Bai Giang Tin Hieu Va He Thong

-1Bi ging: TN HIU & H THNG
Mc lc
Chng 1 ...................................................................................................... 5
TNG QUAN V TN HIU V H THNG ....................................... 5
1.1TIN TC TN HIU V H THNG THNG TIN. ..................................................... 5
1.1.1Tin tc v tn hiu: .................................................................................................... 5
1.1.2H thng thng tin: ................................................................................................... 5
1.2PHN LOI TN HIU ...................................................................................................... 7
1.2.1Cc rng buc tn hiu: ............................................................................................ 7
1.2.2C s phn loi tn hiu ............................................................................................ 7
1.3TN HIU XC NH TN HIU NGU NHIN ......................................................... 7
1.3.1Tn hiu xc nh ....................................................................................................... 7
1.3.2Tn hiu ngu nhin................................................................................................... 8
1.4 TN HIU LIN TC TN HIU RI RC .................................................................. 8
1.4.1Tn hiu lin tc......................................................................................................... 8
1.4.2Tn hiu ri rc ......................................................................................................... 8
1.5 TN HIU NNG LNG TN HIU CNG SUT .................................................. 9
1.5.1Tn hiu nng lng .................................................................................................. 9
1.5.2Tn hiu cng sut ..................................................................................................... 9
1.6 MT S PHN LOI TN HIU KHC: ........................................................................ 9
1.7BIU DIN GII TCH TN HIU: ................................................................................. 10
1.7.1Biu din ri rc tn hiu ........................................................................................ 10
1.7.2Biu din vc t tn hiu .......................................................................................... 11
1.7.3Biu din tn hiu bng chui hm trc giao .......................................................... 12
1.7.4Biu din lin tc tn hiu ....................................................................................... 15
Chng 2 .................................................................................................... 18
PHN TCH TN HIU TRONG MIN THI GIAN ........................ 18
2.1M HNH XC NH CA TN HIU VT L .......................................................... 18
2.2 CC THNG S C TRNG CA TN HIU ......................................................... 18
2.2.1 Tch phn tn hiu: .................................................................................................. 18
2.2.2 Tr trung bnh tn hiu: ........................................................................................... 18
2.2.3 Nng lng tn hiu: ............................................................................................... 19
2.2.4 Cng sut trung bnh tn hiu: ................................................................................ 20
2.3TN HIU XC NH THC .......................................................................................... 20
2.3.1. Tn hiu nng lng .............................................................................................. 20
KHOA IN IN T
2.3.2. Tn hiu cng sut ................................................................................................. 23

2.3.3. Tn hiu phn b ................................................................................................... 25
2.3.4. Tn hiu xc nh phc .......................................................................................... 27
2.4PHN TCH TN HIU TRONG MIN THI GIAN ..................................................... 28
2.4.1. phn tch thnh phn thc, o .............................................................................. 28
2.4.2. Thnh phn xoay chiu v mt chiu .................................................................... 29
2.4.3. Thnh phn chn v l .......................................................................................... 30
2.5 PHN TCH TNG QUAN TN HIU ........................................................................ 31
2.5.1. Mc ch ca vic phn tch tng quan tn hiu ................................................. 31
2.6.2. H s tng quan gia hai tn hiu ...................................................................... 31
2.6.3. Hm tng quan ca tn hiu nng lng v tn hiu cng sut trung bnh hu
hn ..31
2.6 TCH CHP ...................................................................................................................... 34
2.6.1. nh ngha............................................................................................................. 34
2.6.2. Gii hn tch chp................................................................................................. 34
2.7.3. S hi t tch chp ................................................................................................ 34
2.7.4. Cc tnh cht ca tch chp .................................................................................. 35
2.6.5. Cch tnh tch chp ............................................................................................... 35
BI TP CHNG 2............................................................................... 36
Chng 3 .................................................................................................... 40
PHN TCH TN HIU TRONG MIN TN S ............................... 40
3.1 U NHC IM CA PHN TCH PH ................................................................. 40
3.1.1 u im .................................................................................................................. 40
3.1.2 Nhc im ............................................................................................................ 40
3.2 PH TN HIU NNG LNG ..................................................................................... 40
3.2.1 nh ngha.............................................................................................................. 40
3.2.2Ph mt s tn hiu nng lng thng dng. .......................................................... 40
3.2.2 Cc tnh cht ca phn tch Fourier. ..................................................................... 43
3.3 PH TN HIU CNG SUT KHNG TUN HON ................................................. 46
3.3.1Ph ca tn hiu khng tun hon .......................................................................... 46
3.4 PH TN HIU CNG SUT TUN HON ................................................................ 47
3.4.1 nh ngha.............................................................................................................. 47
3.4.2 Cc tnh cht .......................................................................................................... 47
3.5 MT PH NNG LNG - MT PH CNG SUT................................... 51
3.5.1Mt ph nng lng ........................................................................................... 51
3.5.2 Mt ph cng sut ............................................................................................. 52
KHOA IN IN T
BI TP CHNG 3: ............................................................................. 54
Chng 4 .................................................................................................... 60
H THNG TUYN TNH ..................................................................... 60
4.1 TCH CHP ...................................................................................................................... 60
4.1.1 nh ngha.............................................................................................................. 60
4.1.2 Cc tnh cht ca tch chp ................................................................................... 61
4.2 H THNG TUYN TNH BT BIN .......................................................................... 62
4.2.1H thng tuyn tnh Bt bin(LTI) ....................................................................... 62
4.2.2H thng tuyn tnh Bt bin(LTI) ....................................................................... 62
4.3 QUAN H GIA CC C TRNG NG VO V NG RA:................................. 63
4.3.1Biu thc quan h ................................................................................................... 63
4.3.2Mt s v d: ........................................................................................................... 64
BI TP CHNG 4............................................................................... 66
Chng 5 .................................................................................................... 69
TN HIU IU CH .............................................................................. 69
5.1 C BN V IU CH TN HIU ................................................................................ 69
5.1.1 V tr ca iu ch trong h thng thng tin .......................................................... 69
5.1.2 Mc ch ca vic iu ch tn hiu ....................................................................... 69
5.1.3 Phn loi cc phng php iu ch..................................................................... 70
5.2 IU CH TNG T ................................................................................................... 70
5.2.1 Sng mang trong iu ch tng t ....................................................................... 70
5.2.2 iu ch bin (Amplitude Modulation)............................................................. 71
5.2.3 iu ch gc........................................................................................................... 82
5.3 IU CH XUNG ............................................................................................................ 90
5.3.1 Sng mang trong iu ch xung ............................................................................. 90
5.3.2 iu ch PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation): ..................................................... 91
5.3.3 Cc h thng iu ch xung khc .......................................................................... 95
BI TP CHNG 5 ..................................................................................................... 97
Chng 6 .................................................................................................. 100

TN HIU NGU NHIN ...................................................................... 100
6.1. NHNG KHI NIM XC SUT C BN .............................................................. 100
6.1.1. Khng gian xc sut ............................................................................................ 100
KHOA IN IN T
6.1.2. Bin ngu nhin .................................................................................................. 100

6.1.4. Hm mt xc sut ........................................................................................... 102
6.1.5. Bin ngu nhin ri rc ...................................................................................... 103
6.1.7. Hm mt xc sut kt hp c iu kin ......................................................... 104
6.1.8. Moment kt hp (Tn hiu ngu nhin 2 chiu) .................................................. 105
6.1.9. Bin ngu nhin n chiu ...................................................................................... 105
6.1.10. Hm ca bin ngu nhin ................................................................................. 106
6.1.11. Cc tnh cht ca cc moment .......................................................................... 107
6.1.16. Khi nim v s hi t....................................................................................... 109
6.2. QU TRNH NGU NHIN ........................................................................................ 112
6.2.1. nh ngha........................................................................................................... 110
6.2.2. Phn loi tn hiu ngu nhin ............................................................................. 110
6.2.3. Biu din tn hiu ngu nhin ............................................................................. 110
6.3. TCH PHN O HM TN HIU NGU NHIN .................................................. 112
6.3.1. Tch phn............................................................................................................. 112
6.3.2. o hm .............................................................................................................. 112
6.4. TN HIU DNG .......................................................................................................... 112
6.4.1. Tn hiu dng cht v dng bc n....................................................................... 112
6.4.2. Tn hiu dng rng (dng yu) ........................................................................... 113
6.5. TN HIU EGODIC ....................................................................................................... 113
6.6. TN HIU NGU NHIN PHC ................................................................................. 114
6.6.1. Tr trung bnh ca tn hiu ngu nhin phc ...................................................... 114
6.6.2. Hm t tng quan v t hp bin ..................................................................... 114
6.7. TN HIU CHUN GAUSS ......................................................................................... 114
6.7.1. Bin ngu nhin chun ........................................................................................ 114
6.7.2. Tn hiu ngu nhin chun .................................................................................. 115
6.8. V D V CC TN HIU NGU NHIN ................................................................. 115
6.8.1. Tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian lin tc (tn hiu tng t)................................ 115
6.8.2. Tn hiu ri rc theo thi gian lin tc ............................................................... 120
6.9. BIU DIN GII TCH TN HIU NGU NHIN .................................................... 120
6.9.1. Biu din ri rc cc tn hiu ngu nhin........................................................... 120
6.9.2. Biu din lin tc tn hiu ngu nhin ................................................................ 121
6.10. PHN TCH PH TN HIU NGU NHIN ........................................................... 122
6.10.1. Bin i Fourier gii hn ................................................................................. 122
6.10.2. Cc c tnh tn s ca tn hiu ngu nhin ..................................................... 122
6.10.3. Truyn tn hiu ngu nhin qua mch tuyn tnh .............................................. 125
TI LIU THAM KHO .............................................................................. 127
KHOA IN IN T
Chng 1
TNG QUAN V TN HIU V H THNG
Mc ch:
Hiu c cc khi nim v tin tc (d liu), tn hiu v h thng thng tin.
Cc phng php biu din tn hiu v h thng.
Phng php phn loi tn hiu.
Cc php x l c bn trn tn hiu.
1.1TIN TC TN HIU V H THNG THNG TIN.
1.1.1Tin tc v tn hiu:
nh ngha:
Tn hiu l biu din vt l ca thng tin (tin tc d liu).
Biu din vt l: phng php th hin m qua ta thy c ln,qui lut bin
thin,cc thng s ca tin tc.
biu din vt l tin tc ta c th dng mt hm ton hc, hnh v( th), bng(thng
k)
V d:
Tn hiu nghe thy: m thanh l mt dng tin tc,tai ngi c th cm nhn(nghe)
c,nhng x l,truyn i th tin tc m thanh ny phi c bin i thnh mt tn hiu
in tng ng(tn hiu m thanh).
Tn hiu nhn thy: hnh nh hay l mt video
1.1.2H thng thng tin:
Tin tc mun c truyn i t ngun tin n ni nhn tin phi thng qua mt hoc nhiu
h thng thng tin. Nh vy h thng thng tin l tp hp cc phng tin k thut cn thit
nhm to ra mt ng truyn thng gia hai im no vi trung thc v tin cy theo
Hnh 1.1
KHOA IN IN T
nhu cu mong mun.

