Executive Summary

Pakistan is the 3rd largest milk producing country

1
in the world but the sector has
not developed to its maximum potential. Only 3-4% o the total milk produced is
processed through ormal dairy industry !P""#$ %&&'( and marketed through
ormal channels) whereas the remaining *'% to *+% o the milk reaches end
users or immediate consumption through traditional distribution system o
middlemen !known as ,awala or "hodis() who are the key players in the
traditional milk supply chain. -owever) the demand or processed milk is on the
increase and there are an increasing amount o .uality-conscious consumers
who also ind the increased shel-lie o processed milk appealing.
Processing companies use dierent methods to collect milk) including direct
collection rom the armer) establishment o cooling tanks at community level and
contract collection. #ontract collection is operated through the middleman
!"hodis/ ,awala/contractors(. 0he milk is generally deemed suitable or
collection on the basis o milk at contents and total solids. 1igorous .uality tests
are conducted at every processing plant to ensure that only milk which meets the
necessary .uality standards is accepted at the plant premises. 2 range o
internationally recogni3ed tests are carried out to check or adulteration)
microbiological contamination and nutritional contents.
#ontractors/middlemen are thereore responsible or both collecting the milk and
delivering it to processing plants. 0his gives them the opportunity) during the
transportation process) to adulterate the milk to increase its .uantity and so their
own inancial gain. 0hey use sophisticated adulterants which do not show up in
the tests conducted by the milk processors. 0his wide spread milk adulteration
has enormous social) economical and health implications) all o which need to be
identiied and addressed.
0he purpose o this study is to analy3e the existing adulteration prevention
policies and legislation ramework) identiy gaps and shortcomings and
recommend measures to overcome these.
Presently the Pure 4ood 1ules o 1*'5) the #antonment Pure 4ood 1ules o
1*'+ !or military areas() and parts o the Pakistan Penal #ode o 16'& are
applicable to the dairy industry along with other ood items. 0he Pun7ab
government has taken the lead amongst the provinces by introducing the Pure
4ood 8aws %&&+ and 4ood 9aety 9tandards 2ct %&11. 0he above legislative and
regulatory measures legislate or the dairy industry) including milk marketing and
adulteration) in Pakistan.
0here are many complementary steps that need to be taken to curb adulteration
in resh milk. 0he current process o collecting milk rom a large number o
subsistence armers is time-consuming) costly and creates many opportunities
1
International Farm Comparison Network (IFCN), Dairy Report 2008.
Milk Adulteration: Issues and Challenges 1
or adulteration) and so dierent methods o milk collection and transportation
need to be considered.
2lso) the ,overnment needs to implement the existing ood saety standards
eectively. Practical training to armers !men : women( on modern arming and
animal husbandry practices needs to be provided. 0o do this) the capacity o
training institutions should be improved. ;t is clear that serious eorts are needed
to develop the dairy sector and provision o the best .uality milk to the
consumers.
0he Pakistan dairy industry in general is constrained by a number o ma7or
issues$ low productivity) seasonality in milk supply) a patchy distribution system)
the absence o cold chains) and unhygienic handling at arm and middleman
level) leading to poor milk .uality and the inability to meet international standards.
0hese need to be addressed on an urgent basis. 0he corruption) ineiciency) and
lack o political will to implement the legislation complicate the issue.
0his Policy brie recommends that$
The Government should:
1( ;mprove and enorce existing ood saety standards in line with international
standards and increase the penalties or inractions o the law<
%( Provide practical training to armers on modern arming) animal-keeping
practices and milk handling<
3( enhance the capacity o dairy-sector training institutions to provide the
necessary training<
4( 1einorce the political and administrative will to implement the policies
eectively and also ensure the creation o a code o ethics or the milk
processors<
5( =stablish labs or milk testing and analysis and provide training to the relevant
sta<
'( =nsure the re.uent collection o milk samples !a ixed number o samples per
inspector( and make public the reports on these samples<
+( 9upport the installation o milk collection !cooling tanks/chillers( and handling
!testing and hauling( inrastructure at all levels to guarantee .uality milk collection
at the village level) peri-urban milk suppliers and retail shops.
Private companies engaged in milk collection and processing should invest in
armers to$
1( >pgrade supply chains by acilitating investment in chilling tanks or
purchasing and collecting milk) which would give armers a guaranteed premium
sale price at the arm gate or .uality milk<
%( ;ntroduce incentives or the supply o higher .uality milk by armers/suppliers.
Milk Adulteration: Issues and Challenges 2
At farm level both ,overnment and the private sector should invest in the
ollowing$
1( 1aise armers? !both men and women( awareness o the issue through public
service/extension messages including details o legislation) which should be
properly enorced in its true letter and spirit to resolve the problems o the dairy
sector and enable it to contribute more to the national economy.
%( 0rain the armers !both men and women( on hygiene practices and ways and
means o keeping milk ree rom adulteration.
Milk Adulteration: Issues and Challenges 3
Milk Adulteration: Issues and hallen!es
2s previously stated) Pakistan is the 3rd largest milk producing country in the
world. 0he livestock : dairy sector is a ma7or contributor to the national economy)
although it has not developed to its maximum potential. 0he livestock : dairy
sector contributed approximately 55.1 percent o the agricultural value added and
11.5 percent to national ,"P during %&1&-11. 0he sector grew by 3.+ percent in
%&1&-11
%
compared to 4.3 percent the previous year) despite devastating loods
during %&1&-11.
