Circuit Diagrams:

For modulation:




For demodulation:
























1. Amplitude Modulation & Demodulation
Aim:
1. To generate amplitude modulated wave and determine the percentage modulation.
2. To Demodulate the modulated wave using envelope detector.

Apparatus Required:
Component Range Quantity
Transistor SL 100 1
Diode IN 4007 1
Resistor 39K,100 1 each
Capacitor 0.01F 1
Inductor 130mH 1
CRO 20MHz 1
Function Generator 1MHz 1
Regulated Power
Supply
(0-30V) 1

Theory:
Amplitude Modulation is defined as a process in which the amplitude of the carrier wave
c(t) isvaried linearly with the instantaneous amplitude of the message signal m(t).The
demodulation circuit is used to recover the message signal from the incoming AMwave at the
receiver. An envelope detector is a simple and yet highly effective device that is well suitedfor
the demodulation of AM wave, for which the percentage modulation is less than 100%.Ideally,
anenvelope detector produces an output signal that follows the envelop of the input signal wave
form exactly;hence, the name. Some version of this circuit is used in almost all commercial AM
radio receivers.

Procedure:
1. The circuit is connected as per the circuit diagram shown in Fig.1.
2. Switch on + 12 volts VCC supply.
3. Apply sinusoidal signal of 1 KHz frequency and amplitude 2 Vp-p as modulating signal, and
carriersignal of frequency 11 KHz and amplitude 15 Vp-p.
4. Now slowly increase the amplitude of the modulating signal up to 7V and note down values of
Emaxand Emin.
5. Calculate modulation index using equation
6. Repeat step 5 by varying frequency of the modulating signal.
7. Plot the graphs: Modulation index vs Amplitude & Frequency
8. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in Fig.2.
9. Feed the AM wave to the demodulator circuit and observe the output
10. Note down frequency and amplitude of the demodulated output waveform.
11. Draw the demodulated wave form .







Waveforms and graphs:

















Observations

SIGNAL AMPLITUDE TIME PERIOD








Result:







FM Modulator:



FM Demodulator:






2. Frequency Modulation And Demodulation
Aim:
1. To generate frequency modulated signal and determine the modulation index andbandwidth
for various values of amplitude and frequency of modulating signal.
2. To demodulate a Frequency Modulated signal using FM detector.

Apparatus required:
Component Range Quantity
IC IC 566, IC 565 1 each
Resistor 15K,
10K,1.8K,560,39K
1 ,2,1,2.2
Capacitor 0.1F,0.001F,100pF,470pF 1,1,12
CRO 20MHz 1
Function Generator 1MHz 1
Regulated Power
Supply
(0-30V) 1

Theory:
The process, in which the frequency of the carrier is varied in accordance with the
instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal, is called Frequency Modulation.
Procedure:
Modulation:
1. The circuit is connected as per the circuit diagram
2. Without giving modulating signal observe the carrier signal at pin no.2 (at pin no.3 for IC
566).Measure amplitude and frequency of the carrier signal. To obtain carrier signal of desired
frequency,find value of R from f = 1/ (2RC) taking C=100pF.
3. Apply the sinusoidal modulating signal of frequency 4 KHz and amplitude 3Vp-p at pin no.7.
( pin no.5 for IC 566)Now slowly increase the amplitude of modulating signal and measure fmin
and maximum frequencydeviation f at each step. Evaluate the modulating index (mf = ) using
f / fm where f = |fc - fmin|.Calculate Band width. BW = 2 ( + 1) fm = 2(f + fm)
4. Repeat step 4 by varying frequency of the modulating signal.
Demodulation:
1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram
2. Check the functioning of PLL (IC 565) by giving square wave to input and observing the
output
3. Frequency of input signal is varied till input and output are locked.
4. Now modulated signal is fed as input and observe the demodulated signal (output) onCRO.
5. Draw the demodulated wave form.





Model Graph















Observation:
SIGNAL AMPLITUDE TIME PERIOD










Result:







Pulse Amplitude Modulator



Pulse Amplitude Demodulator





















3a. PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION

Aim:
To generate the Pulse Amplitude modulated and demodulated signals.

Apparatus required:
Component Range Quantity
Transistor BC 107 2
Resistor 1K,
10K,100K,5.8K,2.2K
1 ,1,1,1.1
Capacitor 10F,0.001F 1,1
CRO 20MHz 1
Function Generator 1MHz 1
Regulated Power
Supply
(0-30V) 1

Theory:
PAM is the simplest form of data modulation .The amplitude of uniformly spaced pulses is
varied inproportion to the corresponding sample values of a continuous message m (t). A
PAM waveform consists of a sequence of flat-topped pulses. The amplitude of each pulse
correspond to the value of the message signal x (t) at the leading edge of the pulse. The pulse
amplitude modulation is the process in which the amplitudes of regularity spaced rectangular
pulses varies with the instantaneous sample values of a continuous message signal in a one-one
fashion.

