ti 1: Thit k ngun m in mt chiu t ngun in p xoay chiu

220/380V, mch c khu bo v ngn mch v c cc tham s sau: in p ra 6-

12 V, dng ti 1500 A.



















LI NI U
M kim loi ra i v pht trin hng trm nm
nay.Ngy nay m kim loi tr thnh mt ngnh
k thut pht trin mnh m hu ht cc n-c
trn th gii, phc v mt cch c lc cho mi
ngnh khoa hc k thut sn xut v i sng
vn minh con ng-i.
Lp m kim loi trn b mt cc chi tit
my,dng c sinh hot, ph-ng tin sn xut,
giao thng vn ti, khai thc m a cht,thng
tin lin lc, k thut in t, c kh chnh
xc, thit b y t, trang tr bao b ..
Vy m in l g ?
Mt cch n gin nht c th hiu m in l
qu trnh kt ta kim loi ln b mt nn mt
lp ph c nhng tnh cht c, l, ho ... p
ng -c cc yu cu k thut mong mun.M kim
loi khng ch lm mc ch bo v khi b n
mn m cn c tc dng trang tr, lm tng v
p, sc hp dn cho cc dmh c my mc v
trang sc..
Ngy nay khng ring g n-c pht trin m
ngay trong n-c ta k thut m c nh-ng b-c
pht trin nhy vt, tho mn yu cu k thut
trong sn xut cung nh- trong kinh doanh
K thut m i hi phi khng ngng pht trin
nghin cu ci tin k thut ,my mc chuyn
dng thit b dy chuyn sn xut ng b t
ng ho vi tin cy cao. iu ny s gip
nng cao cht l-ng m v h gi thnh sn
phm, chng nhim mi tr-ng.
c mt lp m tt ngoI nhng yu t khc
th ngun in dng m l rt quan trng.
i vi sinh vin t ng ha, mn hc in t
cng sut l mt mn rt quan trng. Vi s
ging dy nhit tnh ca cc thy c trong khoa
em t-ng b-c tip cn mn hc. c th lm
vng l thuyt p dng vo thc t, hc k
ny em -c cc thy giao cho n mn hc vi
ti : Thit k ngun m mt chiu. y l
mt ti c quy m v ng dng thc t.
Vi s c gng ca bn thn cng vi s ch bo
ca cc rhy c gio trong b mn v c bit
l thy Nguyn Duy Minh gip em hon thnh
n ny.
Do ln u lm n in t cng sut kinh
nghim ch-a c ln em khng trnh khi nhng
sai st mong cc thy gip . Cui cng em xin
chn thnh cm n !
H ni, ngy thng nm 2014
Sinh vin :





Ch-ng I : Gii thiu chung v cng
ngh m in
ti thit k ngun m mt chiu l mt
ti c gi tr thc t ln, bi v trong cng
ngh m ngun in mt chiu l mt yu t quan
trng.
thy r gi tr ca tI, tr-c ht ta cn
phi nm r mt s khi nim cng nh- cc thit
b c lin quan n qu trnh m bng in
phn.
Ta da vo s in phn nh- sau:

S trn l m hnh dng trong phm vi nh
nh- phng th nghim ng thi cng dng trong
qui m sn xut ln. Cc thnh phn c bn ca
s in phn :
1. Ngun in mt chiu nh- :
pin, c qui, my pht in mt chiu, b bin
i. Ngy nay -c dng ph bin nht l b
bin i. B bin i cho qu trnh in phn
c in p ra thp : 3V, 6V, 12V, 24V Tu theo
yu cu k thut m chn in p ra cho ph
hp. Mt b bin i c th ly ra mt s in
p cn thit cho mt s qui trnh.
VD : M niken th-ng dng in p 6V hay 12V.
m Crm dng 12V.
nh bng in ha nhm th-ng dng in
p 12 24V.
2. Ant :
l in cc ni v cc d-ng ca ngun in
mt chiu. Tr-c khi in phn ant cn phi
nh sch du m, lp g
Ant dng trong m in c hai loi : ant ha
tan v ant khng ho tan.Ant ho tan -c
dng trong cc tr-ng hp m niken, m ng, m
km, m thic Trong qu trnh in phn ant
tan vo dung dch m theo phn ng in cc :
Ni -2e =Ni
2+
Cu -2e =Cu
2+
Cc cation kim loi tan vo dung dch in
phn v I n catt. Phn ng in ha ant
l phn ng oxi ha.
Ant khng ha tan dng trong tr-ng hp m
Crm. Khi in phn b mt ant khng ho tan
cng din ra qu trnh oxi ha H
2
O, OH
-
, CL
-
.
2 CL

2e =CL
2
4OH
-
- 4e = 2H
2
O + O
2

Kh thot ra ant trong qu trnh in phn
th-ng chnh l O
2
v CL
2
.
3. Catt :
l in cc ni vi cc m ca ngun in mt
chiu. Trong m in catt l vt m. Trn b
mt vt m lun din ra phn ng kh cc ion
kim loi m. V d nh- :
M niken : Ni
2+
+ 2e= Ni
M km : Zn
2+
+2e = Zn
ng thi vi in kim loi b kh, H
3
O
+
cng b
kh gii phng ra kh H
2
theo phn ng : 2H
3
O
+

+ 2e = H
2
+ H
2
O
Kh H
2
thot ra trn b mt ca tt c kh nng
thm su vo mng tinh th kim loi m v cc
kim loi nn, lm gim bn c hc ca kim
loi (kh H
2
khi gp nhit cao gin n mnh
gy ra s rn nt, gin kim loi) .Ng-i ta gi
hin t-ng ny l hin tng gin kim loi
. kim loi m bm cht vo b mt kim lo
nn ng thi cho lp m ngu, bng sng hp
dn, tr-c khi m ta cn phi gia cng cho b
mt chi tit bng phng, bng v sch cc cht
du m mng oxt. Catt vt m cn phi nhng
ngp vo dung dch, th-ng ngp d-i mt n-c 8
15cm v cch y b khong 15cm. Cc ch ni
phi m bo tip xc tht tt, khng gy ra
hin t-ng phng in trong cht in phn.
Tuyt i khng chm trc tip gia ant v
catt khi ni mch in.

