cao
nc ca mng ny.

'd

ce
*?.

'

<5
-

>

-
55

CGB1-4 CGB2-4 CGB3-4 CGB4-4 CGB5-4 CGB6-4 Mu kim tra
Hnh 3.15: Biu biu din mc thm nc ca cc mng chitosan phi trn gelatin c
b sung Natri benzoat 0,2%
mng CGB4-4 (550%). Cc mng CGB5-4v CGB6-4 do nng phi trn gelatin kh cao
nc ca mng ny.

56

Kt lun
Kt qu nghin cu kh nng thm nc ca cc loi mng chitosan phi trn ph liu Gelatin
c b sung cht khng khun Natri benzoat nng 0,05%, 0,1%, 015%, 0,2% ta thy kh nng
thm nc ca mng ph thuc vo nng gelatin v nng cht khng khun. Cc mng c
nng gelatin cng cao th kh nng thm nc ca mng cng cao v gelatin c tnh cht ht nc
trng n [23, 40]. Mng Chitosan - Gelatin c b sung cht khng khun th nng cht khng
khun cng cao th kh nng thm nc ca mng cng tng l do khi c mt cc tc nhn khng
khun s gp phn ko di trong lng phn t ca mng, ni lng cu trc cht ch ca mng lm
cho mng c kh nng ht nc d dng hn.
3.1.3. Kt qu xc nh tnh khng khun ca cc mng mng chtosan phi
trn gelatin c b sung Natri benzoat:
Kt qu:
Bng 3.3: ng knh vng khng khun - Clear zone (mm) ca cc mu mng
em kim tra
57

\ Vi sinh vt
Mu \
S. aureus
(Gram +)
s.typhimurium
(Gram -)
V. parahaemolyticus
Gram -)
E.coli (Gram -)
V.
khng
khun
V.
tip
xc
V. khng
khun
V.
tip
xc
V. khng
khun
V. tip
xc
V. khng
khun
V. tip
xc
CG1 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 +
CG2 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 +
CG3 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 +
CG4 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 +
CG5 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 -
CG6 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 -
CGB1-1 19,55 + 18,22 + 18,23 + 18,18 +
CGB2-1 19,32 + 18,16 + 18,18 + 18,06 +
CGB3-1 18,55 + 17,74 + 17,78 + 17,68 +
CGB4-1 18,20 + 17,32 + 17.39 + 17,22 +
CGB5-1 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 -
CGB6-1 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 -
CGB1-2 20,15 + 18,67 + 18,69 + 18,66 +
CGB2-2 20,02 + 18,55 + 18,60 + 18,37 +
58

V. khng khun l Vng khng khun: l ng knh vng trn sch - Clear zone xung quanh
mng (mm)
V. tip xc l Vng tip xc: l vng tip xc gia mng v b mt agar trong
vng tip xc, vi sinh vt khng pht trin trong vng tip xc, vi sinh
vt pht trin
CGB3-2 19,32 + 17,97 + 18,02 + 17,92 +
CGB4-2 18,55 + 17,78 + 17,83 + 17,72 +
CGB5-2 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 -
CGB6-2 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 -
CGB1-3 20,32 + 18,84 + 18,88 + 18,78 +
CGB2-3 20,14 + 18,68 + 18.72 + 18,60 +
CGB3-3 19,62 + 18,14 + 18,19 + 17,98 +
CGB4-3 18.76 + 17,92 + 17,98 + 17,88 +
CGB5-3 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 -
CGB6-3 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 -
CGB1-4 20,24 + 18,72 + 18,76 + 18,68 +
CGB2-4 20,08 + 18,63 + 18,68 + 18,58 +
CGB3-4 19.56 + 18,06 + 18,12 + 18,02 +
CGB4-4 18,54 + 17,85 + 17,92 + 17,83 +
CGB5-4 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 -
CGB6-4 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 -
Trong
59

