Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Failed State
Shiv Sastry
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COPYLEFT LICENCE
Licence is hereby granted to make as many copies of
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Dedicated to the memory of my cousin,
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FOREWORD
Shiv
January 20, 2007
4
CHAPTERS
5
Chapter 1
WHY PAKISTAN?
6
This book is a collection and review of what has been
written about Pakistan in various sources over many
years. It is a summary of the experiences and
descriptions of many people who have reported or written
about Pakistan. The book carries many direct quotes from
various authors and these quotes are in italics, while
the sources from which the quotes have been taken are
listed in the reference section at the end of the book.
7
including Zaheer Khan and Irfan Pathan who are setting
out for Pakistan, determined to keep the Indian flag
flying on the cricket field, to say nothing of the
thousands of Muslims who have died fighting Pakistan.
8
Pakistan cannot be ignored by India for many reasons.
9
assaults from Pakistan.
10
Finally, every attempt has been made in this work to
avoid direct comparisons between India and Pakistan,
except where it is unavoidable. There is a very important
reason for that, and it requires elaboration. Although
both India and Pakistan started off as having been part
of one nation in the pre-Independence era, the two
entities cannot really be compared. India is four times
larger than Pakistan in land area and currently has a
population that is over seven times the size of
Pakistan's population. This means that all numbers and
figures relating to India are automatically bigger than
those of Pakistan.
11
mismanagement of Pakistan.
12
Pakistan is not in an enviable state. Anyone who has
wished for anything bad to happen to Pakistan is likely
to find great joy in the condition that Pakistan has
reached.
13
Chapter 2
THE PEOPLE OF PAKISTAN
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an education in a society that believes the women should
not be seen in public places, mixing with strangers.
15
national income, while the bottom 20 per cent has only 6
percent,
16
to 30% of the population. A large middle class is an
indicator of the development of a society from the
traditional feudal pattern into a more modern society.
The old feudal structure of society which Pakistan still
retains, consists of a small, very rich elite governing a
large mass of poor people. A large middle class is an
essential component of a ‘modern’ state and its absence
marks a feudal state.
17
Religion also helps to define the psyche of the
Pakistani, which is dealt with in chapter 5.
Paradoxically, religion also helps in the survival of the
rich, tyrannical and corrupt leaders of Pakistan. Islam
teaches its followers to accept their lives as being pre-
ordained by God, and, as a result of this belief, the
poor and deprived Pakistani does not question or complain
about his miserable life. This stoic acceptance has
allowed the rapacious elite and the resource-swallowing
army of Pakistan to carry on with their atrociously rich
lifestyles and blatant corruption for decades, without
having to be answerable to an angry or demanding
population.
18
19
Chapter 3
EDUCATION
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Pakistani leaders have never really understood how the
twin facts of population explosion and lack of education
feed upon each other leading to the population-illiteracy
cycle getting worse at a faster and faster rate as time
passes, making it increasingly difficult to catch up.
21
structure, with 43 per cent below the age of 15 and 63
per cent below the age of 25.
22
A report in the San Francisco Chronicle (13) in Oct 2002
on the state of education in Pakistan states:
23
...in Sindh province we have more than a quarter of a
million students in the religious Madaris. In Karachi
alone there are well over 226,000 children in these
religious seminaries.. In the whole of the province there
are only 1,500 middle schools. Compare this with 869
Madaris in Karachi alone.
24
10,000 and 20,000; unregistered seminaries may add
another 10,000 to the total. As for the number of
students, here the estimate ranges from a conservative
half-million to over 2 million. (By comparison, some 1.9
million Pakistani children reportedly attended primary
schools in 2002.)
25
Madrassas were introduced about 300 years ago on the
Indian subcontinent by then Muslim monarchs and rulers to
produce a bureaucracy capable of running the day-to-day
affairs of state, especially in terms of financial and
legal issues, according to the wishes and pleasure of the
king.
Ahmed continues:
26
battlefield was surely very useful and convenient to
provide an endless supply of soldiers to fight in
Afghanistan, and such fighters under the name Taliban
took over when the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan. But
even after this, the madrassas that had supplied all
these fanatical men did not close down, and indeed could
not be closed down. The curriculum teaching jihad did not
change either. Having nowhere else to go, thousands of
madrassa trained students in Pakistan collected up, ready
for jihad in any part of the world, including Kashmir,
Bosnia, Chechnya, the Philippines, Indonesia, Palestine,
Iraq and Turkey.
27
weapons to other militias
Schools in Pakistan:
28
Four themes emerge most strongly..
1. ... Pakistan is for Muslims alone;
2. ...Islamiat is to be forcibly taught to all the
students, whatever their faith, including a compulsory
reading of Qur'an;
3. that Ideology of Pakistan is to be internalized as
faith, and hate be created against Hindus and India;
4. and students are to be urged to take the path of Jehad
and Shahadat (martrydom).
29
Other things taught in state school texts:
30
hand, all Muslims can say their prayers together.
31
...
32
and a call for change was made by Pakistani Federal
Minister for Education Ms Zobaida Jalal in a statement
published in the Pakistan Tribune online in March 2004
(24):
33
behind the struggle for Pakistan! Of course, there is no
doubt that some of the texts do denigrate the Hindus but
this should not be a pretext for not creating an
awareness of the differences that led to the creation of
Pakistan.
34
Chapter 4
INDUSTRIES AND ECONOMY OF PAKISTAN
35
some detail. In keeping with the Pakistani psyche of
according the highest importance to the armed forces
Pakistani claims of high technology indigenous
manufacture have revolved around armament, specifically
missiles and Pakistan's nuclear program.
36
Even more peculiar is Pakistan's nuclear program. The
strong Pakistani insistence that the program is entirely
indigenous is contradicted by the facts. A news report
about this in a New Zealand news portal reads (29):
37
separate out heavier from lighter components. For
example, a rotating centrifugal dryer in a washing
machine is a centrifuge that separates water from clothes
and makes wet clothes much more dry. Obtaining
centrifuges was necessary for Pakistan to start enriching
Uranium. Uranium occurs naturally primarily in two forms,
the heavier U238 and lighter U235. The latter, U235 is
needed for nuclear bombs but occurs in very small
quantities mixed with U238. For this reason Uranium needs
to be enriched to get material that contains 90% or more
of U235, which can then be used for making a nuclear
bomb. Several techniques exist for this and Pakistan
chose the route of Uranium enrichment by centrifuges
using the technology stolen by Qadeer Khan from the
URENCO labs.
One week after the Indian nuclear tests of May 1998, and
38
a one week before the official Pakistani nuclear test an
announcement was made at a G8 meeting that Pakistan had
tested a nuclear device. It is said that the device
failed to detonate. After this there was a flurry of
activity when Pakistani officials visited China. The next
week, on the 28th of May 1998, Pakistan conducted a
nuclear test in Chagai. Some experts believe that the
device tested was a ready made device provided to
Pakistan by China after the failure of an earlier test.