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in the fig 3
2. Set the modulating frequency to 1 KHz and sampling frequency to 12 KHz
3. Observe the o/p on CRO i.e. PAM wave.
4. Measure the levels of Emax & Emin.
5. Feed the modulated wave to the low pass filter.
6. The output observed on CRO will be the demodulated wave.
7. Note down the amplitude (p-p) and time period of the demodulated wave. Vary the amplitude
andfrequency of modulating signal. Observe and note down the changes in output.
8. Plot the wave forms on graph sheet.







Bipolar PAM:



Uni polar PAM















Observation:
SIGNAL AMPLITUDE TIME PERIOD









Result:








Pulse Width Modulation:



Pulse Width Demodulation:














3(b). PULSE WIDTH MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

Aim:
To generate the pulse width modulated and demodulated signals

Apparatus required:
Component Range Quantity
IC IC 555 1
Resistor 1.2K, 1.5K,8.2K 1 ,1
Capacitor 1F,0.01F 1,1
CRO 20MHz 1
Function Generator 1MHz 1
Regulated Power
Supply
(0-30V) 1

Theory:
Pulse Time Modulation is also known as Pulse Width Modulation or Pulse Length Modulation.
In PWM,the samples of the message signal are used to vary the duration of the individual pulses.
Width may bevaried by varying the time of occurrence of leading edge, the trailing edge or both
edges of the pulse inaccordance with modulating wave. It is also called Pulse Duration
Modulation.
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram shown in fig 1.
2. Apply a trigger signal (Pulse wave) of frequency 2 KHz with amplitude of 5v (p-p).
3. Observe the sample signal at the pin3.
4. Apply the ac signal at the pin 5 and vary the amplitude.
5. Note that as the control voltage is varied output pulse width is also varied.
6. Observe that the pulse width increases during positive slope condition & decreases under
negative slope condition. Pulse width will be maximum at the +ve peak and minimum at the
ve peak of sinusoidal waveform. Record the observations.









Model Graph:















Observation:
SIGNAL AMPLITUDE TIME PERIOD











Result:





Pulse Position Modulation:





Pulse Position DeModulation:






3(c). PULSE POSITION MODULATION & DEMODULATION
Aim:
To generate pulse position modulation and demodulation signals and to study the effect of
amplitude of the modulating signal on output.

Apparatus required:
Component Range Quantity
IC IC 555 1
Resistor 3.9K, 3K,10K,680K 1 ,1
Capacitor 60F,0.01F 2,1
CRO 20MHz 1
Function Generator 1MHz 1
Regulated Power
Supply
(0-30V) 1

Theory:

In Pulse Position Modulation, both the pulse amplitude and pulse duration are held constant but
theposition of the pulse is varied in proportional to the sampled values of the message signal.
Pulse timemodulation is a class of signaling techniques that encodes the sample values of an
analog signal on tothe time axis of a digital signal and it is analogous to angle modulation
techniques. The two main typesof PTM are PWM and PPM. In PPM the analog sample value
determines the position of a narrow pulserelative to the clocking time. In PPM rise time of pulse
decides the channel bandwidth. It has low noise
interference.
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram as shown in the fig 1.
2. Observe the sample output at pin 3 and observe the position of the pulses on CRO and adjust
theamplitude by slightly increasing the power supply. Also observe the frequency of pulse
output.
3. Apply the modulating signal, sinusoidal signal of 2V (p-p) (ac signal) 2v (p-p) to the control
pin 5using function generator.
4. Now by varying the amplitude of the modulating signal, note down the position of the pulses.
5. During the demodulation process, give the PPM signal as input to the demodulated circuit as
shownin Fig.2.
6. Observe the o/p on CRO.
7. Plot the waveform.





Model Graph:










Observation:

SIGNAL AMPLITUDE TIME PERIOD







Result:








ASK Modulator:


ASK Demodulator:










4a. AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING

AIM:
To construct the amplitude shift keying modulation & demodulation circuit and to obtain
its waveform.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
1. OPAMP-IC 741
2. FET-BFW10
3. Diode-OA79
4. Resistors-10k, 47k, 1k, 11k
5. Capacitors 0.1F
6. Signal generator (0-2) MHz.
7. CRO-(0-20) MHz.
8. RPS-(0-15) V
9. Bread board
10. Connecting wires.
THEORY:
The simplest method of modulating a carrier with a data stream is to change the
amplitude of the carrier wave every time the data changes. This modulation technique is known
amplitude shift keying. The simplest way of achieving amplitude shift keying is by switching
On the carrier whenever the data bit is '1' & switching off. Whenever the data bit is '0' i.e. the
transmitter outputs the carrier for a' 1 & totally suppresses the carrier for a '0'. This technique is
known as On-Off keying.
The ASK waveform is generated by a balanced modulator circuit, also known as a linear
multiplier. As the name suggests, the device multiplies the instantaneous signal at its two inputs.
The output voltage is being product of the two input voltages at any instance of time. One of the
inputs is AC coupled 'carrier' wave of high frequency. Generally, the carrier wave is a sine wave
since any other waveform would increase the bandwidth, without providing any advantages.
The other input which is the information signal to be transmitted, is DC coupled. It is known as
modulating signal.
PROCEDURE:
1. Construct the ASK modulator and demodulator circuits as per the circuit diagram.
2. A digital data input and carrier signal are given as input to the ASK modulator and
observe the output on the CRO.
3. The output of the ASK modulator is given as input to the ASK demodulator circuit.
4. The demodulator output is observed and the graph is plotted for different waveforms.