Tho lun:
T kt qu thu c trnh by bng 3.3, vi vi khun ch th l Staphyococcus aureus ta nhn
thy rng cc mng c b sung cht khng khun u c tc dng c ch i vi Staphylococcus
aureus ngoi tr mng CGB5-1, CGB6-1, CGB5-2, CGB6-2, CGB5-3, CGB6-3, CGB5-4, CGB6-4
do t l phi trn gelatin cao nn hu nh tan vo mi trng v kt qu l khng to c vng
khng khun lm cho vi sinh vt mc trn ln. i vi cc mng chitosan phi trn gelatin t
CGlcho n CG4 tuy khng to vng khng khun, nhng Staphylococcus aureus khng pht trin
trong vng tip xc. Nng cht khng khun b sung vo mng cao th kh nng khng khun
ca mng cng cao, ng knh vng khng khun cng ln. Nhng khi tng nng cht khng
khun Natri benzoat cao hn 0,15% th kh nng khng khun ca mng li gim xung. Vng
khng khun ln nht l mng CGB1-3 vi d = 20,32 mm, mng c vng khng khun nh nht l
mng CGB4-1 vi d = 19,36 mm.
Kt qu ny ph hp vi kt qu nghin cu ca Pranoto v cc cng tc vin (2005) nghin
cu b sung mt s tc nhn khng khun nh du ti, kali sorbat, nisin vo mng chitosan [41] th
cng thy cc tc nhn khng khun ny u c kh nng c ch cao i vi vi khun ch th
Staphylococcus aureus. Tuy nhin khi nng Nisin cao hn 102xl0
3
IU/g chitosan, nng du ti
cao hn 300/g chitosan, nng kali sorbat cao hn 100 mg/g chitosan th kh nng khng khun
ca mng cng gim xung. S d nh vy l do khi tng nng cht khng khun s xy ta s
tng tc ha hc gia nhm NH
3
+
ca chitosan vi cc nhm chc nng ca cht khng khun v
kt qu l cn tr s phn tn cht khng khun c ch vi sinh vt xung quanh mng. Kt qu
ny hon ton ph hp vi kt qu nghin cu trong lun vn.
Vi vi khun ch th l Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Vibrio parahaemolticus tuy
khng pht trin trong vng tip xc, nhng khng c vng khng khun xung quanh mng t CG1
n CG4. Cc mng b sung natri benzoat cng c kh nng c ch Salmonella typhmurium,
Escherichia coli, Vibrio parahaemolyticus ngoi tr mng CGB5-1, CGB6-1, CGB5-2, CGB6-2,
60

CGB5-3, CGB6-3, CGB5-4, CGB6-4 do do t l phi trn gelatin cao nn hu nh tan vo mi
trng v kt qu l khng to c vng khng khun lm cho vi sinh vt mc trn ln. Nng
cht khng khun b sung vo mng cao th kh nng khng khun ca mng cng cao, ng knh
vng khng khun cng ln. Nhng khi tng nng cht khng khun Natri benzoat cao hn
0,15% th kh nng khng khun ca mng li gim xung. Mng CGB1-3 c ch Salmonella
typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Vibrio parahaemolvticus tt nht to c vng khng khun tng
ng l 18,84; 18,78; 18,88 mm cn c ch 3 loi vi khun ny thp nht l mng CGB4-1 vi ng
knh vng khng khun to thnh tng ng l 17,34 ; 17,22 ; 17,39 mm.
Kt qu ny cng ph hp vi kt qu nghin cu ca Pranoto v cc cng tc vin (2005)
nghin cu b sung mt s tc nhn khng khun nh du ti, kali sorbat, nisin vo mng chitosan
[41] th cng thy cc tc nhn khng khun ny u c kh nng c ch i vi 3 loi vi khun ch
th Salmonella typhmurium, Escherichia coli, Vibrio parahaemolticus nhng kh nng c ch km
hn vi khun Staphylococcus aureus. Kt qu l ng knh vng khng khun to ra b hn.
Natri Benzoat th hin kh nng c ch tt vi c vi khun Gram + v Gram - nhng kh nng
c ch ca benzoat i vi Gram + vn tt hn i vi Gram iu ny th hin r nt qua vic to
thnh vng khng khun vi khun Gram + ln hn vi khun Gram-. S d chitosan c kh nng
khng khun tt vi vi khun
Gram + hn vi khun Gram- l do s khc nhau v thnh phn cu to v cu trc t bo ca 2 loi
vi khun ny v vi khun Gram+ nhy cm vi cc tc nhn khng khun hn.
Bn thn chitosan cng c tnh khng khun, vng tip xc ca mng chitosan phi trn
gelatin t CG1 n CG4 cc vi khun kim tra khng pht trin, nhng khng to ra vng khng
khun-Clear Zone. S d nh vy l do chitosan dng tinh th rn nn ch nhng vi sinh vt no
trc tip tip xc c vi nhm hot ng ca chitosan th mi b c ch. Cn bn thn chitosan
khng c kh nng khuch tn vo mi trng Agar. Cn khi chitosan kt hp vi tc nhn khng
khun n s khuch tn xuyn qua mi trng nui cy, c ch vi sinh vt v kt qu to ra vng
61

khng khun.
Nhn chung, vi cc loi vi khun kim tra, chng u b c ch bi cc mng b sung
benzoat. cn ch nng cht khng khun b sung vo pht huy mnh nht kh nng
khng khun ca mng.
3.1.4 Kt qu nh gi mu sc v trang thi ca cc mng mng chitosan phi trn phu
liu theo t l khc nhau:
Cc mng chitosan phi trn gelatin sn xut ra quan st s bin i v mu sc, trng thi
trong thi gian bo qun ln lt l 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 tun.
Kt qu xc nh mu sc v trng thi ca mng c trnh by Bng 3.4 n Bng 3.8
62
Bng 3.4: Kt qu xc nh mu sc v trng thi ca cc mng mng chitosan phi trn gelatin