Pakistan is the '
th
most populous country in the world
3
) thus despite enormous
milk production volumes the supply o milk struggles to satisy demand.
4urthermore) population growth !%.&5%() urbani3ation and rising incomes put
great strain on demand or milk and milk products. 0he milk supply output has
increased over the years but demand has also grown.
@ilk and dairy products are essential or maintaining the health o the public in
general and vulnerable groups such as inants) lactating and pregnant women in
particular. ;t is thereore essential to maintain the .uality and .uantity o milk. ;n
developed countries due to the perishable nature o milk and its potential to
transmit atal diseases through microorganisms) the sale o unpasteuri3ed milk is
prohibited by law) which is not the case in Pakistan. "emand or resh milk !*'-
*+%( is high as compared to processed milk and milk products< this drives the
sector to deliver resh milk via middleman !dhodi( retail shops and bakers so that
only a small .uantity o 3-4% is processed. 0he reasons or low processed-milk
demand are primarily its high cost as compared to the resh milk supplied by the
traditional supply chain) and also the Acharred? taste o sterili3ed milk. 2lthough it
is an issue that processed milk is more costly than unprocessed milk) the health
beneits outweigh any disadvantages.
2
,overnment o Pakistan) =conomic 9urvey %&1&-11
3
Borld Population Prospects %&1&) >nited Cations department o economic and social aairs/Population
"ivision
Milk Adulteration: Issues and Challenges
". #$%ectives of the Policy: Makin! Milk Safe

1.1$ 0he overall ob7ective o this policy brie is to make milk sae or consumers
by curbing adulteration at every level o the milk value chain. Prevention o milk
adulteration will not only ensure .uality milk but have long term economic) health
and social positive implications or consumers.
1.%$ @oderni3ation in milk collection) handling and marketing will address all the
key weaknesses in the milk business. 0he conversion o the inormal dairy sector
to a moderni3ed) regulated ormal sector will attract a lot o local and oreign
investment into the sector which may have a multiplier eect or the local and
national economy. 2bove all) consumer and international buyer?s conidence will
be restored and will ultimately result in increasing dairy sector exports rom
Pakistan.
1.3$ 0he adoption o the policy will ensure increase investment in the sector and
will create additional spillover o economic activity in terms o promotion o local
manuacturing o dairy e.uipment and machinery) resulting in increased labour
demand. 2dditional 7obs will be created at the village level through increased
demand or milk technicians) chiller mechanics and vehicle drivers/contractors.
0he policy will also strengthen technical capacities o laboratory sta in all
districts) including activation and support o relevant ,overnment department or
enorcing regularity measures.
1.4$ criminal mindedness o adulterators will be replaced by the proessionalism
in the dairy industry.
&: Milk Adulteration: Assessin! the risk
@ilk adulteration is widespread in Pakistan. @ilk supply is reduced in summer)
production o milk alls to 55% o peak !lush( production at its lowest point in
mid-Dune) while the demand increases '&% during this time compared to
Milk Adulteration: Issues and Challenges !
"ecember when the milk supply is ample
4.
0his results in increased mixing o
water in milk in summer. 0he mildest orm o milk adulteration is the addition o
water. Eut unortunately gawalas/dhodis tend to mix muddy water rather than
clean tap water in order to increase density and keep milk thicker. 2round 41%
milk being supplied to the provincial capital !8ahore( was reported to be
adulterated
5
. -igh temperatures in summer 4&-45
& #
!while sae milk storage
needs temperature o around

4-'
#
() increase the chances o spoilage) so dhodis
and retailers use ice and other preservatives to lower the milk temperatures to
prevent is spoiling. 0he most commonly used preservatives are penicillin)
streptopencillin) ormaldehyde) hydrogen peroxide and sodium bicarbonate. 0he
adulterants/preservatives are serious health ha3ards or end consumers)
particularly children
'.
Other adulterants used in milk are starch) cooking oil)
antibiotics) bleach) washing powder) carbonates) caustic soda and ormalin.
1econstituted milk powder is also used to increase the volume and thickness o
milk. >rea is another re.uently-used adulterant) used because it produces an
endothermic reaction which helps to keep milk cool during long-haul 7ourneys as
well as helping to raise protein level o the milk.
@ilk adulteration is less prevalent during winter because o increased milk
production and reduced demand. 2lso) the chances o milk spoilage are largely
reduced in winter because o the generally lower temperatures) although is not
the only reason or milk adulteration. Proit maximi3ation through an increased
volume o milk !by adding water or ice( is the main motive o the "hodhis and
retailers in the milk value chain.
': (y!iene Standards:

0he Bhite 1evolution F"hoodh "aryaG) Bhite Paper on Pakistan "airy 9ector) Pakistan "airy
"evelopment #ompany) "airy Pak 8ahore P 3&.
!
#ity "istrict ,overnment 8ahore !#",8() 4ood "epartment 1eport %&1&.
