1. Why run cased hole?

. To Assess well integrity.

To Improve reservoir management.
Scan the well for bypassed production before plugging and abandoning.
2. Lithology Identification
GR: measures the strength of natural radioactive material present in the
formation that can distinguish between the sand and shale in siliciclastic
environments.
Natural GR spectroscopy: work in same principle of GR and counts the
contribution of (Ur, Potassium, thorium). Determine relative proportions
of certain minerals in the formation.
3. Determination of reservoir characteristics

4. Differentiate between source rock and non source rock


5. Categories of cased hole logs?
1) Formation Evaluation:
- Logging tools in this category are designed to evaluate formation
properties. Such as formation shale content, clay type, and vertical
definition of zones which are clean and shale free.
- It also can determine the type of rock (sand, lime, etc), The type of
hydrocarbon, gas or oil and its saturation
Other information available includes
- Mechanical properties of the rock and mineralogy.
- Permeability of the rock.
- Skin damage.
- Pressure.
- Natural fracture.
- Samples of formation fluids.
2) Well bore integrity
- This category of logs includes the wide variety of logs to evaluate the
cement sheath around the casing. This information provided some
assurance of hydraulic isolation.
- Casing condition in terms of depth and extent of damage may also be
evaluated
3) Fluid movement during production or injection.
- This category includes tools which detect channels behind pipe in both
injection and production wells.
- Such tool furthermore defect zones of fluid injected, location of pumped
material such as fracture fluid or proppant.
- It can even directionally detect the orientation of certain injected
particulates.
- Flow profiles in both injection and production may be evaluated along
with the contributions of each phase of produced fluid on a zone by
zone basis, Combined with pressure information, these contributions
may be the basis for determining a zone by zone inflow performance
relationship.
4) Others

- This category is a catch-all for services whose application or
environment may be unusual. For example: the gravel pack logs are
designed to evaluate the presence of gravel outside of a wire wrapped
or slotted liner, a condition which is neither increasing nor out of it
- Another grouping in this category are the stuck point or free point
indicator tools: These are typically not closely related to reservoir
management and are of more immediate operational concern
6. Preparing well logs (exploratory and development)
Typically there will be many items that are conditional on hydrocarbons being
encountered based on shows encountered while drilling for a well proposal , a
typical program might look some thing like this:
Exploration well
17.5" hole section:
GR/ Resistivity/ Sonic (GR to surface) if shows encountered include GR/
density/ neutron and optional pressure/ fluid samples.
"12.25" hole section:
LWD GR/ resistivity.
Wireline GR/ resistivity/ density/ neutron.
Optial pressure/ fluid samples if hydrocarbon encountered
"8.5" hole section:
LWD GR/ resistivity.
Wireline GR/ resistivity/ density/ neutron.
GR/ Sonic/ Formation imager.
Pressure/ fluid sampling ( sampling dependent on oil being encountered).
VSP.
Side wall samples.
Development Well
"17.5" hole section:
No logs required.
"12.25" hole section:
MWD (measurement while drilling)/GR.
GR/ Resistivity/ Sonic (GR to surface).
if shows encountered include GR/ density/ neutron and optional
pressure/ fluid samples.
"8.5" hole section:
GR/ resistivity/ density/ neutron.
Dipole Sonic/ Formation imager.
Pressure/ fluid sampling ( sampling dependent on oil being encountered).
VSP.
Side wall samples.
7. Difference between log contract and log program?
Mud log unit has two main responsibilities:
To monitor the drilling of the parameters and gas/liquids/solids returns
from the well to assist the drilling department in the safety and
optimization of the drilling process.
To provide information to the petroleum engineering department that
can be used for evaluation purposes
Items that will be included in daily mud log report are:
Gas reading as measured by a gas detector/chromatograph.
A check for absence of poisonous gases (H
2
S, SO
2
)
A report of cuttings received over the shale shakers, with full lithological
descriptions and relative percentages.
ROP
Hydrocarbon indication in samples.
But elements that exist in common log contracts include the following:
Depth charge: This relates to the deepest depth that a particular tool
will be run in the hole.
Survey charge: This relates to the interval that a particular tool is
actually logged in the hole.
Station charge: For tools such as formation pressure sampling tools and
sidewall samples, this is a change per station measurements. Usually the
contract will make certain specification regarding when such a charge
may be dropped (e.g., if no useful data are recovered).
Tool rental: Usually a daily charge for the tools to be on the rig on
standby prior to or during a logging job.
Logging unit rental charge: Usually a monthly charge for the logging unit
(winch, tool shed and computers).
Base rental: There may be a monthly charge to have a pool of tools
available for a client. For LWD tools, this may supersede the tools rental,
depth and survey charges.
Engineer charge: Usually a day rate for any engineers, specialists, or
assistants present for the logging job.
In-hole charge: Some LWD contracts specify an hourly charge while tools
are actually being run in the hole.
Lost-in-hole charge: For replacement of any tools lost in the hole during
operations. Some contractors provide insurance to the oil companies for
a fixed sum per job to compensate them against lost-in-hole charge.
Cable splice charge: Where tools become stuck in the hole and it is
necessary to cut the cable, a charge is usually made for such splicing.
Processing charges: Where data require post-processing (e.g.
interpretation of image data or waveform sonic), charges are usually
applied in similar way to survey charges.
Data charge: Provision of additional copies of log prints and/or tapes or
data storage, may incur additional charge.
Real-time data transmission charges: The oil company will usually be
given the option to have data transmitted directly from the well site to
their office
8. Importance of mud logging
Identification of the lithology and formation type being drilled
Identification of porous/permeable zones
Picking of coring, casing or final drilling depths.
Confirmation of hydrocarbons bring encountered and whether they are
oil or gas