ST
T
M
u

Thi gian quan st (tun)
0 2 4 6 8
Mu sc Trng thi Mu sc Trng thi Mu
sc
Trng
thi
Mu sc Trng
thi
Mu
sc
Trng
thi
1 CG1 Trng, dai, chc Trng, dai, chc Trng, dai, chc Trng, dai ,chc Hi ng dai, chc

trong

trong

trong

trong

2 CG2 Trng, dai, chc Trng, dai, chc Trng, dai, chc Trng, dai chc Hi ng dai, chc

trong

trong

trong

trong

3 CG3 Trng, dai, chc Trng, dai, chc Trng, dai, chc Trng, dai chc Hi ng dai

trong

trong

trong

trong

4 CG4 Trng, dai Trng, dai Trng, dai Trng, dai Trng, dai

trong

trong

trong

trong

trong

5 CG5 Trng, dai Trng, hi gin Trng, hi gin Trng, hi gin Hi ng hi gin

trong

trong

trong

trong

6 CG6 Trng, dai Trng, hi gin Trng, hi gin Trng, hi gin Hi ng hi gin

trong

trong

trong

trong

Bng 3.5: Kt qu xc nh mu sc v trng thi ca cc mng mng chitosan phi trn gelatin b sung Natri benzoat 0,05%
63

ST
T
M
u

0 2 4 6 8
Mu
sc
Trng
thi
Mu sc Trng
thi
Mu
sc
Trng
thi
Mu sc Trng
thi
Mu
sc
Trng
thi
1 CGB1-1 Trng, dai, do Trng, dai, do Trng, dai, do Trng, dai , do Hi ng dai, do

trong

trong

trong

trong

2 CGB2-1 Trng, dai, do Trng, dai, do Trng, dai, do Trng, dai, do Hi ng dai, do

trong

trong

trong

trong

3 CGB3-1 Trng, dai, do Trng, dai, do Trng, dai, do Trng, dai, do Hi ng dai

trong

trong

trong

trong

4 CGB4-1 Trng, hi dai, Trng, hi dai, Trng, hi dai, Trng, hi dai, Trng, hi dai,

trong do trong do trong do trong do trong do
5 CGB5-1 Trng, hi dai, Trng, hi dai, Trng, hi gin Trng, hi gin Hi ng hi gin

trong do trong do trong

trong



trong

64

ST
T
M
u

0 2 4 6 8
Mu
sc
Trng
thi
Mu sc Trng
thi
Mu
sc
Trng
thi
Mu sc Trng
thi
Mu
sc
Trng
thi

trong

trong

trong

trong


trong

trong

trong

trong


trong

trong

trong

trong




trong



trong

65

ST
T
M
u

0 2 4 6 8
Mu
sc
Trng
thi
Mu sc Trng
thi
Mu
sc
Trng
thi
Mu sc Trng
thi
Mu
sc
Trng
thi

trong

trong

trong

trong


trong

trong

trong

trong


trong

trong

trong

trong




trong



trong

66

ST
T
M
u

0 2 4 6 8
Mu
sc
Trng
thi
Mu sc Trng
thi
Mu
sc
Trng
thi
Mu sc Trng
thi
Mu
sc
Trng
thi

trong

trong

trong

trong


trong

trong

trong

trong


trong

trong

trong

trong




trong



trong

67

Tho lun
Nhn chung, sau thi gian bo qun 8 tun iu kin m mi trng, nhit phng,
cc mng thay i mu sc khng nhiu, t mu trng, trong chuyn sang mu hi ng. Mng
c to ra theo phng php trong lun vn ny c mu sc ban u kh p, mng trng trong
v dai chc. dy ca mng khong 20 -- 30 |am. bn ca cc mng sau thi gian bo
qun 8 tun cha quan st thy c thay i no ng k.
Kt lun
Sau khi tin hnh kim tra cc tnh cht c l cng nh tnh khng khun ca cc mng
chitosan, nhn chung, ch c cc mng c b sung cht khng khun Natri Benzoat c tnh khng
khun tt vi c 4 loi vi khun th nghim l Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhmurium,
Escherichia coll, Vibrio parahaemolyticus trong khi cc tnh cht c l ca phn ln mng to
thnh kh tt. Cc mng c b sung Natri Benzoat cng nhiu th cc tnh cht c l cng gim.
chnh l nguyn nhn gii thch v sao phi la chn nng cht khng khun b sung vo
sao cho va m bo tnh khng khun cao va m bo tnh cht c l khng gim qu nhiu.
Cn c vo cc ch tiu xc nh nh sc cng ca mng, gin ca mng, kh nng
thm nc ca mng, kh nng khng khun, mu sc v trng thi ca mng sau 8 tun bo
qun cng nh gi thnh phi m bo tnh kinh t ca 30 mng mng Chitosan phi trn gelatin
c b sung cht khng khun Natri Benzoat theo t l 0,05%; 0,1%; 0,15%; 0,2% chn ra
nng phi trn cht khng khun ti u l 0,1% v t l phi trn Ch/G/B ti u l
60/40/0,1% tng ng vi mng CGB3-2.
Vy:
Cn c vo cc ch tiu xc nh nh sc cng ca mng, gin ca mng, kh
nng thm nc ca mng, kh nng khng khun, mu sc v trng thi ca mng sau 8 tun
bo qun cng nh gi thnh phi m bo tnh kinh t ca 30 mng mng Chitosan phi trn
ph liu gelatin c v khng c b sung cht khng khun chn ra 2 mng mng ti u l:
Mng CG3 c t l phi trn Ch/G l 60/40 vi cc thng s" c trnh by trong Bng
68

