CHAPTER 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION
In Geographic Information System (GIS), there was a lot of software or
system that being used as the application in order to process and represent the spatial
analysis that can be used for several purposes. As the example, ArcGIS, Erdas
Imagine, ENVI and other related to GIS that developed to enhance the production of
geographic information. ArcGIS is a GIS system for working with maps and
geographic information. This is one of integrated collection of GIS software products
for building a complete GIS for your organization. This architecture, coupled with the
geodatabase, gives the clients the tools to assemble intelligent information of GIS. It
is used for creating and using maps, compiling geographic data, and analyzed mapped
information, sharing and discovering, and managing the geographic information in a
database. The system provides an infrastructure for map production and the
geographic information available throughout an organization, across a community and
openly on the web. This application may view a lot of information, create layered
maps and generate basic spatial analysis. In addition, it very useful for planning and
analysis, for data management (database), operational awareness and field workforce.

1.1 AIM
The student will able to learn on digitizing the map, create up the layer based
on the land use, remove the errors placed and generate the topographic map.

1.2 OBJECTIVES
a. Student able to be more familiar in carrying out the task by using ArcGIS
software.
b. Rather than using the conventional AutoCAD software, student able to digitize
the raw data given and produce better viewing from the data given.
c. Student can learn on how to use the ArcCatalog and georeferencing tools in
performing the processing of geographical information.
d. Able to create topological map by using ArcGIS software.



CHAPTER 2

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Geodatabase
ArcGIS is built around the geodatabase, which uses an object-
relational database approach for storing spatial data. A geodatabase is a
"container" for holding datasets, tying together the spatial features with
attributes. The geodatabase can also contain topology information, and can
model behaviour of features, such as road intersections, with rules on
how features relate to one another. When working with geodatabases, it is
important to understand about feature classes which are a set of features,
represented with points, lines, or polygons. With shapefiles, each file can only
handle one type of feature. A geodatabase can store multiple feature classes or
type of features within one file. Geodatabases in ArcGIS can be stored in three
different ways including as a "file geodatabase", "personal geodatabase", and
"ArcSDE geodatabase".


Introduced in ArcGIS 10, the file geodatabase stores information in a
folder named with a .gdb extension. It is the primary mechanism in GIS which
is used to organize, manage and process the geographic information in
ArcGIS.








2.2 Georeferencing
Raster data is commonly obtained by scanning maps or collecting
aerial photographs and satellite images. Scanned map datasets don't normally
contain spatial reference information (either embedded in the file or as a
separate file). With aerial photography and satellite imagery, sometimes the
location of information delivered with them is inadequate and the data does
not align properly with other data you may have. Thus, to use some raster
datasets in conjunction with the other spatial data, it may need to align, or
georeference, to a map coordinate system. A map coordinate system is defined
using a map projection (a method by which the curved surface of the earth is
potrayed on a flat surface). When doing georeference of raster dataset, define
its location using map coordinates and assign a coordinate system.
Georeferencing raster data allows it to be viewed, queried, and analyzed with
other geographic data.

2.3 Digitizing
Digitizing is the process of converting features on a paper map into
digital format. To digitize a map, you use a digitizing tablet (also known as a
digitizer) connected to our computer to trace over the features that interest
you. The x, y coordinates of these features are automatically recorded and
store as spatial data. Digitizing with a digitizing tablet offers another way,
besides screen digitizing "freehand", to create and edit spatial data. We can
convert features from almost any paper map into digital features. We also can
use a digitizer in conjunction with the editing tools in ArcMap to create new
features or edit existing features on a digital map.
We may want to digitize features into a new layer and add the layer to
an existing map document. Other than that, we also want to create a
completely new set of layers for an area for which no digital data is available.
For example, the separation for the features placed in our data such as


buildings, roads, rivers, contours and others. We can also use a digitizer to
update an existing layer on your digital map.

2.4 Topology
Topology has historically been viewed as a spatial data structure used
primarily to ensure that the associated data forms a consistent and clean
topological fabric. With advances in object-oriented GIS development, an
alternative view of topology has evolved. The geodatabase supports an
approach to modelling geography that integrates the behaviour of different
feature types and supports different types of key relationships. In this context,
topology is a collection of rules and relationships that, coupled with a set of
editing tools and techniques, enables the geodatabase to more accurately
model geometric relationships in the world.
Topology, implemented as feature behaviour and rules, allows a more
flexible set of geometric relationships to be modelled than topology
implemented as a data structure. It also allows topological relationships to
exist between more discrete types of features within a feature dataset. In this
alternative view, topology may still be employed to ensure that the data forms
a clean and consistent topological fabric, but also more broadly, it is used to
ensure that the features obey the key geometric rules defined for their role in
the database.











CHAPTER 3

3.0 METHODOLOGY



First of all, create a folder to store the GIS work and name it as Project 2 - Hulu Langat.
Lauch the ArcCatalog and create new personal geodatabase. Right click on Project Hulu
- Langat folder and point to new and click personal geodatabase.
Rename the new personal geodatabase as Hulu_Langat.mdb
To create a new feature dataset, right click at Hulu_Langat.mdb and point to new
feature dataset.
In new feature dataset window, insert the name for that feature dataset. Click next.
Then, choose the projected coordinate system and then select national grids. Select
Malaysia from national grids dropdown list and select Kertau RSO Malaya Meters.
then, click next and finish.
To create the feature class, right click Hulu_Langat feature datset and then select
new and point to feature class.