"
0ipu @.9) 2lta ;) 2sha.) @ and 9iddi.ue) 9 !%&&+( Fmonitoring o chemical adulterants and hygienic status
o market milk. -andbook published by .uality control laboratory) university o vet. 9ciences 8ahore) page +.
Milk Adulteration: Issues and Challenges "
0he milk supplied through the traditional channels does not meet hygienic
standards. @ilk is considered as a perect ood or human beings rom a
nutritional stand point. Cormal milk composition varies or water !65.5 - 6*.5%()
total solids !1&.5 - 14.5%() at !%.5 - '.&%() crude protein !%.* - 5.&%() lactose
!3.' - 5.5%( and minerals !&.' - &.*%(. ;n addition to these nutrients) vitamins
are also an essential part o milk?s nutritional proile) and play a very important
role in the unction o the human body
+
.
Hitamins are very sensitive nutrients and careless milk processing has a
deteriorative eect on them. 0raditional boiling !boiling milk on stove( destroys
the water-soluble vitamins in milk
6
. 0his nutrient loss is a general outcome o
boiling milk on the stove which is common practice in Pakistan. 0his traditional
boiling not only causes the nutritive value loss but also prevents households rom
detecting adulterations in milk.
). Milk Adulteration: *ays and Means
2s mentioned earlier only 3-4 % o the total milk production is processed. 0he
rest o the milk !*'-*+ %( is supplied directly to the consumer through the
traditional milk supply chain. 0he middleman or gawala/dhodi is the strongest link
in the traditional milk supply chain. 2lthough a ew processors have developed a
milk collection system directly rom armers !including big arms() a signiicant
proportion o milk is still collected through the middleman and contractors. ;n the
current milk market) "hodis en7oy the maximum market shares as they cater or
the *&% needs o both urban and rural market !P""#$ %&&'(. 0his gives "hodis
the chance to exploit the situation and use adulterants to increase the volume or
at content o the milk or proit maximi3ation. 0here is thereore a very real need
to regulate the milk business or improved .uality assurance.
#
2sadullah) Ihair-un-Cisa) Omer @ukhtar 0arar) 9yed 2bdul 2li) Ihalid Damil) 2skari Eegum !%&1&() 9tudy
to evaluate the impact o heat treatment on water soluble vitamins in milk) 4ood and @arine 1esources
1esearch #entre) Pakistan #ouncil or 9cientiic and ;ndustrial 1esearch) 8aboratories #omplex) Iarachi
page 1.
8
2sadullah) Ihair-un-Cisa) Omer @ukhtar 0arar) 9yed 2bdul 2li) Ihalid Damil) 2skari Eegum !%&1&() 9tudy
to evaluate the impact o heat treatment on water soluble vitamins in milk) 4ood and @arine 1esources
1esearch #entre) Pakistan #ouncil or 9cientiic and ;ndustrial 1esearch) 8aboratories #omplex) Iarachi
Milk Adulteration: Issues and Challenges #
Bith the passage o time) the milk processing industry is developing. 0he
production o >-0 milk is growing at annual rate o 15.1% percent per annum
rom 1**4-*5 to %&&3-&4 !Eurki) Ihan and Eari %&&4(. 0he demand or
processed milk is growing by %&% annually !P;9"2->92;" %&&'(.
).": +arm level Adulteration:
4resh milk is pure when it comes out o the udder and ree o adulteration and
microbes but can be contaminated by bacteria) yeast) ungi and dust) water and
utensils and animal hair due to livestock keepers? unhygienic milking) handling
and storage practices. 0his is primarily due to lack o awareness o hygiene
standards. 0he best means to reduce raw milk deterioration by microbes is by
instantly transerring the milk to the cooling tanks !chillers( to chill it to 4J# rom
an initial temperature o 3+J#. 0he bacterial growth commences soon ater milk
comes out o the udder and results in a decrease in milk .uality. ;deally) to
produce milk o highest .uality) milking needs be done through milking machines
and milk should be transerred directly to the cooling tanks !chillers(. 0his
practice in the developed countries provides best .uality milk to the consumers.
Bhen microbiological activity starts it aects the .uality o milk in the ollowing
ways$
@icrobes utili3e at) protein) and carbohydrates or their own growth and
thus the nutritional .uality deteriorates e.g. protein denaturation.
Owing to conversion o lactose to lactic acid) milk p- lowers) causing
sourness) coagulation !yoghurt like structure( and acidity o milk increase.
0he lavour and odours are also aected.
0he microbiological contamination can be 7udged rom the various tests such as
alcohol precipitate test) total plate count) and direct microscopic count !9ee
annex 1(.
Milk Adulteration: Issues and Challenges 8
).&: Adulteration ,hile transportin! Milk:
2lthough the processors use rigorous tests to ensure the milk .uality at the
actory gate) lack o cold supply chain does aect the milk .uality signiicantly
due to addition o range o adulterants. 0he tankers used by the processors don?t
have the ability to continuously chill milk during long-haul 7ourneys. ;ce and other
preservatives are used to achieve this) which aects the composition and
nutritional value o the raw milk. 0he introduction o a cold chain system) in which
milk is transported in rerigerator vans itted with a thermograph to monitor the
milk temperature) would address this issue.
