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RNP Staff Training Dept.
Radio Propagation
Theory
ISSUE 4.0
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Page 3
The radio propagation theory is an important
lesson in the radio communication curriculum.
This lesson answers the following questions:
How are radio waves transmitted from one
antenna to the other antenna?
What features does the radio wave have
during the propagation? Which factors affect
the propagation distance?
What fruits are achieved by predecessors in
the radio wave propagation theory? How to
apply the theory to practice?
Foreword
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Page 4
After this course, you will
Master the spectrum of mobile
communication system, propagation
paths of radio waves
Know propagation features of radio
wave
Know the common propagation
models
Know the importance of propagation
model tuning
Objectives
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Page 5
1 Radio Wave Basics
Radio Wave Propagation Features
Radio Wave Propagation Model
Radio Wave Propagation Tuning
Contents
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Page 6
Frequencies in different bands have different propagation features.
Spectrum Allocation
Frequency Classification Designation
3-30Hz
30-300Hz Extremely Low Frequency ELF
300-3000Hz Voice Frequency VF
3-30KHz Very-low Frequency VLF
30-300KHz Low Frequency LF
300-3000KHz Medium Frequency MF
3-30MHz High Frequency HF
30-300MHz Very High Frequency VHF
300-3000MHz Ultra High Frequency UHF
3-30GHz Super High Frequency SHF
30-300GHz Extremely High Frequency EHF
300-3000GHz
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Page 7
G, C, U, W, TD Spectrum Allocation
System Band Frequency Range
GSM
900MHz UL: 890915MHzDL: 935960MHz
1800MHz UL: 17101785MHzDL: 18051890MHz
CDMA
450MHz UL: 450457.475MHzDL: 460467.475MHz
800MHz UL: 825848.970MHzDL: 870893.970MHz
1900MHz UL: 18501909.950MHzDL: 19301989.950MHz
UMTS 2.1GHz UL: 19201980MHz DL: 21102170MHz
WiMAX 2.5GHz
2. 3GHz
3.5GHz
2.5GHz2.4962.690GHz
2. 3GHz2.32.4GHz
3.5GHz3.43.6GHz
TD-SCDMA 1.8GHz
2GHz
2.3GHz
18801920MHz
20102025MHz (Common)
23002400MHz
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Page 8
Propagation of Electromagnetic Wave
The direction of magnetic field is the direction of electromagnetic waves
polarization.
Vertical Polarization: the direction of magnetic field is vertical to ground-plane
Horizontal Polarization: the direction of magnetic field is parallel to ground-plane
Electric Field
Vibrator
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Direction
Magnetic
Field
Magnetic
Field
Electric Field Electric Field
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Page 9
Ripple in pond: the energy propagates around originating point, and the
ripple becomes weaker and weaker when propagates farer and farer.
Propagation of electromagnetic wave is similar with that. The differences
are as follow: (When the radiator is isotropic)
propagates by the shape of spherical wave in 3D space.
propagation medium is different. Electromagnetic wave can propagate in
vacuum. Air, obstacle will affect the propagation of electromagnetic wave.
Propagation of Electromagnetic Wave
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Page 10
Direct Wave and Ground
Reflection Wave
(Common propagation paths)
Troposphere Reflection Wave
(Great randomicity)
Mountain Diffraction Wave
(Signal source in shadow)
Ionosphere Reflection Wave
(Trans-horizon communication)
Propagation Paths
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Page 11
Building reflection wave
Diffraction wave
Direct wave
Ground reflection wave
Propagation Paths
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Page 12
Radio Wave Basics
Radio Wave Propagation Features
Radio Wave Propagation Model
Radio Wave Propagation Tuning
Contents
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Page 13
The radio wave propagation is influenced by terrain and artificial factors. The radio
propagation environment determines the propagation model directly.
In an ideal situation, estimating propagation paths and signal fade would be straight
forward. In the real world, physical characteristics of the propagation environment will
effect a signals ability to traverse through space.
Environment descriptions have been standardized in the communications industry.
Environment
Main factors that influence the radio propagation environment:
Terrain (Mountain, foothill, plain and water area)
Number, distribution, material of artificial
buildings (Artificial environment)
Vegetation of an area
Weather
Natural and artificial electromagnetic noises
Artificial environment
Urban areas, suburbs and rural areas
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Page 14
Quasi-flat terrains
The terrains ripple mildly and the ripple
height is less than 20 m.