During this period mysterious news reports surfaced that
Plutonium was detected in the atmosphere over Chagai in
Pakistan (32). Since Pakistani bomb designs were Uranium
based ones, there is no way Plutonium could have
appeared. If the Plutonium story is true, it lends
credence to the theory that Pakistan may actually have
tested a ready made Chinese nuclear device.
39
or civilian aircraft and does not have a noteworthy
aerospace research or design team. But in 1981 Pakistan
imported the entire assembly line for the manufacture of
a 1969 vintage Swedish designed, single engine, two
seater trainer aircraft from Sweden. The aircraft,
called the Saab Supporter in Sweden is assembled in
Pakistan under the name Mushshak. Another trainer
aircraft that Pakistan became involved in is a Chinese
designed K-8 jet trainer. Current reports indicate that
the trainers will be manufactured in China, and not in
Pakistan.
st
On March 31 2002, a report in the The New York Times
stated, Barely a third of Pakistan's population is
literate, Even using a very low standard, the State
Department said in its most recent human rights report.
Pakistan's literacy rate ranks below that of countries
like Haiti, Rwanda and Sudan, according to the most
recent United Nations Development Program report.
Furthermore A UNDP report in 2003 ranked Pakistan a low
th
138 , in a list of 174 countries (33).
40
Pakistan Human Condition report of 2003 says that between
1998-99 and 2000-01, population increased by 6 million
people (4.46 per cent), while the population of the poor
during the period under review increased by 10 per cent.
The report warns that population is shifting from upper
poverty bands to lower ones, showing a decline in their
welfare level
th
On February 5 2003, the San Francisco Chronicle
reported: Pakistan's powerful military has ruled the
country for more than half of the nation's 56-year
history, fully integrating itself into every facet of the
economy and draining state coffers with generous benefit
plans for its officers....corrupt military officers have
siphoned off more than $1.2 billion in the last 10 years
to purchase such amenities as land, mansions and luxury
cars, according to a recent report by Pakistan's auditor
general.
One report (36) says only one million Pakistanis pay tax
in a country of over 150 million people. The Karachi
Stock Exchange has trading in only about 30 stocks - with
41
over 700 other stocks listed for tax advantages. The
Exchange is run by a handful of crooked brokers and scams
are rampant. The same report goes on to say, Estimates of
the size of the country's black-market economy, which
includes everything from underground banking to narcotics
to the smuggling of consumer goods, range up to 100% of
the so-called formal sector. That ratio "is probably the
most severe" of any country in the world, says Muhammad
Mansoor Ali, one of Pakistan's leading economists. "It is
essentially a parallel economy."
42
Chapter 5
PAKISTANI PSYCHE - GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
43
conversation in Arabic between Egyptian President Gamel
Abdel Nasser and King Hussein of Jordan when Egyptian
forces were being defeated by Israeli forces in 1967. The
cultural need to avoid shame forced Nasser to state that
his forces were fighting well against their enemy, but
King Hussein was unable to understand the nuances by
which Nasser hinted that his forces were being defeated.
That left Hussein, and Jordan unprepared for their defeat
in the war subsequently (42).
44
society to solidify democratic and tolerant traditions in
comparison to an India where khakis and bayonets follow
popularly elected representatives. Third, assumption by
Pakistan of the role of protector and overseer of the
welfare of Indian Muslims, who in the words of Maulana
Azad, could be exploited from forces across the border
owing to their "socio-political schizophrenia" since
partition. Fourth, avenging the military defeat of 1971,
which is a formal objective declared in the official
oath-taking ceremony of every Pakistani officer-cadet
when he graduates. Fifth, irrational faith in the
"profound capacity for commitment to jihad amongst the
momin", as was publicly declared by Foreign Minister
Gauhar Ayub Khan at a press conference in Delhi. Sixth,
confidence that Pakistan's nuclear weapons program is an
instrumentality to further geopolitical objectives in
Kashmir. Seventh, widespread belief in the Pakistani
establishment and media circles that India is getting
exhausted in Kashmir and would not be able to hold on to
it for long (a presumption of Musharraf in Kargil).
Eighth, and most significantly, "the unarticulated
ambition and hope that if India broke up, Pakistan will
emerge as the strongest and most powerful political
entity in South Asia".
45
as a nation and in predicting Pakistani responses to
events. There are certainly some parallels in Pakistani
behavior to Arab behavior described by Raphael Patai in
his seminal book on The Arab Mind (42). These
similarities are striking, and the most likely
explanation is the internalization of Arab culture in
Islam, leading to a degree of Arabization of behavior
among devoutly Islamic people such as some Pakistanis who
have actively sought to reject their earlier Indian
culture (see chapter 9).
46
..the attractive character of elite Pakistani officials.
Compared with their haughty Indian and chaotic Afghan
neighbors, Pakistani VIPs are often wittier, warmer, and
more knowledgeable about the insider gossip of U.S.
politics. American diplomats and spooks often have a good
deal of fun with their Westernized Pakistani
counterparts. As one congressional staffer, who
frequently visits south-central Asia, succinctly put it,
"I like 'em; the Indians are jerks."
47
Pakistan's information secretary, was on the phone
discussing with an underling how to keep more than 100
foreign journalists happy for the rest of the week...if
it keeps the reporters satisfied, he figured, it's worth
the $3,000 it will cost his ministry to rent the plane
from Pakistan International Airlines...The Pakistani
government, eager to make its voice heard, has ordered
foreign embassies to expedite visas for
journalists...Five times in the past month, the
Information Ministry has rented air-conditioned buses to
carry journalists to the Line of Control... There they
are treated to hour-long military briefings, complete
with maps, displays of Indian mortar shells -- and tea
sandwiches served on trays by white-gloved soldiers. You
won't get such hospitality from the Indian army.
48
But honour and dignity play an equally important role
among the richer and apparently liberated Pakistani elite
rulers of Pakistan. The need to maintain honour and avoid
the perceived national shame of appearing weak in front
of India has led to the sacrificing of all developmental
effort towards arms purchases to pursue military parity
with India. Stephen Cohen's quote of a Pakistan army
officer's words in this regard has already been alluded
to at the beginning of this chapter.
49
was declared both India and Pakistan had captured small
areas of each other's territory. Significantly, Indian
forces were well within striking range of the Pakistani
city of Lahore, with Indian troops in the towns on the
outskirts of Lahore, and Pakistani General Ayub Khan's
plans to take Srinagar were foiled. But the 1965 war has
always been portrayed from the Pakistani side as a war in
which attacking Indian forces were defeated. The need to
maintain honour and dignity is so important to the
Pakistani, that any available fact may be either picked
up or selectively forgotten in order to save face and
maintain the pretence of victory.
50
The ignominious defeat of the Pakistan armed forces in
1971 and the formation of Bangladesh almost went
unreported in Pakistan. An editorial in the Pakistani
newspaper The Jang recalled the 1971 reports in Pakistan
(49):
51
1965 and 1971 full-scale wars.