).': Adulteration at procurement level:
;t has been reported that in the lean season !when the supply is low() the milk
procurement teams or suppliers/contractors buy the adulterated milk as they are
given unrealistic targets that do not take into account the actual milk
availability/supply/production in the area. Bhen they can?t meet the targets they
use the adulterants to satisy the targets and keep their 7obs. 0his practice may
be discouraged by the processors.
;t is worth mentioning the milk storage practices being practiced by the owners o
the ice actories and cold storage owners. 0he cold storage owners buy milk
cheaply in the open market and sells when the rates are high. ;n the cold storage
actories) milk is stored or months under extremely unhygienic conditions. @ilk is
stored in iron moulds designed to produce ice) which are mostly rusted and only
covered with wooden planks when placed in cold water tanks or ree3ing.
Borkers walk on the wooden plank and mud rom their shoes alls in the stored
milk. ;ronically the milk rom the cold storage actories is sometimes purchased
by the big milk processors !that spend huge unds on their marketing( when they
need to ulill their procurement targets. @ost oten the milk rom the cold storage
Milk Adulteration: Issues and Challenges $
actories is purchased by contractors rom ar o places. 4or example the milk
!ro3en as blocks( rom the ice actories operating in Iarachi is purchased by the
contractors and transported to Kuetta and 0urbut in the Ealuchistan province !1&
to 1% hours? drive time away( and is sold at much higher prices ater mixing it with
the resh milk procured rom the open market. 2 similar practice is carried out in
Pun7ab province. 0his practice is very dangerous and has serious health
implications. ;t is strongly recommended that milk storage in ice blocks is
instantly banned and culprits are heavily ined.
-: (ealth Implications of milk Adulteration:
@ilk is the complete ood and git rom ,od. ;t contains calcium which is very
important or the growth o bones as well as other unctions such as blood
clotting) nerve and muscle unction. 2 calcium-rich diet is particularly important
between the ages o 11-15) to prevent osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a bone
disease) in which bones become ragile and more likely to break) that develops
slowly and is usually caused by a combination o genetics and too little calcium in
diet. Osteoporosis can also lead to stunted height and a hunched back because
o collapsing spinal bones. 0he risk o osteoporosis can be reduced through a
healthy diet !including pure milk with calcium nutrient(.
0he adulteration o milk with water not only renders milk inerior in .uality) but
can also cause additional health problems. 4or example) the milk adulterated
with contaminated water is a serious health ha3ard because o potential
waterborne diseases. 0he adulteration o detergent in milk can cause ood
poisoning and other gastrointestinal complications. ;ts high alkaline level can also
damage body tissue and destroy proteins. Other synthetic components can
cause impairments) heart problems) cancer or even death. Bhile the immediate
eect o drinking milk adulterated with urea) caustic soda and ormalin is
gastroenteritis) vomiting) nausea) the long- term eects are more severe. ;t is
also harmul or kidneys) and caustic soda can be dangerous or people suering
rom hypertension and heart diseases. 4ormalin can cause more severe damage
to the body) such as liver damage. 0he health impact o drinking milk adulterated
Milk Adulteration: Issues and Challenges 10
with these chemicals is worse or children. #austic soda harms the mucosa o
the alimentary tract) especially in children. #hemicals containing sodium can act
as a slow poison or those suering rom hypertension and heart diseases.
.. Economic Implications:
0he traditional system o milk collection and delivery prevents the dairy sector
rom using milk optimally or processing and manuacturing o by-products that
could be marketed within Pakistan and potentially exported to increase revenue.
2lthough the economic implications o milk adulteration have not been analy3ed
thoroughly) the export o milk and milk by-products and the economic gain that
this would bring will not be possible until the issue o adulteration is addressed.
/. Existin! 0e!ulatory +rame,ork
/." Pure +ood 1a,s "2.-:
0he Pure 4ood 1ules o 1*'5) #antonment Pure 4ood 1ules o 1*'+
!#antonment areas() and parts o the Pakistan Penal #ode o 16'& are
applicable to the dairy industry. 0he above 8egislative ramework covers almost
all aspects o the dairy sector !see 2ppendix 3(. 0he Pakistan Penal #ode deals
with the issue o adulteration o ood and drinks via 9ections %+% and %+3.
2ppointment o public analysts and ood inspectors has been made obligatory.
8ocal authorities have also been told to reinorce the regulations. 0he
punishment approved or ood adulteration is six months in prison) and/or one
thousand rupees ine.
/.& Pakistan (otels and 0estaurant Act3 "2/.:
0his act applies to all hotels and restaurants in Pakistan and aims to standardi3e
the rates and service!s( oered by hotels and restaurants. ;n addition to other
provisions) under section %%!%() the sale o ood or beverages !including milk(
that are contaminated and unhygienic) or served in utensils are not cleaned
Milk Adulteration: Issues and Challenges 11
properly is an oense. 0he penalty proposed in the law is an amount not
exceeding one thousand rupees.