3.9 sau:

Mng CGB3-2 c t l phi trn Ch/G l 60/40 c b sung Natri benzoat nng 0,1%
vi cc thng s c trnh by trong Bng 3.10 sau:
Bng 3.10: Cc thng s" ca mng CGB3-2
Bng 3.9: Cc thng s ca mng CG3
Tn mng
Cc ch tiu
CG3
(T l phi trn Ch/G l 60/40)
Sc cng ca mng (MPa) 80,7
gin ca mng (%) 2,3
Kh nng thm nc - Water vapor 250
permeability (%)

> ng knh vng khng khun (mm)

- i vi Staphylococcus aureus 0
- Escherichia coli 0
- Salmonella typhmurium 0
Vibrio parahaemolyticus 0
Mu sc v trng thi ca mng:

- 0 tun - Trng trong, dai chc.
- Sau 8 tun - Hi ng, dai chc
69

3.2 KT QU PHN TCH PH HNG NGOI CA MNG (FTIR - FOURIER
TRANSFORM INFRARED)
Tin hnh phn tch ph hng ngoi trn 2 mng mng ti u l CG2 v CGB3-2 ri so snh
vi 2 mng i chng l mng CG1 (mng chitosan) v mng CG6 (mng gelatin) ta c kt
qu nh sau:
Tn mng
Cc ch tiu
CGB3-2
(T l phi trn Ch/G l 60/40 c b sung
Natri Benzoat nng 0,1%)
Sc cng ca mng (MPa) 55,4
gin ca mng (%) 2,0
Kh nng thm nc - Water vapor 350
permeability (%)

** ng knh vng khng khun (mm)

- i vi Staphylococcus aureus 19,32
- Escherichia coli 17,92
Salmonella typhmurium 17,97
Vibrio parahaemolyticus 19,67
Mu sc v trng thi ca mng:

- 0 tun - Trng trong, dai chc.
- Sau 8 tun - Hi ng, dai chc
70

8 s s ? s
c O ^ (D n v <p
3 8 ^ & s
I
-- 1
71

2500 2000
VVavenumber cm-1
72

Tho lun:
Phn tch ph FTIR (ph hng ngoi) cho ta thng tin v lin kt ca chitosan vi cc
cht phi trn to thnh mng. Quan st ph hng ngoi ca 4 mng nh trong hnh 3.21 ta thy
gm 3 peak chnh l peak 3447 cm'
1
, peak 1558 - 1645 cm"
1
, peak 1414 cm' . Peak 3447cm'
1

cho bit s dui ca nhm - OH v nhm - NH. Peak 1558 -1645 cho bit s dui ca nhm -
NH
2
v peak 1414 tng ng vi s dui ra ca nhm - coo.
Tng tc ca benzoat vi chitosan/gelatin th s lm tng cng mt s peak 1558 -
1645 cm
1
v peak 1414 cm
-1
v xut hin thm mt s peak mi. T kt qu ny th hin s
tng tc rt phc tp gia chitosan, gelatin v benzoat.
T kt qu ph hng ngoi phn tch ra ta thy c s kt hp gia nhm amino ca phn t
chitosan vi nhm cacboxyl ca phn t gelatin v Natri benzoat lm cho cu trc mng cht ch
hn. Chnh s kt hp gia chitosan v gelatin cng nh vi tc nhn khng khun Natri benzoat
s lm thay i cc tnh cht c hc, tnh cht vt l ca mng chitosan v lm gim tnh cht
khng khun ca mng.
Cc tc gi Pranoto v cc cng tc vin (2005) cng tin hnh phn tch ph hng ngoi ca
mng chitosan b sung tc nhn khng khun l du ti, potassium sorbate, nisin cc nng
khc nhau [41] th cng thy rng tt cc cc ph u c 3 peak chnh l 3400 cm'
1
tng ng
vi s dui ca nhm - OH v - NH, peak 1550 - 1590 tng ng vi s dui ca nhm - NH
2
v
peak 1400 cho bit s dui ca nhm - cocr. Ph hng ngoi ca mng chitosan kt hp du ti
cho thy khng c s thay i cu trc ca chitosan ngha l khng c s kt hp gia nhm
hot ng ca du ti vi nhm chc nng ca chitosan. Ph hng ngoi ca mng chitosan kt
hp kali sorbat th thy c s thay i cu trc tng ng vi peak 1638 cm'
1
, gia tng nng
kali sorbat th thy c s tng tc gia nhm - NH
2
ca chitosan v nhm - coo ca sorbat. Ph