4. Dung dich cht in phn :
dung dch cht in phn dng m th-ng c
hai phn :
_ Thnh phn c bn : gm mui v hp cht cha
in ca kim loi m v mt s ho cht thit
yu khc, nu thiu ha cht ny th dung dich
khng
th dng m -c.
_ Thnh phn th hai : bao gm cc cht ph gia
+ Cht lm bng lp m
+Cht m gi cho pH ca dung dch n nh
+Cht gim sc cng ni ti m bo lp m
khng bong nt
+Cht san bng m bo cho lp m ng u hn
+Cht lm tng dn in cho lp m ng u
hn
+Cht chng th ng ha ant nhm n nh m
Mt s c im dung dch m :
_ Dung dch m cn phi c n in cao.
n in ca dung dch khng nhng ch gim
-c tn thtin trong qu trnh m m cn lm
cho lp m ng u hn.
_ Mi dung dch cho lp m c cht l-ng trong
mt khong pH nht nh.
V d m Niken pH=4,5 n 5,5. M km trong
dung dch amniclorua pH= 4,5 n 5,5. M km
trong dung dch axt pH= 3,5 n 4,0
_ Mi dung dch cho lp m c cht l-ng cao
trong mt khong nhit nht nh. VD m
Niken khong nhit l 55 70
0
C , m
vng 60 70
0
C . Nhn chung, khi in phn
nhit dung dch khng v-t qua nhit si
ca dung dch.
_ Mi dung dch c mt khoang mt dng
catt thch hp.
_ Dung dch cha mui phc ca kim loi th-ng
cho lp m c cht l-ng tt hn lp m t
chnh kim loi thu -c t nui n. VD lp m
thu -c t dung dch Zn(CN)
2
4
-

hoc Zn(CN)
2-
3

tt hn lp m thu -c t dung dch mui

CuSO
4

.
5. B in phn :
lm t vt liu cch in, bn ha hc, bn
nhit. Thnh v mt trong ca b th-ng -c
lt bng cht do c bn ha hc, bn nhit.
Lp cht do lt phi kn tuyt i, n-c khng
thm qua -c. Mt ngoi sn nhiu lp chng
g. B m th-ng c dng hnh ch nht, iu
ny gip cho lp m -c phn b u hn b c
hnh dng khc. C nhiu b m nh- b m
tnh,thng m quay.
Trn dy l ton b s tng qut ca qu
trnh m bng in phn.
Trong cng ngh m cn c mt s yu cu v gia
cng b mt tr-c khi m.Yu cu b mt tr-c
khi m :
- Tr-c khi m vt cn m -c tin hnh gia
cng c kh c b mt bng phng, ng thi
ty xa cc lop g, nh bng b mt theo yu
cu s dng.
- Ty sch du m cc hp cht ha hc khc c
th c trn b mt vt m.
Tm li tr-c lc chi tit vo b in phn, b
mt cn phi tht bng phng, sc nt bng
tuyt i sch du m, cc mng oxit c th c.
Trong iu kin nh- vy lp m thu -c mi c
bng tt, khng s-c, khng sn si, bng
u ton lp m ng nht nh- .
Ph-ng php gia cng b mt kim loi tr-c khi
m :
- Ph-ng php gia cng c kh bao gm : mi
th, mi tinh, nh bng
quay bng hay sc bng trong thng quay.
- Ph-ng php gia cng ha hc hay in ha
hcbao gm : ty du m, ty g, ty li lm
bng b mt, ra sch.
S la chn ph-ng php gia cng cho hiu qa
tt nht li c gi thnh r, i hi ng-i k
thut vin phi c hiu bit y v nht l
phi c kinh nghim sn xut. Bt k thiu st
no d nh hoc nh gi khng ng cng vic
chun b b mt u dn n gim st cht l-ng
v hnh thc lp m. Cht l-ng lp m ph
thuc mt cch c bn vo ph-ng php -c la
chn, k thut v iu kin tin hnh chun b
b mt lp m. Khng bao gi chng ta coi nh
vic chun b b mt vt

Ch-ng II : La chn
ph-ng n
Nhim v t ra i vi n l thit k ngun
m mt chiu c in p thp v dng rt ln.
Ngun m lm vic theo nguyn tc gi dng in
m trong qu trnh np. Mch c khu bo v
chng chm in cc.
Trong cng ngh m in th ngun in l mt
yu t ht sc quan trng, n quyt nh nhiu
n cht l-ng lp m thu -c. Ngun in mt
chiu c th l c quy, my pht in mt
chiu, b bin i Chng ta phn tch tng
loi ngun quyt nh la chn ph-ng n no
:
1. c quy :
Trong cng ngh m in c quy ch -c s dng
trong phng th nghim hay sn xut quy m
nh. Do hn ch v l-ng in tch ln c quy
ch dng m cc chi tit nh, cn vi cc
chi tit ln th khng dng c quy -c.
c bit khi dng in m i hi ln th c
quy khng th p ng -c. V vy m trong
cng ngh m ng-i ta t s dng c quy lm
ngun m.
2. My pht in mt chiu :
Trong cng ngh m dng my pht in mt
chiu khc phc -c cc nh-c im ca c quy.
My pht in mt chiu trong thc t c th
-c s dng rng ri trong quy m sn xut
ln. Nh-ng gi thnh u t- cho my pht in
mt chiu ln, c cu iu khin hot ng kh
phc tp .My pht in mt chiu vi nhiu
nh-c im : c gp mau hng; thit b cng
knh; lm vic c ting n ln. My pht in
mt chiu cn th-ng xuyn bo tr sa cha.
Chnh v cc l do trn ln trong cng nghip
ng-i ta khng dng my pht in mt chiu.
3. B bin i :
Hin nay trong cng nghip th dng in xoay
chiu -c s dng rng ri. Cng ngh ch to
cc thit b bn dn ngy cng hon thin, cc
thit b hot ng vi tin cy cao. c bit
cng ngh sn xut Tiristor t -c nhiu
thnh tu. Chnh v vy cc b bin i dng
in xoay chiu thnh dng mt chiu ngy cng
-c s dng nhiu trong cc nghnh cng
nghip. Ngy nay trong cng ngh m in th b
bin i -c dng rng ri nht. Cc b bin
i dng trong qu trnh in phn c th cho
ra cc in p nh- : 3V, 6V, 12V, 24V,30V, 50v.
Tu theo yu cu k thut m chn in th cho
ph hp.B bin i vi cc -u im : thit b
gn nh; tc ng nhanh; d t ng ha; d
iu khin v n nh dng. Chi ph u t- cho
b bin i cng r, hiu qu lm vic cao v
n nh. So vi dng ngun m l c quy hoc
my pht in mt chiu th b bin i p ng
-c hn c v mt kinh t cng nh- cc tiu
chun k thut.Vy quyt nh ph-ng n l dng
b bin i.
Vi mch chnh l-u(khng dng mch chnh l-u )
c rt nhiu : chnh l-u mt pha, chnh l-u ba
pha, chnh l-u khng iu khin, chnh l-u c
iu khin.
Trong yu cu ca n l thit k ngun m
in p thp v dng kh ln. Tr-c ht ta xt
tr-ng hp chnh l-u c iu khin, sau ta
c th xt tr-ng hp chnh l-u it khng iu
khin vi gc iu khin .
Cc ph-ng
n kh thi :
+ Chnh l-u
cu mt pha
+ Chnh l-u
cu ba pha
+ chnh l-u
su pha c cun khng cn bng











