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UTSA PATNAIK

Jawaharl al Nehru Uni versi t y


The Question of Land, Livelihoods and Poverty
in the Countryside
Chart 1a Sectoral Output and GDP per Head, India
1981-2 to 2005-6
Sectoral Output per Head and GDP per Head, 1981-
2 to 2005-6,Rupees in constant 1999-00 prices
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
1
9
8
2
-
3
1
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-
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1
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3
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2
0
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5
-
6
GDP
PRIMARY
SECOND
TERTIARY
Chart 1b Sector shares in GDP in India 1981-2 to 2005-6
(at 1999-00 prices)
Sector Shares in GDP, Constant 1999-00 Values
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1
9
8
2
-
3
1
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G
D
P
PRIMARY
SECONDARY
TERTIARY
Chart 2a Annual Growth Rate per decade of Central Govt.
Development and Total Expenditure, 1970-79 to 1990-99
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1970-79 1980-89 1990-99
Annual Growth Rates per Decade of Development
and Total Expenditures, %
DEV. EXP
TOTAL EXP
Chart 2b Annual Growth Rate of Spending on Economic
and Social Services by States, 1972-79 to 1990-1999
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1972-79 1980-89 1990-99
Annual Growth rates per Decade of Spending on
Economic and Social Services by States 1972 to
1999
ECON. SEVICES
SOCIAL SERVCES
Chart 2c Decline in Rural Development Spending, 1985-90
to 2003-4
Rural Develeopment Expenditure and
Infrastructure Expenditure as Percent of NNP
under Economic Reforms
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1985-90 1993-4 1995-6 1997-8 2000-1 2003-4
P
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N
N
P
RDE
IFE
Chart 3a Unemployment Rates 1993-4 and 2009-
10, All-India Rural, Female Workers
Daily and Weekly status Unemployment Rates ,
Rural Females 1993-4 and 2009-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1993-4 2009-10
U
n
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m
p
l
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y
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t

p
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1
0
0
0
Weekly status Daily status
Chart 3b. Unemployment Rates during 1993-4 and
2009--10, All-India Rural, Male Workers

Daily and Weekly status Unemployment
Rates,Rural Males 1993-4 and 2009-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1993-4 2009-10
U
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1
0
0
0
Weekly status Daily Status
Chart 4a Food grains output and Availability, India 1899-
1990
Foodgrains Output and Availability per Capita, 1897 to 1990
0
50
100
150
200
250
1897-02 1903-08 1909-14 1915-20 1921-26 1927-32 1933-38 1939-44 1945-46 1951-55 1956-60 1961-65 1966-70 1971-75 1976-80 1981-85 1986-90
Ouput per Capita Availability per Capita
Chart 4b Per Capita Cereal Output per Annum in Kg., World 1963 to
2005 ( Five year average centred on specified year)
World Per Capita Cereal Output Kg.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2005
K
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o
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r
a
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,

K
g
.
Per Capita Cereal Kg.
Table 1 Household Ownership Holdings and Area, 1992
and 2003 compared All-India (NSS Report 491 p.12)
1992 2003 1992 2003
HH %
Area
%
Area
% HH %
Area
%
Area
%
Lowest 65 12.5 11.5 Lowest 65 12.5 11.5
Middle 25 32.5 31 Middle 25 32.5 31
Top 10 55 57.5
Near-
top 5 17 11.5
100 100 100 Top 5 38 46
100 100 100
Chart 5a Lorenz curve of Owned Land with Rural Households,
All-India, 2003
Lorenz Curve, Owned Area with Households, 2003
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Households
O
w
n
e
d