1 Mng CGB3-2 (Ch/G/B = 60/40/0.01%) 2. Mng CG3 (Ch/G =
60/40)
3. Mng CG6 (mng gelatin) 4. Mng CG1 (mng chitosan)
73

hng ngoi ca mng chitosan kt hp nisin th thy c s thay i cu trc tng ng vi peak
1638 cm , gia tng nng nisin th thy c s tng tc gia nhm - NH
2
ca chitosan v
nhm chc nng ca nisin v kt qu lm tng cng peak. Kt qu ny ph hp vi kt qu
nghin cu ca lun vn ny.
3.3 KT QU PHN TCH XRD
Tin hnh phn tch XRD - X-ray diactograms ti phng th nghim trc thuc trung
tm phn tch th nghim - 2 Nguyn Vn Th ta c kt qu nh sau trnh by trong hnh 3.17
nh sau:

Hnh 3.17: Nhiu x tia X ca chitosan v gelatin 1 Bt chitosan 2. Bt gelatin 3. Mng CG3 4. Mng

74

CGB3-2 5. Mng CG1 6. Mng CG6
Tho lun:
T kt qu o nhiu x tia X trnh by trong hnh 3.17 ta thy chitosan trc khi to
mng c mt peak nhn vng 209 (c trng ca chitosan) th hin rn ca chitosan tng
i cao. K c sau khi to mng, mng chitosan cng c rn
Ngc li gelatin v mng gelatin khng c peak no r th hin rn thp.
Khi phi trn chitosan vi gelatin to mng th thy mng to thnh t hn hp
chitosan - gelatin c rn trung bnh. T kt qu ny ta thy c th lm gim rn ca mng
chitosan bng cch phi trn vi gelatin. rn ca mng gim c ngha lm tng kh nng
bn thm ca mng, kh nng gii phng chm khi ng dng trong vic to mng bao bc cc
cht c hot tnh sinh hc trong k thut kim sot qu trnh gii phng hot cht v k thut c
nh cc hot cht khc.
3.4 KT QU NGHIN cu DNG MNG MNG Ti u BO QUN SN PHM C
NG I DNG
Hai loi mng mng ti u CG2 v CGB3-2 c th nghim ng dng bo qun sn
phm c ng i dng fillet, sn phm c ng i dng fillet ch yu dng ch bin thc
phm n sng nh sushi, sashimi ... nn thi gian bo qun khng c ko di v trong sut
thi gian bo qun phi m bo sn phm tun th mt s" yu cu sau [14]:
75

- Trng thi cm quan khng bin i nhiu.
- Hn ch c s pht trin ca vi sinh vt trong sut qu trnh bo qun.
- Hn ch c s tn tht cht dinh dng trong qu trnh bo qun.
- Hm lng histidine trong c khng c iu kin pht trin thnh histamin l cht gy d
ng cho ngi tiu dng liu lng thp thm ch gy nh hng nghim trng n tnh mng
ngi tiu dng nu liu lng qu cao.
Tt c nhng yu cu ny rt kh c m bo nu bo qun lnh hoc cp ng sn
phm. Vic nghin cu th nghim dng mng mng chitosan phi trn ph liu bao gi sn
phm ri em i cp ng xem xt tc dng khng khun, kh nng chng mt nc, kh
nng hn ch tn tht cht dinh dng trong qu trnh lm ng, kh nng c ch s pht trin
histidine thnh histamin trong thi gian bo qun l 45 ngy nhit -10c.
3.4.1 Xc inh kh nng khng khun ca mng chitosan phi trn phu liu
dng bo qun sn phm c ng ai dng fillet bng phng php xc inh lng
vi sinh vt hiu kh trn b mt:
Bng 3.11: S lng vi sinh vt hiu kh tng s trn b mt sn phm ca cc mu nghin
cu sau thi gian bo qun 45 ngy
76

Mu
Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh trn b
mt (cfu/cm
2
)
MB ( khng bao gi bng mng chitosan) 2,6.10
3

M
C
(khng bao gi bng mng chitosan em i cp ng
v bo qun 10c trong 45 ngy)
3,5.10
3

M] (bao gi bng mng CG3 em i cp ng v bo
qun 10c trong 45 ngy)
1,5.10
3

M
2
(bao gi bng mng CGB3-2 em i cp ng v bo
1,6.10
2

4
77

1.5
0.5 -
3.5

I
2
"