52
away as God's will - an explanation that most devout
Pakistanis will accept without question.
But the need to save Pakistani honour was too great after
the Indian tests. The national sense of shame in being
unable to publicly match India was so intense that Prime
Minister Nawaz Sharif acknowledged that he would not
survive unless he sanctioned nuclear tests by Pakistan.
Pakistan did test a nuclear device of its own two weeks
after India's tests and although there is some
controversy about the real origin of the device tested by
Pakistan, the test greatly diluted the international
attention that India was getting after its tests, and put
the spotlight on Pakistan, a spotlight that has only
become brighter after the September 11th 2001 terrorist
attacks in the US.
53
victory. When such victory is not possible or unlikely,
the war needs to be continued verbally to avoid shame.
Every accusation is made to show that an adversary is
cowardly, weak and untruthful, with Pakistanis being
courageous, righteous and heading for victory.
For example, wars are never lost, and any defeats are
temporary setbacks. Arms built under licence are always
shown as indigenous. Ballistic missiles imported from
China and North Korea are repainted and given Pakistani
names to be flaunted as missiles designed and
manufactured in Pakistan. Indians are always depicted as
being conniving and scheming, never as courageous and
honourable. The Indian armed forces are always referred
to by Pakistan as being weak and dishonourable and always
accused of raping and murdering civilians. Indian leaders
are often referred to as scheming high caste Brahmins or
Banias who are plotting to either dominate or eliminate
people of all other religions and social groups.
54
An example of this tendency can be seen in a two part
article on the events of 1971 that appeared in the online
edition of the Pakistani paper the Jang as recently as
2004, written by a former Pakistani army officer,
Brigadier Anjum (51, 52). In a farcical and fanciful
description Brigadier Anjum does not say a word about the
1971 elections in Pakistan that were won by the East
Pakistani Awami league party, and denies the well
documented genocide of ethnic East Pakistani Bengalis by
West Pakistani troops (chapter 11). Anjum's explanation
of why reports of genocide by Pakistani troops are false
is as follows:
55
history as:
56
the mediating party. The important need here is for
Pakistani leaders to appear to be strong and retain their
honour in front of their own people. It does not matter
if anyone else considers that Pakistan was defeated, weak
or dishonoured as long as the Pakistani people see their
leaders as having pulled off some kind of victory, and
are not seen as having lost their honour to the weaker
party India.
57
accept with gratitude to save its own face.
General Ayub Khan who led Pakistan into the 1965 war with
India had boasted that One Pakistani soldier is equal to
six Indian soldiers The genesis of this attitude is
interesting.
58
Punjab, assisted by Pashtun troops. After this event, the
British greatly changed the composition of the Indian
army forces, by recruiting mainly Muslim Punjabi troops
and Pashtun troops from the North Western parts of pre-
independence India, which are now part of Pakistan. These
troops were subsequently in the thick of all the
campaigns that Imperial Britain was fighting. The British
gradually began to refer to these groups as martial
races. Retired Pakistani army Major Agha Humayun Amin
wrote about the Pakistani army feeling of martial
superiority (57):
Pakistan the nation was formed with the belief that its
army was, from the beginning, somehow superior by virtue
of its being composed of martial races. Maj. Amin goes on
to write:
59
that God would therefore be on their side no matter how
preposterous or ill advised the action.
Positive Self-image:
60
the generals were convinced that the Bengali was too meek
to ever challenge the martial Punjabi or Pathan
Muslim..The Bengalis were despised as non martial by all
West Pakistanis.
61
Pakistani textbooks for small children to learn the Urdu
alphabet. The word kafir means unbeliever, but in the
Pakistani context it is a derogatory term for a non-
Muslim. Children's alphabet books carry the word kafir as
an example of a word that starts with the Urdu equivalent
of the letter k. Associated with the word is a picture of
a kafir - which is often the picture of a Hindu of a
Sikh. Even today, in the 21st century it is possible to
visit Pakistani chat-rooms and discussion fora on the
Internet to find references to Indians as short, dark,
ugly, weak or cowardly.
62
it seems that the same characteristics can be seen among
Pakistanis, with evidence of the same in their behavior.
63
Allah to be as they are and must not be changed or
tampered with in any way.
64
Chapter 6
WOMEN AND MINORITIES OF PAKISTAN
With 108 men for every 100 women in Pakistan (59), the
women of Pakistan could probably be called a minority, to
be counted along with other minorities of Pakistan such
as Shia Muslims, Ahmedis, Hindus and Christians.
65
marriage. A young bride has very little status in her
husband's household; she is subservient to her mother-in-
law and must negotiate relations with her sisters-in-
law....A wife gains status and power as she bears sons.
Sons will bring wives for her to supervise and provide
for her in her old age. Daughters are a liability, to be
given away in an expensive marriage with their virginity
intact. Therefore, mothers favor their sons.
66
Since the passage of the Hudood Ordinance in 1979 under
the military government of Zia al Haq, "zina" or extra-
marital intercourse, has been considered a crime against
the state in Pakistan...this law often prescribes cruel
and devastating punishments, such as whipping or stoning
the individual(s) in question, and explicitly
discriminates against women...the Hudood Ordinance has
legally blurred the distinction between rape and
extramarital sex, resulting in the imprisonment and/or
physical punishment of numerous women who have come
forward with charges of rape without witnesses.
Consequently, many rape victims are deemed criminals in a
Pakistani court of law.
67
A few months later, in 1948, Jinnah reiterated his
vision:
68
population of Muslims in Pakistan went up from about 60
million to 145 million, while the population of non-
Muslims fell from 7 million to 4.5 million. Hindus formed
the largest minority in Pakistan at independence and
their number has reduced to around 1.5 million.
69
particularly intolerant Islamic mindset to prevail and
thrive in Pakistan. Shia Muslims in Pakistan are
subjected to terrorist attacts and discrimination, and
the Ahmediya sect have been declared as non-Muslims in
Pakistan for their beliefs. Pakistan is busy changing
Islam to suit the needs of a small elite.
The last years of the Zia regime saw the Shias of Gilgit
come out with a demand for a separate Shia State
consisting of Gilgit and the Shia majority areas of
Punjab and the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP). They
wanted the Shia state to be called the Karakoram Province
and remain part of a confederation of Pakistan. The Zia
regime crushed the Shia movement ruthlessly. In August
1988, the Pakistan Army inducted a large Sunni tribal
force from the NWFP and the Federally-Administered Tribal
Areas (FATA), led by Osama bin Laden, into Gilgit and it
70
massacred hundreds of Shias and crushed their revolt.
The hatred of the Shias for Osama bin Laden and his Al
Qaeda dates from this period.