TABULATION:







RESULT:
The ASK modulator & demodulator circuits are constructed and its waveforms are
obtained.

SIGNAL AMPLITUDE(v) TIME PERIOD(ms)



FSK Modulator:

Model Graph:




4b. FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING
AIM:
To construct the FSK modulation and demodulation circuit and to obtain its waveforms.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
1. IC XR2206.
2. Resistors -5.1k (3)
3. Variable resistors-50k , 200k .
4. Capacitors-0.01F, 10F, 1F, 1nF.
5. Function generator (0-1) MHz.
6. RPS (0-15) V.
7. CRO (0-20) MHZ.
THEORY:
FSK is one of the three main digital modulation techniques. In frequency shift keying, the
carrier frequency is shifted in steps i.e. from one frequency to another corresponding to the
digital modulation signal. The higher frequency is used to represent a data '1' & lower frequency
a data '0',
Since the amplitude change in FSK waveform does not matter, this modulation technique
is very reliable even in noisy & fading channels. But there is always a price to be paid to gain
that advantage. The price in this case is widening of the required bandwidth. The bandwidth
increase depends upon the two carrier frequencies used & the digital data rate. Also, for a given
data, the higher the frequencies & the more they differ from each other, the wider the required
bandwidth. The bandwidth required is at least doubled than that in the ASK modulation.

FSK Demodulator:
The demodulation of FSK waveform can be carried out by a phase locked loop. As
known, the phase locked loop tries to 'lock' to the input frequency. It achieves this by generating
corresponding output voltage to be fed to the voltage controlled oscillator, if any frequency
deviation at its input is encountered. Thus the PLL detector follows the frequency changes &
generates proportional output voltage. The output voltage from PLL contains the carrier
components. Therefore the signal is passed through the low pass filter to remove them. The
resulting wave is too rounded to be used for digital data processing. Also, the amplitude level
may be very low due to channel attenuation. The signal is Squared Up by feeding it to the
voltage comparator.



PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connection according to the circuit diagram.
2. A digital data input and carrier signal are given as input to the FSK modulator and observe
the output on the CRO.
3. The output of the FSK modulator is given as input to the FSK demodulator circuit.
4. The demodulator output is observed and the graph is plotted for different waveforms.























TABULATION:








RESULT:
The frequency shift keying modulator and demodulator circuit are constructed and its
waveforms are obtained.



SIGNAL AMPLITUDE(v) TIME PERIOD(ms)



PSK Modulator:

Model Graph:










4c.BINARY PHASE SHIFT KEYING



4 -C BIN ARY PHASE SHIFT KEYING
AIM:
To construct the BPSK modulation and demodulation circuit and to obtain its waveforms.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
1. IC XR2206.
2. Resistors -5.1k (2), 50k (1), 68k (1).
3. Variable resistors-10k , 200k .
4. Capacitors- 10f (2), 1f (1), 1nf (1).
5. Function generator (0-1) Mhz.
6. Diode- OA79.
7. CRO (0-20) Mhz.
8. Connecting wires
9. Bread board
THEORY:
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)involves the phase change at the carrier sine wave
between 0 to 180 degree in accordance with the data stream to be transmitted. PSK modulator is
similar to ASK modulator both used balanced modulator to multiply the carrier with balanced
modulator signal. The digital signal applied to Modulation input for PSK generation is bipolar
i.e. equal positive and negative voltage level. When the modulating input is positive the output
at modulator is a line wave in phase with the carrier input whereas for positive voltage level, the
output of modulator is a sine wave which is switched out of phase by 180 degree from the carrier
input.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. The ninth pin of XR 2206 is grounded.
3. The unmodulated carrier at the output pin is observed on the CRO.
4. The wave shaping and gain control potentiometer is adjusted to get a proper
waveform.
5. The input and the output waveforms are drawn in the graph.






TABULATION:





















RESULT:

Thus the circuit for binary phase shift keying is constructed and the output waveforms are
obtained.