Ph-ng n 1 : Chnh l-u cu mt pha
S nguyn l chnh l-u cu mt pha


a.Khi ti thun tr R :

Vi U
2
= sinu

_ Khi u = : cho xung iu khin m T1, T2 v
U
d
=-U
2
, hai tiristor s

kho khi U
2
= 0

_khi u = + , cho xung iu khin m T3, T4 v
U
d
=U
2

Dng qua ti l dng gin on.
Gi tr trung bnh dng ti :
( )
2
2
2 1
2 sin . 1 cos
d
U
U U d
t
o
u u o
t t
= = +
}

Gi tr trung bnh dng ti:
d
d
U
I
R
=


Gi tr trung bnh dng qua tiristor:
2
2 1
sin .
2 2 2
d d
T
U I U
I d
R R
t
o
u u
t
= = =
}


Dng sng c bn :

b. Ti R+L
- Khi L ln th dng in i
d
s l dng
lin tc.




- Ph-ng trnh mch ti :
2
2 sin .
d
i
d
d
U d Ri X
d
u u
u
= +

2
1
2 sin .
d
d d
I
R X
U d i d di
t o t o
o o
u u u
t t t
+ +
= +
} } }


2
2 2
cos
d
U
U o
t
=
Dng sng c bn :

c. u nh-c im ca s :
- u im : in p ng-c t ln mi van
trong s nh
- Nh-c im : khng dng -c cho ti c
cng sut ln, nu dng gy ra hin t-ng
cng sut bij lch pha. S chnh l-u cu
mt pha dng tI chy qua hai van ni tip,
v vy tn tht din p v cng sut trn
van s ln. S cu mt pha ch ng dng
vi yu cu in p chnh l-u cao v dng
ti nh.


Ph-ng n 2 : Chnh l-u
cu ba pha i xng
a)S nguyn l :

+Ngun cp: 3 pha xoay chiu 220V/380V 50Hz khi qua bin p 3
pha c cc in p th cp:
Ua =
2
2. .sin( ) U t e V
Ub =
2
2
2. .sin( )
3
U t
t
e + V
Uc =
2
2
2. .sin( )
3
U t
t
e V
t u e =
Ti c cun cm L m bo san bng dng 1 chiu t yu cu.
+B bin i: s cu 3 pha.
- Nhm T
1
,T
3
,T
5
u Catot chung:
- T
1
,T
3
,T
5
u Catot chung , khi Ant ca van no bt u c th
dng hn so vi Ant ca cc van cn li th mi c php pht
xung iu khin m van . im c coi l im gc tnh
gc m chm cho thyristor y.
- T
1
,T
3
,T
5
hnh thnh chnh lu iu khin hnh tia 3 pha Catot
chung, c ngun cung cp l
a
U ,
b
U ,
c
U v mch ti l 2 im K v O.
U
d2
= U
KO
-Nhm T
2
,T
4
,T
6
u Anot chung:
- T
2
,T
4
,T
6
u Ant chung,khi no th Catot ca van no bt u c
th m hn so vi th Catt ca cc van cn li th mi c php
pht xung iu khin vo m van . im c coi l im
gc tnh gc m chm cho Thyristor .
- T
2
,T
4
,T
6
hnh thnh chnh lu iu khin hnh tia 3 pha Anot
chung, c ngun cung cp
a
U ,
b
U ,
c
U v mch ti l 2 im A v O.
U
d2
= U
AO





KL:Chnh lu iu khin i xng cu 3 pha thc cht l 2 chnh
lu iu khin i xng tia 3 pha,1 u Catt chung ,1 u Ant
chung, c u ni tip nhau c cng ngun cung cp. Cn mch ti
ni tip nhau nn:

d
U =
KA
U =
1 d
U +
2 d
U =
KO
U +
AO
U
b) Hot ng ca s :
Gi thit T
5
v T
6
ang thng ta c :
- U
C
thng qua T
5
t ln K
- U
b
thng qua T
6
t ln A
U
d
= U
KA
= U
CB

+ n thi im = O
1
+ = /6 + , Pht xung iu khin m T
1
.
Khi : Anot T
1
mang th U
a

Catot T
1
mang th U
c

Do U
a
> U
c
nn T
1
m thng.
T
1
m lm cho Catot lc ny mang th Ua, do T
5
ng li v chu
phn cc ngc U
ac
.
Dng in khp mch qua T
1
v T
6
,
in p ti : U
d
= U
ab
= U
a
U
b

+ Khi = 3 /6 + : Pht xung iu khin m T
2

Khi :
Anot T
2
mang th U
b

Katot T
2
mang th U
c

Do U
b
> U
c
nn T
2
m thng.
S m ca T
2
lm cho T
6
kha li 1 cch t nhin ging trng
hp trn
C nh vy cc xung iu khin lch nhau /3 ln lt c a n
cc cc iu khin cua cc Thyristor theo th t
T
1
,T
2
,T
3
,T
4
,T
5
,T
6
,T
1