71
Chapter 7
PARTITION AND THE TWO-NATION THEORY
72
MB Naqvi wrote in the Jang of Pakistan (70):
73
as extending from Arabia in the center to North Africa in
the West, Southern Europe to the North and Central Asia,
India and South East Asia to the East. The Caliph was the
symbolic head of this empire, although he by no means
controlled even a fraction of that empire. The word
Caliph means deputy in Arabic, and the first Caliph had
been appointed by the Prophet Mohammad, and the end of
the Caliphate was the end of a long line of Caliphs that
extended from antiquity.
74
Allama Iqbal asserted that there is only one nation
opposed to the Muslim Umma, and that is the nation of
non-Muslims! In other words, the world is divided into
two camps, the Muslims and Non-Muslims.
With Islam, and Islamic reasons being the basis for the
formation of Pakistan, Pakistanis have, right from the
75
beginning, been taught to regard themselves as Muslims
first and foremost, and as opposed to being citizens of
the nation, Pakistan. Pakistan was supposed to be a
homeland for Muslims of India and its formation was
pushed through by the groups who wanted it, over the
wishes of other groups, including some such as the
Jamaat-i-Islami who did not favor the formation of
Pakistan.
76
toe or a fingertip so that the body itself can survive
and not be affected by the disease that damaged the toe
or finger. For India partition was akin to that - a
civilizational auto-amputation.
77
It was only after the formation of Pakistan that all the
assumptions made about Islam as a unifying concept began
to break down. There were contradictions at every turn.
The 15 million mohajirs who migrated to Pakistan from
India were not welcomed. But they were educated and held
all the important bureaucratic posts. The mohajirs found
that their survival in Pakistan would be made easier by
creating and maintaining an India scare - a phobia
against the scheming Hindu who was out to subjugate or
kill all Muslims. The mohajirs, the Muslim elite of India
who had migrated to Pakistan were in an ideal position to
concoct any stories they wished about the bestial Hindus
they had left behind.
78
standards set for them, the ruling elite lived as they
pleased.
79
Chapter 8
ISLAM AND PAKISTAN
But this charade could only last a few years before the
fallacies began to show.
80
this demographic fact, the Sir Cyril Radcliffe's Boundary
Commission allotted these 76 districts to Pakistan. The
76 Muslim-majority districts were grouped together in two
clusters. One cluster was in north-west India and the
other in north-east India. Western Pakistan comprised the
north-west part of the sub-continent and Eastern Pakistan
comprised eastern part of Bengal and one district in
Assam...In 1951, Muslims numbered 3.54 crore, making up
9.9 per cent of the total population of India.
81
genius of our people."
But the leaders of the new Pakistan who took over after
Jinnah died in 1948, certainly felt that Pakistan should
be stripped of all its connections with India. In an
experimental and unparalleled act of ignorance, Pakistan
was deliberately set on the path of being an orphan,
culture-less nation. Pakistan was not Arabic; it was not
Egyptian or Persian; it was not Indonesian, but it was
definitely not going to be Indian any more. The India
connection had to be stripped clean, leaving Pakistan
purely Islamic. Islamic, for Muslims alone, free from
India or any Indian roots. Indian culture had to be
actively cleaned out of the minds of millions of
Pakistani citizens - a culture of centuries was to be
washed clean, and nobody had any idea of what would
replace the void. The only thing people knew was that
Pakistanis would have to be Islamic, and good Muslims.
82
course of time Hindus would cease to be Hindus and
Muslims would cease to be Muslims.. (76)
83
them. After all, Pakistan was Islamic, and therefore
anything that Pakistan did, from waging wars, avoiding
elections, genocide, corruption could not be criticized
by anyone. Any criticism of Pakistan was criticism of
Islam. If Pakistan obtained military and economic aid
from the US, it was because Islam was naturally anti-
communist. India did not dare question Pakistani claims
no matter how preposterous or obscene they were, because
Pakistan was Islamic. Opposing Pakistan was anti-Islamic.
84
therefore to Islam. No method was ruled out, no sacrifice
could be too great in opposing India, because opposing
India meant devotion to Islamic ideals. Muslims in
Kashmir, and later all the Muslims in India would be
rescued from Hindu tyranny by Pakistan.
85
The army of Pakistan was initially subservient to the
government. After 1971 Zia-ul-Haq started a campaign of
Islamization of the Pakistani army, and strengthened the
process of Islamization of Pakistan started by Zulfikar
Ali Bhutto, whom Zia had deposed in a coup. Rajiv
Malhotra wrote (74):
86
Imam, Mozin, Mo-alim, Maulavi, etc...have a vested
interest in establishing an Islamic state where they are
locus of power and have tremendous scope for employment.
It explains why even those Ulamas and Maulavis (like
Moulana Maudoodi), who had opposed Jinnah, went to
Pakistan as they saw no role in India for themselves.
87
controlled the ulema (scholars) and the people.
88
perpetuated in Pakistan. The Pakistan army was invited to
take power, liked it, and held on to power. Other forces
in Pakistan who wanted power and influence, such as the
politicians, bureaucrats and the ulema used the army, or
reached some accommodation with the army. And it was all
done in the name of Islam.
89
Pakistan these negatives were to be added to: no
political parties, no parliament, no dissent, no law
courts. So existing institutions were deemed to be un-
Islamic and undermined or undone; the faith was asserted
because only the faith seemed to be whole; and in the
vacuum only the army could rule.
90
and accept the guaranteed benefits of dying in jihad in
an afterlife to be enjoyed in a well-stocked heaven.
And as these men prepared for and died fighting for the
cause that they had been told was Islamic - the people
who trained them and sent them to die the army and the
mullahs, got fatter, and more powerful.
91
The average Pakistani citizen was coerced or co-opted by
putting Islam first. Pakistan, it was stressed, was
created by Muslims for Muslims. Every Pakistani had to
strive to be a good Muslim. To be Pakistani was to be a
good Muslim. Muslim clerics, the mullahs and the ulema
were necessarily allowed to exercise spiritual control
over the Pakistani masses to ensure that Pakistan
remained adequately and properly Islamic in all arenas.
It was drummed in that this was necessary because India
was always there to swallow up Pakistan. India had been
held in check only by God and the Pakistani army, which
presented itself as the savior, ‘the army of Islam,’
upholding the faith and protecting Pakistan. Co-opting
the Pakistani citizen under the Islam banner eminently
served the interests of the rich and corrupt elite of
Pakistan in maintaining their grip and preserving their
business and territorial interests. And the Pakistani
state died. In his characteristically astute manner V.S,
Naipaul concludes (75):
92
Chapter 9
ATTITUDES TOWARDS INDIA AND INDIANS
93
among Pakistanis. Up until 1971 it was hate and contempt,
but after 1971, Pakistani attitudes have changed to hate
and fear. Aiyer writes (86):
Aiyer continues:
94
one-celled organisms into a multitude of life forms, huge
Banyan trees, fragrant flowers, tigers, elephants,
insects and men, hatred of India was nurtured to evolve,
grow and metamorphose into a multitude of reasons and
justifications.
95
nation('s) deprivations..