SIGNAL AMPITUDE(V) TIME PERIOD(ms)



PCM:













5. PULSE CODE MODULATION

AIM:
To study the operation of the pulse code modulation and the demodulation using the
PCM trainer kit.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
1. PCM trainer kit
2. RPS (0-30)V
3. CRO (0-20)MHz
4. Probes
5. Connecting Wires
THEORY:
Pulse code modulation systems are complex in that message signal is subjected to the
large number of operations. The essential operations in the transmitter of a PCM system are
sampling, quantizing, and the encoding. The sampling, quantizing, encoding operations are
usually performed by the same circuit analog the transmitter path. At the receiver, the essential
operation consists of one last stage of the regeneration followed by the decoding and then the
demodulation.
SAMPLING:
The incoming message signal is sampled with a train of the narrow rectangular pulses so
that to closely approximate of the instantaneous sampling process. In order to ensure perfect
reconstruction of the message at the receiver, the sampling rate must be greater than twice the
highest frequency component of the message signal in accordance with sampling theorem.
QUANTIZING:
The conversion of analog sample of the signal into a discrete form is called quantizing
power.
ENCODING:
It is used to translate the discrete set of sample values to a more appropriate form of
signal.
PROCEDURE:
1. The PCM modulation and demodulation bits are arranged as per the circuit diagram and
connections are given.
2. The PAM output is noted from the position of the bit.
3. The PCM output generated from the PAM output.
4. The modulation and demodulation are done.



Block Diagram:
















TABULAR COLUMN:

OUTPUT AMPLITUDE(V) TIME(ms)










RESULT:
Thus the pulse code modulation is constructed successfully and the result is obtained.






6.POWER BUDGET ANALYSIS OF AN OPTICAL LINK
AIM
To write a program for the power budget analysis of an optical link

PROGRAM:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
float ptr,prec,cl,af,ac,l,ms,p;
inti;
clrscr();
printf("\n\n");
printf("\nPOWER BUDGET ANALYSIS OF AN OPTICAL FIBER LINK");
printf("\nEnter the transmission power(ptr) in dBm:");
scanf("%f",&ptr);
printf("\nEnter the reciever sensitivity(prec) in dBm:");
scanf("%f",&prec);
printf("\nEnter the systems margin(ms) in dB:");
scanf("%f",&ms);
printf("\nEnter the avl channel loss(cl) in dB:");
scanf("%f",&cl);
printf("\nEnter the connector loss(ac) in dB:");
scanf("%f",&ac);
printf("\nEnter the fiber cable loss(af) in dB/km:");
scanf("%f",&af);
l=(cl-ac)/af;
p=ptr-prec;
printf("\n\nTotal power loss of optical fibver system=%5.2fdB",p);
printf("\nMax length of fiber=%5.2f km",l);
for(i=1;i<=1;i++)
{
p=ac+(af*i);
printf("\n Total power when max fiber length is %d km=%5.2fdB",i,p);
}
getch();
}














OUTPUT:

POWER BUDGET ANALYSIS OF AN OPTICAL FIBER LINK
Enter the transmission power(ptr) in dBm:3
Enter the recieversensitivity(prec) in dBm:-30
Enter the systems margin(ms) in dB:2.5
Enter the avl channel loss(cl) in dB:3.5
Enter the connector loss(ac) in dB:1
Enter the fiber cable loss(af) in dB/km:1.2
Total power loss of optical fibver system=33.00dB
Max length of fiber= 2.08 km
Total power when max fiber length is 1 km= 2.20dB
































POWER BUDGET ANALYSIS OF AN OPTICAL FIBER LINK WITH JUMPER
PROGRAM:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
float ptr,prec,cl,af,l,ms,p,jl;
inti;
clrscr();
printf("\n\n");
printf("\nPOWER BUDGET ANALYSIS OF AN OPTICAL FIBER LINK WITH JUMPER");
printf("\nEnter the transmission power(ptr) in dBm:");
scanf("%f",&ptr);
printf("\nEnter the reciever sensitivity(prec) in dBm:");
scanf("%f",&prec);
printf("\nEnter jumper loss(jl) in dB:");
scanf("%f",&jl);
printf("\nEnter the avl channel loss(cl) in dB");
scanf("%f",&cl);
printf("\nEnter the fiber cable loss(af) in dB/km");
scanf("%f",&af);
printf("\nEnter max possible dist(l) in dB/km:");
scanf("%f",&l);
p=ptr-prec;
ms=p-(af*l)-(2*cl)-(2*jl);
printf("\n\ntotal power loss of optical fibver system=%5.2fdB",p);
printf("\nFinal power margin=%5.2f km",ms);
for(i=0;i<=l;i=i+10)
{
p=cl+(af*i)+jl;
printf("\n total power when max fiber length is %d km=%5.2fdB",i,p);
}
getch();
}














OUTPUT:

POWER BUDGET ANALYSIS OF AN OPTICAL FIBER LINK WITH JUMPER
Enter the transmission power(ptr) in dBm:0
Enter the recieversensitivity(prec) in dBm:-32
Enter jumper loss(jl) in dB:5.3
Enter the avl channel loss(cl) in dB2.4
Enter the fiber cable loss(af) in dB/km1.2
Enter max possible dist(l) in dB/km:70
total power loss of optical fibver system=32.00dB
Final power margin=-67.40 km
total power when max fiber length is 0 km= 7.70dB
total power when max fiber length is 10 km=19.70dB
total power when max fiber length is 20 km=31.70dB
total power when max fiber length is 30 km=43.70dB
total power when max fiber length is 40 km=55.70dB
total power when max fiber length is 50 km=67.70dB
total power when max fiber length is 60 km=79.70dB
total power when max fiber length is 70 km=91.70Db




