0.16

0
MB MC Ml M2
Mu kim tra
Hnh 3.18 th biu din mc gim lng vi khun hiu kh b mt sn phm c ng i
dng fillet c v khng c bao gi bng mng chitosan phi trn ph liu ti u.
Tho lun :
Qua Bng 3.11 cho thy tng s" vi sinh vt hiu kh trn b mt sn phm c ng i
dng fillet ban u l 2,6.10
3
cfu/cm
2
. Sau mu ny c em i cp ng v bo qun
nhit -10c trong thi gian bo qun 45 ngy, tng s" vi sinh vt hiu kh trn b mt
tng ln 3,5.10
3
cfu/cm
2
. Ta thy d c cp ng v bo qun ng nhng s vi sinh vt
hiu kh vn tng ln. Dng 2 loi mng mng ti u l c, c
2
bao gi c ng i dng sau
em cp ng v bo qun ng th thy tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh trn b mt sn phm
3.5 -

I *
1

78

gim i kh mnh cn 1,5.1 o
3
cfu/cm
2
(Mi); 1,6.10
2
(M
2
). T kt qu trn ta thy rng mng
Chitosan c tc dng khng vi sinh vt kh tt v mng chitosan c phi trn cht khng
khun th kh nng khng vi sinh vt cng mnh m nn c tc dng bo qun sn phm rt
tt.
79

3.4.2 Xc inh hm lng hstamin ca sn phm c ng ai dng fillet khng v c bao
gi bng mng chitosan phi trn phu liu t u:
Bng 3.12: Hm lng histamin trong sn phm ca cc mu nghin cu sau thi gian bo qun 45
ngy

Nhn chung theo thi gian bo qun di tc ng ca iu kin ch bin, phng php cp
ng, thi gian bo qun v ch bo qun, hm lng histamin s c xu hng tng ln. Cc n
gin nht khng ch s pht trin hm lng histamin l kim sot nhit trong qu trnh thu
mua, vn chuyn v ch bin khng c vt qu 4c. y l mt vn kh. Trong lun vn ny,
ti th nghim dng mng chitosan phi trn gelatin c v khng c b sung cht khng khun Natri
benzoat ti u bao gi sn phm c ng i dng th thy sn phm c bao gi bng mng ny
ri em i cp ng cng hn ch c s pht trin ca histamin so vi mu i chng. Tuy nhin
c ch ca n cn c nghin cu
Mu Hm lng histamin (p.m)
M
B
( khng bao gi bng mng chitosan) 28
M
C
(khng bao gi bng mng chitosan em i cp
ng v bo qun 10c trong 45 ngy)
39
M] (bao gi bng mng CG3 em i cp ng v bo
36
M
2
(bao gi bng mng CGB3-2 em i cp ng v
bo qun 10c trong 45 ngy)
34

3.4.3 Xc inh kh nng han ch tn tht cht dinh dng ca sn phm c ng
ai dng fillet khng v c bao gi bng mng chitosan phi trn phu liu t
Mu c ng i dng khng bao gi, cha cp ng M
B
em i xc nh cc thnh phn dinh
dng nh hm lng cc axit bo, hm lng axit amin c cc kt qu sau:
Bng 3.13: Hm lng lipid v axit bo trong mu c ng i dng MB, M
c
, M),

Tho lun:
Hm lng lipid v axit bo trong c ng i dng tng i thp v rt d b tn tht trong qu
trnh ch bin, cp ng v bo qun ng. S tn tht lipid l do trong qu trnh ch bin, cp ng v
bo qun, lipid rt d b oxi ha to r cc sn phm nh andehyt, peroxide, TBA ... Cn s tn tht
axit bo l do s oxi ha cc axit bo khng no thnh cc axit bo no trong sut qu trnh ch bin, cp
M
2

Axit bo MB
Mc 1 Hm lng
(%)
M
2

C6:0 0,14 0,43 0,32 0,39
C8:0 0,19 0,44 0,41 0,57
C14:0 3,59 0,80 0,47 0,58
C16:0 11,1 14,72 13,13 9,51
C16:l 0,88 1,36 1,03 1,42
C18:0 5,61 6,26 6.,7 7,73
C18:l:7 6,83 8,46 9,00 10,87
C18:l:9 2,42 6,26 6,37 7,73
C20:2:6 3,01 3,59 3,55 3,61
C20:3:6 9,5 19,40 19,92 20,63
C20:4:6 3,88 2,20 2,37 1,60
EPA 22,6 0,15 0,17 0,17
C22:4:6 2,47 7,58 8,00 6,80
C22:5:6 2,72 8,32 8,61 7,49
C22:5:3 0,65 0,63 0,35 0,28
DHA 24,5 19,40 19,92 20,63
Lipid 1,32 1,24 1,25 1,27
81