96
• Keep bullying Pakistan by concentrating Indian
armed forces on its borders and on the Line of Control in
Kashmir on trumped up grounds, having previously imposed
three wars on Pakistan.
Expecting an enemy with such a criminal record to change
its heart overnight and become friendly toward us is
nothing but inanity.
97
Pakistan's links with India and claiming imagined links
with Central and West Asia. And all this while Indian
children are taught to recognise Pakistanis as just like
us.
98
Chapter 10
THE PAKISTANI ARMY: POWER AND GLORY IN THE FAMILY
Time and time again, and from many sources, one can find
people who have made the quote: Pakistan is not a nation
with an army; it is an army with a nation
99
(57). Thus the Pakistani army was dominated by Punjabis,
who began to see themselves as being of a superior
martial race.
100
martial race with superior fighting and leadership
qualities compared to the East Bengalis (East Pakistanis)
who were considered effeminate, and the Hindu Indians.
The army, having been tasked to protect Pakistanis during
partition began to consider itself as the protector and
savior of Islam. All these tendencies were present or had
set in shortly after independence in 1947.
101
these facts, the migrant elite faced some resistance from
the locals in West Pakistan, who had to give up space and
resources to the migrants from India.
102
strongman without the connivance and cooperation of the
Punjabi and feudal lord dominated military brass of the
Pakistani army. The Pakistani army is like a close-knit
fraternity, a family or brotherhood, a biradari, that
protects its own from harm and disrepute, while ensuring
that its interests, be they power, finances or honour are
not harmed. It is a cooperative system, rather than power
handed down from a single supremo.
103
limited to East Pakistan. Despite 93,000 prisoners of war
in India, its infrastructure in the West was untouched.
Military leaders quickly recouped losses and closed ranks
against perceived civilian threats to their personal and
institutional interests
104
with lush fairways, a two-story driving range and a
gracious stone clubhouse overlooking an inlet of the
Arabian Sea. Active-duty military personnel can join the
club for an initiation fee of $16, compared with $9,166
for civilians, according to the club's fee schedule
105
Outside in the street, Afghan refugees and Pakistan's
urban poor root through garbage tips and crowd on to
soot-pumping buses to work in sweatshops and brick
factories. Inside, behind the ancient, newly painted
cannons and battalion flags, rose bushes surround well-
tended lawns and officers' messes decorated with polished
brass fittings. No rubbish litters this perfect world of
discipline. Why should anyone living here want a return
to corrupt democracy?
106
many, if not most, public corporations. This garrison
economy is increasingly unsustainable, as Pakistan's poor
multiply and the economy falters.
107
started in the first place (90).
108
private sector.
109
anywhere but in one of the six Askari Housing Schemes.
The only cement I will use is Fauji Cement. I wish I was
right next to Fauji Kabirwala Power Company because I
hate the power that Wapda comes out with. The paint for
my house must come from no one but Bahria Paints. Fauji
also owns and operates Fauji Corn Complex, FONGAS, Fauji
Fertilizer Company, Fauji Jordan Company, Fauji Oil
Terminal Company Project and Mari Gas Company.
110
competitors or people who try to question their
activities. Corruption in running these businesses has
been noted by Siddiqa-Agha and others (96):
"When you dig into them, you find out they are
inefficient, and there is evidence of corruption,"
Siddiqa-Agha said. "There is also evidence of corruption
linked to monopolization of government contracts.
111
much from an attack by India, but by anger and opposition
to the corrupt and wealthy army from the desperately poor
people of Pakistan, a staggering 85% of whom live on less
than US $2 per day (100).
112
grounds for terrorism and centers for the recruitment of
junior officers to the Pakistan army. Thus, the army has
become a harbinger for Islamic ideological orientations.
The Pakistan army has, over the course of the last few
decades, subcontracted its fighting to the jihadis.
Former Indian Intelligence analyst B.Raman was quoted in
the online portal Rediff (104):
113
refused to admit that any of their forces were involved
in the fighting, saying that Kashmiri mujahideen were
doing the fighting. But as Pakistani soldiers bodies
began appearing in Pakistan the truth leaked out.
Pakistani troops withdrew in the face of defeat, but not
before the Pakistani Northern Light Infantry was
virtually wiped out. The latter fact was confirmed in an
interview with deposed Former Pakistani Prime Minister
Nawaz Sharif in an interview at his place of exile in
Saudi Arabia (105).
114
(in the 1990s), confirms this fact.
115
difficult to imagine what could be in store for Pakistan
other than serious instability when differences begin to
show up between the Islamists and the corrupt mafia of
the Pakistani army.
116
Chapter 11
KASHMIR, PLEBISCITE, WARS AND GENOCIDE
117
area were also about 600 states that were not directly
ruled by Britain, but were Princely States with kings or
rulers of their own. When it was decided that British
India was to be split up into India and Pakistan and
given independence, the 600 Princely States were given
the option of joining either India or Pakistan by signing
a document called the Instrument of Accession. The
Instrument of Accession was a legal document saying that
a state ruled by a Prince or King had acceded - or agreed
to join India or Pakistan.
118
The letter of accession to India written by the Maharaja
of Kashmir (113) is as chilling as it is telling. The
entire text of the letter is reproduced in Appendix 1,
but an excerpt follows:
119
referendum) could be held to poll the people of the state
of Kashmir on the issue.
120
by aid dollars.
121
At this stage, on September 1st 1965 Pakistan launched
Operation Grand Slam, a massive armor attack on India,
beating back Indian defences. The attackers were planning
to take the town of Akhnoor, en route to the taking of
Srinagar, the capital of Jammu and Kashmir. In order to
relieve the intense Pakistani pressure in Kashmir, India
opened a second front by attacking Pakistan across the
border in Punjab, and advancing toward the Pakistani city
of Lahore.
The 1971 war was one of the most shameful episodes in the
history of Pakistan. At the time of writing of this, the
instability that Pakistan displays more than three
decades after the 1971 war is indicative of the deeply
dysfunctional internal forces that have kept Pakistan in
turmoil since then.
122
Bengali compatriots as somehow inferior and weak. But
East Pakistan had a population greater than that of West
Pakistan, which meant that true democracy in Pakistan
could pave the way for an East Pakistani Bengali to
become leader of Pakistan. That was unacceptable to the
ruling elite of West Pakistan as well as the Pakistani
army. Elections were somehow postponed or avoided until
1971, when General Yahya Khan, the incumbent military
dictator of Pakistan allowed an election to be held,
gambling that no party would get an overall majority.
123
the slum was burning, the cars parked around the
residences were burning. The heaped bodies of the dead
from the slum were also set on fire near the Nilkhet rail
gate petrol pump. The sound of shells bursting and guns
firing, the smoke and fire, the smell of gun-powder and
the stench of the burning corpses all transformed the
area into a fiery hell.
124
downstream. (Payne, Massacre [Macmillan, 1973], p. 55.)