POWER BUDGET ANALYSIS OF AN OPTICAL FIBER LINK WITHOUT JUMPER
LOSS
PROGRAM:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
float ptr,prec,cl,af,ac,l,ms,p;
inti;
clrscr();
printf("\n\n");
printf("\nPOWER BUDGET ANALYSIS OF AN OPTICAL FIBER LINK WITHOUT
JUMPER LOSS");
printf("\nEnter the transmission power(ptr) in dBm:");
scanf("%f",&ptr);
printf("\nEnter the reciever sensitivity(prec) in dBm:");
scanf("%f",&prec);
printf("\nEnter the systems margin(ms) in dB:");
scanf("%f",&ms);
printf("\nEnter the avl channel loss(cl) in dB:");
scanf("%f",&cl);
printf("\nEnter the fiber cable loss(af) in dB/km:");
scanf("%f",&af);
printf("\n Enter max possible dist(l) in km:");
scanf("%f",&l);
p=ptr-prec;
l=(p-(2*cl)-ms)/af;
printf("\n\nTotal power loss of optical fibver system=%5.2fdB",p);
printf("\nMax length of fiber=%5.2f km",l);
for(i=1;i<=1;i++)
{
p=cl+(af*i);
printf("\n Total power when max fiber length is %d km=%5.2fdB",i,p);
}
getch();
}













OUTPUT:

POWER BUDGET ANALYSIS OF AN OPTICAL FIBER LINK WITHOUT JUMPER LOSS
Enter the transmission power(ptr) in dBm:3
Enter the recieversensitivity(prec) in dBm:-32
Enter the systems margin(ms) in dB:2.5
Enter the avl channel loss(cl) in dB:1.2
Enter the fiber cable loss(af) in dB/km:4.3
Enter max possible dist(l) in km:1
Total power loss of optical fibver system=35.00dB
Max length of fiber= 7.00 km
Total power when max fiber length is 1 km= 5.50dB















Result





7.POWER BUDGET ANALYSIS OF AN SATELLITE LINK
AIM
To write a program for the power budget analysis of an satellite link

PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
float
pt,at,lbo,lbf,lp,lu,gbt,br,pt1,at1,lbo1,lbf1,lp1,ld,gbt1,br1,eirp,cc,cbn,en,en1,en2,eirp1,cc1,cbn1,eb
n,ebn1,ebn2,ov,ov1;
clrscr();
printf("\n***Power budget analysis for satellite communication ***\n");
printf("\nData for Uplink:\n");
printf("\nEnter the value for earth station transmit output power as saturation(pt) in dbW:");
scanf("%f",&pt);
printf("\nEnter the value for earth station transmit antenna gain(at) in db:");
scanf("%f",&at);
printf("\nEnter the value for earth station back-off loss (lbo) in db:");
scanf("%f",&lbo);
printf("\nEnter the value for earth station branching and feeder loss (lbf) in db:");
scanf("%f",&lbf);
printf("\nEnter the value of free space path of loss (lp) in db:");
scanf("%f",&lp);
printf("\nEnter the value of additional uplink atmospheric loss (lu) in db:");
scanf("%f",&lu);
printf("\nEnter the value of satellite receiver G/Terato in db/k");
scanf("%f",&gbt);
printf("\nEnter the value of bit ratio(br) in bps:");
scanf("%f",&br);
eirp=pt+at-lbo-lbf;
cc=eirp-lp-lu;
cbn=cc+gbt-(10*log10(1.38*pow(10,-23)));
en=cbn-(10*log10(br));
en1=en/10;
en2=pow(10,en1);
printf("\n EIRP(earth station):%fdBW\n",eirp);
printf("\nCarrier density at satellite antenna:%fdBW\n",cc);
printf("\nC/NO at the satellite:%fdBW\n",cbn);
printf("\nEb/NO:%f db\n",en);
printf("\nDate for Downlink:\n");
printf("\n enter the value of earth station trasmit output power as saturation(pt1)in dbW:");
scanf("%f",&pt1);
printf("\n enter the value of earth station tramit antenna gain(at1)in dn:");


