7.

Procedure
7.1 Velocity distribution in the test section

Assumption: Velocity distribution to be rotationally symmetric.

Steps:
1. For this purpose we are using standard Prandtl/Pitot tube.
2. First place the Prandtl/Pitot tube at the center of test section of wind tunnel, its inlet
facing towards test section inlet.
3. Start the motor at low speed.
4. Take reading of pressure difference.
5. Move the tip of Prandtl/Pitot tube 10 mm radially outwards from center by keeping it at
the same distance from test section inlet.
6. Take again reading of pressure difference.
7. Repeat step 5 and 6 by moving tip till the pressure difference becomes zero.
8. Now change the axial location of Prandtl/Pitot tube at axial distance of 150 mm from test
section inlet and repeat procedure from 2 to 7.
9. Again repeat step 8 for axial distance of 420 mm.
10. Close the wind tunnel motor.
11. Remove Prandtl/Pitot tube carefully.

Readings and Calculations:

From Bernoullis equation following formula is derived:
=

2

Or = 2

At 70 mm Axial distance:
Sr. No.
Radial Distance
(mm)
Pressure Difference
(mbar)
Velocity
(m/s)
1 125 11.12 41.49
2 115 11.10 41.45
3 105 11.10 41.45
4 95 11.10 41.45
5 85 11.10 41.45
6 75 11.00 41.26
7 65 11.00 41.26
8 55 11.00 41.26
9 45 11.16 41.56
10 35 11.23 41.69
11 25 11.25 41.73
12 15 8.80 36.91
13 5 5.00 27.82
14 0 0.00 0.00






At 150 mm Axial distance:
Sr. No.
Radial Distance
(mm)
Pressure Difference
(mbar)
Velocity
(m/s)
1 125 11.20 41.64
2 115 11.20 41.64
3 105 11.05 41.36
4 95 11.00 41.26
5 85 10.90 41.07
6 75 10.84 40.96
7 65 10.80 40.88
8 55 11.02 41.30
9 45 11.20 41.64
10 35 11.20 41.64
11 25 9.00 37.32
12 15 4.42 26.16
13 5 1.14 13.28
14 0 0.00 0.00

At 420 mm Axial distance:
Sr. No.
Radial Distance
(mm)
Pressure Difference
(mbar)
Velocity
(m/s)
1 125 11.20 41.64
2 115 11.10 41.45
3 105 10.90 41.07
4 95 11.00 41.26
5 85 10.90 41.07
6 75 11.80 42.74
7 65 10.30 39.93
8 55 8.70 36.70
9 45 6.50 31.72
10 35 4.30 25.80
11 25 3.40 22.94
12 15 2.20 18.45
13 5 1.00 12.44
14 0 0.00 0.00















Graphical Comparison:




















Results:
1. As we can see from velocity profile that flow velocity near circumference of test section
inlet is decreases and becomes zero at circumference due to no slip condition in the
presence of friction between the wall (or stationary air medium) and flowing air. However
in the central region velocity is constantly distributed with velocity magnitude of 41.64
m/s.
2. As the axial distance increases, velocity profile tries to achieve laminar flow.

7.2 Calibration of the hot wire Anemometer

Steps:
1. Take hot wire Anemometer and place it parallel to Prandtl/Pitot tube with spacing of 2
cm at the center of test section facing parallel to flow lines.
2. Start the wind tunnel motor at low speed.
3. Set the valve position at closed position.
4. Take pressure difference reading and Voltage reading.
5. Now increase speed by varying valve to increase pressure difference by one unit. Again
take both readings.
6. Repeat procedure 5 till fully opened valve position.
7. Stop the wind tunnel motor.
8. Remove Prandtl/Pitot tube and hot wire Anemometer carefully.
9. Draw the calibration graph of Voltage vs Velocity.







0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
V
e
l
o
c
i
t
y

(
m
/
s

)
Radial Distance (cm)
70mm 150mm 420mm

Readings and Calculations:

Sr. No.
Pressure Difference
(mbar)
Velocity
(m/s)
Voltage
(mV)
1 11.25 41.73 2.43
2 11.00 41.26 2.42
3 10.00 39.34 2.40
4 9.00 37.32 2.38
5 8.00 35.19 2.36
6 7.00 32.92 2.33
7 6.00 30.47 2.30
8 5.00 27.82 2.26
9 4.00 24.88 2.22
10 3.00 21.55 2.16
11 2.50 19.67 2.13

Graphical Representation:



Results:
1.