A
r
e
a
Table 2 Emigration from Europe 1821 to 1915 (million)
EMIGRATION FROM EUROPE
1821-50 1851-80 1881-1915
Number % Number % Number %
EUROPE 3.4 100 8.1 100 32.1 100
of which
BRITAIN 2.6 76.5 4.6 56.8 8.9 27.7
GERMANY 0.6 17.6 2.1 25.9 2.2 6.9
ITALY neg. 0 0.2 2.5 7.8 24.3
SPAIN &
PORTUGALneg. 0 0.3 3.7 4.3 13.4
AUSTRIA-
HUNGARYneg. 0 0.2 2.5 4.2 13.1
Annual
averages 113,000 270,000 917,000
Table 3 Arable area, Total Output Of All Crops and
Output per Ha. In India, China and USA 2007
FAOSTAT DATABASE
ARABLE OUTPUT OUTPUT INDEX,
AREA PER USA=100
000 Ha. 000 Tonne Ha., Tonne
INDIA 158114 858137 5.43 137
CHINA 109365 1308745 11.97 302
USA 170428 675872 3.97 100
Source: www.faostat.fao.org
Note: Output includes cereals and pulses, starchy roots, sugarcrops,
sugars and sweeteners, Treenuts, Oilcrops, Vegetablke oils,
vegetables and fruiys, Stimulants and spices
t
Chart 6a Coconut Price Trend in India compared to
Indonesia and Philippines, 1991 to 2003
0
50
100
150
200
250
1
9
9
1
1
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9
3
1
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S

$

p
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INDO NESIA
INDIA
PHILIPPINES
Chart 6b Index of Coconut Price 1991 to 2003, base
1991=100
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1
9
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1
1
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1
9
9
1
=
1
0
0

INDO NESIA
INDIA
PHILIPPINES
Chart 6c Price Trend of Pepper 1999-00 to 2004-05
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1999-
00
2000-
01
2001-
02
2002-
03
2003-
04
2004-
05
Price in US$ per Tonne
Internation al
Price
Domestic Price
Vietnam M Price
Indonesia M Price
Chart 6d Index of Pepper Price 1999-00 to 2004-05 with
base 1999-00 = 100
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1
9
9
9
-
0
0
2
0
0
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0
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1
9
9
9
-
0
0
=
1
0
0
Internation al
Price
Domestic Price
Vietnam M Price
Indonesia M
Price
Chart 6e Recent Price Changes, March to December 2008 (Rs.
Per Quintal except Cardamom which is Rs. Per 10 kg)
Price change from March to December 2008
0 5000 10000 15000
Coffee
Cardamom
Rubber
Coconut
December
July
March
Chart 7 Farmer Suicide Rate compared to General
Suicide Rate 2001
Farmer Suicide Rate compared with General
Suicide Rate, Census 2001
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Male Female
N
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b
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p
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1
0
0
,
0
0
0
Farmer Suicide Rate
General Suicide Rate
Chart 8 Direct, Indirect and Total Demand for
Grain with Rising Income
Chart 9a Decadal average Foodgrains Growth rate and
Population Growth rate, 1981 to 2008
Decade average Foodgrain Output Growth and
Population Growth Rates, 1980-1 to 2007-8
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
1981-90 1991-2000 2001-08
P
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FG
POP
Note : Output is Net Output = 0.87.5 times Gross Output
Availability = Net Output + Net Imports Net Addition to Public Stocks. Both variables divided by total population for per capita values. Chart
updated to 2007-08 from Patnaik, 2007b
Chart 9c Output per Capita per annum of Cereals and
Starchy Roots in China, 1988 to 2002, in Kilograms
Per capita supplies of cereals and starchy roots, China, 1988-
2002 (Kgs)
50
70
90
110
130
150
170
190
210
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
cereals
starchy roots
Chart 9d Use of Corn for Ethanol, USA 2002-3 to 2008-9
Use of Corn for Ethanol, USA
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
2002-3 2007-8 2008-9
M
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T
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Corn Output Output less Ethanol use Corn use for Ethanol
Table 3 The Rural poor as Percent of Rural Population,
1993-4 to 2009-10
NSS Round 50th 61st 66th
1993-4 2004-5 2009-10

1..Direct Poverty Line
DPL,.at 2200 calories 325 575 1100

2.Official Poverty Line
OPL, Rs. 206 356 (414) (673)