scanf("%f",&at1);
printf("\n enter the value of station back=off loss(lbo1) in db:");
scanf("%f",&lbo1);
printf("enter the value of earth station branching and feeder loss (lbf1) in db");
scanf("%f",&lbf1);
printf("enter the value of free space path of loss (lp1) in db");
scanf("%f",&lp1);
printf("\n enter the value of additional downlink atmospheric loss(ld)in db");
scanf("%f",&ld);
printf("enter the value of satellite receiver G/Te ratio in db/k");
scanf("%f",&gbt1);
printf("enter the value of bit ratio(br1) in bps:");
scanf("%f",&br1);
eirp1=pt1+at1-lbo1-lbf1;
cc1=eirp1-lp1-ld;
cbn1=cc1+gbt-(10*log10(1.38*pow(10,-23)));
ebn=cbn1-(10*log10(br1));
ebn1=ebn/10;
ebn=pow(10,ebn1);
printf("\n EIRP(earth station):%fdBW\n",eirp1);
printf("\n carrier density at satellite antenna:%fdBW\n",cc1);
printf("\n C/NO at the satellite :%fdb\n",cbn1);
printf("\n Eb/NO:%fdb\n",ebn);
ov=(en2*ebn2)/(en2+ebn2);
ov1=(10*log10(ov));
printf("\overall Eb/No ratio:%5.2f\n",ov);
printf("\n Overall Eb/NO ratio:%5.2f\n",ov1);
getch();
}





















OUTPUT:

***Power budget analysis for satellite communication ***

Data for Uplink:

Enter the value for earth station transmit output power as saturation(pt) in dbW:33
Enter the value for earth station transmit antenna gain(at) in db:64
Enter the value for earth station back-off loss (lbo) in db:3
Enter the value for earth station branching and feeder loss (lbf) in db:4
Enter the value of free space path of loss (lp) in db:206.5
Enter the value of additional uplink atmospheric loss (lu) in db:6
Enter the value of satellite receiver G/Terato in db/k-5.3
Enter the value of bit ratio(br) in bps:90000000
EIRP(earth station):90.000000 dBW
Carrier density at satellite antenna:-122.500000 dBW
C/NO at the satellite:100.801208dBW
Eb/NO:21.258783db

Data for Downlink:

enter the value of earth station trasmit output power as saturation(pt1)in dbW:10
enter the value of earth station tramit antenna gain(at1)in dn:30.8
enter the value of station back=off loss(lbo1) in db:0.1
enter the value of earth station branching and feeder loss (lbf1) in db:0.1
enter the value of free space path of loss (lp1) in db:205.6
enter the value of additional downlink atmospheric loss(ld)in db:0.4
enter the value of satellite receiver G/Te ratio in db/k:37.7
enter the value of bit ratio(br1) in bps:43200000
EIRP(earth station):40.599998dBW
carrier density at satellite antenna:-165.400009 dBW
C/NO at the satellite :57.901199db
Eb/NO:0.014277db
overallEb/No ratio: 0.00
Overall Eb/NO ratio:-349.54





Result





8.SIMULATION OF HANDOFF
PROGRAM:
clear all;
clc;
close all;
pt=1;
gt=1;
gr=1;
prth=10^(-5);
tim=input('Enter no of instances:');
t=1:tim;
% for cell 1-
freq0=100e6;
Imbd0=3e8/freq0;
d0=40.0;
p0=gt*pt*gr*(Imbd0/(4*pi*d0))^2;
fori=1:tim
users0(i)=poissrnd(30);
for j=1:users0(i)
vlc0(i,j)=unifrnd(0.01,20,1,1);
end
end
mxuser=max(users0);
flag0(tim,mxuser)=0;
fori=1:tim
for j=1:mxuser
for k=1:tim
dv0=vlc0(i,j)*k;
pr0(i,j,k)=p0*((dv0/d0)^(-4));
if(pr0(i,j,k)<prth)
flag0(i,j)=k;
break;
end;
end;
end;
end;
hoff0(1,tim)=0;
fori=1:tim
for j=1:mxuser
for k=1:tim
if(flag0(i,j)==k)
hoff0(k)=hoff0(k)+1;
end;
end;
end;
end;


figure(1);
stem(t,hoff0,'b');
title('no. of handoff users VS Time instances from cell 1 to cell 2');
xlabel('Time instance---->');
ylabel('No. of handoff users---->');
% for cell 2-
freq1=150e6;
Imbd1=3e8/freq1;
d1=45.0;
p1=gt*pt*gr*(Imbd1/(4*pi*d1))^2;
fori=1:tim
users1(i)=poissrnd(35);
for j=1:users1(i)
vlc1(i,j)=unifrnd(0.01,20,1,1);
end
end
mxuser1=max(users1);
flag1(tim,mxuser1)=0;
fori=1:tim
for j=1:mxuser1
for k=1:tim
dv1=vlc1(i,j)*k;
pr1(i,j,k)=p1*((dv1/d1)^(-4));
if(pr1(i,j,k)<prth)
flag1(i,j)=k;
break;
end;
end;
end;
end;
hoff1(1,tim)=0;
fori=1:tim
for j=1:mxuser1
for k=1:tim
if(flag1(i,j)==k)
hoff1(k)=hoff1(k)+i;
end;
end;
end;
end;
figure(3);
stem(t,hoff1,'b');
title('No. of handoff users VS Time instances from cell 2 to cell 1');
xlabel('Time instance---->');
ylabel('No. of hand off users---->');
%Blocking-