S khi mt h thng thng tin c m t nh hnh 1.1.
Trong s hnh 1.1 gm c phn pht v phn thu,theo s phn pht gm:
Tin tc (d liu): L thng tin c truyn i t ngun tin nh ting ni, hnh nh, d
liu, s liu o lng
Bin i tin tc thnh tn hiu: Thng qua khi ny, tin tc s c chuyn i thnh i
lng in (in p, dng in) bng b cm bin. V d: Micro, Camera, gia tc k
My pht: my pht, tn hiu s c iu ch (Modulation) sao cho ph hp vi knh
truyn ang s dng. V d: iu ch sng mang (h thng truyn tng t), iu ch
xung m PCM (h thng truyn s). Sau , cc tn hiu s c khuch i nhm hn
ch suy gim do ng truyn.
Knh truyn: Knh truyn c th l hu tuyn (cp song hnh, cp ng trc, cp si
quang) hoc v tuyn (sng v tuyn uc phn chia thnh nhng bng nh nht nh v
truyn trong khng gian di dng sng in t).
Bng sng di (LW): 150 285Khz
Bng sng trung (MW): 525 1605Khz
Bng sng ngn (SW): 4 26.1Mhz
Bng sng cc ngn: 41 0.96Ghz
Bng sng Viba: 250Mhz 22Ghz
Tng t cho cc khi chc nng mch thu:
My thu: Tn hiu thu c t knh truyn s c khuch i (khi truyn trn knh
truyn tn hiu b suy hao) sau c gii iu ch (Demodulation)
Bin i tn hiu thnh tin tc: Thng qua khi ny, tn hiu t khi thu c x l v
bin i thnh tin tc theo nhu cu.
Nhn tin: l thnh phn tip nhn tin tc t khi bin i tn hiu thnh tin tc.
Hnh 1.2 m t tng qut mt h thng thng tin a chiu
Station A
Station B
Station C
Hnh 1.2: S khi h thng thng tin a chiu
KHOA IN IN T
1.2PHN LOI TN HIU

Tn hiu l mt biu din vt l cho tin tc hay d liu, do n phi c kh nng thc
hin c, ngha l ta phi c nhng rng buc nht nh i vi tn hiu trc khi phn loi
tn hiu.
1.2.1Cc rng buc tn hiu:
Mt tn hiu phi chu cc rng buc sau:
Nng lng phi hu hn.
Bin hu hn.
Bin l mt hm lin tc (v qun tnh ca h thng ngun ngn cm tt c mi gin
on)
Ph ca tn hiu phi hu hn v tin n 0 khi tn s tin n .
1.2.2C s phn loi tn hiu
Phn loi theo hin tng: Da vo qu trnh din bin (bin thin) ca tn hiu, d bo
v tnh cht hay s bin thin ngu nhin ca n m ta phn loi tn hiu ra lm hai dng:
tn hiu xc nh hay ngu nhin.
Phn loi theo nng lng: Da vo nng lng tn hiu ta c th phn bit c cc tn
hiu tho mn iu kin nng lng hu hn ,vi cc tn hiu l tng khc c cng sut
trung bnh hu hn v nng lng v hn. T ta bit c l tn hiu nng lng hay
tn hiu cng sut.
Phn loi theo dng (hnh thi): Phn bit cc tn hiu ty theo tnh lin tc hay ri rc
ca bin v ca bin t do ( y ta xt bin t do l bin thi gian t) m ta phn loi
tn hiu ra thnh : tn hiu lin tc hay tn hiu ri rc.
Phn loi theo ph(Biu din tn hiu trong min tn s): Phn tch, lm r ph ca mi
tn hiu thuc tn s no m ta c tn hiu tn s thp, tn hiu tn s cao, tn hiu di
rng, tn hiu di hp
Phn loi theo khng gian (th nguyn): Da vo khng gian (th nguyn) ca tn hiu
m ta c th phn bit c:
Tn hiu mt chiu f(t): l tn hiu m thanh.
Tn hiu hai chiu f(x,y): tn hiu nh tnh.
Tn hiu ba chiu f(x,y,t): l tn hiu nh ng(Video)
1.3TN HIU XC NH TN HIU NGU NHIN

1.3.1Tn hiu xc nh
nh ngha:
KHOA IN IN T
Tn hiu xc nh l tn hiu m qu trnh bin thin ca n c biu din bng mt hm

thi gian hon ton xc nh. Chng c m t bi cng thc ton hc chnh xc hay
biu din bng th.Qua biu din ny ti mi thi im ta c th hon ton xc nh c
ln(Bin ),hay ta c th hon ton xc nh c qui lut bin thin ca tn hiu.
V d:
in xoay chiu chng ta ang s dng l tn hiu iu ha c tn s 50Hz,bin ty
thuc vo mc in p ang s dng, vi pha ban u xc nh. Nh vy ta c th dng
hm ton hc biu din cho tn hiu in ny nh sau:
x(t ) ACos(100 t 0 )
1.3.2Tn hiu ngu nhin

nh ngha:
Tn hiu ngu nhin l tn hiu m qu trnh bin thin ca n khng th bit trc (c
tnh ngu nhin), mun biu din n phi tin hnh quan st,kho st v thng k.
V d:
Cc tn hiu c lin tc gi v trung tm cho bit nhit , m, lng ma hay
ni chung l nhng tn hiu thng ip.
1.4 TN HIU LIN TC TN HIU RI RC
1.4.1Tn hiu lin tc
nh ngha:
Nu bin c lp ca s biu din ton hc ca mt tn hiu l lin tc th tn hiu gi
l tn hiu lin tc.
Phn loi:
Tn hiu lin tc c phn ra lm 2 loi l tn hiu tng t (Hnh 1.3a) v tn hiu
lng t (Hnh 1.3b).
x(t)
x(t)
t
0
Hnh 1.3a: Tn hiu tng t
1.4.2Tn hiu ri rc
nh ngha:
KHOA IN IN T
0
Hnh 1.3b: Tn hiu
lng t
Nu tn hiu c biu din bi cc hm ca cc bin ri rc th tn hiu c gi l

tn hiu ri rc.
Phn loi:
Tn hiu ri rc c phn ra lm hai loi l tn hiu ly mu (Hnh 1.4a) v tn hiu
s (Hnh 1.4b).
x(nTs)
x(nTs)
8
6
4
2
nTs
nTs
0
Hnh 1.4a: Tn hiu ly mu
0
Hnh 1.4b: Tn hiu s
1.5 TN HIU NNG LNG TN HIU CNG SUT

1.5.1Tn hiu nng lng
nh ngha:
Tn hiu nng lng l tn hiu c nng lng Ex hu hn. Tc 0 < Ex < .
V d:
Cc tn hiu nh xung vung, xung tam gic, hm m suy gim, hm Gause Cc tn
hiu ny khi tnh nng lng Ex ca n lun l cc gi tr xc nh(0 < Ex < ).
1.5.2Tn hiu cng sut
nh ngha:
Tn hiu cng sut l tn hiu c cng sut (Px) hu hn. Tc 0 < Px < .
V d:
Cc tn hiu nh hm bc nhy n v, hm m tng, tn hiu sin
Nhn xt:
Khi Px hu hn th Ex = v khi Ex hu hn th Px = 0
1.6 MT S PHN LOI TN HIU KHC:
KHOA IN IN T
- 10 Bi ging: TN HIU & H THNG
X(w)
a)
w
-w1
0 w1 0
X(w)
b)
w
w2
w1
w1
w2
X(w)
c)
w
-w2
-w1
w1 w2
X(w)
d)
w
w2
0 w1
w1
w2
Hnh 1.5: Mt s loi tn hiu khc
Ngoi cc loi tn hiu nu trn cn c nhng loi tn hiu khc theo tn s nh sau:
Tn hiu tn s thp (Hnh 1.5a) v tn hiu tn s cao (Hnh 1.5b)
Tn hiu di hp (Hnh 1.5c) v tn hiu di rng (Hnh 1.5d).
Tn hiu tn s thp(m tn) v tn hiu tn s cao (cao tn).
Tn hiu c thi hn v bin hu hn.
Tn hiu chn, tn hiu l.
Tn hiu mt chiu v tn hiu xoay chiu.
Tn hiu nhn qa: tn hiu xc nh trong khong thi gian t ln hn hay bng 0 (tn
hiu bng 0 nu t < 0). Ngc li nhng tn hiu bng khng trong khong thi gian t
0,xc nh khc 0 trong khong thi gian t < 0 gi l tn hiu phi nhn qu.
1.7BIU DIN GII TCH TN HIU:
1.7.1Biu din ri rc tn hiu
Nguyn tc biu din ri rc tn hiu x(t) c da trn php khai trin tn hiu di dng
mt t hp tuyn tnh cc hm bit k(t); k = 1, 2, , n. Dng tng qut nh sau:
n
x(t ) k k (t )
k 1
KHOA IN IN T
(1.1)
1.7.2Biu din vc t tn hiu

3
x(t)
3 (t )
2 (t )
1 (t )
1
Hnh 1.6: Biu din vecter ca mt tn hiu (n=3)
T dng tng qut trn ta thy rng dy th t cc h s k to nn mt b n s xc nh

mt im trong khng gian n chiu (hnh 1.6) vi ta (1, 2, 3, , n) i vi c s
k (t ).
ng vi mi c s ta s c mt biu din vecter c bit a = k ca x(t). Nh vy s c
nhiu cch phn tch mt tn hiu. Chn c s no iu cn ph thuc vo tnh n gin,
hiu qa v li ch ca phng php phn tch.
i) Khong cch gia 2 tn hiu:
Khong cch d(x,y) gia 2 tn hiu x(t) v y(t) lm mt s o v s khc nhau gia
chng, n s bng 0 nu 2 tn hiu l ging nhau.
Nh vy vic xc nh khong cch ng vai tr quan trng trong l thuyt tn hiu, n
c dng so snh tn hiu, trong tch sng, trong nhn dng. Mt b lc ti u s l
mt c cu c xu hng gim thiu mt khong cch d(x,y) gia mt tn hiu vo x(t) cha
nhiu thnh phn hay cc nhiu khng mong mun v tn hiu ra y(t) c cc tnh cht theo
yu cu.
Khong cch Euclid c in gia 2o7 x = (x1, x2, , xn) v y = (y1, y2, , yn) c xc
nh nh sau:
n
2
d(x,y) = xi yi
i 1
1/ 2
(1.2)
Tng t, khong cch Euclid gia 2 tn hiu x(t) v y(t) trn mt khong thi gian T l:
2
d(x,y) = K x(t ) y (t ) dt
T
1/ 2
; K=1 hoc K=1/T
(1.3)
Tt c cc tn hiu (thc hay phc theo thi gian t) xc nh trong khong [t1, t2], c tch
phn ca bnh phng tn hiu hu hn, to nn mt khng gian tn hiu L2(t1, t2). Chun
ca khng gian c xc nh bi:
KHOA IN IN T
1/2
t 2
2
|| x || = x (t ) dt
t1
(1.4)
Khong cch gia 2 tn hiu x(t) v y(t) thuc khng gian L2(t1, t2) l khong cch
Euclid:
1/2
t2
2
d(x, y) = ||x y|| = x (t ) y (t ) dt
t
(1.5)
ii) Tch v hng ca hai tn hiu
Tch v hng ca 2 vecter x = (x1, x2, , xn) v y = (y1, y2, , yn) c ta thc hay
phc c cho bi quan h:
n
x y*
x.y =
i 1
(1.6)
Tng t, c th nh ngha tch v hng ca hai tn hiu (l cc hm thc hay phc i

vi thi gian) x(t) v y(t) thuc khng gian L2(t1, t2) theo:
t2
x (t )y * (t )dt
< x, y* > =
(1.7)
t1
iii) Tn hiu trc giao
Hai tn hiu x(t) v y(t) c gi l trc giao trong khng gian L2(t1, t2) nu:
t2
< x, y* > =
x (t )y * (t )dt
=0
(1.8)
t1
1.7.3Biu din tn hiu bng chui hm trc giao