Trong mi nhm u chung K (hoc A), khi 1 van m th n s
kha ngay van trc theo th t nh bng sau:

Thi im M Kha

1
6
t
u o = +
T1 T5

2
3
6
t
u o = +
T2 T6

3
5
6
t
u o = +
T3 T1

4
7
6
t
u o = +
T4 T2

5
9
6
t
u o = +
T5 T3

6
11
6
t
u o = +
T6 T4



in p ti trung bnh:
U
d
=
2
2
1
6 .d U Cos t t
o
o
e e
}

|
6
2
|
6
3 6
= . U Sin t
t
o
t
o
e
t
+
+

U
d
=
2
3 6
. U Coso
t


Dng sng c bn:






0
0
0
0
0












c). Phn tch u, nhc im ca s :
+u im:
S xung p chnh lu trong 1 chu k ln,v vy p
mch ca in p chnh lu thp ,cht lng in p cao.
Khng lm lch pha li in.
+Nhc im:
S dng s van ln, gi thnh thit b cao.
S ny dng cho ti cng sut ln, dng ti nh,chnh lu i hi
bng phng.

























Phng n 3: chnh lu 6 pha c cun khng cn
bng
a.s nguyn l

S chnh lu iu khin 6 pha c cun khng cn bng bao gm:
+ My bin p ng lc c cun khng cn bng C
cb

+ 6 Thyristor chia lm 2 nhm T
1
,T
3
,T
5
v T
2
,T
4
,T
6

My bin p c 2 h thng th cp (a,b,c) v (a,b,c).
Cc cun dy trn mi pha (a & a);(b &b);(c & c) c s vng dy
nh nhau nhng c cc tnh ngc nhau.
H thng dy cun my bin p c im trung tnh ring bit O
1
, O
2

c ni vi nhau qua cun khng cn bng.
Cun khng cn bng c cu to nh my bin p t ngu.
in p chnh lu trung bnh trong s c gi tr nh trung bnh
cng ca in p u ra ca 2 chnh lu hnh tia 3 pha :
U
d
=
2
3 6
. U Cosu
t
U
dmax
=
2
3 6
U
t

Do tc dng ca cun khng cn bng, dng ti c th coi l phng
hon ton.
Dng trung bnh qua van:
I
TBV
=
dmax
I
3

in p ngc t ln van:
U
ngmax
=
ax
.
3
dm
U
t

Dng sng c bn

b). u nhc im ca s :
- Dng in - in p ra c bng phng cao, p mch
5,7%
- Dng trung bnh qua van nh ch bng 1/6 dng ti
- Do tnh i xng (ngay c khi thay i) nn b lc thit k
n gin, trng lng cng nh kch thc nh.
- Tuy nhin, nhc im ln nht ca chnh lu loi ny l gi thnh
cao do s dng nhiu van cng sut, v thit k my bin p cng nh
cun khng cn bng rt phc tp. y chnh l nhc im cng
nh hn ch kh nng ng dng ca s trong quy m sn xut va
v nh.
- Kt lun:
Nh vy, theo yu cu ca ti thit k:
Ngun p : 220/380 V
in p ra 6-12 V
Dng ti : 1500 A
Cng vi nhng phn tch trn, em i n la chn phng
n: S dng b chnh lu cu 3 pha i xng c iu khin l hp l
nht, c th tha mn yu cu k thut cng nh kinh t ca ti.


I.Tnh chn Van bn dn cng sut.

Chn ch lm vic nh mc ca van l ch cng sut cc i
Tc l gc m chm = 0
o

+) in p u ra ca chnh lu c tnh :
U
d
=
2
3 6
. U Cosu
t

U
U
2
= .
3 6
d
U
t
= .220
3 6
t
=94 V
in p ngc cc i t ln van:
U
ngmax
=
2
6.U = 6 .94 =230,3 V
Chn h s d tr in p: K
u
= 2
Van phi chu c: U
ngmax

thc
= 2 . 230,3 = 460,6(V)
+) Dng in trung bnh qua van:
I
tbVan
=
3
d
I
=
1500
500
3
= (A)
Chn iu kin lm vic ca van l lm mt cng bc bng nc,ta
c iu kin van + a van chun + tc nc = 8 m/s th :
I
tb max
= ( 0,6 0,7 ) I
tb max thc

I
tb max thc
=
tb max
I
0, 6
=
500
833, 3
0, 6
= ( A )
Vy cc thng s chn van l :
U
ng v
= 460 v I
tb max thc
= 833,3 A

Van cng sut c chn l: T568N
Cc thng s t nh Sn xut:

+) in p ngc cc i :U
ngmax
= 600 V
+) Dng in lm vic cc i :I
dmmax
= 568 A
+) Dng in xung iu khin :I
g
ax m
= 150 mA
+) in p xung iu khin :U
ax gm
= 1,4 V
+) St p trn thyristor trng thi bn dn :U
max
= 1,76 V

+) Tc bin thin in p :du/dt = 1000 V/ s
+) Nhit lm vic cc i :T
ax m
=140
0
C

I. Tnh ton my bin p lc.
Chn my bin p 3 pha 3 tr, s u dy / A T.
II.1. Tnh s b my bin p.
1. Cng sut biu kin my bin p:
S=
.
. .220.1500 345
3 3
S d d
K P P kVA
t t
= = =
2.in p pha s cp my bin p:

1
U = 380 V
3.in p pha th cp my bin p :
Phng trnh cn bng in p khi c ti:
U
d0
= U
d
+ U
d
.10% + 2.U
V
+ U
dn
+ U
BA

Vi:
U
d
.10% : l lng d tr khi c st gim in p li
U
V
= 1.06 V : st p trn van cng sut.
U
dn
~ 0 : st p trn dy ni.