caph0=30;
capv0=10;
caph1=30;
capv1=10;
fori=1:tim
diff0(i)=hoff1(i)-hoff0(i);
if(diff0(i)>capv0)
newcaph0(i)=caph0(diff0(i)-capv0);
if(users0(i)>caph0(i))
blck(i)=users0(i)-caph0(i);
else
blck(i)=0;
end;
end;
if(users0(i)>caph0)
blck(i)=users0(i)-caph0;
else
blck(i)=0;
end;
end;
figure(2);
stem(t,blck,'r');
title('No. of blocked users VS Time instances in cell 1');
xlabel('Time inst---->');
ylabel('No. of blocked users---->');
fori=1:tim
diff1(i)=hoff0(i)-hoff1(i);
if(diff1(i)>capv1)
newcaph1(i)=caph1(diff1(i)-capv1);
if(users1(i)>newcaph1(i))
blck1(i)=users1(i)-newcaph1(i);
else
blck1(i)=0;
end;
end;
if(users1(i)>caph1)
blck1(i)=users1(i)-caph1;
else
blck1(i)=0;
end;
end;
figure(4);
stem(t,blck1,'r');
title('No. of blocked users Vs Time instances in cell 2');
xlabel('time inst---->');
ylabel('No. of blocked users---->');


fprintf('\n');
disp('users0=');
disp(users0);
disp('hoff1=');
disp(hoff1);
disp('hoff0=');
disp(hoff0);
disp('block0=');
disp(blck);
fprintf('\n');
disp('user1=');
disp(users1);
disp('hoff0=');
disp(hoff0);
disp('hoff1=');
disp(hoff1);
disp('block1=');
disp(blck1);
fprintf('\n');


OUTPUT:
Enter no of instances:5
















Result






9.ANTENNA RADIATION PATTERN

AIM
To simulate horn antenna radiation pattern using MATLAB

APPARATUS REQUIRED
MATLAB software, PC

SOURCE CODE
function []=horn;
disp('E-Plane and H-Plane Horn Specifications');
%R1=[]; R2=[];
%R1 = input('rho1(in wavelengths) = ');
%R2 = input('rho2(in wavelengths) = ');
R1=6; R2=6;a=0.5; b=0.25; a1=5.5; b1=2.75;
%a=[]; b=[];
%a = input('a(in wavelengths) = ');
%b = input('b(in wavelengths) = ');
%a1=[]; b1=[];
%a1 = input('a1(in wavelengths) = ');
%b1 = input('b1(in wavelengths) = ');
u = (1/sqrt(2))*((sqrt(R2)/a1)+(a1/sqrt(R2)));
v = (1/sqrt(2))*((sqrt(R2)/a1)-(a1/sqrt(R2)));
u = Fresnel(u);
v = Fresnel(v);
w = Fresnel(b1/sqrt(2*R1));
DH = 4*pi*b*R2/a1*((real(u)-real(v))^2 + (imag(u)-imag(v))^2);
DE = 64*a*R1/(pi*b1)*((real(w))^2 + (imag(w))^2);
DP = pi/(32*a*b)*DE*DH;
k = 2*pi;
Emax = 0;
Hmax = 0;
% E and H plane Outputs
% E-Plane Amplitude
for(theta = 0:0.5:360);
I = theta*2 + 1;
theta = theta*pi/180;
phi = pi/2;
ky = k*sin(theta);
kxp = pi/a1;
kxdp = -pi/a1;
t1 = sqrt(1/(pi*k*R1))*(-k*b1/2-ky*R1);
t2 = sqrt(1/(pi*k*R1))*(k*b1/2-ky*R1);
t1p = sqrt(1/(pi*k*R2))*(-k*a1/2-pi/a1*R2);
t2p = sqrt(1/(pi*k*R2))*(k*a1/2-pi/a1*R2);