Xt tn hiu x(t) trong khng gian L2 c n chiu v mt tp k (t ) ca m < n hm c lp
tuyn tnh trong L2, to nn mt c s ca khng gian con Em ca L2.
C th nh ngha trong Em mt s xp x gn ng bc m, ~x (t ) ca tn hiu x(t) bng t
hp tuyn tnh:
m
~
x (t ) k k (t )
(1.9)
k 1
Hiu e(t) = x(t) ~x (t ) l mt tn hiu ca sai s xp x gn ng ca chun, theo (1.5) th:

x)
|| e || = d(x, ~
(1.10)
Bnh phng ca chun || e || c gi l sai s bnh phng trung bnh. Nh vy, ta phi
chn k ng vi mt c s k (t )sao cho khong cch d(x, ~x ) l ti thiu.
Theo nh l v chiu th khong cch d(x, ~x ) gia hm x(t) v xp x gn ng (1.9) ca
n l cc tiu nu sai s xp x gn ng e(t) = x(t) - ~x (t ) trc giao vi hm k(t) tc:
KHOA IN IN T
< e, *k > = 0 ; k
(1.11)
Cng nh trong hnh hc Euclid, nh l ny l s khi qut ca nhn xt: khong cch
ngn nht gia mt im v mt mt phng l chiu di ca ng vung gc v t im
n mt phng.
Chng minh (1.11) :
m
Gi ~x (t ) k k (t ) l xp x gn ng bc m ca x(t) sao cho sai s e(t) = x(t) ~x (t ) tha

k 1
mn iu kin trc giao (1.11). Xt mt xp x gn ng khc ty cng bc

m
x (t ) x (t )
x (t ) k k (t ) ca x(t). Ta cn chng minh ~
k 1
Ta c: d2(x, x ) = d2(x - ~x , x - ~x ) = || x - ~x ||2 + || x - ~x ||2 2Re < x - ~x , x * - ~x * > (1)

Ap dng:
t2
d (x, y) =
x(t ) y(t )x * (t ) y * (t )dt
= < x, x* > + < y, y* > - < x, y* > - < x*, y >
t1
= || x ||2 + || y ||2 2Re < x, y* >

Ta thy rng
< x - ~x , x * - ~x * > = 0 v x * (t ) - ~x * (t ) =
(
k 1
k ) *k (t )
v theo gi thit < x - ~x , *k > = 0 vi mi k.

Nh vy ng thc (1) tr thnh d2(x, x ) = || x - ~x ||2 + || x - ~x ||2, r rng s cc tiu nu
~
x (t ) x (t ) .
(1.11) tha mn th:
< x, *l > = < ~
x , *l >
(1.12)
Khi thay ~x bi trin khai (1.9) ta c tp m phng trnh:

m
k 1
, *l k x, *l ; l = 1,2, , m
(1.13)
Gii h ny ta s nhn c tp cc h s k ti u. H ny s c n gin nhiu nu

cc hm k (t ) to nn mt c s trc giao trn khong [t1, t2], tc:
k , *l 0 ; k 1
(1.14)
Nh vy ta s c c khai trin chui cc hm trc giao (1.9).

i) Chui Fourier
Mi tn hiu x(t) thuc L2(t1, t1 + T) u c th biu hin bi t hp tuyn tnh bi cc
hm m phc:
n (t ) exp( j 2nt / T )
KHOA IN IN T
(1.15)
Nh vy:
x(t) =
X n n (t )
Xe
( j 2 nt /T )
(1.16)
Chnh l biu din Fourier ca tn hiu, trong :

1
Xn =
T
t1 T
x(t ) e( j 2 nt /T ) dt
(1.17)
t1
Chui Fourier thng gp c dng:
x(t) = a0 +
(a
n 1
cos nw0 t bn sin nw0 t )
(1.18)
vi:
t0 T
1
a0 =
T
2
an =
T
x(t )dt
(1.19)
x(t ) cos nw0tdt
(1.20)
t0
t0 T
2
bn =
T
t0
t0 T
x(t ) sin nw0tdt
(1.21)
t0
V d 1.1:
Trin khai thnh chui Fourier tn hiu (h1.7) sau:
x(t)
0
-3T
-T/2
Gii:
t
T/2
Hnh 1.7
Chu kca tn hiu trn hnh v l 3T, tn s gc 0

a0 =
2
3T
4
an =
3T
an =
3T
T /2
f (t )dt
0
T /2
T /2
2
A
A dt
3T 0
3
4A
A cos nw tdt 3Tnw

0
2A
n 2 A n
sin
Sa
n
3
3
3
bn = 0 (hm chn)
KHOA IN IN T
2
2
Chuky 3T
sin nw0 t
T /2
0
4A
T
4 A3T
2T
sin nw0
sin n
3Tnw0
2 3Tn2
3T 2
Vy x(t) = a0 +
(an cos nw0t bn sin nw0t ) =

n 1
A 2 A n

Sa
cos nw0 t
3 n 1 3
3
ii) Chui Shanon (hm Sa)

Hm Sa(w0t) c nh ngha:
wo t
; t 0
Sin
Sa( wo t ) wo t
L2 (, )
1; t 0
(1.22)
Mt tn hiu x(t) c ph tn s thp, nh hn f m. C th biu din bng chui Fourier

ca cc hm Sa sau:
x(t) =
x(nT )Sa2f
(t nT )
(1.23)
Nhn xt: Chui ny c c im l cc h s ca n chnh bng gi tr ca tn hiu x(t)

ti cc im nT.
1.7.4Biu din lin tc tn hiu
Mc ch ca vic biu din hay phn tch tn hiu t dng ny sang dng khc, hay
chuyn t min khng gian ny qua min khng gian khc l tm ra phng php biu
din ti u nht cho tin tc. Phng php biu din ti u nht ty thuc vo tng ng dng,
ty thuc vo mc ch, ty thuc vo nhu cu ng dngsao cho tn hiu d truyn i
nht,tn hiu truyn i vi tin cy cao nht, tn hiu c x l d nht, tin tc truyn i
c bo mt tt nht, tin tc truyn i tit kim c bng thng knh truyn nht
a. Dng tng qut

a s cc biu din lin tc c dng trong thc t c dng bin i tch phn. Trong
tn hiu x(t) c lm tng ng vi mt hm thc hoc phc X(s). Ta c cp bin i dng
tng qut nh sau:
X ( s ) x(t ) (t , s )dt ; t
x(t ) X ( s ) ( s, t )ds; s
(1.24)
Vi: (t , s) l nhn lin hp v (s, t ) l nhn bin i tch phn.

b. Biu din Fourier (biu din ph)
Vi bin i Fourier th:
j 2ft
(t , f ) e
j 2ft
( f , t ) e
Ta c:
KHOA IN IN T
X (f ) x (t ) (t , f )dt x (t )e j 2 ft dt
j 2 ft df
x (t ) X (f ) (f , t )df X (f )e
V d 1.2: Tm ph tn hiu x(t) = e
- t
(1.25)
.1(t) ; > 0.
Gii:
Ta c: X(w) =
x (t )e jwt dt
t jwt
e e dt
0
1
e jwt
( jw )
c. Biu din Hilbert

Vi bin i Hilbert th:
1
(t , s ) (t s )
1
( s, t )
(t s )
Ta c:
1
X ( s ) x(t ) (t s ) dt
x(t ) X ( s) 1 ds
(t s)
d. Bin i Laplace
Vi bin i Laplace th:
(t , s ) e st
( s, t ) e st
X (s ) x (t )e st dt
Ta c:
x (t ) X (s )e st ds
KHOA IN IN T
(1.27)
(1.26)
1
jw
BI TP CHNG 1
1.1. Tm ph tn hiu
A;T / 2 t T / 2
a. x(t )
0; ni khac
b. x(t ) e
; 0
1.2. Tm tn hiu trong min thi gian x(t) nu ph X(w) tng ng ca tn hiu l:
j / 2
;0 w wo
e
a. X ( w)
j / 2
; wo w 0
e
1;0 w wo
b. X(w)
0; ni khac
1.3. Bin i thnh chui phc Fourier trong khong [-T, T ] ca tn hiu
x(t)
A
t
a.
-T/2
0 T/2
x(t)
A
b.
t
-T/2
KHOA IN IN T
0 T/2
Chng 2
PHN TCH TN HIU TRONG MIN THI GIAN
Mc ch:
Hiu r cc tn hiu thng dng.
Cc thng s c trng ca tn hiu.
Cc php phn tch tn hiu trong min thi gian.
2.1M HNH XC NH CA TN HIU VT L
Mt tn hiu s c m t hoc l bng m hnh xc nh hoc l m hnh ngu nhin.
Vi tn hiu c coi l thnh phn ti nng lng th n s c m t bng m hnh xc
nh. Vi tn hiu trong cc h thng thng tin hay trong cc h thng o lng th tn hiu
c m t bng tn hiu ngu nhin.
Vic xem xt tn hiu xc nh s l c s phn tch cc tn hiu ngu nhin. Tuy nhin
hu nh trong tt c cc h thng thng tin, bn cnh cc tn hiu ngu nhin lun c cc tn
hiu xc nh (sng mang, tn hiu ng b)
Tn hiu xc nh c m hnh ton hc l cc hm thc hoc phc theo thi gian hoc cng
c th l cc hm phn b.
2.2 CC THNG S C TRNG CA TN HIU
2.2.1 Tch phn tn hiu:
L kt qu ca vic phn tch tch phn tn hiu trong khong thi gian tn hiu tn ti (xc
nh):
Mt tn hiu tn ti trong thi gian v hn:
x x(t )dt
; - < t <
(2.1.1)
Mt tn hiu tn ti trong thi gian hu hn [t1, t2 ]:

t2
x x (t )dt

; - < t <
(2.1.2)
t1
2.2.2 Tr trung bnh tn hiu:

Tr trung bnh tn hiu l ly tch phn tn hiu (trong khong thi gian tn hiu tn ti) chia
cho thi gian ly tch phn:
a. Tr trung bnh tn hiu tn ti trong khong [t1, t2 ]:
KHOA IN IN T
t2
x (t )dt
t1
t1
(2.2)
b. Tr trung bnh tn hiu c thi hn v hn khng tun hon

1
x lim
2
x(t )dt
(2.3
c. Tr trung bnh tn hiu tun hon:

Ly tch phn trong mt chu k v chia cho chu k
t T
1 0
x
x (t )dt
T t
0
(2.4)
V d 2.2.1:
t
Cho tn hiu x(t) nh sau: x(t ) (1 e )u(t )

Tm tr trung bnh ca x(t).
Gii
Tn hiu x(t) l tn hiu tn ti v hn khng tun hon,do tr trung bnh tn hiu l:
1
x lim
2
1
1
1
t
(1
e
)
dt
lim
0 lim 2
2
2

2.2.3 Nng lng tn hiu:

Nng lng cha trong tn hiu x(t) c k hiu l E x v c tnh trong min thi
gian bng cch ly tch phn bnh phng bin ca tn hiu trong khong thi gian tn
ti ca tn hiu:
E x x 2
x (t ) dt
V d 2.2.2:
Cho tn hiu x(t) l tn hiu xung vung nh hnh

v: x(t ) a (
t c
)
b
Tm nng lng ca x(t).