In feature class window, you need to create a class to be used in the digitizing process.
For example:
Name: River
Type: Line Feature
Then, click next. Then, add a new field, rename as river and choose the appropriate data
type for that field. For example, double for river and long integer for river_length. Then,
click finish.
Repeat the step for road, building, contour and landuse.
Launch the ArcMap 10.
To register the topographic map, click tools form the ArcMap main toolbar. Then, point
to add XY data.
In adding XY data window, browse for the coordinate.txt, specify x for X and y for Y field.
Click edit.
Then, click select to specify the coordinate system. Choose projected coodinate system -
national grids - Malaysia - Kertau RSO Malaya Meters and click OK.
Then, click add data icon from the ArcMap toolbars to insert the topographic map into
the ArcMap. Add map.tif. The map will appear and if it ot come out, just right click at
map.tif and then, select zoom to layer.
To register the topographic map, click add control points icon. Click the map first and
then, select control point. To click other point, follow the clockwise direction. Now,
each topographic map grid point control was registered to each control points.





Click View link table icon and view the RMSE value. The acceptable residual value should be less than
0.003. Then, add te georeferencing tools to the ArcMap toolbar. Right click at any space and then, click
Georeferencing.
Click update Georeferencing from the georeferencing dropdown list. Then, select rectify from the
georeferencing dropdown list and save the register map as the Hulu_Langat_rect.img. Close the map and
control point. Then, click add data icon to add Hulu_Langat_rect.img. we should use the rectify image
because the permanent transformation occurs while carry out the Rectify commad by using
georeferencing toolbars.
Then, click add data icon and add the features class that was created before. Then, add the editor tools.
Click Start Editing from the editor dropdown list. Use sketch tool to digitze the features. The target layer
should be the layer that we want to digitize. Double click to finish each digitizing work (for each layer).
Right click at road layer, and select Open Attribute Table. Select option, and add fields and name it Type.
Change the road's name that have been digitized, Type name into Main Road and Small Road. Right click
at road layer again, select Properties. Select Symbology tab, and Add Values. Tick at <all other values>.
The road layer will be devided into 3 types. After finishing the digitizing process, click at road at table of
content and then change the symbol selector. Differentiate the features by the colour and thickness of
the line (road). Digitize the other features as following the previous procedure that have been carried
out. After that, the final output will be represent in ArcMap.
Click View and select the Layout View. Then click Insert and select the related items for the production
of map.


CHAPTER 4

4.0 RESULT AND ANALYSIS

The figure below show the final result of Topographic Map of Hulu Langat and its
analysis based on the map production through the process that have been carried out.





From the result above, we can conclude that the analogue map of Hulu Langat can generated
into digital map by using the ArcGIS software. The raster image that has been given can be
process in the ArcCatalog and ArcMap to produce a fine map with the best quality. By using
this method, the data can easily discuss. We are able to carry out the analysis from the map
production. The legend in the map show the features class that have been placed which it can
easily understand for those who deal with this kind of output. This map has the scale bar, the
north direction, and the title. The RMSE errors have been removed in order to get a good
quality of final result. For the digitizing process, the symbol and colour take action which is
they represent the features according to their characteristics. Finally, the map production can
be carried out as all the procedures applied in order to smooth the flowchart of the work.























CHAPTER 5

5.0 CONCLUSION AND COMMENT

From this project, I have learned to produce a map by using the ArcMap
software. First thing of the procedure involved in this task is to generate the
geodatabase. For the generating of geodatabase, I used ArcCatalog to create it. Then, I
select the feature class for each type of features that located in the raw data given.
Then, I choose the potential features dataset which the data have been classed
according to their characteristics. During the image registration, I have placed four
control point at each edge of the image (raw data). In addition, I also consider the
value of error while locating those control points. The RMSE must not more than
0.003. I also learned to do georeferencing by using the georeferencing toolbars. After
carry out the georeferencing, I carry out the image rectification. I have digitized all
the features according to its specification and feature data types. This process involves
the data types such as polygon, line and point. These features such as river, buildings,
tree, contour and others were located in the raster image. I have also identified the
topology and its error and remove all the selected error that can redundant the final
output for this image. Last but not least, the map production has been carried out as
the final output. This map is produced according to its specification and follows the
format given. Finally, the map is complete with the aid of title, north direction, scale
and legend that show all the feature class placed in the map.

For the comment, I think that ArcGIS software can help student to be able
conduct the raster data and apply all the methods placed, so they can able to produce
the spatial analysis from the raw data given. Apart from that, the ArcGIS software can
help the student to digitize easily compared to conventional AutoCAD software. With
the help of this software, the final product such as the map can be generated in best
and high quality with their analysis which it can be useful for the foreigner and other
people to understand properly while deal with the final product.