BA r x
U U U A = A + A : st p trn in tr v in khng ca MBA.
Chn s b:
U
BA
= U
R
+ U
X
6%.U
d0
= 0.06220 = 13,3 V
T phng trnh cn bng in p khi c ti, ta c:
U
d0
= U
d
+ U
d
.10% + 2.U
V
+ U
dn
+U
BA

= 220 + 220.10% + 2.1,76 + 0 + 13,3
= 258,82 (V)
in p pha th cp ca my bin p:
U
2
=
0
. .258, 82
3. 6 3. 6
d
U t t
= = 110,64 (V)
4.Dng in hiu dng th cp my bin p.
I
2
=
2 2
6. . .1500 1224, 7
3 3 3
d
d
I
I = = = A
5. Dng in hiu dng s cp my bin p :


2
1 . 2 2
1
110, 64
. 1224, 7 356, 6
380
BA
U
I k I I
U
= = = = A
Nh vy cc tham s ca my bin p cn t c l:

BA
S = 231 kVA
2
U = 110,64 V

1
U = 382 V
1
I = 356,7 A

2
I = 1224,7 A
II.2 Tnh chn cc thit b bo v mch lc
Trong b chnh lu phn t km c kh nng chu c cc
bin ng v in p v dng in v in p chnh l cc van bn
dn . V vy bo v mch lc cng chnh l bo v cc van bn dn
khi cc trng thi : qu nhit,qu dng v qu p.S mch ng
lc c thit b bo v nh sau :
1. Bo v qu nhit cho van :
Khi lm vic,trn van bn dn c st p,do c tn hao cng sut
P = U I
lv
sinh ra nhit t nng van
Mt khc, cc thit b bn dn rt nhy vi s thay i ca nhit ,
v ch cho php lm vic nhit t < t
cp
.
2.Bo v qu dng cho van
a) s dng aptomat ng ct mch ng lc,t ng ct mch khi
qu ti v ngn mch Thyristor,ngn mch u ra b bin i,ngn
mch th cp my bin p.
Chn ptomat c: I
dm
= 1.1I
1

dy
= 1.1 3 .60,39 = 115,06 (A)
Chn bng 110 A
c chnh nh dng ngn mch:
I
nm
= 2.5 I
1dy
= 2.5 3 .60,39 = 261,50 (A)
Chn bng 260 (A)
Dng qu ti: I
qt
= 1.5I
1dy
= 1.5 3 .60,39 = 156,90 (A)
Chn bng 150 (A)

b) Chn cc cu ch bo v ngn mch : Cc cu ch cn phi c
dy chy tc ng nhanh
_ Nhm cu ch 1CC : dng in nh mc dy chy l
I
1CC
= 1,1 I
2
= 1,1 . 653,19 = 718,5 A
_ Nhm cu ch 2CC :
I
2CC
= 1,1 I
v
= 1,1 . 444,45 = 488,895 A
_ Nhm cu ch 3CC :
I
3CC
= 1,1 I
d
= 1,1 . 800 = 880 A
Vy ta chn cu ch cc nhm 1CC,2CC,3CC l loi c dng nh
mc dy chy ln lt l 710 A, 480 A v 880 A
3. Bo v qu in p cho van :
Qu p do cc nguyn nhn sau:
+ Qu ti do ng ngt cc khi chc nng : ng bin p lc chnh
lu c th gy qu p 30 n 40% in p li .

- ng mch chnh lu sau khi ng bin p lc gy tc tng
p ti 1000V/s
- Ngt bin p ngun gy qu ti 5 ln in p bnh thng .
- ngt ti khi mch chnh lu
+ Qu p do hin tng chuyn mch : Loi ny gn vi mch chnh
lu :
- Khi van chuyn t kho sang dn
- Khi van chuyn t dn sang kho
Mc qu p cng ti 1000V/s

CHNG IV
TNH TON MCH IU KHIN

I. Khi qut h thng iu khin b bin i.
1. Chc nng.
Bin i tn hiu iu khin thnh xung iu khin tng ng
vi gc m ca Thyristor ().
2. Phn loi.
- H iu khin b bin i ph thuc
(Cho chnh lu v b bin i xung p xoay chiu)
- H iu khin b bin i c lp
(Cho nghch lu c lp v b bin i xung p 1 chiu)

II.Khi qut h iu khin b bin i ph thuc
1. Cu trc chung:



U
dk

2. Nhim v ca cc khu:
a). Khu ng b:
To tn hiu ng b trng vi thi im in p li i qua 0.
b). Khu to in p ta:
To in p rng ca tuyn tnh a vo 1 ca ca khu so
snh.
c). Khu So snh:
So snh gia in p iu khin vi xung rng ca xc nh
thi im pht xung iu khin m thyristor.
d). Khu to xung:
Trn tn hiu cao tn vi tnh hiu iu khin v in p phn
phi to ra dng xung l xung n, xung kp hay xung chm.
e). Khu khuch i xung:
Dng khuch i cng sut xung iu khin cng sut m
van lc.
S ton b mch iu khin:


ng b U
ta
SS+TX KX

R
3
U
1
B
5 6
48
7
V
E
E
V
E
E
V
C
C
V
C
C
V
C
C
D
3
C
1
R
4
D
4
R
6
U
2
A
3 2
48
1
R
1
2
D
7
U
d
f
R
5
U
3
A
4
.
7
k

R
1
4
.
7
k

R
2
1
0
n
F
C
1
u
F
C
f
V
D
D
L
M
5
5
5
C
M
T
i
m
e
r
G
N
D1
D
I
S
7
O
U
T
3
R
S
T
4
V
C
C 8
T
H
R
6
C
O
N
5
T
R
I
2
Q
1
Q
2
R
7
R
8
R
9
D
6
D
2
T
1
01
23
V
S
S
C
3
T
5
6
8
N
U
1
A
32
4 8
1
V
E
E
V
C
C
D
5
D
8
R
1
T
2
U
2
U
2
B
56
4 8
7
C
8
R
4
4
V
E
E
V
C
C
U
p
h
U
t
u
a
U
t
r
o
n
U
s
s
U
5
Q
1
0
1
4
Q
1
9
Q
1
1
1
5
Q
1
2
1
M
R
1
1
~
C
P
1
0
Q
4
7
Q
5
5
Q
6
4
Q
7
6
Q
8
1
3
Q
9
1
2
Q
1
3
2
Q
1
4
3
U
5
A
V
D
D
V
D
D
A
1
V
D
A
C
1
6
D 0
D 1
D 2
D 3
D 4
D 5
D 6
D 7
D 8
D 9
D 1 0
D 1 1
D 1 2
D 1 3
D 1 4
D 1 5
O
u
t
p
u
t
V
r
e
f
+
V
r
e
f
-
U
8
Q
1
1
2
Q
2
1
1
Q
3
9
Q
4
6
Q
5
5
M
R
2
~
C
P
1
Q
6
4
Q
7
3
U
6
A
1
u
F
C
1
0
n
F
C
f
L
M
5
5
5
C
N
T
i
m
e
r
G
N
D1
D
I
S
7
O
U
T
3
R
S
T
4
V
C
C 8
T
H
R
6
C
O
N
5
T
R
I
2
R
1
6
5
0
%
R
1
7
5
0
%
J
2
O
u
t
R
2
R
3
9
5
0
%
R
1
9
R
1
8
+-
-
U
1
0
A
V
D
D
U
9
A
*Tnh ton khu ng pha:
a). S nguyn l:

T s ny ta thy in p ng pha c ly ra t in p lc
thng qua MBA. Phn s cp ca in p ng pha c u vo cc
pha th cp ca my bin p lc.




Khu ng pha c 2 mc tiu quan trng l:
* Chuyn i in p lc thng c gi tr cao sang gi tr ph hp
vi mch iu khin thng l in p thp.
* Cch ly hon ton v in gia MK vi mch lc. iu ny m
bo an ton cho ngi s dng cng nh cho cc linh kin iu khin
c). Tnh ton cc thng s:
* KTT dng TL082
* Cc it 1, 2 lm nhim v gi cho chnh lch in p gia 2
ca vo ca OA1. Do cc it ny lun c in p ri thun trn n l
0,7V nn khi in p trn ca 2 ca OA1 ln hn 0,7V th 1 thng
v in p ca 2 bng 0,7V . U
2max
= 0,7V .
+ Khi in p trn ca 2 nh hn -0,7V th 2 thng v cng gi
mc in p min trn ca 2 l -0,7V.
R3
U1A
3
2
4
8
1
VEE
VCC
D1 D2
R1
Udf
T1
U2
Nh vy vi cc it 1, 2 lm cho mc in p gia 2 ca OA1
lun nm trong khong t -0,7V 0,7V
Ta c th chn 2 it ny l 2 con 1N4150 tho mn yu cu bi ton
* Chn ngun nui cho OA l E = + 12V , in p ng pha
U
dp
= 10 2 = 14,14V
* Tnh cc in tr :
1+) in tr R1 c tnh hn ch dng vo ca 1,2 ,dng vo
ca 2 it kh nh c mA , ch khong t 13mA
Ta c : R1 >
14,14
0, 003
= 4,7 k c th chn R1 =10 k
*Khu to in p ta
a)S :





b) Nguyn l
+) na chu k u,in p U
f
> 0, D3 kha .T C c np in
n ngng ca Diod zene D4. U
c
= U
D4
R5
U1B
5
6
4
8
7
VEE
VCC VCC
D3
R4
R6
Udf
Utua
C1
D4
+) n na chu k tip theo,in p ng pha U
f
< 0,D3 m lm t C
phng ht trong thi gian rt ngn U
C
= 0 (v)

10 0
1
.
R
t
RC C
E
U U dt
C

= =
}

c) Tnh ton
Chn OA loi TL082, D3 l loi 4150
in p ng pha c bin U
dpmax
= 10 2 = 14,14V
Chn D4 l Diod zeno 9,1V nn in p rng ca l 9,1V
Tnh chn R3.Chn C = 0,22F

3
4 6
12.0, 02
59, 94.10
2 . 2.9,1.0, 22.10
oa
ET
R
U C

= = =
Chn R3 gm bin tr 50k ni tip vi in tr 10k
Tnh in tr R5, ta chn t
n
= 1ms, U
bh
= E 1,5 = 12 1,5 = 10,5V
5 6
3
4
0, 7 10, 05 0, 7
.
0, 22.10 .9,1 12
0, 001 6.10
bh
oa
n
U
R
CU E
t R


= =
+
+
=4,45.10
3
= 4,45
Chn R5 = 3,9

*Khu so snh


y l s so snh in p trn 1 ca vo ca op-amp.Khi U
rc
> U
k

th U
ss
= -E < 0.khi U
rc
< U
k
th mch lt trng thi, U
ss
= + E > 0.Ta
c dng th in p nh sau :


VEE
VCC
R6
U2A
3
2
4
8
1
R12
R5
D7
Uss
Utua
Udk


Khu so snh ta cng dng TL082 to c sn xung thng ng
R
5
v R
6
c tc dng hn ch dng vo cc ca ca op-amp
Chn R
5
=R
6
=10 k





*B to xung cao tn
a) S nguyn l:
Khu ny dng IC thut ton LM555
to dao ng vi tn s cao 10kHz.
y chnh l mch dao ng RC.
b) Tnh ton cc thng s:
Ta c chu k ca xung cao tn:
T = t
1
+ t
2
= 0,7(R
1
+ 2R
2
)C
Tn s dao ng f =
1 2
1 1, 43
( 2 ) T R R C
~
+

Chn C=1uF ta c:
1 2
1, 43
2 R R
fC
+ =
Chn R
1
= R
2
ta c
6 4
1, 43
3 47, 67
10 .10
R

= =
Chn R
1
= R
2
= 47

*Khu trn xung

S dng IC 4081BT gm 4 cng AND 2 u vo thuc h
CMOS tc cao trn tn hiu U
x
v in p ra ca Timer 555
R12
D1
U10A
R8
Utron
Uss
Ux

Diod D7 chn l loi 1N4150

*Khu khuch i
a) S nguyn l:

Thng thng xung nhp to ra sau b trn xung khng cng
sut m van mch lc. Khuych i xung c nhim v tng cng
sut ca xung sau b trn xung. i a s cc van c ch to c
th m c chc chn vi xung iu khin c:
U
GK
= 510V ; I
G
= 0,3 1A trong thi gian c 100s .
Ta c s khuych i xung dng bin p xung nh sau:





Theo s khuych i xung trn ta thy u ra ca KX s
c ni vi cc cc G-K ca van cn u vo c ni vi khu
to xung chm.
Q1
Q2
R7
R8
R9
D6
D8
T1 0
1
2
3
VCC
C3
D9
Utron
Do khi dng I
C
cng nh th mt i xng ca xung cng gim
nn ta s s dng 2 tng khuch i transistor mc Darlington.
Ta phn tch mch KX ghp bng BAX trn. S s dng
BAX ghp vi tng K Dalingtn s dng 2 transistor Q
1
, Q
2
. Khi
c xung chm t vo cc baz ca Q
2
th Q
2
m cho dng chy t
ngun nui chy qua BAX , qua Q
1
n m bo ho Q
1
Q
1
dn
dng chnh chy qua BAX xung t. Nh vy in p trn cun s
cp BAX v dng in chy qua n cng c dng xung. Dng in
ny cm ng sang cun th cp, v cun th cp ny cng xut
hin dng xung chy vo cc iu khin Thysistor . Trong mch
trn
2
c tc dng tr nng lng tch lu trong cun cm li ngun
khi m cun s cp ny ang dn dng th Q
1
,Q
2
kho li.
- in tr R
2
cng c tc dng tiu tn nng lng chy t Q
2

Q
1
kho d dng hn.
- in tr R
2
chn theo kh nng dn dng cho php ca Q
1
.
- Tuy nhin do in tr ny mc ni tip vi cun s cp nn khi
dn n lm gim p t vo BAX. vn gi in p ban u trn
BAX bng gi tr ngun ta phi a thm t C
3
vo, khi Q
2
kho t
phi kp np n tr s bng ngun .
b) Tnh ton cc thng s:
V
SS
chn bng 18V.
Chn bin p xung t s cc cun dy l bng 5, vy tham s dng
in cun s l
U
1
= U.k = 1,4.5 = 7V
I
1
= Ig/k/= 0,4/5 = 0,08A
Chn bng Q1 loi BD136 c tham s Ucc = 45V, I
Cmax
= 1,5A,
min = 40
R
7
>
Ecs 18
12
1, 5 Icp
= = chn R
7
= 15
Chn bng Q2 loi BC107 c tham s Ucc = 45V, I
Cmax
= 0,1A,
min = 110
3 1 2
max
40.110.18
1 55.10 55
. 1, 2.1, 2
cs
t
E
R k
s I
| |
= = = O
Chn R8 = 10k
Cc diod D4, D5, D6, D7 c th chn l loi 1N4150
1. My bin p xung.
Bin p xung thc hin cc nhim v:
* Cch ly mch lc v mch iu khin.
* Phi hp tr khng gia tng KX v cc iu khin van lc.
* Nhn thnh nhiu xung (BAX c nhiu cun th cp) cho cc
van ghp song song ca mch lc .
BAX phi lm vic vi tn s cao nn li thp BA cho tn s
50Hz khng p ng c. Li dn t thng dng cho BAX l li
ferit lm vic trn 1 phn ca c tnh t ha, li hnh tr c tit din
kiu ch E.
- Do dng in qua cc cun dy BAX khng lin tc nn tr s
hiu dng ca dng in nh, v vy tit din dy qun BAX khng
c chn t tr s dng in nh thng thng m hay c chn
t iu kin m bo bn c hc vi ng knh y qun trong
khong (0,2 0,4)mm. .S vng y b hn ch do kch thc ca
s ca li BAX kh nh nn nm trong gii hn di 100 vng.
Cc yu cu thit k:
- U
dk
= 1,4 V
- I
dk
= 150 mA
- st nh xung: U
X
= 15%
- K
BA
= 3: h s my bin p xung.
- in p th cp my bin p:
U
2
= U
dk
+ U
D1
(do c in p ri trn it 0.7 V)
U
2
= 1,4 + 0.7 = 2,1 V
- in p s cp my bin p :
U
1
= K
BA
. U
2
= 32,1 = 6,3 (V)
dng in s cp bin p xung:
I
1
= I
2
/
BA
K = 0,15 / 3 = 0.05 A
- Th tch li t :
2 2
. . . .
.
BA x X
K U I t U
V
B H
A
=
A A
( )
3
m
Trong :

x
t : rng 1 xung.

x
U A : st p bng 0,10,2
B A : bin thin cng t trng(T)
H A : bin thin mt t cm (
A
m
)
Chn vt liu lm li bin p xung l thp Ferit HM lm vic trn
mt phn ca c tnh t ha c: B = 0.3 T
H = 30 A/m
- rng xung iu khin : t
x
ly theo rng xung cao tn c
to ra t b to xung 555, c tn s 10KHz

3
1 1
. 50( )
2 10.10
x
t s = =
- Do t
x
= t
n
nn coi rng tr s dng in hiu dng cun th cp =
dng iu khin. I
2
= 0.5I
dk



6
6 3
3.(2,1).(0, 5.0.15).(50.10 ).(0.2)
0, 525.10 ( )
0, 3.30
V m

= =
Tra bng thng s cc loi li thp Ferit lm vic theo c tnh t
ha 1 phn:
chn loi 814E250 li ch E c cc thng s:
Q = 0,202(
2
cm )
S
cas
= 0, 171 (
2
cm )
Cng sut : 1,2W khi f=10KHz.
Vy s vng dy cun s cp :
6
1
1 4
. 6, 3.50.10
w 52
. 0, 3.0, 202.10
x
U t
BQ

= = =
A
(vng)

S vng dy th cp:
1
2
w 52
w 17
m 3
= = = (vng)

*Tnh ton ngun cung cp cho mch iu khin :
Ngun cung cp cho mch iu khin l ngun in p mt
chiu, tr s in p v n nh tu thuc tng khu trong mch.
Chn ngun cung cp cho cc op-amp l 12V,c ly t chn ra
ca cc vi mch n p 7812 v 7912.S nh sau :





7812:

7912 :