Gii
Nng lng ca x(t):
KHOA IN IN T
(2.5)
Ex x 2
| x (t ) |
dt
b
2
a2 dt a2 b
b
2
2.2.4 Cng sut trung bnh tn hiu:

Cng sut trung bnh tn hiu trong min thi gian l tch phn bnh phng bin tn
hiu trong khong thi gian tn hiu tn ti v chia cho khong thi gian ly tch phn.
a. Cng sut tn hiu tn ti hu hn
t
Px t1, t 2 x
t
1
x (t ) dt
t1
(2.6)
b. Cng sut tn hiu c thi hn v hn khng tun hon

1
Px x 2 lim
2
x (t )
dt
(2.7)
a. Cng sut tn hiu tun hon chu k T:

Ly tch phn bnh phng bin tn hiu trong mt chu k sau chia cho chu k tn
hiu:
t T
Px x
2
1 0
x (t ) dt
T t
0
(2.8)
Nhn xt:
Da vo cc thng s nng lng ca tn hiu m ngi ta phn chia chng thnh hai loi
quan trng l:
Tn hiu c nng lng hu hn (0 < Ex < )
Tn hiu c thi hn hu hn hay c cng sut trung bnh hu hn (tn hiu cng sut) nu
0 < Px <
2.3TN HIU XC NH THC
2.3.1. Tn hiu nng lng
a. Tn hiu nng lng c thi gian hu hn
i) Xung vung gc
KHOA IN IN T
Dng tn hiu (h2.1)

x(t)
a
c
0
Hnh 2.1: Dng tn hiu xung vung
K hiu:
t c
=
b
x(t) =a
; t < c b/2 hoc t > c + b/2
a/2
; t = c b/2 hoc t = c + b/2
(2.9)
; c b/2 < t < c + b/2
Tch phn: x ab
Nng lng: Ex = a2b
x(t)
ii) Xung tam gic
Dng tn hiu (h2.2)
K hiu:
2b
t c
x(t) = a
(2.10)
Hnh 2.2: Dng tn hiu xung tam

gic
Tch phn: x ab
Nng lng: Ex =
2 2
a b
3
x(t)
iii) Xung Cosin :
Dng tn hiu (h2.3)

-/2w0 0
Biu thc:
t
(2.11)
x(t ) X cos( wo t )
/
w
o
Tch phn: x
2X
wo
Nng lng: Ex =
X 2
Dng tn hiu (h2.4)
KHOA IN IN T
Hnh 2.3: Dng tn hiu xung cosin
x(t)
t
2 wo
i4) Xung hm m
/2w0
Hnh 2.4: Dng tn hiu xung hm m
Biu thc:
t T / 2
x(t ) Xe t
;>0
T
Tch phn: x
Nng lng: Ex =
(2.12)
1 e T
X2
1 e 2T
2
b.Tn hiu nng lng c thi hn v hn

i) Hm m suy gim
Dng tn hiu (h2.5)
X
Biu thc
x(t) = Xe
-t
.1(t) ; > 0
Tch phn: x
(2.13)
0
Nng lng: Ex =
x(t)
Hnh 2.5: Dng tn hiu hm m suy gim
X2
2
ii) Tn hiu Sin suy gim theo hm m

Dng tn hiu (h2.6)
x(t)
Biu thc:
x(t ) Xe t sin( wo t ).1(t )
Tch phn: x X
Nng lng: Ex =
;>0
wo
wo2 2
2.14)
2
wo
wo
Hnh 2.6: Dng tn hiu sin suy gim theo hm m
0
X 2 wo2
4 ( 2 wo2 )
iii) Tn hiu Sa
X x(t)
Dng tn hiu (h2.7)

Biu thc:
sin( wo t )
;t 0
x(t ) Sa( wo t ) wo t
1; t 0
Tch phn: x
KHOA IN IN T
wo
(2.15)
2
wo
wo
wo
2
wo
Hnh 2.7: Dng tn hiu Sa
wo
Nng lng: Ex =
i4) Tn hiu Sa
x(t)
X
Dng tn hiu (h2.8)

Biu thc:
Sin 2 ( w t )
o ;t 0
x(t ) ( w t ) 2
o
1; t 0
Tch phn: x
(2.16)
2
wo
wo
wo
2
wo
Hnh 2.8: Dng tn hiu Sa2
wo
Nng lng: Ex =
2
3wo
i5) Tn hiu Gausse

Dng tn hiu (h2.9)
Biu thc:
x(t ) e t
(2.17)
Tch phn: x 1
Nng lng: Ex =
x(t)
t
Hnh 2.9: Dng tn hiu Gausse
2.3.2. Tn hiu cng sut

a. Tn hiu khng tun hon c cng sut trung bnh hu hn
i) Bc nhy n v
x(t)
1
Dng tn hiu (h2.10)
Biu thc:
1; t 0
x(t ) 1(t ) 1 / 2; t 0
0; t 0
Tr trung bnh: x 1 / 2
(2.18)
Hnh 2.10: Dng tn hiu bc nhy n v
Cng sut: Px = 1/2

ii) Hm m tng dn
Dng tn hiu (h2.11)
KHOA IN IN T
x(t)
t
0
Hnh 2.11: Dng tn hiu hm m tng dn
x(t)
1
Biu thc:
x(t ) (1 e t ).1(t ); 0
t
(2.19)
Tr trung bnh: x 1 / 2
-1
Hnh 2.12: Dng tn hiu sign(t)
Cng sut: Px = 1/2

iii) Tn hiu Sgn(t)
Dng tn hiu (h2.12)
Biu thc:
1; t 0
x(t ) Sgn(t ) 0; t 0
1; t 0
x(t)
Tr trung
(2.20)
Cng sut: Px = 1
i4) Tn hiu Si(t)

Dng tn hiu (h2.13)
-2 - 0
Biu thc:
t
x(t ) Si (t ) Sa( )d
Hnh 2.13: Dng tn hiu Si(t)
(2.21)
Tr trung bnh: x 0
Cng sut: Px = /2
b. Tn hiu tun hon c cng sut trung bnh hu hn
X
i) Tn hiu sin
Dng tn hiu (h2.14)
2
wo
Biu thc:
x(t ) X sin(wot ); t
wo
-X
wo
T
2
t
T
2
-X
Hnh 2.15: Dy xung vung lng cc
KHOA IN IN T
2
wo
Hnh 2.14: Dng tn hiu sin

x(t)
X
(2.22)
Tri trung bnh: x 0

Cng sut: Px = X2/2
x(t)
ii) Dy xung vung lng cc

Dng tn hiu (h2.15)
Biu thc: (Xem phn 2.3.3b. Tn hiu phn b)
Tr trung bnh: x 0
Cng sut: Px = X2
iii) Dy xung vung n cc (h2.16)
x(t)
X
0
t
T
Hnh 2.16: Dy xung vung n cc
Biu thc: (Xem phn 2.3.3b Tn hiu phn b)

Tr trung bnh: x
Cng sut: Px
X2
2.3.3. Tn hiu phn b

a. Phn b dirac
i) Biu thc, biu din, tch phn tn hiu

Biu thc
0; t 0
(t )
; t 0
(t)
1
(2.23)
Biu din th tn hiu (h2.17)
Tch phn tn hiu
Hnh 2.17: Biu din tn hiu dirac (t)
(t )dt 1
(2.24)
a (t )dt a
(2.25)
ii) Cc tnh cht

1) Nhn (t) vi mt hng s
KHOA IN IN T
2) Quan h vi bc nhy n v
(t
, )dt , 1(t );
d1(t )
(t )
dt
(2.26)
3) Tnh cht phn b dirac

Nu x(t) l tn hiu bt k th:
x(t ). (t ) x(0). (t )
(2.27)
x(t ). (t t o ) x(t o ). (t t o ) (2.28)
4) Tnh cht lc
Nu x(t) l tn hiu bt k th
x(t ). (t )dt x(0)
(2.29)
x(t ). (t to )dt x(to )
(2.30)
5) Thay i thang (
t
to
) t o . (t )
6) Tnh cht chn (t ) (t )
(2.31)
(2.32)
7) Chp ca phn b dirac vi hm bt k

x(t ) (t )
x(t , ) (t t , )dt ,
x(t t
, ) (t , )dt , x(t )
x(t ) (t t o ) x(t t o )
(2.34)
iii) Phn b , (t )
, (t ) l m hnh ton hc ca xung kp v
cng hp m ti t = 0 c bc nhy t 0 n
, xung - ri tr v 0.
, (t )dt 0
(2.33)
1
2
t
-1/2 0
1/2
Hnh 2.18: Cp phn b Dirac chn
(2.35)
,
,
x(t ) (t to )dt x (to )
i4) Cp phn b dirac chn, l

Phn b chn (h2.18)
KHOA IN IN T
1/2
(2.36)
-1/2 0
1
2
Hnh 2.19: Cp phn b Dirac l
Biu thc (t) (t ) (t ) (2.37)

2
2
2
Cp phn b l (h2.19)
1
Biu thc (t) (t ) (t )

2
2
2
(2.38)
b. Phn b lc
|||(t)
i) Biu thc, biu din

Biu thc
1
t
||| ( )
T
T
(2.39)
(t nT )
-2T
Biu din tn hiu (h2.20)
-T 0
2T
Hnh 2.20: Tn hiu phn b lc
ii) Tnh cht

1
t
1) Tnh ri rc x(t ). ||| ( )
T
T
x(nT ) (t nT )
(2.40)
2) Tnh cht lp tun hon

Vi x(t) l tn hiu xung c thi hn nh hn hoc bng n v hoc nh hn hoc bng
T ta c:
x(t ) ||| (t )
x(t n); x(t ) : t n v
(2.41)
x(t )
1
t
||| ( )
T
T
x(t nT ); x(t ) : t T
(2.42)
3) Tnh cht chn |||(t) = |||(-t)
(2.43)
4) Phn b lc l tn hiu tun hon |||(t+n) = |||(t)
(2.44)
5) Thay i thang |||(t/) =
(t n )
(2.45)
V d 2.1
Ta c th vit biu thc cho dy xung vung n cc hnh 2.16 vi = T/2 nh sau:
x(t ) X (
t
1
t
) ||| ( )
T /2 T
T
2.3.4. Tn hiu xc nh phc