*

/.' Implementation of pure food la,s after devolution ordinance &44":
0he devolution ordinance was introduced in %&&1) when the Pure 4ood 8aws o
1*'5 remained the same but the powers o its implementation were delegated to
the town municipal administration o the district governments. >nder the APun7ab
8ocal ,overnment Ordinance) %&&1?) the -ealth Oicer !a medical graduate( o
the city district government is the responsible authority or ood inspection)
including milk but excluding meat) in his district o 7urisdiction.
1&

/.) The Pun%a$ Pure +ood 0ules3 &44/
,overnment o Pun7ab ramed the Pun7ab Pure 4ood 8aws in %&&+. 0hese ood
laws are comprehensive and re.uired to be adopted in their true letter and spirit.
@inimum saety standards have been set. 0he legislative ramework is enorced
through the employment o public analysts and ood saety oicers. 0he laws are
enacted but the machinery or implementation is still awaited.
/.- The Pun%a$ +ood Safety and Standards Act3 &4""
0he Pun7ab government recently enacted the Pun7ab 4ood 9aety and 9tandards
2ct %&11 relating to ood saety and standards. >nder this piece o legislation the
,overnment o Pun7ab has set up a Pun7ab 4ood 2uthority to exercise the
powers conerred upon it) and to perorm the unctions assigned to it under this
2ct.
0he 4ood 2uthority is a body that has the power to deal with the ood saety
standards and adulteration issues. 0he level o punishment is amended up to 3
years and ine up to one million rupees or the culprits. ;t is good to note that the
level o punishment has been increased but enorcement still remains the
problem.
$
section %% !%( Pakistan -otels and 1estaurant 2ct) 1*+'
10
Part %. by-laws!14)15( 0he local government ordinance %&&1
Milk Adulteration: Issues and Challenges 12
5: Gaps and Shortcomin!s:
5.": Enforcement
2lthough a comprehensive set o laws and regulations exist in Pakistan regarding
ood saety standards and adulteration) these laws are not practiced in letter and
spirit. "ue to weak institutional arrangement) the relevant departments !-ealth
and 4ood "epartments( take hardly any interest in milk sampling. 4ood saety
oicers are appointed to carry out raids or milk testing or .uality assurance but
corruption and culture o ignoring things has encouraged culprits to carry on
adulteration practices.
5.&: 1ack of testin! facilities:
2lthough testing acilities are available at provincial level) they are lacking at
district and tehsil levels. 8ack o testing acilities is also one o the contributors to
the problem.
5.': 6se of medicines 7(ormones8:
=xisting regulations do not restrict the sale o milk in7ected with hormones and
other medicines. 0he drug residues which end up in milk pose serious human
health ha3ards.
5.): (a9ardous Preservatives:
=xisting ood regulations are silent on use o preservatives although most o the
preservatives !pencillin) ormalin) hydrogen per oxide) sugar) glucose) urea)
caustic soda) and molasses( and many others have perilous health eects. 0he
long term aect o these preservatives on human health are catastrophic.
5.-: (y!iene Issues:
Milk Adulteration: Issues and Challenges 13
-ygiene issues are at the core o milk handling and processing. 2lthough a
guideline is provided or the hygiene standards in the law) once again the
enorcement o the legislation is lacking. "airy animals are poorly managed
which creates 3oonotic problems !tuberculosis and brucellosis(. ;t is very sad to
report that the general public is not aware o the importance o hygienic issues.
2: 0ecommendations:
2.": 1e!islation:
8egislative ramework is currently poorly enorced. 0he Pun7ab
government has taken the lead and introduced the Pure 4ood 8aws %&&+)
and 4ood 9aety and 9tandards 2ct %&11) while in other provinces still
1*'5 Pure 4ood 1ules are the most recent legislation. 8egislative
ramework needs to be updated) an institutional ramework needs to be
created and both o these should be properly enorced.
2.&: The follo,in! actions are recommended to cur$ milk adulteration:

*.%.1$ 0he Pun7ab 4ood 9aety 2ct %&11 introduces a rigorous punishment
mechanism) which must be enorced. ;ts enorcement will play a vital role in
stopping the adulteration.
*.%.%$ ;nstitutional arrangements should be extended and .uality control
laboratories or testing milk and milk products should be established in each
district. 8ivestock and "airy "evelopment "epartments have disease
diagnostic labs at district level which can easily be upgraded to check milk
adulteration issues with a small amount o investment.
*.%.3$ 0hese labs should be e.uipped with the latest instruments and trained
manpower. 0he lab sta should be trained on day-to-day changing
technologies and techni.ues in the milk testing.
Milk Adulteration: Issues and Challenges 1
*.%.4$ "istrict Heterinary oicers should be empowered or inspection and
sampling o milk in the urban and rural area o each district.
*.%.5$ 2 strong monitoring mechanism o milk business should be introduced.
0his should include the licensing o the people involved in business activities
such as contractors) suppliers and milk paddlers !"hodis(.
*.%.'$ 0he re.uency o milk sampling and testing should be re.uent and
mandatory.
*.%.+$ 1andom sampling o milk should be done by oicers at
arm/collection/sale points and milk contractors.
*.%.6$ 2wareness campaigns should be launched against milk adulteration
and its perilous impacts on human health among the communities through
public service messages on electronic and print media. >rban and peri-urban
milk producing areas such as ,awala colonies should be targeted or
awareness on hygiene and milk handling issues.