9. Stratigraphic column (Correct the wrong answer)
Gulf of Suez (Zeit, South Ghareb, Balaeem, Kareem, Rudeis, Nukhul,
Esna, Sudr, Matlla, Qada, Abu Qada, Raha, Nubia (A,B,C) )
Western Dessert ( Kurkar, Dabaa, Guindi or Appolonia, Esna,
Khoman,Abu Roash, Bahariya, Medeiwar, Burg el Arab, Elkhataba, Wadi
el Natrun,Masajid, Ras Qttara, Kohla, Zeitoun )
Nile Delta ( Mit Ghamr, El Wastani, Kafr el Sheikh, Qwasem, Sidi Salem)
10. Advantages and disadvantages of different types of artificial lift

Sucker Rod Pump (pump unit):
Most common artificial lift method. Used mostly in shallow to
medium-depth oil fields (< 10,000 ft).
Surface pumping unit is connected via sucker rods to a down hole
pump.
Advantages Electric Submersible Pump (ESP)
Designed to pump at very high flow rates (100 to 10,000 BPD)
If conditions are favorable, ESPs can run several years
Disadvantages of ESP
Less efficient than other methods
Expensive
Sensitive to solids and free gas.
Advantages of gas lift:
o Can handle large volume of solids with minor problems.
o Crooked holes present no problem.
o Applicable offshore platforms.
o Power source can be remotely located.
o Sometimes serviceable with wire line unit.
o Easy to obtain down hole pressure and gradient.
o Lifting gassy wells is no problem.
o Flexible, easy to change rate.
Disadvantages of gas lift:
o Lift gas is not always available.
o Not efficient to lifting small fields.
o Difficult to lift emulsions and viscous.
o Gas freezing and hydrate problems.
o Cannot effectively produce deep wells.
o Safety problem with high pressure gas.
o Required make up gas in relative system.
o Casing must withstand lift pressure.
o Problems with dirty surface lines.
11. Compare between types of artificial lift
Rod Pumped Wells
Rod pumped wells are probably the most common type of pumping well,
especially among wells with low flow rates. These use a horses head
and walking beam arrangement. The motion of the sucker rods, in turn,
operates a pump at the end of the tubing down hole. A special wellhead
is required to log such wells and the logging tool is run down the tubing-
casing annulus
Electric submersible pumps ESP
These are subsurface hydraulic pump located at the bottom of tubing
and powered by electrical as hydraulic energy. These generally cant be
logged unless a (Y) tool is situated at the end of the tubing string. This
tool allows passage of the logging tool even as pump works
Gas Lift.
Gas lift is a method where a gas pumped into the tubing string, thereby
removing the heaver fluids present and reducing the hydrostatic
pressure on the formation. This type of well can be logged much like a
naturally completed well.
12. Reservoir Performance (inflow and outflow)
Reservoir Inflow Performance using bottomhole pressure gauges is
routinely measured at regular intervals as part of the field monitoring
program. This relationship between flow rate (q) and wellbore pressure
(P
wf)
is required for a nodal- type analysis of well performance.
Factors affecting the outflow performance (tubing size, flow rate, GLR,
WC, Fluid densities and viscosities, Slippage, Temperature Gradient)
13. Production system (IFP, VLP, Beam performance)
1) Inflow performance, which deals with the flow of formation fluid from
reservoir into the bottom of the well. The well IPR changes with time
(except for steady-state flow). Infinite-acting and pseudo-steady-state
conditions where reservoir pressure declines with time: IPR changes
with time.
2) Vertical lift performance, dealing with pressure losses through vertical
production tubing with producing well. The reservoir deliverability
depends on the VLP. The wellhead flowing pressure Pwf is a function of
hydrostatic pressure and friction pressure losses. Increase in well head
pressure increases pwf accordingly. Two-phase flow is common even if
pwf is above Pb. VLP is combined with IPR to estimate the well
deliverability.
3) Beam performance, which deal with pressure losses accompanying the
flow of fluids which coming from reservoir to the surface choke or bean
in flowline at the surface.
14. What is harsh downhole equipment?
Temperature
Pressure
H2s and CO2
15. Importance of wellhead
Wellhead systems serve as the stop point of casing and tubing strings. As such,
these systems control pressure via chockes, valves and others and provide
access to the main bore of the casing or tubing or to the annulus. This
pressure-controlled access allows drilling and completion activities to take
place safely with minimal environmental risk. Multiple barriers are used, such
as primary and secondary seals, to reduce risk in case of equipment failure.
16. Factors to consider before artificial lift
- Fluids volumes
- Well depth
- Expected GLR
- Tubular size
- Hole deviation
- Solids (sand,) corrosive materials

17. Draw Typical casing tubing configuration of a producing well






18. Draw coil tubing



It is very difficult to run logging when the hole is deviated, this is a result
of friction and pore hole conditions
Tool strings having rollers ,sinker bars, special nose guides, and rigidized
cable, are used to help
knuckle joints are used to enhance tool flexibility, Where tool strings are
long and the tool is not be string to negotiate the curvature of the
borehole
Coil tubing equipment is very useful to spot fluid down hole and
frequently used for squeeze cementing for logging purposes
The coil tubing, although somewhat flexible, may fail due to buckling or
tension during the pushing and pulling of the tool down hole
As a result, computer modeling for the job is advisable prior to the job to
assure that the planned job is within the physical capability of the coil
tubing