3.Direct Poverty Ratio
DPR, % 58.5 69.5 75.5

4.Official Poverty Ratio
OPR, % 37.3 28.3 (41.5) 33.8

5.Calorie Intake @ OPL 1980 1820(1950) 1880
6. Deficit of Calorie Intake
from norm - 420 - 580(-450) -520


Official Poverty Lines are large underestimates
2004-5 Official Poverty Lines (for meeting a
nutrition norm plus all other observed
consumption)
RURAL Rs 356 per month, Rs.11.87 per Day
(1820 calories)
Revised: Rs.415 per month, Rs. 13.83 per day
(1,930 calories)
URBAN Rs. 538.6 per month, Rs. 18 per Day (
1,795 calories ) Not revised
Chart 10a Official and Directly estimated Poverty Lines,
All-India Rural, 1973-4 to 2009-10 .
Source: Table 1 lines 1 and 5. Official poverty lines update the cost of a 1973-4 basket while direct poverty
lines apply the official nutrition norm to the current data at each point of time
Official and Direct Poverty Lines, 1973-4 to 2009-10
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
1973-4 1983 1993-4 2004-5 2009-100
M
P
C
E
,

R
s
.
DPL 2400 DPL 2200 OPL OPLT
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
1973-4 1983 1993-4 2004-5 2009-10
Official and Direct Nutrition-invariant Poverty lines, 1973-4 to 2009-10
Official Poverty Line Direct Poverty Line
Chart 10b Official and Directly estimated percent of Persons in Poverty,
All-India Rural, 1973-4 to 2009-10
Source: Table 1, lines 3 and 6.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1973-4 1983 1993-4 2004-5 2009-10
Official and Direct Poverty Percentages, 1973-4 to 2009-10
Official Poverty % Direct Poverty %
Chart 10c Declining Calorie Intake accessible at Official
Poverty Lines, All-India Rural 1973-4 to 2009-10
Source : Table 1 line 7
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1973-4 1983 1993-4 2004-5 2009-10
Declining Calorie Intake at Official Poverty Lines, 1973-4 to 2009-10
Calories at Official Poverty Line less 1000 Official Calorie norm less 1000
Chart 11 Per Capita Daily Availability of Food grains in Gm.
India 1977 to 1991
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992
G
m
s

p
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D
A
Y

Chart 12 Per Capita Daily Availability of Foodgrains in Gms
India 1989 to 2009
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
G
m
s
.

P
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d
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Decline in Rural and Urban per Capita Calorie Intake
1983 to 2009-10
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
2050
2100
2150
2200
2250
1983 1993-4 2004-5 2009-10
Trend in Rural and Urban Calorie Intake per Capita 1983 to 2009-10
RURAL Calorie URBAN Calorie
Rural and Urban per capita daily Protein Intake in
gm. 1983 to 2009-10
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
1993-4 1993-4 2004-5 2009-10
Trend in Rural and Urban per capita daily Protein Intake in gm. 1983 to
2009-10
RURAL Protein gm. URBAN Protein gm.
Direct and Official Poverty Estimates All-India Rural, 2009-10

1.Calorie Intake Level 2400 2200 2100 1800
2.Required MPCE , Rs. 1580 1097 925 610
(Direct Poverty Line DPL)
3.Percent of Persons
Below DPL 90.5 75.5 62 25

4. Official Poverty Line OPL 672.8
5. Percent of Poor Persons 33.8
6. Calorie Intake at OPL 1870
Direct and Official Poverty Estimates All-India
Urban 2009-10
1.Calorie Intake Level 2400 2200 2100 1800

2.Required MPCE , Rs .
(Direct Poverty Line DPL) 5300 2700 2125 1025
3.Percent of Persons
Below DPL 95 84 73 32

4.Official Poverty Line OPL 863

5. Percent of Poor 20.9 .
6.Calorie intake at OPL 1720

Change in Household Landownership, 1992 to 2003, Andhra
Pradesh
Percent of Total Percent of Total
Households Owned Area CHANGE


1992 2003
60 12 3.5 -8.5
25 24 23.5 -0.5
15 64 73 9

10 28 30 2
5 36 43 7

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