Tn hiu phc x(t) c th c biu din di dng:
KHOA IN IN T
(t nT )
T /2
x(t ) Rex(t ) j Imx(t )
(2.46)
Cc Rex(t ), Imx(t )l cc thnh phn thi gian thc nn n cng c nhng thng s nh
tn hiu xc nh:
x(t )
Ex
(2.47)
dt
t2
Px
x (t )
t1
1
Px
T
t 0 T
dt
t1
1
Px lim
2
(2.48)
x (t ) dt
(2.49)
x (t ) dt
(2.50)
t0
Nhn xt: y, cc biu thc v cng sut, nng lng cng nh i vi tn hiu
thc nhng ch khc ch l bnh phng bin (modul) tn hiu ch khng phi
bnh phng tn hiu.
V du 2.2:
x(t ) e
jwo t
= cos(wot) + jsin(wot)
Vi mi t, ta lun c Px
1
T
jwo t 2
dt
1
dt 1
T
0
2.4PHN TCH TN HIU TRONG MIN THI GIAN

2.4.1. phn tch thnh phn thc, o
Mt tn hiu x(t) bt k s c phn tch thnh hai phn thc v o nh sau:
x(t ) Rex(t ) j Imx(t )
(2.51)
V lin hp phc ca x(t) l:

x (t ) Rex(t ) j Imx(t )
(2.52)
Nh vy phn thc ca tn hiu x(t) s l:

Rex(t )
1
x(t ) x (t )
2
V phn o:
KHOA IN IN T
(2.53)
Imx(t )
1
x(t ) x (t )
2j
(2.54)
Tch phn tn hiu:
x Re x Im x
(2.55)
Tr trung bnh tn hiu:

x Re x Im x
(2.56)
Nng lng tn hiu:
2
Ex x Re x 2 Im x 2 ERe x EIm x

(2.57)
Cng sut tn hiu:

Px x
Re x 2 Im x 2 PRe x PIm x
(2.58)
V d 2.3: Cho x(t ) e j (2t / 2) khi

Rex(t ) cos(2t / 2)
Imx(t ) sin(2t / 2)
2.4.2. Thnh phn xoay chiu v mt chiu

Gi ~x l thnh phn xoay chiu ca tn hiu x(t), x l thnh phn mt chiu v cng chnh
l tr trung bnh ca tn hiu x(t),ta c:
~
x x(t ) x
(2.59)
Trong : x x l tr trung bnh ca tn hiu x(t).

Tch phn tn hiu:
~x x(t ) x x x 0
(2.60)
Tr trung bnh tn hiu

~
x x(t ) x x x 0
Nng lng tn hiu:
(2.61)
Ex ( x ~
x ) 2 x 2 2x~
x ~
x 2 x 2 2 x~
x ~
x 2 E x E ~x
(2.62)
Cng sut tn hiu:

Tng t Px Px P~x
V d 2.4:
Cho x(t) = (1+coswt)[cos(wt+)] tm x , ~x
KHOA IN IN T
(2.63)
1
2
1
2
Ta c: x(t ) cos(wt ) cos(2wt ) cos

T
1
1
1
x x cos(wt ) cos(2wt ) cos dt ; vi T=2/w

T
2
2
1
cos
2
1
~
x x x cos(wt ) cos(2wt )
2
2.4.3. Thnh phn chn v l

Mt tn hiu bt k lun c phn tch thnh hai phn chn v l.
x(t ) xch (t ) xl (t )
(2.64)
Thnh phn chn: xch (t ) x(t ) x(t )

2
1
(2.65)
Trong x(-t) l gp (php o trong min thi gian) ca tn hiu x(t).

Thnh phn l: xl (t )
1
x(t ) x(t )
2
(2.66)
Cc thnh phn chn v l s thay i khi x(t) dch chuyn trn thang thi gian.
a. Cc tnh cht
1) xch (t ) xch (t ) ; xl (t ) xl (t )
2) Tch xch (t ) xl (t ) l mt hm l
3) xl 0 v xl 0
b. Cng sut v nng lng
Vi tn hiu cng sut Px Pxch Pxl
(2.67)
Vi tn hiu nng lng Ex E xch E xl
(2.68)
V d 2.5:
Tm xch v xl ca tn hiu x(t) v d 2.4
xch (t )
xl (t )
1
1 cos(wt )cos(wt ) cos(wt ) (1 cos wt ) cos cos wt
2
1
1 cos(wt )cos(wt ) cos(wt ) (1 cos wt ) sin sin wt
2
KHOA IN IN T
2.5 PHN TCH TNG QUAN TN HIU

2.5.1. Mc ch ca vic phn tch tng quan tn hiu
Tm tng quan tt s sa sai tn hiu mo d dng, thng gp nhiu trong k thut.
2.6.2. H s tng quan gia hai tn hiu
Biu thc h s tng quan:
x1 (t ) x2
(t )dt
12
x1 (t )
x1, x2
x1 , x1
(2.69)
x2 , x1
x2 , x2
(2.70)
dt
Hoc:
(t )dt
x2 (t ) x1
21
x2 (t )
dt
H s tng quan chun ha:

12 21
(2.71)
Nhn xt:
1) 0 1
2) Nu 12 21 0 th x1, x2 trc giao v nng lng tng ca 2 tn hiu bng tng
nng lng ca tng tn hiu.
2.6.3. Hm tng quan ca tn hiu nng lng v tn hiu cng sut trung bnh hu hn
a. Tn hiu nng lng
Hm tng quan trong khng gian L2 (0, T ) ca tn hiu nng lng c xc nh bi tch
v hng ca 2 tn hiu khi mt trong hai tn hiu dch chuyn trn thang thi gian.
Hm tng quan:
12 ( ) x1 (t ) x2 (t )dt x1 (t ) x2 (t )dt
21 ( ) x2 (t ) x1 (t )dt x2 (t ) x1 (t )dt
Hm t tng quan ca tn hiu x(t):

KHOA IN IN T
(2.71)
(2.72)
xx ( ) x(t ) x (t )dt x(t ) x (t )dt
(2.73)
Cc tnh cht:
1) xy ( ) yx ( )
2)
xy ( )d
x
(
t
)
y
(
t
)
dtd
x
(
t
)
y (t )d dt

x(t )dt
(t )dt
3) ( ) ( )
4) (0)
x(t )
dt (Nng lng tn hiu)
5) ( )d x(t )dt x (t )dt Rex(t )dt Imx(t )dt
6) Vi mi ta lun c: ( ) (0)
b. Tn hiu tun hon

Hm tng quan:
xy ( )
1
1
x(t ) y (t )dt x(t ) y (t )dt
T
T
0
yx ( )
1
T
y(t ) x (t )dt
(2.73)
1
T
y(t ) x
(t )dt
(2.74)
Hm t tng quan:
T
1
1
( ) x(t ) x (t )dt x(t ) x (t )dt
T
T
0
(2.75)
Nhn xt:
Hm tng quan ca tn hiu tun hon chu k T cng l hm tun hon vi chu k T
tng ng.
Cc tnh cht:
1) xy ( ) yx ( )
KHOA IN IN T
2) xy ( ) x y
3) ( ) ( )
4) (0) x 2 Px
5) x 2 ; x l tn hiu thc
6) ( ) (0)
c. Tn hiu cng sut trung bnh hu hn
Trong khng gian ca tn hiu cng sut trung bnh hu hn khng c khi nim v tch v
hng tuy nhin i vi mt s tn hiu ca khng gian ny vn tn ti cc gii hn theo
ngha thng thng. Vi nhng tn hiu nh vy, ngi ta cng c th nh ngha cc hm
tng quan nh sau:
1
T 2T
x(t ) y (t )dt lim
1
yx ( ) lim
T 2T
1
( ) lim
T 2T
(t )dt
(2.76)
T
1
y (t ) x (t )dt lim
y (t ) x (t )dt
2
T
T
T
T
(2.77)
xy ( ) lim
1
T 2T
T
T
x(t ) y
T
1
x(t ) x (t )dt lim

x(t ) x (t )dt
2
T
T
T
T
(2.78)
V d 2.6:
Tm hm t tng quan x ( ) ca tn hiu x(t ) 2e 3t 1(t )
x(t)
Gii:
2
Dch phi x(t) mt on > 0:

x ( 0)
4e 3t e 3(t ) dt 4 e 3 e 6t dt
2
2
e 3 e 6t e 3
3
3
Dch tri x(t) mt on < 0:

x ( 0)
x(t)
3t 3(t )
dt 4 e 3 e 6t dt
4e e
0
0
2
t
KHOA IN IN T
x(t)
2
2 e 3
e 3 e 6t 0
3
3
2/3
2 3
3
Vy x ( ) e
t
0
2.6 TCH CHP

2.6.1. nh ngha
Tch chp ca hm x1(t) v x2(t) l hm y(t) c nh ngha bi tch phn sau:
y (t )
x1 (t t
x1 (t , ) x2 (t t , )dt ,
, ) x (t , )dt , x (t ) x (t ) x (t ) x (t )
2
1
2
2
1
(2.79)
2.6.2. Gii hn tch chp