Anomalistic terrains
The terrains exclude the quasi-flat
terrains and can be divided into the
following:
Foothill, isolated mountain, versant and
terraqueous terrain
R
T
T
R
Terrains
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Page 15
Distance (m)
Power (dBm)
10 20 30
-20
-40
-60
Slow Fading
Fast Fading
Signal Fading
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Page 16
Time Dispersion
Digital transmission brings one problem, time dispersion. The
problem is caused by reflection. It is different from fast fading. The
reflection signal comes from several kilometers away from the
receiving antenna.
Transmitter sends 1, 0 sequence. If the reflection signal reaches
receiver with 1 bit delay. At that moment, the receiver gets the bit 0
from direct signal, and gets the bit 1 from reflecting signal. Bit 1
interferes bit 0.
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Page 17
Example: Train is passing by.
f1
f2
f3
V(km/h)
v: MS speed
c: velocity of light
Doppler Frequency Shift
Doppler Frequency Shift in wireless communication
f2=f1 (1 v / c)
f3=f2 (1 v / c)
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Page 18
Signal Diversity
Combat fast fadingDiversity
Time Diversity
Interleaving, correction, CRC, Rake receiver
Space Diversity
Adopt main and diversity antenna, two antennas
for receiving. Two signals from different antennas
are not correlated
Polarization Diversity
Frequency Diversity
GSM adopts frequency hopping
CDMA adopts frequency spreading
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Page 19
1 2 8 7 3 6 4 5
1 2 8 7 3 6 4 5
1 2 8 7 3 6 4 5
1 2 8 7 3 6 4 5
1 2 8 7 3 6 4 5
1 2 8 7 3 6 4 5
1 2 8 7 3 6 4 5 1 2 8 7 3 6 4 5 1 2 8 7 3 6 4 5
1 2 8 7 3 6 4 5
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
1 2 8 7 3 6 4 5 1 2 8 7 3 6 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
I
n
t
e
r
l
e
a
v
i
n
g

Interleaving
Detect and rectify codes. The continuous bit errors caused by fading
become incontinuous after interleaving, which makes it easy to
rectify errors.
Interleaving
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Page 20
Space Diversity
Adopt main and diversity antenna, two antennas for receiving
Two signals from different antennas are not correlated
Proper range of diversity distance (D) is about 10~20
Example: 800MHz, D >= 4 meters
Space Diversity
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Page 21
Polarization Diversity
Dual-polarized antenna pairs within a
single radome are becoming popular.
Environmental clutter scatters RF energy
into all possible polarizations.
Differently polarized antennas receive
signals which fade independently.
In urban environments, this is almost as
good as separate space diversity. This
can save space of installation.
Polarization Diversity
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Page 22
Receiver
Finger 1
Finger 2
Finger 3
Searcher
Delay
calculation

Combiner
The combined
signal
t
t
s(t) s(t)
Rake receiver
The RAKE receiver can relieve the multi-path fading and improve the
reception performance
Rake Receiver
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Page 23
T
R
Diffraction Loss
Electromagnetic wave diffuses at
diffraction point.
Diffraction wave covers all direction
except obstacle.
Diffraction loss is extremely large.
The calculation of diffraction loss is
very complicated.
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Page 24
Indoor signal propagation depends on the penetration loss of buildings.
The building materials have a great influence on the penetration loss.
The angle of incidence of radio waves has a great influence on the
penetration loss.
The higher frequency is the higher penetration ability; the lower frequency is
the higher diffraction ability.
X dBm W dBm
Penetration Loss=X W (dB)
E1