125
resistance. The advance was not held up for bridging
operations; troops and guns were ferried over the rivers
by helicopter, and 'supply and transport' was by air,
boat, canoe or country cart as suitable. An astonishing
momentum was maintained from start to finish - it was a
Blitzkrieg without tanks.
126
Pakistanis from their positions within India. Using the
overwhelming firepower at the disposal of the Indian army
and air force, mountain bunkers and supply depots
occupied by Pakistani forces were systematically
destroyed. Pakistan denied any involvement in the war
until coffins of their soldiers started turning up at
their hometowns in Pakistan, accompanied by Indian media
coverage of captured Pakistani army identity papers and
weapons. The war ended when the last few surviving
Pakistani soldiers were pulled out in a humiliating
retreat that Pakistan conducted under the fig-leaf of
American mediation - the retreat being announced after a
visit by Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif to meet US
President Clinton. By the time the last abandoned
Pakistani soldiers' corpses had been buried by the Indian
army, Pakistan's Northern Light Infantry had been all but
wiped out in a war that Pakistan denied till the last
moment (105).
127
What could have been Pakistan's motive and ultimate
objective in sending army troops dressed in mufti to
fortify themselves and occupy positions above 15,000 feet
high on mountains just within the Indian border? One
explanation is that they sought to salami slice into
Indian territory by surreptitiously occupying unguarded
Indian territory. But did they not expect Indian
retaliation when they were discovered? Were they so
worried about the possibility of discovery that they
refused to allow their men to wear uniforms? But that was
futile, since they could not prevent their men from
carrying identification papers in their personal effects.
128
expected that the Indian army would capitulate and run
away.
129
Indian Chief of Army Staff who oversaw the defeat of
Pakistani forces in the Kargil conflict wrote about Gen
Javid Nasir's article and misperception within the
Pakistani army's high command that led them to attempt
the Kargil misadventure (117):
This was not only a gross underestimation of a possible
adversary but also a poor assessment and misperception.
Some other assumptions and misperceptions which led to
the Pakistani offensive operation in Kargil were:
130
Chapter 12
131
depicts the provinces of Pakistan.
132
photograph of the Indian subcontinent at night. Almost
all of Pakistan is dark, except for a strip close to the
Indian border representing the provinces of Punjab, Sindh
and N.W.F.P., which show lights and population activity.
133
they want the people of Balochistan. Despite a long
struggle the sparse population of Balochistan cannot
match the firepower of the Pakstani army. A series of
massacres of Balochi tribals have occurred with the use
of deadly force, including helicopter gun ships. This has
resulted in the death in 2006 of a prominent and
respected Balochi leader and a fierce opponent of
Pakistani occupation, Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti.
134
Chapter 13
PAKISTAN, JIHAD AND TERRORISM
135
get out of control.
136
The main objective of jihad even today is to defeat the
infidels and establish Islamic states all over the world.
137
Quoting Jessica Stern (119):
138
ready to kill and die for their faith when asked to do so
by their religious leaders. Dispatched across the border
by the Pakistan Army, they were hurled into battle...The
Taliban creed is an ultra-sectarian strain, inspired by
the Wahhabi sect that rules Saudi Arabia...The Taliban
could not, however, have captured Kabul on their own
..They were armed and commanded by "volunteers" from the
Pakistan Army
139
th
A report in the New York Times (27 May 2002) describes
how the jihadis from Afghanistan were applied against
India:
140
but for the greater glory of Islam.
141
the effect on India has been murderous.
142
own land. Terrorism, with hundreds of thousands of
jihadis entering from Pakistan required a robust
response, and India met the threat by building a powerful
counter-insurgency apparatus, and by starting to fence
the India-Pakistan boundary where possible.
Once somebody picks up the gun then his family knows that
it is only a matter of days before they hear that he has
been killed in an encounter. We put the average lifespan
of a terrorist at two-and-half years. Within this period
we are bound to eliminate him.
143
th
information fell on deaf ears, until the September 11
2001 terrorist attacks on the US. That woke up the
intelligence communities of the world with a jolt. Since
then terrorist links leading back to Pakistan have been
found in countries like Burma, Nepal, Chechnya,
Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Yemen, Mongolia, Kuwait,
Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Russia, Turkey, Latvia,
Australia, UK, Canada, Indonesia and the Philippines.
(119,132). A detailed study exists in an online portal of
the evidence of Pakistani links to terrorism against the
US, including links to the September 11th attacks (133).
144
terrorism experts, K.P.S. Gill, who warned (134):
145
Pakistan is home to a Kalashnikov culture with hundreds
of firearm manufacturing workshops making weapons,
including inexpensive clones of the Kalashnikov AK-47
assault rifle, a reliable weapon of choice for
terrorists, being able to spray a high volume of fire at
targets. In a coherently functioning nation-state, the
government retains coercive power. That means that the
government, (the army, in Pakistan's case) retains the
armed power to suppress and control all other groups. But
that monopoly over coercive power may have slipped out of
the hands of the Pakistani army, into the hands of
Islamic fundamentalists in Pakistan.
146
Chapter 14
THE GOVERNMENT AND CRIMINAL ACTIVITY
Mr Pallone said:
Mr. Speaker, I rise to bring to the attention of my
colleagues a report that appeared in the Washington Post
of September 12, 1994, which describes a disturbing link
between narcotics and terrorism. The report from Karachi,
Pakistan, headlined `Heroin Plan by Top Pakistanis
147
Alleged' quotes Pakistan's former Prime Minister Nawaz
Sharif saying that `drug deals were to pay for covert
operations' brings to mind other reports not so long ago
of Pakistani involvement in using the Bank of Credit and
Commerce International [BCCI] to launder drug money that
was eventually believed to have been used in financing
terrorist groups involved in the New York World Trade
Center bombing. The report cites Pakistan's army chief
and head of intelligence agency proposing to then-Prime
Minister Sharif `a detailed blueprint for selling heroin
to pay for the country's covert military operations in
early 1991.
The news report said that three months after Nawaz Sharif
became Prime Minister of Pakistan he was approached by
the Pakistan army chief of staff, Gen. Aslam Beg and Gen.
Asad Durrani, the head of the Inter-Services Intelligence
(ISI) with the blueprint for a plan to export heroin to
raise money for the Pakistan army's covert foreign
operations a euphemism for Pakistan sponsored terrorism
in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.
Raman writes:
148
level of arms purchases from abroad and to finance its
proxy war against India through the jehadi organisations.
Nuclear Proliferation:
149
reduced each city to rubble, killing hundreds of
thousands of people, causing Japan to surrender within
days. That brought the second World War to an end. The
destructive potential of nuclear weapons made them
attractive to nations as a deterrent - a weapon of
terrifying power to scare a potential attacker from
waging war for fear of being hit by nuclear weapons. And
because of their destructive potential, the technology
for manufacturing nuclear weapons remained a closely
guarded secret, available to only a handful of nations in
the world.