t1dp = -t2p;
t2dp = -t1p;
I1 =.5*sqrt(pi*R2/k)*(exp(j*R2/(2*k)*kxp^2)*(Fresnel(t2p)-Fresnel(t1p)) +
exp(j*R2/(2*k)*kxdp^2)*(Fresnel(t2dp) - Fresnel(t1dp)));
I2 = sqrt(pi*R1/k) * exp(j*R1/(2*k)*ky^2) * (Fresnel(t2) - Fresnel(t1));
y(I) = (1 + cos(theta))*I1*I2;
y(I) = abs(y(I));
end
for(I = 1:721)
if(y(I) >Emax)
Emax = y(I);
end
end
for(I = 1:721)
if(y(I) <= 0)
Edb = -100;
else
Edb = 20*log10(abs(y(I))/Emax);
end
theta = (I-1)/2;
x(I)=theta;
q1(I)=Edb;
end
% H-Plane Amplitude
for(theta = 0:0.5:360);
I = theta*2 + 1;
theta = theta*pi/180;
phi = 0;
kxp = k*sin(theta) + pi/a1;
kxdp = k*sin(theta) - pi/a1;
t1 = sqrt(1/(pi*k*R1))*(-k*b1/2);
t2 = sqrt(1/(pi*k*R1))*(k*b1/2);
t1p = sqrt(1/(pi*k*R2))*(-k*a1/2-kxp*R2);
t2p = sqrt(1/(pi*k*R2))*(k*a1/2-kxp*R2);
t1dp = sqrt(1/(pi*k*R2))*(-k*a1/2-kxdp*R2);
t2dp = sqrt(1/(pi*k*R2))*(k*a1/2-kxdp*R2);
I1 = .5*sqrt(pi*R2/k)*(exp(j*R2/(2*k)*kxp^2)*(Fresnel(t2p)-Fresnel(t1p)) +
exp(j*R2/(2*k)*kxdp^2)*(Fresnel(t2dp) - Fresnel(t1dp)));
I2 = sqrt(pi*R1/k) * exp(j*R1/(2*k)*ky^2) * (Fresnel(t2) - Fresnel(t1));
y(I) = (1 + cos(theta))*I1*I2;
y(I) = abs(y(I));
end
for(I = 1:721)
if(y(I) >Hmax)
Hmax = y(I);
end


end
for(I = 1:721)
if(y(I) <= 0)
Hdb = -100;
else
Hdb = 20*log10(abs(y(I))/Hmax);
end
theta = (I-1)/2;
x(I)=theta;
q2(I)=Hdb;
end
% Figure 1
ha=plot(x,q1); set(ha,'linestyle','-','linewidth',2);
hold on; hb=plot(x,q2,'r--'); set(hb,'linewidth',2);
xlabel('Theta (degrees)');
ylabel('Field Pattern (dB)');
title('Horn Analysis');
legend('E-Plane','H-Plane');
grid on;
axis([0 360 -60 0]);
% Figure 2
figure(2)
ht1=polar(x*pi/180,q1,'b-');
hold on;
ht2=polar(x*pi/180,q2,'r--');
set([ht1 ht2],'linewidth',2);
legend([ht1 ht2],{'E-plane','H-plane'});
title('Field patterns');
% Directivity Output
directivity = 10*log10(DP)
% Fresnel Subfunction
function[y] = Fresnel(x);
A(1) = 1.595769140;
A(2) = -0.000001702;
A(3) = -6.808508854;
A(4) = -0.000576361;
A(5) = 6.920691902;
A(6) = -0.016898657;
A(7) = -3.050485660;
A(8) = -0.075752419;
A(9) = 0.850663781;
A(10) = -0.025639041;
A(11) = -0.150230960;
A(12) = 0.034404779;
B(1) = -0.000000033;
B(2) = 4.255387524;


B(3) = -0.000092810;
B(4) = -7.780020400;
B(5) = -0.009520895;
B(6) = 5.075161298;
B(7) = -0.138341947;
B(8) = -1.363729124;
B(9) = -0.403349276;
B(10) = 0.702222016;
B(11) = -0.216195929;
B(12) = 0.019547031;
CC(1) = 0;
CC(2) = -0.024933975;
CC(3) = 0.000003936;
CC(4) = 0.005770956;
CC(5) = 0.000689892;
CC(6) = -0.009497136;
CC(7) = 0.011948809;
CC(8) = -0.006748873;
CC(9) = 0.000246420;
CC(10) = 0.002102967;
CC(11) = -0.001217930;
CC(12) = 0.000233939;
D(1) = 0.199471140;
D(2) = 0.000000023;
D(3) = -0.009351341;
D(4) = 0.000023006;
D(5) = 0.004851466;
D(6) = 0.001903218;
D(7) = -0.017122914;
D(8) = 0.029064067;
D(9) = -0.027928955;
D(10) = 0.016497308;
D(11) = -0.005598515;
D(12) = 0.000838386;
if(x==0)
y=0;
return
elseif(x<0)
x=abs(x);
x=(pi/2)*x^2;
F=0;
if(x<4)
for(k=1:12)
F=F+(A(k)+j*B(k))*(x/4)^(k-1);
end
y = F*sqrt(x/4)*exp(-j*x);


y = -y;
return
else
for(k=1:12)
F=F+(CC(k)+j*D(k))*(4/x)^(k-1);
end
y = F*sqrt(4/x)*exp(-j*x)+(1-j)/2;
y =-y;
return
end
else
x=(pi/2)*x^2;
F=0;
if(x<4)
for(k=1:12)
F=F+(A(k)+j*B(k))*(x/4)^(k-1);
end
y = F*sqrt(x/4)*exp(-j*x);
return
else
for(k=1:12)
F=F+(CC(k)+j*D(k))*(4/x)^(k-1);
end
y = F*sqrt(4/x)*exp(-j*x)+(1-j)/2;
return
end
end
OUTPUT:
E-Plane and H-Plane Horn Specifications