D
W1
W2
E2
Penetration Loss
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Page 25
Typical Penetration Loss Value
Object barrier/penetration loss:
Wall partition barrier: 520dB
Floor barrier: >20dB
The indoor loss is the function of building height. The loss
decreases by 1.9dB for each ascending floor.
Barrier of furniture and other obstacles: 215dB
Thick glass: 610dB
Penetration loss of the carriage: 1530dB
Penetration loss of the elevator: about 30dB
Loss of flourishing leaves: 10dB
T
R
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Page 26
Radio Wave Basics
Radio Wave Propagation Features
Radio Wave Propagation Model
Radio Wave Propagation Tuning
Contents
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Page 27
Model Applicable Range
Okumura-Hata Macro cell forecast, 150-1500 MHz, distance, 1-
20km
Cost231-Hata 1500-2000 MHz, macro cell forecast
Walfish-lkegami 800-2000MHz (urban area), micro cell forecast for
urban areas with a dense population
Keenan-Motley 800-2000MHz, indoor environment forecast
SPM (One used in the
planning software)
400-2000MHz, macro cell forecast
Common Propagation Models
Typical models are gradually studied out by scientists through the CW
test data
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Page 28
Free Space Propagation Loss
Free space propagation model is applied for the radio environment
with isotropy medium (vacuum), it is a theoretical model.
Lo = 91.48+20lgd, for f = 900MHz
Lo = 97.51+20lgd, for f = 1800MHz
Lo = 98.84+20lgd, for f = 2100MHz
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Page 29
Application Scope:
f: frequency 150~1500MHz
Hb: height of BTS 30~200m
Hm: height of MS 1~10m
d: distance between BTS and MS 1~20km
Okumura-Hata
Macro-cell
BTS antenna is higher than the
building around
Unadapted within 1km range

m b m b
C dB d h h a h f PL log log 55 . 6 9 . 44 log 82 . 13 log 16 . 26 55 . 69
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Page 30
COST 231-Hata

m b m b
C dB d h h a h f PL log log 55 . 6 9 . 44 log 82 . 13 log 90 . 33 30 . 46
Application Scope:
f: frequency 1500~2000MHz
Hb: height of BTS 30~200m
Hm: height of MS 1~10m
d: distance between BTS and MS 1~20km
Macro-cell
BTS antenna is higher than the building around
Unadapted within 1km range
Unadapted when frequency is higher than
2000MHz or lower than 1500MHz
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Page 31
SPM
K1 - Constant related to frequency (MHz)
K2 - Constant related to distance (km)
K3,K4 - Correction factor of MS antenna
height (m)
K5,K6 - Correction factor of BS antenna
height (m)
K7 - Diffraction correction factor
Kclutter - Correction factor of clutter
attenuation
d - Distance between BS and MS (km)
hm,Heff - Valid height of BS antenna and MS
antenna (m)
Propagation model of U-net
K Reference
Value
K1 -52.92
K2 68.6
K3 5.83
K4 1
K5 -6.55
K6 0
Pathloss=K1+K2logd+K3log(Heff)+K4Diffraction
+K5log(d)log(Heff)+K6(Hmeff)+Kclutterf(clutter)
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Page 32
Radio Wave Basics
Radio Wave Propagation Features
Radio Wave Propagation Model
Radio Wave Propagation Tuning
Contents
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Page 33
Propagation Model Tuning
Purpose of model tuning
Propagation model is the base of cell planning.
The correctness of propagation model will influence the planning result.
In order to make the proper planning with lower investment, customer
will request supplier to make propagation model tuning.
High frequency
signal source
Signal
source
TMA
Power supply
Tx antenna
Rx antenna
Drive
test
instrument
Build-in GPS
Laptop
RF cable 1 RF cable 2
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Page 34
Target Environment Choose Propagation Model
CW Data Collection
Actual Path Loss
Set Parameters
Predicted Path Loss
Compare
Error Requirement?
End
Propagation Model Tuning Flow
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Page 35
Question
Which frequency band is adopted in mobile
communication system?
How many radio propagation paths are there?
What are the main propagation paths for
mobile communication?
What results in fast fading?
How to overcome fast fading?
What are the common propagation models?


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Page 36
Summary
Radio Wave Basics
Radio Wave Propagation Features
Radio Wave Propagation Model
Radio Wave Propagation Tuning

Thank you
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