150
carrying nuclear weapons (143).
th
On February 4 2004, the New York Times reported (144):
151
the military and the Pakistani Inter-Services
Intelligence agency, especially since some shipments were
made on Pakistani military aircraft.
Airliner hijacking:
152
come out of a B-grade semi-comic motion picture.
153
the aircraft blown up on the ground. After a 1976 hijack,
the hijackers were imprisoned for a token one month in
Pakistan for entering Pakistan without due documents. In
two instances of hijacking in 1981 and 1984, the
hijackers were given refuge in Pakistan. And in an
unbelievable second hijacking event in 1984, the
hijackers received a weapon along with snacks in Lahore
(149).
154
4. Chhota Shakeel, a key associate of Dawood Ibrahim.
Wanted for murder, extortion, kidnapping, blackmail of
businessmen and film stars in India. He lives in and
operates from Karachi, Pakistan.
155
in cases of kidnapping and murder. He lives in and
operates from Karachi, Pakistan.
156
Lahore, Pakistan.
157
Most wanted list, one of the prisoners released by India
after the 1999 hijacking of an Indian Airlines aircraft
to Kandahar in Afghanistan.
158
currency is available even cheaper..
159
Chapter 15
PAKISTAN FAILED STATE
160
is remembered as to how Pakistan got its name.
161
this class have been doing to Pakistan. They are the
feudal lords, who may own thousands of acres of land.
They might be rich industrialists and businessmen, or
they might be serving or retired army officers.
162
goatherds and the cleaners with their wives and their
children. They can be seen on Pakistani streets and in
the villages. The men wear crumpled and seemingly
unwashed salwar suits. The women, if seen at all, are
covered in burqas as expected of women in Islamic
Pakistan. The women do not work outside the home and may
have four or more children to bring up. More than half
these people do not earn enough money for a decent life.
Most earn less than the equivalent of US $1 per day. Even
those who earn more than that often sink below poverty
level at certain times of the year, or in times of
illness or drought.
163
match or defeat India. The build up of Pakistani armed
forces into a formidable war machine was initially to
defeat India and take Kashmir, and later to defend
against an India that had no intention of attacking
Pakistan. Money and effort that should have gone into
building schools, roads and hospitals in Pakistan was
spent on building a war machine that could never
overwhelm an India that was just too big. Pakistan was
halved when Bangladesh seceded, but even then the
wasteful expenditure did not stop. The bloated ranks of
army retirees had to be accommodated, and businesses were
custom made for employing them, and development of the
poor was bypassed as usual. Money from any source was
poured developing nuclear weapons to deter India. Money
was diverted to training Islamist operatives for covert
operations against India, and a system of salaries and
pensions had to be set up for them, while the stoic
Pakistani public, with women and children at the bottom
of the pile received little. Even criminal activity aimed
against India, gun running or currency counterfeiting
swallowed funds that should have gone into schools and
healthcare in Pakistan.
164
about the miserable existence of their families is often
met by a call for violent jihad against forces that are
blamed for hunger and misery. Every son sent to a
madrassa is one mouth less to feed for a poor family, and
sending one son to die for jihad brings honour and
financial reward to the family.
165
conditions that make their minds receptive to
indoctrination into a life of terrorism and jihad.
166
on whom they are addressing. They appear in Western suits
or crisp army uniforms, speaking in English to aid givers
and donors. To their deprived population, they appear in
traditional Pakistani salwar suits, and speak in Urdu.
Western aid givers are told what they want to hear; that
the ruling elite are fighting to hold fundamentalist
forces at bay and that more aid and lifting of sanctions
are essential for the prevention of a Islamic
fundamentalist takeover of Pakistan.
167
When Pakistani President and Army Chief Pervez Musharraf
was given an ultimatum by the US government in September
2001 that he could be With the US or against the US in
its war on terror, he made his decision to support the US
in a speech (56) that used the time tested Pakistani
mask-changing routine to address different groups of
people. He spoke in English initially, knowing that this
would be understood by viewers in the US, saying words of
support to please the US. But in the course of the same
speech, he addressed Pakistanis in Urdu and, using
Islamic examples, told them that his alliance with the US
was akin to a temporary alliance with the devil to deter
an immediate threat. This ploy is a fail safe formula
that has allowed the survival of the Pakistani oligarchy
so far, even as the human condition of the people in
Pakistan has gradually deteriorated.
168
people in a few years' time.
169
nation will bail the country out. Democracy was first
derailed by the migrant bureaucracy who had moved to
Pakistan from India. Later it was the army that stood to
lose from democracy. Political parties have been
disempowered, and the judiciary lives under the shadow of
the army.
170
exacerbated by a series of corrupt leaders, is at the
root of many of its problems. Yet despite its poverty,
Pakistan is spending hundreds of millions of dollars on
weapons instead of schools and public health. Ironically,
the government's "cost-saving" measures are even more
troubling. In trying to save money in the short run by
using irregulars in Kashmir and relying on madrasahs to
educate its youth, Pakistan is pursuing a path that is
likely to be disastrous in the long run, allowing a
culture of violence to take root.
171
Only 5% of Baluchistan, Pakistan's largest province, is
under Pakistani control. Tribal law rules the sparsely
populated land. The Pakistani government has little or no
control over the Federally Administered Tribal Areas the
so called FATA. Areas of Pakistan's first city, Karachi,
are outside government control.
172
forcing India to become conscious of its role and
responsibility in the region.
173
APPENDIX 1
http://www.kashmir-information.com/LegalDocs/Maharaja_letter.html
to Lord Mountbatten
174
be dispersed and thus had to face the enemy at several points
simultaneously, so that it has become difficult to stop the wanton
destruction of life ad property and the looting of the Mahura power
house, which supplies electric current to the whole of Srinagar and
which has been burnt. The number of women who have been kidnpped and
raped makes my heart bleed. The wild forces thus let loose on the
State are marching on with the aim of capturing Srinagar, the summer
capital of my government, as a first step to overrunning the whole
State.The mass infiltration of tribesman drawn from distant areas of
the North-West Frontier Province, coming regularly in motortrucks,
using the Manwehra-Mazaffarabad road and fully armed with up-to-date
weapons, cannot possibly be done without the knowledge of the
Provincial Govemment of the North-West Frontier Province and the
Government of Pakistan. Inspite of repeated appeals made by my
Government no attempt has been made to check these raiders or to stop
them from coming into my State. In fact, both radio and the Press of
Pakistan have reported these occurences. The Pakistan radio even put
out the story that a provisional government has been set up in
Kashmir. The people of my State, both Muslims and non-Muslims,
generally have taken no part at all.
175
In haste and with kindest regards,
Yours sincerely,
Hari Singh
October 26, 1947
176
APPENDIX 2
http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/kashun80.htm
Resolution 80 (1950)
Concerning the India-Pakistan question, submitted by the
Representatives of Cuba, Norway, United Kingdom and United States and
adopted by the Security Council on March 14, 1950.