Dng in ti cho php ca cc IC ny l 1,5 A (phi c tn nhit) nn
m bo cung cp cng sut cho cc ca mch iu khin hot
ng
Lu chung : cc IC n p hot ng bnh thng phi tnh chn
sao cho trong qu trnh hot ng in p u vo khng cao qu tr
s cho php ( tnh ch li in cao nht v mch n p khng
ti ) v cng khng c thp hn mc ti thiu cn thit ( tng ng
khi in p li in thp nht v mang ti ln nht )











*Khu tng p
a) S



Vn tnh ton thi gian tng p
Gi tr in p nh mc : U
m
= 220 V
Gi tr in p khi ng : U
k
= 20% 220 = 44 V
Gc o c iu chnh sao cho in p ngun in phn tng t U
k

n U
m
trong 2 gi
p dng cng thc : U
do
= U
do
coso
Vi U
do
=
3 6
t
U
2
= 258,8 V
+ gc o ng vi in p khi ng :
U
k
= 258,8coso
k
= 44
cos o
k
= 0,17 o
k
= 80,2
o

+ gc o ng vi in p nh mc :
U
m
= 258,8coso
m
= 220
U5
Q10
14
Q1
9
Q11
15
Q12
1
MR
11
~CP
10
Q4
7
Q5
5
Q6
4
Q7
6
Q8
13
Q9
12
Q13
2
Q14
3
U5A
VDD
VDD
A1
VDAC16
D
0
D
1
D
2
D
3
D
4
D
5
D
6
D
7
D
8
D
9
D
1
0
D
1
1
D
1
2
D
1
3
D
1
4
D
1
5
Output
Vref+
Vref-
U8
Q1
12
Q2
11
Q3
9
Q4
6
Q5
5
MR
2
~CP
1
Q6
4
Q7
3
U6A
1uF
C
10nF
Cf
LM555CN
Timer
GND
1
DIS
7
OUT
3
RST
4
VCC
8
THR
6
CON
5
TRI
2
R16
50%
R17
50%
J2
Out
U10A
VDD
U9A
coso
m
= 0,85 o
m
= 31,7
o


Qu trnh thay i ca gc iu khin o s c iu chnh bi in
p iu khin. Khi U
k
tng th o gim in p ra tng ln v
ngc li
qu trnh l iu khin thun
Ta s tnh in p iu khin ng vi cc gc iu khin ny :
th in p rng ca :


Gi tr in p iu khin lc khi ng l :
U
kk
= ( 90 80,2 )
10
90
= 1,09 V
Gi tr in p iu khin ng vi ti nh mc :
U
k m
= ( 90 31,7 )
10
90
= 6,47 V
Nh vy ta phi iu chnh U
k
tng t 1,09 V n 6,47V trong 2 gi
Thit k mch tng p t ng
cho h thng c th iu chnh tng p mt cch t ng ta s
thit k mch tng p t ng cho in p iu khin .
Nguyn l hot ng nh sau : Mch ny ti thi im u s a ra
in p c gi tr bng gi tr in p khi ng tc l U
o
= 1,02V.
Sau thi gian ng 2
h
hay 7200s n s t c in p c gi tr bng
in p nh mc iu khin 5.91V
B tng p bao gm 1 mch to xung 555, b m nh phn v b
bin i DAC.B nh thi 555 c tnh xung a vo b m
nh phn trong khong 2 gi, b m nh phn a tn hiu nh phn
qua b bin i DAC lm b DAC tng gi tr iu khin, y cn
bao gm mch kha sau khi n gi tr lm vic n nh th mch
khng m na gi nguyn trng thi v duy tr trng thi lm
vic.
S dng b m 16bit v DAC 16bit ta c 2
16
= 65536 mc bng
12V.
Nh vy trong 2h b m s lm vic a in p t 1,09V
n 6,47V
ng vi 1,09V l mc 0, th 6,47V s l mc
65536
.6, 47
10
=
42401 ng vi mc logic : 1010010110100001
Trong 7200s b Timer 555 s phi pht 42401 xung nhp, mi giy
timer s pht
42401, 7
7200
= 5,88 xung nhp
Chn C=1uF ta c:
1 2
1, 43
2 R R
fC
+ =
Chn R
1
= R
2
ta c
6
1, 43
99305, 6
3.4, 8.10

= =
C th chn trit p 100k v iu chnh







































CHNG 6
CHY M PHNG BNG MY TNH



















CHNG VIII
KT LUN

n mn hc l mt mn khng th thiu c vi sinh vin
hc k thut ni chung v i vi sinh vin hc k thut in ni
ring. Bi v nh qu trnh lm n, sinh vin khng nhng hiu
bit v mn hc m cn c iu kin tm hiu v cc qu trnh sn
xut trong thc t, bit lin kt nhng mn khoa hc vi nhau v quan
trng nht l gip sinh vin quen vi cng vic sau ny s phi lm.
Qua vic chy m phng mch iu khin bng phn mm chuyn
dng PS ta c mt s kt lun sau:
+ Mch thit k chy ng theo yu cu thit k to xung chm.
+ Tt c cc khu u phi hp chy rt ng yu cu k thut.
Nh vy l vic thit k ngun in phn hon tt v c kh nng
c ng vo trong sn xut trong cng nghip vi tin cy cao.
Trong mch s dng nhng linh kin hu ht l thng dng trong
thc t. V vy sn phm thit k ny hon ton c kh nng sn xut
hng lot vi gi thnh r,iu ny kh quan trng cho sn phm v
vi gi thnh sn xut r, sn phm c kh nng cnh tranh trn th
trng.
Trong qu trnh lm n mn hc, em xin chn thnh cm n
thy Phm Quc Hi cng cc thy c gio trong b mn TCS
gip em hon thnh c n ca mnh.





TI LIU THAM KHO

n mn hc TCS c hon thnh vi s tr gip ca cc ti
liu & cc phn mm chuyn dng sau :
1- in t cng sut - Nguyn Bnh
2- Bi tp in t cng sut - Phm Quc Hi
3- Hng dn thit k mch in t cng sut - Phm Quc Hi
4- Thit k MBA - Phm Vn Bnh
5- K thut in ho
6- K thut mch in t - Phm Minh H
7- C s l thuyt mch - Nguyn Bnh Thnh
8- K thut in t - Xun Th - Nguyn Vit Nguyn
9- V v m phng mch in vi Multisim 10.0





_______ HT ________