ELEctromagneticDIAgnosticsLab.

DIT Universit di Trento DIT UniversitdiTrento

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Email:massimo.donelli@disi.unitn.it @
MicrowaveFilters
Theinsertionlossmethod
Master MasterDegree Degree ElectronicandTelecommunication ElectronicandTelecommunication
A.A. A.A.2012 20122013 2013
Theinsertionlossmethod
A perfect filter should have zero insertion loss in the passband, and
infinite attenuation in the stopband, and a linear phase response in
the passband to avoid signal distortion. Unfortunately this kind of
filter doesnt exist , so compromises must be made and this is the
art of filter design A method that permits to obtain good filter art of filter design. A method that permits to obtain good filter
approximations is the INSERTION LOSS METHOD.
Different trade off could be reached with the ILM method to meet Different trade off could be reached with the ILM method to meet
the applications requirements. In particular if a minimum insertion
loss is required a Chebyshev response would satisfy.
However in all cases the insertion loss method allows filter
performance to be improved in a straightforward manner (you must performance to be improved in a straightforward manner (you must
only increase the filter ORDER.
Theinsertionlossmethod
In the insertion loss method a filter response is defined by its
insertion loss, or power loss ratio P
lr
:
This quantity is the reciprocal of |S
12
|
2
if both load and source are This quantity is the reciprocal of |S
12
| if both load and source are
matched. The insertion loss (IL) I dB is
It is possible to express the denominator of the power loss ratio vs
the angular frequency as follows: the angular frequency as follows:
Theinsertionlossmethod
Where M and N are real polynomials function of the angular
frequency. The power loss ratio P
lr
can be expressed as follows:
The specification of this function will characterize the filter
behavior. In the following some practical filter characteristics will be behavior. In the following some practical filter characteristics will be
discussed.
MAXIMALLYFLAT this characteristic is also called the binomial or
Butterworth response, and it provides the flattest possible pass
band response for a filter complexity. In particular for a lowpass
filter it is specified by the following relation: filter it is specified by the following relation:
Theinsertionlossmethod
Usually the power loss ratio at the cutoff is chosen equal to 3dB.
For angular frequencies far away from the cutoff the attenuation
increase monotonically with frequency at the rate of 20N
dB/decade.
Theinsertionlossmethod
EQUALRIPPLE if a Chebyshev polynomial is used to specify the
insertion loss of an Norder lowpass filter:
Then a sharper cutoff will result, although the passband response Then a sharper cutoff will result, although the passband response
will have ripples of amplitude 1+k
2
. Since Tn(x) oscillates between
+/1, k
2
determines the passband ripple level, for large x the
insertion loss become:
Which also increases at the rate of 20N dB/decade. But the /
insertion loss for the Chebyshev case is (2
2N
)/4 greater than the
binomial response.
Theinsertionlossmethod
Theinsertionlossmethod
EQUALRIPPLE the maximally flat and equalripple response both have
monotonically increasing attenuation in the stop band. In many applications it is
required to specify a minimum stop band attenuation Such filter are called required to specify a minimum stopband attenuation. Such filter are called
elliptic filters. The maximum attenuation in the passband A
max
can be specified
as well as the minimum attenuation in the stop band A
min
.
Theinsertionlossmethod
LINEARPHASE in some applications (multiplexing filters for telecommunication
systems) it is important to have a linear phase response in the passband to avoid
signal distortion A linear phase characteristics can be achieved with the signal distortion. A linear phase characteristics can be achieved with the
following phase response:
The following relation specify the group delay defined as follow:
Which shows that the group delay for the linear phase filter is a maximally flat
function function
Theinsertionlossmethod
The following schema shows the process of filter design by the insertion loss
method. The method start with the design of a low pass filter that then is scaled
to the desired frequency and impedance to the desired frequency and impedance .
At the end of the method a lumped elements low pass filter is obtained and you
can obtain the other filters (Highpass/PassBand/StopBand) with suitable
transformations. transformations.
Maximallyflatlowpassfilterprototype
Let us consider the two element low pass filter reported below:
It is a second order lowpass filter. The source impedance is 1 Ohm, and the cut It is a second order low pass filter. The source impedance is 1 Ohm, and the cut
off frequency
c
The power loss ratio for N=2 is given by the following:
Maximallyflatlowpassfilterprototype
The input impedance of this filter is
Since
The power loss ratio can be written considering the reflection coefficient. The power loss ratio can be written considering the reflection coefficient.
Maximallyflatlowpassfilterprototype
Considering that
And
The power loss ratio can be written as follow:
Maximallyflatlowpassfilterprototype
Notice that this expression is a polynomial in
2
since R=1, and PLR=1 for =0
The coefficient of
2
must vanish so:
Or L=C
with
Maximallyflatlowpassfilterprototype
This procedure can be extended to find the element values for filters with an
arbitrary number of elements N, but clearly this is not a practical procedure for
l N F li d l d i h h i d i 1 Oh large N. For a normalized lowpass design where the source impedance is 1 Ohm,
the cutoff frequency
c
=1. The elementsvalues for the following lowpass filter
networks:
Could be derived considering the following table.