T biu thc nh ngha ta thy rng cn tch phn s thay i ty thuc vo min xc nh
ca cc tn hiu.
Ta hy xt mt s trng hp:
1) Nu x1(t) c gi tr khc 0 trong khong (0, ), cn x2(t) trong khong (-, ) th:
y (t )
x1 (t t
x1 (t , ) x2 (t t , )dt ,
, ) x (t , )dt ,
2
(2.80)
2) Nu x1(t), x2(t) c gi tr khc 0 trong khong (0, ) th:

t
y (t ) x1 (t , ) x2 (t t , )dt , x1 (t t , ) x2 (t , )dt ,
0
(2.81)
3) Nu x1(t) c gi tr khc 0 trong khong [a, b], cn x2(t) trong khng (-, +) th:
b
y (t ) x1 (t , ) x2 (t t , )dt ,
(2.82)
4) Nu x1(t) c gi tr khc 0 trong khong [a, b] cn x2(t) trong khong (0, ) hoc [c, d]
th gii hn tch phn s khc nhau i vi gi tr dch chuyn t ca hm x2(t) v ty thuc
vo tng trng hp c th.
2.7.3. S hi t tch chp
Mt s iu kin cho mt vi loi tn hiu tnh tch chp xc nh:
1) Nu x1(t), x2(t) l cc tn hiu kh tch tuyt i trong khong (-, +) th x1(t)*x2(t) tn
ti khp ni, c ngha l tn ti s im t m c v ti tch phn hi t.
KHOA IN IN T
2) Nu x1(t), x2(t) L(-, +) v t nht mt trong chng hu hn th tch chp y(t)=

x1(t)*x2(t) tn ti vi mi t v l hm lin tc trong (-, +).
2.7.4. Cc tnh cht ca tch chp
a. Giao hon
x1 (t ) x2 (t ) x2 (t ) x1 (t )
b. Bt cu
x1 (t ) x2 (t ) x3 (t ) x1 (t ) x2 (t ) x3 (t )
c. Phn b
x1(t ) x2 (t ) x3 (t ) x1(t ) x3 (t ) x2 (t ) x3 (t )
d. Nhn vi hng s
ax1 (t ) x2 (t ) ax1 (t ) x2 (t ) x1 (t ) ax2 (t )
e. Vi x1(t), x2(t) thuc L2(-, +)
x1 (t ) x2
(t )dt x ( ) x ( )
1
2
Nhn xt:
Hm tng quan x1(t) v x2(t) L2(-, +) chnh bng tch chp ca 2 tn hiu x1(t) vi
x2*(t)
f. Chp min thi gian
x(t ) y(t ) X (w)Y (w)
g. Chp min tn s
x(t ) y(t )
1
X ( w) Y ( w)
2
2.6.5. Cch tnh tch chp

tnh tch chp hai tn hiu h(t) v x(t) ta tin hnh cc bc nh sau:
1) Ly i xng h(t) qua Oy c h(-t)
2) Dch h(-t) qua phi mt on t (t > 0), ly tch phn ca tch h[-(t- t)]x(t)
3) Dch h(-t) qua tri mt on t (t < 0 ), ly tch phn ca tch h[-(t-t)]x(t)
V d 2.7:
t
, T = 1/
2T
Tnh tch chp 2 tn hiu h(t ) e t 1(t ) v x(t ) A

t
T
Gii:
KHOA IN IN T
x(t)
1) Dch tri h(-t) mt on t < -T ta c:

y(t ) h(t ) x(t ) 0
h(-t)
2) Dch phi h(-t) mt on t > T ta c:

T
y (t )
A , (t t , ) , A t
te
dt e
T
T
1
A
t
,
t , et dt ,
-T
-A
A t 1 , t , T
1 t , T 2 AT t / T
e
e
te
T
T e e
T
2
3) Dch h(-t) mt on T < t < T th:

A
y (t ) e t
T
, t ' dt , A e t 1 t , et ' t 1 et ' t
T
_T
T
2
T
t e
A
2 t
1
Tt 2 e
; {t{< T
T
e
2
A
2 t
1
Tt 2 e
; t T
e
2
T
2 AT
Vy: y (t )
e t / T ; t T
e
0; t T
BI TP CHNG 2
2.1 Hy tnh tch phn, nng lng, tr trung bnh ca cc tn hiu sau y:
d. x(t ) te
a. x(t ) (t )
b. x(t ) e t
c. x(t )
1
1 t2
e. x(t ) e 2t 1(t ) e t 1(t )
2.2 Dng in i(t ) Ie t 1(t ) chy qua in tr R. Hy tm:

a. Nng lng tiu hao trn R trong khong t (0 , )
KHOA IN IN T
f. x(t ) cos(t )
b. Nng lng tiu hao trong khong thi gian (0 , 1/)

2.3 Hy tm thnh phn chn, l ca cc tn hiu sau y v chng minh rng cc thnh phn
ny trc giao, nng lng ca tn hiu bng tng cc nng lng thnh phn
t
a. x(t ) A1 1(t ) 1(t T )

T
c. x(t ) e t sin( wt )1(t )
b. x(t ) e t 1(t )
t
d. x(t ) (t 1) 2
2
2.4 Hy tm cc thnh phn chn, l ca cc tn hiu sau. Trong mi trng hp, hy chng
minh rng cc thnh phn trc giao, v cng sut trung bnh ca mi tn hiu bng tng
cc cng sut trung bnh thnh phn.
a. x(t ) e jwt
d. x(t ) 1(t )
b. x(t ) 1 e t 1(t )
e. x(t ) A coswt / 4
c. x(t ) (t 1 / 2)
2.5 Cho tn hiu x(t ) 1 cos(wt )cos(wt )
a. Hy tm thnh phn 1 chiu, thnh phn xoay chiu v chng minh rng chng trc giao.
b. Hy tm thnh phn chn, l v chng minh rng chng trc giao.
2.6 Tn hiu in p rng ca c cho trn hnh di y c a qua in tr R. Hy tnh
cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu v cng sut trunh bnh ca cc thnh phn 1 chiu v xoay
chiu trn R.
i(t)
I
t
-12 -8
Cho I = 10mA, R = 1K
KHOA IN IN T
-4
12
2.7 Hy xc nh hm t tng quan ca cc tn hiu trn cc hnh sau:

x(t)
a.
b.
B
A
x(t)
t
-T
c.
0 T
x(t)
T 2T 3T 4T
d.
A
t
0 T
T 2T 3T 4T
2.8 Hy xc nh v v hm t tng quan ca tn hiu tun hon sau v cho bit hm t

tng quan ca tn hiu ny trong trng hp tn hiu b dch chuyn 1 on t0 > 0.
x(t)
A
t
-T
T/4
2.9 Tm hm t tng quan ca cc tn hiu sau:

b. x(t ) a(1 e t )1(t )
a. x(t ) A
c. x(t ) (t )
2.10 Hy tm hm t tng quan ca tn hiu iu ha x(t ) A sin(wt )

2.11 Hy xc nh v v hm tng quang ca cc tn hiu sau:
a.
b.
x(t)
x(t)
1
t
0
KHOA IN IN T
t
0
x(t)
x(t)
1
t
1 0
1
2
-1
1
-1
2.12 Hy tm hm tng quan gia in p u(t) v dng in i(t) sau:

u (t ) U
i(t ) I m sin( wo t i )
t
u (t ) U 2T

d.
i (t ) I t
b.
u (t ) U m cos( wo t u )
i(t ) I m cos( wo t i )
e.
u (t ) U m cos(wo t u )
c.
i(t ) I m cos(2wo t i )
t T
u (t ) U
f.
2T
i (t ) I (t )
a.
KHOA IN IN T
u (t ) USa( wo t )
i(t ) 2 I (t ) I (t T ) I (t T )
Chng 3
PHN TCH TN HIU TRONG MIN TN S
Mc ch:
Cc khi nim phn tch ph (phn tch Fourier) tn hiu.

Ph ca cc tn hiu thng dng.
Mt ph nng lng v mt ph cng sut.
3.1 U, NHC IM CA PHN TCH PH
3.1.1 u im
C th phn tch nhiu loi tn hiu
C s l thuyt phn tch c nghin c y
C mi quan h vi cc phng php khc nh phn tch thi gian v phn tch tng
quan
C th biu din vt l r rng
3.1.2 Nhc im
Trong qu trnh bin i qua min tn s, thng tin v thi gian b b qua. Do , khi quan
st bin i Fourier ca tn hiu ta khng th ni khi no mt s kin chi tit xy ra. Nu tn
hiu l tnh th khng quan trng.
3.2 PH TN HIU NNG LNG
3.2.1 nh ngha.
Ph ca tn hiu nng lng x(t) chnh l bin i thun Fourier ca n:
X ( w)
x(t )e
jwt dt
Tng qut ph ca mt tn hiu l mt hm phc theo tn s,do ta thng phn tch ph

ca tn hiu thnh ph thc v ph o hay l phn tch ph thnh hai thnh phn l ph bin
v ph pha.
3.2.2Ph mt s tn hiu nng lng thng dng.

1) Hm m suy gim:
KHOA IN IN T
e t 1(t )
1
; 0
jw
Ta c ph bin v ph pha ca tn hiu trn nh sau:
| X ( ) |
2 2
; ( ) arctg
Hnh v cho x(t), ph bin v ph pha:
2) Hm m tr tuyt i:
e
2 w2
Ph l mt hm thc,y cng chnh l ph bin (Ph pha bng 0),hay y cng l ph

thc (Ph phc bng 0).
| X ( ) |
2
; ( ) 0
2
2

3) Ph tn hiu xung vung:
t
T
KHOA IN IN T
TSa
(
)
Ta c hnh v cho tn hiu trong min thi gian v ph tng ng trong min tn s:
3) Ph tn hiu hm Sa:Tn hiu hm Sa c ph l mt xung vung
Sa(0t )
2
0
0
Hnh v cho tn hiu trong min thi gian v ph tng ng:
4) Ph ca xung tam gic:mt tn hiu xung tam gic trong min thi gian s c ph l mt
hm Sa2:
2 T
TSa
( )
KHOA IN IN T
5) Ph ca hm Sa2 :
Mt tn hiu Sa2 trong min thi gian s c ph l mt xung tam giac
Sa 2 (0t )
0 20
2
2
2 2
7) e t / 2 2 2 e w / 2
8) e t sin( wo t )1(t )
wo
jw2 wo2
; 0
3.2.2 Cc tnh cht ca phn tch Fourier.

Mc ch chng ta phn tch cc tnh cht ca php phn tch ph l cung cp cho chng ta
thm cc cng c cho vic tm ph ca mt tn hiu.
Trong trng hp tn hiu trong min thi gian khng l cc dng c bn, ta phi dng
thm cc tnh cht bin i nhm a cc tn hiu khng phi l dng c bn v dng tn
hiu c bn.
1. Tnh cht chn, l ca tn hiu v ph
Nu x(t) l tn hiu thc th ph thc l hm chn v ph o l hm l theo bin .
Gi s ta c: X(w) = P(w) +jQ(w)
KHOA IN IN T
Th : P(w) = P(-w) v Q(w) = -Q(-w)

2.Vi tn hiu thc x(t) s c:
X(w) = {X(-w){v (w) (w)
3.Nu x(t) l tn hiu phc th cc tnh cht c cho trn bng sau:
Tn hiu
Ph
Chn
Chn
Thc chn
Thc chn
Thc l
o l
o chn
o chn
o l
Thc l
Hermit
Thc
Khng Hermit
Thc
Hermit
4. Nu tn hiu x(t) c ph X(w) tc: x(t) X(w) th
x(t ) X ( w)
x (t ) X ( w)
x (t ) X ( w)
5. nh l v hm tuyn tnh ca ph
Nu x(t ) X (w), y(t ) Y (w) th ax(t ) by(t ) aX (w) bY (w)
6. Tnh cht i xng
Nu x(t ) X (w) th X (t ) 2x(w)
7. Thay i thang
xt / a a X (aw); a R \ 0
8. Dch chuyn trong min thi gian

x(t t o ) X ( w)e jwt O
9. Dch chuyn trong min tn s

x(t )e jwO t X ( w wo )
x(t )e jwO t X ( w wo )
KHOA IN IN T
Nh vy:
1
X (w wo ) X (w wo )
2
1
X (w wo ) X (w wo )
x(t ) sin( wo t )
2j
x(t ) cos( wo t )
10. nh l vi phn trong min tn s