(Document No. S/1469), dated the 14th March, 1950).
177
1. Calls upon the Governments of India and Pakistan to make
immediate arrangements, without prejudice to their rights or claims
and with due regard to the requirements of law and order, to prepare
and execute within a period of five months from the date of this
resolution a programme of demilitarisation on the basis of the
principles of paragraph 2 of General McNaughton proposal or of such
modifications of those principles as may be mutually agreed;
5. Agrees that the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan
178
shall be (terminated, and decides that this shall take place one
month after both parties have informed the United Nations
Representative of their acceptance of the transfer to him the powers
and responsibilities of the United Nations Commission referred to in
paragraph 2 (c) above.
179
APPENDIX 3
http://www.indianembassy.org/South_Asia/Pakistan/Tashkent_Declaration_January_
10_1966.html
Tashkent Declaration
January 10, 1966
The 1965 armed conflict between India and Pakistan was formally
brought to an end by signing this declaration at Tashkent, the
capital of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the Soviet Union. Prime
Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and President Ayub Khan signed it on
behalf of their respective countries in the presence of the Soviet
Premier Alexi Kosygin who mediated between them.
The Prime Minister of India and the President of Pakistan, having met
at Tashkent and having discussed the existing relations between India
and Pakistan, hereby declare their firm resolve to restore normal and
peaceful relations between their countries and to promote
understanding and friendly relations between their peoples. They
consider the attainment of these objectives of vital importance for
the welfare of the 600 million people of India and Pakistan.
The Prime Minister of India and the President of Pakistan agree that
both sides will exert all efforts to create good neighborly relations
between India and Pakistan in accordance with the United Nations
Charter. They reaffirm their obligation under the Charter not to have
recourse to force and to settle their disputes through peaceful
means. They considered that the interests of peace in their region
and particularly in the Indo-Pakistan Sub-Continent and, indeed, the
interests of the people so India and Pakistan were not served by the
continuance of tension between the two countries. It was against this
background that Jammu and Kashmir was discussed, and each of the
sides set forth its respective position.
II
180
The Prime Minister of India and the President of Pakistan have agreed
that all armed personnel of the two countries shall be withdrawn not
later than 24 February, 1966, to the positions they held prior to 5
August, 1965, and both sides all observe the cease-fire terms on the
cease-fire line.
III
The Prime Minister of India and the President of Pakistan have agreed
that relations between India and Pakistan shall be based on the
principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of each other.
IV
The Prime Minister of India and the President of Pakistan have agreed
that both sides will discourage any propaganda directed against the
other country, and will encourage propaganda which promotes the
development of friendly relations between the two countries.
The Prime Minister of India and the President of Pakistan have agreed
that the High Commissioner of India to Pakistan and the High
Commissioner of Pakistan to India will return to their posts and that
the normal functioning of diplomatic missions of both countries will
be restored. Both Government shall observe the Vienna Convention of
1961 on Diplomatic Intercourse.
VI
The Prime Minister of India and the President of Pakistan have agreed
to consider measures towards the restoration of economic and trade
relations, communications, as well as cultural exchanges between
India and Pakistan, and to take measures to implement the existing
agreements between India and Pakistan.
181
VII
The Prime Minister of India and the President of Pakistan have agreed
that they will give instructions to their respective authorities to
carry out the repatriation of the prisoners of war.
VIII
The Prime Minister of India and the President of Pakistan have agreed
that the two sides will continue the discussion of questions relating
to the problems of refugees and eviction/illegal immigrations. They
also agreed that both sides will create conditions which will prevent
the exodus of people. They further agreed to discuss the return of
the property and assets taken over by either side in connection with
the conflict.
IX
The Prime Minister of India and the President of Pakistan have agreed
that the two sides will continue meetings both at the highest and at
other levels on matters of direct concern to both countries. Both
sides have recognized the need to set up joint Indian-Pakistani
bodies which will report to their Governments in order to decide what
further steps should be taken.
182
witness this declaration.
APPENDIX 4
http://web.mid-day.com/news/nation/2003/november/67781.htm
In short, the ISI maintains dossiers and gives annual marks to its
cadres very much like the Pakistan Army does for its regular
employees.
The pay scale is not rigid as it varies depending on the risks one is
willing to take and his commitment to the cause. Some of the more
'enthusiastic' Kashmiri youth get around Rs 5,000. With the number of
years one puts in, the annual increment increases.
Nevertheless, one thing is clear that Kashmiri youth get a raw deal
compared to the Pakistani or foreign counterpart. The Kashmiri
mujahideen is paid less by the ISI than a Pakistani terrorist.
The rank and file from Pakistan or Afghanistan or any other country
gets a starting salary of Rs 5,000 that can go up to Rs 7,000.
183
Pakistani national, captured by the Army after a fierce encounter in
September 2003, said he came to Jammu & Kashmir to be a jehadi and
was paid nearly Rs 20,000 per month but that limit was waived off as
a special case.
But it is sure that the money Shahzad got was for operations in his
area and his logistical support. His monthly emoluments were being
directly sent to his home in Pakistan.
The basic training at the 85 training camps is the same and involves
handling small arms (AK-47) and explosives, small unit tactics of
raid and ambush and radio communication. The second term involves
training of special
operations-explosives.
There are other factors too at work. Competition and style for
instance drive most youth into the realm of the AK-47. "It has become
a style. If you don't have a gun you don't get good girlfriends and
nobody respects you," a militant said to an army officer serving in
the Valley.
Sources also point to the presence of foreign militants who come to
the Valley after sessions of intense motivation and psychological
drills. LeT's Shahzad said he came to Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) to fight
jehadis as he was told harrowing stories of atrocities being
committed on the Muslims in the Valley.
184
I felt I had to take revenge but now after fighting the army for more
than three years I realise the futility of this 'freedom' movement,"
he said in a heart-to-heart talk.
However, the ISI makes sure that those who help recruit while on the
job are not neglected. It rewards handsomely. "If a militant
motivates and enrols another youth, he can make upto Rs 1.5 lakh,"
explained a source.
However, initially the ISI made sure the money was delivered to the
militant's parents but as the numbers started dwindling, so did it
the commitment.
185
SOURCES AND REFERENCE MATERIAL
186
http://jang.com.pk/thenews/aug2002-daily/14-08-
2002/oped/o5.htm
12.
http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/fbs/publications/pocket_b
ook2003/chapter02.pdf - a document published by the
statistics division, Government of Pakistan, page 2.
187
13. Deplorable schools angering Pakistanis
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generated by the research reactor at PINSTECH. Therefore,
there is evidence that the devices tested were either
plutonium supplied by non-Pakistani sources, or the
device itself was not a Pakistani warhead but that of
another nuclear weapons state which needed to validate a
modernized warhead, given the moratorium on nuclear
testing"
191
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62.
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Paper no. 710, 09. 06. 2003
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Friday, 23 January, 2004, 18:30 GMT
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