ng v bo qun. Thnh phn axit bo trong c ng i dng ng ch nht l EPA v DHA. Sau
khi cp ng v bo qun nhit -10c EPA v DHA b tn tht rt nhiu. Vi mu khng c
bao gi bng mng chitosan th sau qu trnh cp ng v bo qun nhit -10
u
c sau 45 ngy th
thy hm lng EPA tn tht 22,45% v DHA tn tht 5,1% so vi mu ban u. Vi 2 mu c bao
gi bng 2 mng CG3 v CGB3-2 th sau qu trnh cp ng v bo qun nhit -10c sau 45 ngy
th thy hm lng EPA tn tht tng ng l 22,43%v 22,43% cn DHA tn tht 4,56% v 3,85% so
vi mu ban u. T kt qu trn ta thy rng dng mng chitosan phi trn ph liu bao gi c ng
i dng trc khi cp ng cng hn ch c s tn tht lipid v axit bo ni chung v tn tht
EPA v DHA ni ring so vi mu khng c bao gi.
Bng 3.14: Hm lng protein v axit amin trong mu c ng i dng MR, M
c
,
82

Tho lun
Sau khi cp ng v bo qun nhit -10c sau 45 ngy, hm lng protein v axit amin
trong cc mu c ng i dng fillet c v khng c bao gi bng mng chitosan u b tn tht.
Da trn kt qu phn tch ta thy mu c ng i dng khng c bao gi bng mng chitosan sau
khi cp ng v bo qun nhit - 10c hm lng protein gim i 8,94% v axit amin gim i rt
ng k. M] (c bao gi bng mng chitosan phi trn gelatin ti u CG3), M
2
(c bao gi bng
mng chitosan phi trn gelatin c b sung cht khng khun t u CGB3- 2) hm lng protein
M ], Mi
Axit amin MB
Moc 1 M] Hm lng (%)
M
2

Alanine 14,88 9,96 6,53 13,44
Glycine 5,16 1,66 2,78 3,59
Aabutyric 0,15 1,32 14,71 3,33
Valine 1,05 22,23 21,76 34,02
Leucine 4,02 14,92 5,51 11,16
Isoleucine 18,56 3,01 2,15 4,39
Proline 0,14 7,31 6,02 8,17
Threonine 2,46 0,99 7,56 0,71
Serine 0,63 1,14 1,13 0,78
Asparagine 2,35 0,57 1,13 1,18
Aspatic axit 1,34 0,83 1,82 1,15
Axit glutamic 1,09 1,95 4,87 2,94
Methionine 2,04 5,77 5,91 5,71
Phenylalanine 7,68 19,86 15,21 2,28
Hidroproline 0,19 1,17 0,32 0,27
Cystein 2,93 3,10 1,40 2,56
Glutamin 13,43 1,85 0,50 2,09
Ornithine 3,65 0,71 0,53 0,79
Histidine 0,90 0,78 0,15 0,75
Lysine 13,45 0,88 0,00 0,68
Tyrosine 1,54 0,00 0,00 0,00
Tryptophane 2,36 0,00 0,00 0,00
Protein 19,62 10,68 19,11 19,56
83

gim i tng ng l 0,51% v 0,06% v axit amin hu nh khng b tn tht.
S gim hm lng protein trong qu trnh bo qun c th gii thch do s bin tnh v ng
t protein v khi tan gi cc hp cht cha m ho tan lun i theo cc mao dn ca t bo v thot ra
bn ngoi. Mc khc trong qu trnh bo qun, cc sn phm ca qu trnh oxy ha lipid c kh nng
phn ng cao vi protein v axit amin v d nh phn ng vi gc
- SH, - NH
3
ca lysin, -N ca axit aspartic, tyrosin, methionin, arginin to thnh hp cht bn vng,
khng tan trong nc cng nh trong dung mi hu c, khng b thy phn bi enzym cng gp phn
lm gim hm lng protein trong sn phm.
3.5 TNH TON S B GI THNH MNG MNG TO THNH
Nghin cu ch to mng mng t chitosan phi trn ph liu nhm mc ch chnh l
lm mng bao thc phm nn mng ch to ra bn cnh cc c tnh u vit hn bao b bng
PE thng thng nh kh nng khng khun, chng mt nc cho thc phm khi bo qun
lnh v bo qun ng, hn ch ti a vic tn tht cc cht dinh dng, d phn hy hn bao
b bng PE thng thng th phi m bo tnh kinh t liu c ph hp hay khng nng cao
kh nng ng dng mng chitosan phi trn ph liu lm mng bao thc phm trong thc t.
Vic tnh ton gi thnh mng mng chitoan phi trn ph liu ch nhm so snh vi mng
chitosan xem c thc s t hiu qu kinh t hay cha?
Gi thnh cc vt liu dng ch to mng chitosan phi trn ph liu c trnh by trong
Bng 3.15
84