*.%.*$ 0he mos.ue could be a vital orum to teach people about the risks o
milk adulteration.
*.%.1&$ "uring the ield visits it has been observed that the milk procurement
teams/suppliers/contractors buy adulterated milk to meet their targets.
Processors should use tougher measures to deal with the people responsible
and show their social responsibility and discourage those suppliers)
contractors who involve in milk adulteration by saying FCO 0O
2">80=120=" @;8IG. 0his behaviour will help to control the adulteration) to
some extent.
Milk Adulteration: Issues and Challenges 1!
*.%.11$ Processors should introduce incentives or the armers/supplier or
better .uality milk to encourage milk supply without adulteration.
*.%.1%$ ;t has been observed that government departments don?t have
ade.uate capacity and training to deal with milk adulteration. 0he
,overnment should thereore provide inancial and human resources to the
relevant departments or capacity building.

*.%.13$ #oordination between concerned departments should be improved.
0raining programs or stakeholders and armers !both men and women(
should be arranged at district) tehsil and village level.
*.%.14$ Pasteuri3ation o milk should be promoted or cheaper) better .uality
milk or consumers. ;ncentives could be provided to the investors or the rapid
growth o the sector.
*.%.15$ @ilk storage as ice blocks in the ice actory/cold stores should be
instantly banned and culprits should be ined heavily to stop this malpractice.
*.%.1'$ 0he entire milk collection setup needs to be moderni3ed by setting up
the re.uisite cooling chain inrastructure. Only those contractors/middlemen
should be allowed to do the businesses that are certiied through a credible
public and/or private institute to have the re.uisite inrastructure available.
9ame standards should be applied to the gawala colonies/peri-urban milk
supply set-up. 0his will generate additional economic activity and will boost
the industry manuacturing milk cooling apparatus in addition to ensuring
guaranteed milk collection and supply to the consumers !9ee 2ppendix 4(.
Milk Adulteration: Issues and Challenges 1"
0eferences:
2li) 0anvir !%&&'( Pakistan$ a case study o milk production and marketing
by small and medium-scale contract armers o -aleeb 4oods 8td.
2sadullah) Ihair-un-Cisa) Omer @ukhtar 0arar) 9yed 2bdul 2li) Ihalid
Damil) 2skari Eegum !%&1&() 9tudy to evaluate the impact o heat
treatment on water soluble vitamins in milk) 4ood and @arine 1esources
1esearch #entre) Pakistan #ouncil or 9cientiic and ;ndustrial 1esearch)
8aboratories #omplex) Iarachi
Eurki) 2. 2.) Ihan) @ and Eari) 4 !%&&5(. 0he state o Pakistan?s "airy$ an
assessment)) #@=1 working paper) &5-34) 8>@9$ 8ahore
Eurki) 2. 2 and Ihan) @.2.)!%&&+( F@ilk "istricts and =iciency o
9mallholder "airy Producers in PakistanG 8>@9 8ahore
#ity "istrict ,overnment 8ahore !#",8( %&1&) 4ood "epartment 1eport
8ahore.
,overnment o Pakistan) ! %&11( =conomic 9urvey %&1&-%&11) @inistry O
4inance) ;slamabad
;nternational 4arm #omparison Cetwork !;4#C( "airy 1eport %&&6.
P;9"2->92;" !%&&'(. 0he white revolution$ strategic plan or the Pakistan
dairy industry) report available on internet.
Milk Adulteration: Issues and Challenges 1#
Plan @ilk Halue #hain Pro7ect !%&1&( Easeline 9tudy 1eport) Plan
Pakistan.
8atee) @.) 4ara3) 2.) @ustaa) @.;.) 2khtar) P.) and Eashir) @.I.) !%&&*(
F"etection o adulterants and chemical composition o milk supplied to
canteens o various hospitals in 4aisalabad city) >niversity o 2griculture)
4aisalabad
9ira7) @. !%&&5( F4ood saety legislation in Pakistan$ identiying entry
points or public interventionG #onsumer 1ights #ommission o Pakistan
0he white revolution !%&&'( F"hodh "aryaG Bhite paper on Pakistan dairy
sector. Pakistan "airy development company 8ahore Pakistan
0ipu @.9) 2lta ;) 2sha.) @ and 9iddi.ue) 9 !%&&+( Fmonitoring o
chemical adulterants and hygienic status o market milk. -andbook
published by .uality control laboratory) university o vet. 9ciences 8ahore)
page +.
www.ao.org/aostat
http$//www.agrihunt.com/index.php/livestock-industry.html
Appendix ":
Tests Availa$le to heck Milk Adulteration:
0hese internationally recogni3ed tests should be used to check or adulteration)
microbiological contamination and ade.uacy o nutritional contents.
9ampling o 1aw @ilk
;ce is removed rom tanker and the milk is thoroughly mixed with the plunger or
1-% minutes) then lab technician) with the help o sampler) called knoppy) should
do the Composite Sample (@ixed sample is taken rom all the portions o a
tanker in e.ual amount. 0he amount o composite sample is *&&ml( and
Separate Sample (9ample taken rom a single portion o the tanker is called
separate sample. 0he amount o separate sample is '&&ml(.