Maximallyflatlowpassfilterprototype
The following table reports the normalized value for maximally flat lowpass filter
up to order N=10. If you need N>10 you can cascade two filters.
Maximallyflatlowpassfilterprototype
EqualRipplelowpassfilterprototype
For an equal ripple lowpass filter with a cutoff frequency c=1 the power loss
ratio is:
Where 1+k
2
is the ripple level in the passband. Since the Chabyshev polynomials
have the following property:
Shows that the power loss ratio at =0 for N odd, but a power loss ratio of 1+k
2
if
N is even.
EqualRipplelowpassfilterprototype
For the two elements filter reported below and for a Chebishev function
The following function should be considered: The following function should be considered:
The equation can be solved for C, L if the ripple level is K is known, to obtain the
element values
EqualRipplelowpassfilterprototype
The following equations gave the ripple value vs. the load:
Starting from the ripple value we can easily obtain the values of each
t id i th f ll i l ti components, considering the following relation:
However to simplify the design there are Table with the tabulated values for However to simplify the design there are Table with the tabulated values for
different ripple values.
EqualRipplelowpassfilterprototype
Table with the tabulated values for a Equal ripple lowpass filter prototype
characterized by a ripple equal to 0.5 dB in the pass band.
EqualRipplelowpassfilterprototype
Table with the tabulated values for a Equal ripple lowpass filter prototype
characterized by a ripple equal to 3.0 dB in the pass band.
EqualRipplelowpassfilterprototype
Attenuation vs. normalized frequency for equal ripple filter prototype
characterized by a ripple equal to 0.5 dB in the pass band.
EqualRipplelowpassfilterprototype
Attenuation vs. normalized frequency for equal ripple filter prototype
characterized by a ripple equal to 3.0 dB in the pass band.
Maximallyflatlowpassfilterprototype
The design of a maximally flat filter follows the same design rules. Also in this
case there are table that permit you a fast filter design.
Denormalization
In the prototype design the source and load resistance are unity this to permit the In the prototype design, the source and load resistance are unity this to permit the
choice of different input/output impedance values. A source resistance of R
0
can be
obtained by multiplying the impedances of the prototype design by R
0
. Considering
the input impedance the scaled quantities are given by the following: the input impedance the scaled quantities are given by the following:
Where L, C and R
l
are the components values of the original prototype. This is the
denormalization for the input impedance.
Denormalization Frequency Scaling
To change the cutoff frequency of a low pass prototype from unity to we To change the cutoff frequency of a low-pass prototype from unity to
c
we
must scale the frequency dependence of the filter by the factor 1/
c
.
Where
c
is the new cutoff frequency. The new element values are
determinated by applying the substitution of the scaled angular frequency to
th t f th filt bt i i the susceptance of the filter obtaining:
Denormalization Frequency + Impedance Scaling
Wh b th f l i d li i d th f ll i When both frequency plus impedance scaling are required the following
denormalization formula can be used to obtain the final filter design:
This is the complete design of a low pass-filter This is the complete design of a low pass filter.
Low-Pass High-Pass transformation
Th i ti l d i th d l t t ith l filt d i t The insertion loss design method always starts with a low pass filter design to
obtain the other filter such as high pass and pass/stop band filters, suitable
transformation are considered. The first transformation is the low-pass High
t f ti pass transformation.
If we use the following transformation well obtain a transformation of a low
pass filter into an high pass filter:
This change maps the angular frequency =0 to and vice versa. The cutoff
occour when =
c
The negative sign is needed to convert inductors and
c
capacitor into realizable capacitors and inductors.
Low-Pass High-Pass transformation
Th t f ti h th t i i d t t b l d ith The transformation shows that series inductors must be replaced with
capacitance and shunt capacitors must be replaced with inductors. The new
component values are given by the following:
Low-Pass Band-Pass transformation
Th f ll i t f ti it t t l filt i t The following transformation permits to convert a lowpass filter into a
passband filter.
Where
Is the fractional bandwidth of the passband. The central frequency between
the two cutoff frequencies could be chosen as the aritmetic or geometrical the two cutoff frequencies could be chosen as the aritmetic or geometrical
mean.
Low-Pass Band-Pass transformation
If th t i l i id d bt i th f ll i If the geometrical mean is considered we obtain the following:
Where when
Low-Pass Band-Pass transformation
Thi t f ti h th t i i d t i t f d t i LC This transformation shows that a series inductor is transformed to a serie LC
circuit with element values:
And the shunt capacitor is transformed into a shunt LC circuit with element
Low-Pass Stop-Band transformation
Th i t f ti b d t t f l filt i t The inverse transformation can be used to transform a low pass filter into a
stop band filter.
Low-Pass Stop-Band transformation
Thi t f ti h th t i i d t i t f d t ll l LC This transformation shows that a series inductor is transformed to a parallel LC
circuit with element values:
And the shunt capacitor is transformed into a serie LC circuit with element
Summary of the prototype filter transformations