Tnh ton gi thnh lm
3
mng mng ti u CG2 so snh vi mng chitosan khng phi trn ph
liu c trnh by trong Bng 3.16
Bng 3.16: Chi ph to lm
3
mng mng CG2

Bng 3.15: Gi thnh cc vt liu dng ch to mng chitosan phi trn ph liu
Nguyn vt liu n v tnh n gi (VN)
Chitosan Kg 450,000
Gelatin Kg 50,000
Natri benzoat Kg 50.000
Nc ct Lit 2.500
Axit acetic Lit 18.000
Mng Mng Ch Mng CG2
Nguyn vt liu
Lng s
dng
n gi
(VN)
Lng s
dng
n gi
(VN)
Chitosan 30g 13.500 18g 8.100
Gelatin Og 0 12g 600
Nc ct 1350ml 3.375 1350ml 3.375
Axit acetic 10,35ml 186 10,35ml 186
Tng cng

17.061

12.261
85

KT LUN V XUT KIN
T nhng ni dung nghin cu thc t trnh by, lun vn gp phn lm r mt s"
vn khoa hc v vic nghin cu kt hp 2 loi polyme t nhin l gelatin v chitosan c b
sung cht khng khun Natri benzoat to mng lm mng bao thc phm. Lun vn gii quyt
c nhng vn sau:
1. Nghin cu xy dng c quy trnh sn xut mng mng chitosan phi trn gelatin ti
u vi t l phi trn chitosan/gelatin ti u l 60/40. Nghin cu nng cht khng khun
Natri benzoat ti u b sung vo nhm tng cng tnh khng khun cho mng chitosan phi
trn ph liu to thnh l 0,1%. Kim tra c cc tnh cht c l nh sc cng ca mng,
gin ca mng, kh nng thm nc ca mng v xc nh c kh nng khng khun ca cc
mng chitosan phi trn gelatin c v khng c b sung natri benzoat to thnh vi 4 loi vi
khun l Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhmurium, Escherichia coli, Vibrio
parahaemolyticus. Bn cnh cng xc nh c nhng bin i mu sc, trng thi ca cc
mng mng to thnh sau 8 tun bo qun.
2. Bc u ng dng mng mng chitosan phi trn ph liu ti u em bo qun sn
Bng 3.17: Chi ph to lm
3
mng mng CGB3-2
Mng Mng Ch Mng CGB3-2
Nguyn vt
Lng s
dng
n gi
(VN)
Lng s
dng
n gi
(VN)
Chitosan 30g 13.500 18g 8.100
Gelatin 0g 0 12g 600
Natri benzoat 0g 0 lg 50
Nc ct 1350ml 3.375 1350ml 3.375
Axit acetic 10,35ml 186 10,35ml 186
Tng cng

17.061

12.311
86

phm c ng i dng fillet (sau 45 ngy bo qun nhit -10c th thy mu c bao gi
bng mng hn ch c s tn tht hm lng cc cht dinh dng so vi mu khng c bao
gi bng mng, kh nng khng khun ca mu c ng i dng fillet c bao gi bng mng
chitosan phi trn gelatin c v khng c b sung cht khng khun Natri benzoat tng ln rt
nhiu so vi mu khng c bao gi, hn ch c s pht trin histamin trong qu trnh cp
ng v bo qun ng).
Ngoi nhng kt qu t c, do thi gian nghin cu c hn nn lun vn cn c
mt s" hn ch v thiu st l cha nghin cu phng php lm bn mng v ch mi nghin
cu xc nh tng s vi khun hiu kh b mt ch cha nghin cu c th kh nng c ch ca
mng vi cc loi vi sinh vt ph bin trn c ng ni ring v ng vt thy sn ni chung. V
vy, mng chitosan phi trn ph liu gelatin c th ng dng lm mng bao thc phm ti
xin xut mt s nghin cu b sung nh sau:
- Nghin cu kh nng chng nm mc, nm men ca mng v bn cnh tnh khng khun,
chitosan cn c kh nng khng nm rt tt.
- Nghin cu kh nng khng khun ca mng chitosan phi trn ph liu gelatin vi cc vi
sinh vt ph bin trong ng vt thy sn.
- Nghin cu phng php lm bn mng bng dung dch sodium hydroxit ng dng
lm bao b thc phm.
- Nghin cu dng mng chitosan bo qun cc sn phm thy sn khc nh c kh, mc
kh ...
- Nghin cu b sung cc cht khng khun khc nh nisin, du ti tng cng kh nng
khng khun cho mng.
Do mt s nguyn nhn khch quan v ch quan, mc d bn thn ht sc c" gng khc
phc kh khn hon thnh n, nhng kt qu nghin cu khng trnh khi nhng thiu st.
Knh mong c s ng gp kin ca qu thy c v cc bn n c hon thin hn.
87

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93

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Hnh 3.16: Ph FTIR ca mng chitosan phi trn ph liu ti u

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