0he ollowing tests are then perormed to check the .uality and composition o
the milk$
2. Organoleptic tests
E. Kualitative tests
i( Physical tests
Milk Adulteration: Issues and Challenges 18
ii( #hemical tests
#. Kuantitative 0ests
". 2dulteration test
A. Organoleptic tests:
;ncludes tests o taste) smell and colour. 0he purpose o these tests is to check
the suitability o milk or urther processing or release to the market.
B. Qualitative tests
Kualitative tests include physical and chemical tests$
i( Physical tests$ these tests have two more sub categories namely
temperature tests and clots on boiling.
a( 0emperature test$ the temperature o the raw milk sample
should be less than 1&
o
#.
b( #lots on boiling !#OE($ milk is heated to boiling and i milk
precipitates in the test tube) the test is positive.
ii( #hemical tests$ chemical tests are o three types namely p- 0est)
2lcohol Precipitation 0est and 9alt 0est$
a( p- 0est$ perormed to 7udge the keeping .uality o milk or to
estimate the intensity o acidity/alkalinity o milk.
b( 2lcohol Precipitation 0est !2P0($ 2P0 is perormed to check the
heat stability o milk during heat treatment. ; precipitation occurs)
the test is considered to be positive.
c( 9alt 0est
9alt test is administered to determine percentage o salt !such as
Ca #l( in @ilk.
Milk Adulteration: Issues and Challenges 1$
1esults
% 9alt L burette reading x &.&'5
% 9alt !as chloride( L Eurette reading x &.&'5 x */ 9C4 !%( o sample.
C. Quantitative test
Kuantitative tests include 4at 0est) 81 0est and ;odine Halue 0est.
i( 4at 0est$
0he at test is perormed to determine at percentage in milk sample to check i it
conorms to -48 standards !i.e. ' %(. ;t also orms the basis or payment to
armers.
ii( 81 0est$
81 test is conducted to determine percentage o 9C4/0otal solids in milk sample.
1esults
%9C4 L !81/4( M !&.%%N4at( M &.+%
0otal 9olids Percentage L 9C4 Percentage M 4at Percentage
iii( ;odine Halue 0est !;H0(
;H0 tests the value o iodine in milk by ollowing ormula. 0his test takes the
maximum time o all the tests so is only carried out at the main plant.
4ormula$
;odine value L
Bhere$
a L number o ml o &.1 C sodium thiosulphate used in the blank test.
b L number o ml o &.1 C sodium thiosulphate used in the titration with the
butter-at present.
p L weight o butterat taken or the analysis.
Milk Adulteration: Issues and Challenges 20
D. Adulteration Test
@ilk is adulterated by mixing various things in it hence perorming several tests to
ind out dierent adulterants are essential. 0ests include 9tarch) 9ugar) ,lucose)
"etergent) >rea) and 9odium 0ests.
a( 9tarch 0est
0he purpose o this test is to determine the starch adulteration in the milk. ;
black or dark blue granules are present) the test is positive.
b( ,lucose 0est
,lucose test is perormed to know the adulteration o glucose to increase the
sugar contents o the milk. ; brick red precipitations are ound) the test is
positive.
c( "etergent 0est$
0his test reers to detect the harmul detergents used as adulterants. Pinkish
color shows that the test is positive.
d( 9ugar !9ucrose( 0est$
;t is also an adulteration test. ; deep violet color is present ater 5-6 minutes) the
test is positive.
e( >rea 0est$
;n this test) milk is tested or the adulteration o urea as urea mixing increases the
81 reading o the milk. ; pink color appears) the test is positive.
( 9odium !Ca( 0est$
9odium 0est is perormed to determine Ca salt concentration in the raw milk. ;
the Ca ion concentration at *% 9C4 is more than 1&&&ppm) the test is positive.
Milk Adulteration: Issues and Challenges 21
2ll these tests take about 3&-4& minutes excluding the iodine test) which takes
about 3-4 hours. ; any o the tests reports positive) milk should be re7ected.