7.3 Turbulence Intensities:

Steps:
1. Place the mesh in front of test section inlet perpendicular to flow direction.
2. Start the motor at low speed.
3. Now place the hot wire Anemometer at the center of test section of wind tunnel and at
a distance of 8 mm from mesh in the direction parallel to flow.
4. Take reading of DC voltage for mean value and AC voltage for fluctuation value.
5. Now change the axial location of the hot wire Anemometer at axial distance of 57 mm
from mesh and repeat procedure from 3 and 4.
6. Repeat step 5 for axial distance of 170 mm.
2.10
2.15
2.20
2.25
2.30
2.35
2.40
2.45
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
Velocity (m/s^2)
Calibration Graph
Voltage
7. Close the wind tunnel motor.
8. Remove hot wire Anemometer and mesh carefully.

Reading and Calculations:
Distance
"x" (mm)
Voltage
(DC)
Voltage
(AC)
8 2.47 0.030
57 2.32 0.024
170 2.23 0.013

From Kings Law, following relation is given

2
= +

Where, E = Voltage reading
U = Velocity at respective pressure difference
A, B and n are constants which can be calculated from calibration curve of hot wire
Anemometer

A = -2.1995
B = 3.2810
n = 0.2415

By putting these values and readings of voltage from table in equation,
= (

)
1

We get values of U at respective voltage readings.

Now, Turbulence intensity is given by,
=

From this we get following values of Turbulence intensity at respective distance x,
Distance
"x" (mm) x/M
Voltage
(DC)
Voltage
(AC)
Tu
(in %)
8 1.6 2.47 0.030 0.7485
57 11.4 2.32 0.024 0.5952
170 34.0 2.23 0.013 0.4094



Results:



7.4 Lift coefficient and pressure distribution of an airfoil

Steps:
1. Mount the NACA airfoil model in the test section.
2. Attach capillary tube lines to model.
3. Start the wind tunnel motor at low speed.
4. Set angle of attack of airfoil at 0 degree.
5. Attach capillary tube lines to graph plotter to plot graph between points and Pressure
difference at respective points.
6. First adjust capillary tube at point 23 to measure tip pressure difference.
7. Now change it to point 22 and continuously change it for each point upto 0 after fixed
time interval.
8. Now adjust angle of attack at 10 degree and repeat steps 5 to 7.
9. Take graph paper from plotter for report.
10. Close the wind tunnel motor.
11. Detach capillary tube from airfoil and remove airfoil model carefully.

Reading and Calculations:

Sr. No.
Pressure Difference
(=0 degree)
Pressure Difference
(=10 degree) dl
1 0.00 9.20 2.0
2 0.50 6.50 2.0
3 1.20 5.40 4.5
4 2.00 4.40 10.0
5 1.85 3.20 7.5
6 2.90 4.00 9.0
7 2.90 3.60 9.0
8 2.40 2.80 9.0
9 2.10 2.20 9.0
0.0000
0.1000
0.2000
0.3000
0.4000
0.5000
0.6000
0.7000
0.8000
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0
T
u
x/M
Turbulence Intensity vs distance from mesh
surface
10 1.85 1.80 9.0
11 1.55 1.20 12.0
12 -1.10 -1.10 8.5
13 -1.30 -1.20 9.5
14 -0.40 -0.90 8.5
15 0.20 -0.60 8.5
16 0.50 -0.20 9.0
17 0.90 -0.20 9.0
18 0.95 -0.40 7.5
19 1.20 -1.00 10.5
20 1.25 -2.20 4.0
21 1.10 -3.60 2.0
22 1.10 -5.00 3.0
23 6.00 2.40 0.0

Lift coefficient is given by:

111
+
1222

23

And: =
1

22
=1


From this, we get
at 0 degrees,

= 0.3475
at 10 degrees,

= 0.8616

6.2.2 Graphical Representation
Pressure distribution over the surface of airfoil
At angle of attack = 0 degree

At angle of attack = 10 degree


Results:
1. From the graph we see that pressure is more below the airfoil than above it which
generates lift on airfoil.
2. Lift coefficient increases as angle of attack increases upto certain limit which helps in
generating more lift and after that limit it decreases.

7.5 Drag Coefficient of a Sphere:

Steps:
1. Place test model of a sphere in test section.

Readings and Calculations:
Sr. No. Pressure Difference Velocity Re Cw
1 5.0 8 35.19 222857.6 0.5407
2 6.0 10 39.34 249162.4 0.5196
3 5.0 14 46.55 294812.9 0.3089
4 4.5 18 52.78 334286.4 0.2162
5 7.0 22 58.35 369567.5 0.2759
6 8.0 26 63.44 401762.3 0.2672
7 9.0 30 68.14 431561.9 0.2610
8 10.0 34 72.54 459432.7 0.2564
9 12.0 38 76.69 485706.9 0.2765
10 14.0 42 80.63 510630.9 0.2935
11 14.0 45 83.46 528553.2 0.2739

Drag coefficient is given by:

=
4
3

and Reynolds number is given by: =

Graph:

Results:
1. The variation of the drag coefficient with Reynolds number is shown in graph.
0.0000
0.1000
0.2000
0.3000
0.4000
0.5000
0.6000
0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000
C
w
Re
Chart Title