Appendix &: :ey personnel onsulted
9r
Co
Came Orgni3ation
&1 "r. 1aa.at -ussain 1a7a C19P) ;slamabad
&% "r. ;ran Oahid ", !8ivestock : "airy
"evelopment( @inistry o
livestock Pun7ab
&3 "r. 9uhail 9aleem 8ead 4oundation) 8ahore
&4 "r. 2bdul ,haar C21#) ;slamabad
&5 @uhammad 9iddi.ue #hie) Cutrition "ivision)
C;-);slamabad
&' ;3har -. 2thar) ,eneral @anager !Kuality
2ssurance() Coon Pakistan
8imited
&+ @alik @uhammad 9adar Oia @anager @ilk Procurement)
Coon Pakistan 8imited
&6 @r. "r @uhammad 23al #hairman) P21#) ;slamabad
&* @r 2gha 4a3al -ussain 2dam 4oods 8imited
1& @r 9yed @a7id ;.bal =ngro 4oods 8imited
1% "r.@uhammad 2shra =ngro 4oods 8imited
14 4@# members #onsultation workshop with
Milk Adulteration: Issues and Challenges 22
4armers @ilk #ooperatives
members at Hehari !Pro7ect
2rea(
15 "r. Casim 2khtar 9ector expert >C;"O) 9erena
Eusiness centre +
th
4loor
;slamabad
1' @r. 9ohail 9arwar #houdhry 1egional @anager @ilk
Procurement
Cestle Pakistan.Ehawana camp
"istt) #hinnot
1+ "r. 2bdul ,haar C21#) ;slamabad
16 @.Passer @ustaa Eutt !Ph"( Provincial "iagnostic 8abs)
8ahore
1* "r. @uhammad 2rshad Provincial "iagnostic 8abs)
8ahore
%& "r. 9hahid Eukhari Provincial "iagnostic 8abs)
8ahore
%1 @alik 0asawer -ussain @illac 4oods 8imited 8ahore
%% @r.-aroon 8odhi 9O8H= 2,1;P2I 8ahore
%3 @s. 1ubina Ehatti 0he network or #onsumer
Protection) ;slamabad
%4 "r. Kurban 2li ",) CH8) C21#
Park 1oad) ;slamabad
%5 "r. 2mir Ein Oahoor C21#) Park 1oad) ;slamabad
%' "r. 2manullah #heema C21#) Park 1oad) ;slamabad
%+ @uhammad 4ateh >llah Ihan C21#) Park 1oad) ;slamabad
%6 "r ;mdad -. @ir3a "irector) 2nimal 9ciences
;nstitute!29;() C21#) P21I
1oad ;slamabad
%* "r. Casir Daved 8ead 4oundation) 8ahore
3& "r. @ 9arra3 2hmad #hatha 8""E) Pun7ab
Milk Adulteration: Issues and Challenges 23
Appendix ': ;airy Sector aspects covered in Pure +ood 1a,s "2.-.
2ll vessels containing any kind o milk intended or sale) distribution or storage
must be
labelled appropriately and visibly. ;n particular) metallic vessels !which are the
means by which dhodis transport and deliver milk( must have a clear and distinct
label attached to the vessel.
11
Q ;mperect enameling) imperectly tinned vessels are illegal) as is the use o
vessels that are at any time during the supply chain exposed to ha3ardous
conditions) li.uid or gaseous.
1%
Q @ilk rom animals with any sort o disease is unlawul) as is milk drawn rom
animals within 3& days prior to or ten days ater parturition.
13
11
%e&tion 18 o' t(e )*re Foo+ R*les, 1$"!
12
%e&tion 1$ o' t(e )*re Foo+ R*les, 1$"!
13
%e&tion 20 o' t(e )*re Foo+ R*les, 1$"!
Milk Adulteration: Issues and Challenges 2
Q 2ny person with inectious or contagious diseases is disallowed rom milking
animals) working at a dairy arm) handling milk during transportation) or handling
any vessel meant to be used or the storage or transport o milk.
14
Q Pasteuri3ation parameters) including a minimum heating o 143 degrees
4ahrenheit or at least 15 seconds) and immediate cooling to 4 degrees
4ahrenheit. ;n addition) there is a ceiling on the coliorm count o 1& per ml.
15
Q 9terili3ation parameters) including heating to %1% degrees 4ahrenheit) passing
o the 0urbidity 0est) and packing under air-tight conditions.
1'
Q "etailed lists o e.uipment and processes re.uired or approval by the
government to operate milk processing plants.
1+
Q 0he prohibition o using) or keeping at a retail premises any items that can be
used to adulterate milk) including skimmed and condensed milk.
16
Q Provisions and process or executing the 0urbidity 0est by government
unctionaries on milk.
1*

Appendix ):
0he Plan @ilk Halue #hain Pro7ect !P@H#P( is being implemented in Hehari
district by Plan Pakistan with =uropean >nion !=>( unding. 0he pro7ect aims
to mitigate increases in ood prices and increase household ood security
through improved productivity and .uality in the dairy sector.
Plan?s base line study in the pro7ect area identiied a general public
perception that milk .uality is poor both in processed and resh milk. 0his is
mainly due to its perishable nature) which causes dodhis to either deliberately
or accidentally adulterate milk whilst bringing it to market. ;t is elt that the set-
up o the milk value chain is extremely important to resolve the situation.
1&& 4armers @ilk #ooperatives !4@#s( were established and necessary
e.uipment or milk storage !chillers) generators) milk testing kits( was
provided along with veterinary services. Haccinations were provided to the
animals o 4@# members. @odern animal keeping practices were promoted.
2ll these eorts resulted in the best .uality milk being made available or
consumers and processors. ; these eorts were made on a wider scale) the
provision o .uality milk should be assured.
1
%e&tion 21 o' t(e )*re Foo+ R*les, 1$"!
1!
%e&tion 22 o' t(e )*re Foo+ R*les, 1$"!
1"
%e&tion 22 o' t(e )*re Foo+ R*les, 1$"!
1#
%e&tion 23 o' t(e )*re Foo+ R*les, 1$"!
18
%e&tion 31 o' t(e )*re Foo+ R*les, 1$"!
1$
%e&tion 31 o' t(e )*re Foo+ R*les, 1$"!
Milk Adulteration: Issues and Challenges 2!