( j ) n t n x(t )
d n X ( w)
dw n
; n 1,2,... vi iu kin t x(t) c bin i Fourier
11. nh l vi phn min thi gian

d n x(t )
dt n
( jw) n X ( w); n 1,2,... vi iu kin l tn hiu v cc o hm cp 1,2,,n-1 ca
n l kh tch tuyt i, lin tc tin ti 0 khi t . o hm cp n ca tn hiu tn ti

khp mi ni v kh tch tuyt i.
12) Tch phn min thi gian
t
1
x( )d
X ( w) vi iu kin
jw
x( )d phi c bin i Fourier v t lim

x( )d 0
13. Tch chp trong min thi gian

x(t ) y(t ) X (w)Y (w)
14. Tch chp trong min tn s

x(t ) y(t )
1
X ( w) Y ( w)
2
14. nh l v hm tng quan v tch tn hiu

xy ( )
x(t ) y
(t )dt X ( w)Y ( w)
1
x(t ) y (t )
2
X ( )Y
( w)d
15. nh l v hm t tng quan

( )
x(t ) x
(t )dt X ( w) 2
16. nh l v tch v hung v nng lng
KHOA IN IN T
x(t ) y (t )dt
2
x(t ) dt
1
2
1
2
X (w)Y
( w)
X (w)
dw
3.3 PH TN HIU CNG SUT KHNG TUN HON

3.3.1Ph ca tn hiu khng tun hon
Bin i Fourier khng cho php xc nh ph ca tt c cc loi tn hiu, c bit l tn
hiu cng sut trung bnh hu hn khng tho mn iu kin kh tch tuyt i.
Sau y l mt s bin i Fourier c bit:
1)Ph ca xung Dirac:xung Dirac (t) c ph l mt hng s:
(t ) 1
2) Ph ca tn hiu l hng s:
1 2 (w)
3) Sgnt 2 / jw
4) Ph ca hm xung u(t) hay l 1(t):
u (t ) ( )
1
j
Ph ca u(t) l mt ph phc,ta c hnh v cho ph bin :
KHOA IN IN T
5) cos(wo t )1(t )
(w wo ) (w wo )
jw
wo2 w 2
wo
6) sin( wo t )1(t ) ( w wo ) ( w wo )
2j
wo2 w 2
3.4 PH TN HIU CNG SUT TUN HON

3.4.1 nh ngha
Tn hiu x(t) l tn hiu tun hon chu k T,ph ca x(t) l ri rc v c dng nh sau:
X ( ) 2
X ( n )
1
Xn
T
t0 T
(3.1)
x(t )e jn0t dt ; n 0, 1, 2, 3,...
(3.2)
t0
Ngoi ra h s Xn c th c tnh thng qua ph ca x(t) trong mt chu k.Gi s xT(t)

l tn hiu trong mt chu k ca x(t),ph tng ng l XT(),khi Xn c tnh nh sau:
Xn
X T (n0 )
T
Trong T l chu k tn hiu x(t) v 0 = 2/T.

3.4.2 Cc tnh cht
1) Ph bin tn hiu tun hon l hm chn bin n, ph pha la hm l, vi n = 1,
2, ta c:
X n X n
arg X n arg X n
KHOA IN IN T
2)
x(t ) X n

x (t ) X n
x (t ) X n
3) ax(t ) by(t ) aX n bYn ; a, b R

4) x(t / a) a X n ; a R \ 0
5) x(t t o ) X n e jnw t
O O
6) x(t )e jmw t X n m
O
7)
d k x(t )
dt k
( jnwo ) k X n
8)
X
x(t ) dt n ; n 0
jnwo
x(t )
tO
9) x( ) y(t ) X nYn ; tnh cht chp thi gian
X
Y
i n i ; tnh cht chp ri rc trong min tn s
10) x(t ) y (t )
11) Hm tng quan: x(t ) y (t ) X nYn

X
Y
i i n
12) x(t ) y (t )
13) Hm t tng quan x ( ) x(t ) x (t ) X n 2
14) Tch v hng x(t ) y (t )
X nYn
15) nh l Parseval Cng sut trung bnh

Px x(t )
Xn
Do Xn chn nn: Px X o2 2 X n 2
n 1
KHOA IN IN T
iii) Ph ca cc tn hiu tun hon c bit

1) cos(wot ) (w wo ) (w wo )
2) sin( wo t ) ( w wo ) ( w wo )
j
3) e jw t 2 (w wo )
O
V d 3.8:
Cho tn hiu x(t) nh hnh v, tm X(w)
x(t)
0
-T
-T/4
t
T/4
Gii:
Ta c: x(t )
(t nT )
t 1 t
A
|||
T /2
T / 2 T T
Tm Xn (tnh theo nh ngha):

1
Xn
T
T /4
Ae jnwO t dt
T / 4
A
2A
nw T
e jnwO t TT/ 4/ 4
Sin o
T ( jnwo )
Tnwo
4
A / 2; n 0
A n
Sa
0; n 2k
2 2
k
(1) A / n ; n 2k 1
Vy X ( w) 2
X n (w nwo ); wo 2 / T
Tm Xn (theo ph trong mt chu k):

Ta c xT(t) l tn hiu trong mt chu k ca x(t) :
xT (t ) 1 (
X T ( ) 1
t
)
T /2
T
T
Sa( )
2
4
KHOA IN IN T
T
T
T 2
Sa
(
n
)
Sa
(
n )
0
X T (n0 ) 2
4
4 T 1 Sa( n )
Xn
T
T
2
2
2
X ( ) 2
X n ( n0 ) 2
1
n
Sa
(
) ( n0 )
2
2
n
V d 3.9:
Cho tn hiu x(t) nh hnh v, tm X(w):
1
t
x(t ) III ( ) (t nT )
T
T
n
Gii:
Ta c
xT (t ) (t )
V vy:
Xn
X T ( ) 1
X T (n0 ) 1
T
T
2
X ( ) 2 X n ( n0 )
T
n
( n0 ) 0 III (
Ph ca tn hiu c v nh sau:
KHOA IN IN T
)
0
( n )
Nh vy ta thy mt xung lc c chu k T trong min thi gian th ph cng l mt xung

lc c chu k l 0 trong min tn s.
3.5 MT PH NNG LNG - MT PH CNG SUT
3.5.1Mt ph nng lng
i) nh ngha:
Mt ph nng lng ca tn hiu x(t) thuc L2 l i lng(Bnh phng ph bin ):
( w) X ( w) 2
Theo nh l v hm t tng quan tn hiu th:

( ) X (w) 2 (w)
Nh vy ph ca hm t tng quan l hm mt ph nng lng tng ng ca tn

hiu:
( w)
jw d v ( )
( )e
1
2
(w)e
jw dw
(3.3)
ii) Mt ph nng lng tng h gia 2 tn hiu
xy (w) f xy ( ) v yx (w) f yx ( )
xy ( w) * yx ( w)
xy (0)
x(t ) y (t )dt
(3.4)
(3.5)
1
2
xy (w)dw
(3.6)
iii) Nhn xt v phng php tnh nng lng

Nh vy tnh c nng lng ta c ba cch nh sau:
1) E x (0) :Nng lng l gi tr hm t tng quan ti thi im = 0.
2) E x
x(t )
dt : Trong min thi gian l ly tch phn bnh phng bin tn hiu.
KHOA IN IN T
3) E x
2
(w)dw
(w)dw : Trong min tn s l ly tch phn hm mt ph
nng lng.
3.5.2 Mt ph cng sut
i) Mt ph cng sut tn hiu khng tun hon
Vi tn hiu cng sut, s khng tn ti mt ph nng lng. Ta xt x(t) c cng sut
trung bnh hu hn trong khong thi gian T.
t
xT (t ) x(t )
T
Khi xT (t ) l tn hiu nng lng hu hn, mt ph nng lng ca n l:

T ( w) X T (w) 2
Vy, mt ph cng sut ca x(t) l:

( w) lim
T ( w)
(3.7)
Nng lng ca xT (t ) :
T /2
E xT
T / 2
1
xT (t ) dt
2
2
T (w)dw
Cng sut ca tn hiu xT (t ) :

1
Px lim
T T
T /2
T / 2
1
1
xT (t ) dt
lim
2 T T
2
1
T ( w)dw
2
(w)dw
T ta thy rng cng sut ca tn hiu c xc nh theo 3 cch:

1) Trc tip t tch phn bnh phng tn hiu khi xt gii hn T
2) T hm t tng quan ( ) ti 0
3) T mt ph cng sut (w) , cng sut ca tn hiu chnh bng din tch di
th mt ph cng sut chia cho 2
ii) Ph ca hm t tng quan v hm mt ph cng sut
( ) (w)
KHOA IN IN T
(3.8)
T /2
( ) lim 1 xT (t ) xT (t )dt
T T
Vi
T / 2
T ( w)
( w) lim
T T
Nh vy ph ca hm t tng quan ca tn hiu cng sut l hm mt ph cng sut

iii) Mt ph cng sut ca tn hiu tun hon
Mt ph cng sut ca tn hiu tun hon c xc nh xut pht t nh l v hm
t tng quan ca tn hiu x ( ) x(t ) x (t ) X n 2 . Ta c:
( w) 2
X n ( w nwo ) 2
n (w nwo )
(3.9)
Trong : n X n 2 , n = 0, 1, 2, l h s khai trin chui phc Fourier ca hm

t tng quan ( ) ca tn hiu tun hon.
i4) Cng sut ca tn hiu tun hon
1
Px
2
2
n ( w nwo )dw
Xn
o 2 n X o2 2 X n
n 1
(3.10)
n 1
i5) Mt ph cng sut tng h gia hai tn hiu cng sut
xy (w) f xy ( ) v yx (w) f yx ( )
(3.11)
xy ( w) yx (w)
(3.12)
xy (0) lim
KHOA IN IN T
T /2
T / 2
1
x(t ) y (t )dt
xy (w)dw
BI TP CHNG 3:
3.1) Xc nh ph ca cc tn hiu sau:
a.
b.
x(t)
c.
x(t)
x(t)
t
0
2T
-2T -T
0 T
2T
-2T -T
0 T
2T
-A
3.2) Hy xc nh ph ca tn hiu x(t) trn hnh sau theo cc cch:
x(t)
a. Trc tip t nh ngha
b. T ph xung vung v tam gic

t
c. p dng nh l vi phn trong min tn s
-T
0 T
3.3) p dng nh l iu ch tm qu trnh thi gian ca cc tn hiu c ph cho trn hnh

sau:
a.
b.
x(t)
x(t)
2Aw
A
t
2w0
t
0
4w0
3.4) ng dng nh l dch chuyn trong min thi gian tn ph cc tn hiu trn hnh sau:
a.
x(t)
A
t
-10 -8
KHOA IN IN T
-6
10
x(t)
A
b.
t
-10 -8
-6
10
x(t)
c.
A
t
-10 -8
-6
10
3.5) Dng in i(t ) Ie t 1(t ) chy qua in tr R. Hy p dng nh l Parseval tnh:

a. Ton b nng lng tiu hao trn R
b. Mt phn nng lng trong di tn ( 0 )[rd/s]
3.6) Cho tn hiu x(t ) e
; 0
a. Hy xc nh ph, hm t tng quan, mt ph nng lng ca x(t). Tnh nng lng

ton b ca tn hiu trong di (- , ).
b. Tm hm t tng quan v mt ph cng sut catn hiu x1 (t ) a x(t ) , a l hng
s.
19) Hy chng minh rng nu X(w) lph tn hiu phc x(t) = Rex(t) + jImx(t) th:
1
1
f Re x(t ) X (w) X (w) v f Im x(t ) X (w) X (w)
2
3.7) Hy tm tn hiu x(t), nu ph bin v ph pha ca n c cho trn hnh sau:

(w)
X(w)
1
/2
w
-w0
w0
-w0
w
0
w0
-/2
Da vo tn hiu x(t) tm c, hy dch chuyn tn hiu i nhng khong 0, 3/w0,

6/w0, 3k/w0 to nn tn hiu:
KHOA IN IN T
z (t )
x t 3k
wo
Hy tm biu thc thi gian ca z(t)

3.8) Hy xc nh v v hm t tng quan ca tn hiu trn hnh sau v tm nng lng ca
tn hiu t hm t tng quan .
x(t)
A
0
-T
-T/4
t
T/4
T
t
3.9) Cho tn hiu x(t) tun hon vi chu k T; xt tn hiu xnT (t ) x(t ) ; trong n =
nT
T
2m+1; m = 0, 1, l phn tn hiu b ct ra t tn hiu x(t), sao cho xnT (t ) 0 vi t n ,

2
v tn hiu xnT (t ) bao gm n = 2m+1 phn gia ca tn hiu tun hon x(t).
a. Hy tm ph ca xnT (t ) v chng minh rng:
X nT ( w) f xnT (t ) X T ( w)
sin(nwT / 2)
sin( wT / 2)
Trong XT(w) l ph ca tn hiu vi n = 1, (l ph ca mt chu k tn hiu tun hon)

x(t)
1
0
-T
-/2
t
/2
b. Ap dng kt qu ny cho dy xung vung gc n cc sau vi n = 3; n = 5 v suy ra kt

qu khi n .
c. Hy v ph trong 2 trng hp trn
3.10) Khai trin thnh chui Fourier trong khong (-T, T) cc tn hiu sau:
KHOA IN IN T
a.
b.
x(t)
x(t)
A
-T
A
t
-T/2
0
T/2
-T
T/2
-T/2
T t
-A
-A
c.
d.
x(t)
x(t)
A
t
-T
-T
-A
e.
f.
x(t)
x(t)
A
T
2
-T
T
2
-T
T
2
T
2
3.11) Khai trin thnh chui lng gic Fourier cc tn hiu tun hon trn hnh sau:
x(t)
a.
A
-T
T
4
T
2
T
2
x(t)
b.
A
-T
T
4
4
0
KHOA IN IN T
25) Hy khai trin thnh chui lng gic v chui phc Fourier cc tn hiu tun hon trn
hnh sau:
a.
x(t)
A
t
-T
b.
T
2
T
2
x(t) = |Asin(2t/T)|
A
t
-T
T
2
T
2
26) Cho x(t) l tn hiu tun hon vi chu k T, v xT l phn gia ca n, c di T, tc:
t
xT (t ) x(t ) . Hy a ra biu thc v quan h gia ph X(w) v XT(w) ca tn hiu
T
x(t) v xT(t):
w
2
; wo
X ( w) X T ( w) |||
khi s dng:
T
wo
a. Quan h gia cc h s khai trin chui phc Fourier ca tn hiu x(t) v ph ca n

b. Tch chp ca tn hiu x(t) vi phn b lc
1 t
|||
T T
27) Tn hiu x(t) tun hon vi chu k T, cn y(t) tun hon vi chu k 2T. Hy biu din
hm tng quan xy ( ) ti = 0 bng cc h s khai trin thnh chui phc Fourier ca 2 tn
hiu trn.
Kt qu trn c th tnh c bng cch tnh khc khng?
28) Cho tn hiu x(t) c ph X(w) nh hnh v. Da trn tn hiu x(t) hy to nn tn hiu y(t)
v tm ph ca n.
KHOA IN IN T
x(t)
y(t)
29) Hy khai trin thnh chui lng gic Fourier tn hiu trn hnh sau:
x(t)
A
t
-T
KHOA IN IN T
Chng 4
H THNG TUYN TNH
Mc ch
p ng xung h(t) ca h thng tuyn tnh v bt bin.
Quan h gia kch thch ng vo v p ng ng ra trong min thi gian v trong min
tn s.
Tch chp v ngha ca ca tch chp.
4.1 TCH CHP
4.1.1 nh ngha
Tch chp ca hai tn hiu c xc nh nh sau:
z (t ) x(t )* y (t )
x( ) y(t )d
Phng php tch chp:

Nh trnh by trn tch chp l kt hp theo th t cc php x l c bn:
Php gp(Php o ngc).
Php dch(Php di).
Php nhn.
Ly tch phn.
V d 4.1:
Cho hai tn hiu x(t) v h(t) nh hnh v,tm tch chp ca hai tn hiu.
Gii:
Ta c:
y (t ) h(t ) x(t )
x( )h(t )d
Nh vy y ta cho h(t) dch v x(t) gi c nh,ta c h(t) gp v di i mt di t l:
KHOA IN IN T
Ch trc khi thc hin gp v di vi h(t) ta phi thc hin php i bin thi gian cho
hai tn hiu x(t) v h(t) thnh x() v h().
Kt qu ta c c tch chp y(t) ca hai tn hiu nh sau:
4.1.2 Cc tnh cht ca tch chp

a. Tnh giao hon:
h2(t)*h1(t)= h1(t)*h2(t)
b. Tnh kt hp:
x(t )*[ y(t )* z (t )] [ x(t )* y(t )]* z(t )

c. Tnh phn phi:
x(t )*[ y(t ) z(t )] x(t )* y(t ) x(t )* z(t )

d. Nhn vi hng s:
a[ x(t )* y(t )] [ax(t )]* y(t ) x(t )*[ay(t )]

e. Lin h vi hm tng quan:
xy ( )
x(t ) y (t )dt x( )* y ( )
*
KHOA IN IN T
4.2 H THNG TUYN TNH BT BIN

4.2.1H thng tuyn tnh Bt bin(LTI)
a) H thng tuyn tnh:
Mt h thng c tnh tuyn tnh khi h thng tha cc iu kin sau:
b) H thng bt bin
Mt h thng c tnh bt bin khi v ch khi:
4.2.2H thng tuyn tnh Bt bin(LTI)

H thng LTI l h thng tha mn ng thi hai c tnh tuyn tnh v bt bin trn.
a) p ng xung ca h thng(Impulse Response):
p ng xung ca mt h thng LTI l tn hiu ng ra khi tn hiu kch thch ng vo l
xung Dirac (t).
p ng xung ca h thng h(t) l c trng cho h thng trong min thi gian.
b) p ng tn s:
p ng tn s ca h thng l di tn s m h thng tha mn (p ng),p ng tn s
chnh l bin i Fourier ca p ng xung ca h thng.
p ng tn s ca h thng l c trng ca h thng trong min tn s.
H ( )
h(t )e
KHOA IN IN T
jt
dt
F
h(t )
H ()
Tng qut th p ng tn s ca mt h thng l mt hm s phc theo tn s.Do

thng chng ta phn tch p ng tn s thnh hai thnh phn l bi (p ng bin )
v thnh phn pha (p ng pha).
4.3 QUAN H GIA CC C TRNG NG VO V NG RA:
4.3.1Biu thc quan h
Gi s h thng tha mn tnh tuyn tnh v bt bin(LTI),ta c quan h gia tn hiu vo

v ra vi c trng h thng nh sau:
Trong min thi gian:
y(t ) h(t ) x(t )
y (t )
x( )h(t )d h( )x(t )d
Trong min tn s:
Y () H () X ()
Y ( ) H ( ) . X ( )
Y ( ) H ( ) X ( )
Ngoi ra chng ta cng c cc biu thc th hin quan h gia tn hiu vo v ra theo
hm t tng quan,mt ph
KHOA IN IN T
4.3.2Mt s v d:
V d 4.2:
Xt h thng nh hnh v v K() c biu thc nh sau:
w 10
w 10
K ( w) 10

4
4
x1(t) = cos(10t)
1) Tm hm t tng quan v mt ph cng sut
x(t)
K(w)
y(t)
x2(t) = Sa2(t)
tn hiu x1(t)
2) Tm y(t)
Gii:
1) Do x1(t) l tn hiu tun hon nn tnh hm t tng quan ta ch cn dch phi hoc
tri tn hiu m thi. Gi s ta dch phi tn hiu mt khong 0 < < T = /5.
x ( )
1
5
cos(10t ) cos 10(t )dt
/5
/5
cos(10t )cos(10t ) cos(10 ) sin(10t ) sin(10 )dt
0
cos 2 (10t) cos(10 ) cos(10t) sin(10t) sin(10 )dt 12 cos(10 )
tm hm mt ph cng sut ta c th tnh theo 2 cch:

Cch 1: Ph ca hm t tng quan chnh l hm mt ph cng sut
Cch 2: Tm ph tn hiu X1(w) sau suy ra cc gi tr X1n ri p dng:
x1 ( w) 2
Xn
( w nwo )
1
2
Theo nh cch 1: do x1 ( ) cos(10 ) nn ph ca n x1 (w)
KHOA IN IN T
(w 10) (w 10)
Hoc theo nh cch 2 ta c: X1(w) (w 10) (w 10) , nh vy ch tn ti 2 gi tr

ca X1n l X-1 = 1/2 v X+1 = 1/2 v X 1 ( w) 2
1
4
X1n (w nwo ) . Thay vo cng thc
1
4
ca cch 2 ta c c: x1 ( w) 2 ( w 10) ( w 10)
(w 10) (w 10)
2) Ta c X1(w), by gi ta s tm X2(w)
t
T
wT
, p dng cp cng thc
2
Ta c: TSa 2
x(t ) X ( w)
X (t ) 2x( w)
tT
w
TSa 2 2 , thay T = 2 ta c:
2
T
w
x2 (t ) Sa 2 (t ) X 2 ( w)
2
Gi x(t) = x1(t)x2(t) X(w)

1
2 X 1 ( w) X 2 ( w); (1)
Th X ( w)
X 1i X 2(n i ) ; (2)
i
w 10
w 10
X ( w)

2
2
w 10
w 10
Y ( w) X ( w) K ( w) 10

2
2
T y ta d dng tm ra c: y(t) = 20Sa2(t) Cos(10t)
KHOA IN IN T
BI TP CHNG 4
4.1) Tn hiu x(t) c ph tho mn iu kin X(w) = 0 vi mi |w| > w m, c truyn qua
mch c hm truyn:
w jwt 0
e
K ( w) K (1 a cos wt )
(xem
2wm
hnh
sau)
x(t)
K(1 + a)
Trong K > 1, |a| < 1, T >> 2/wm v to > 0.

a. Hy chng minh rng khi a = 0, tn hiu c
khuch i khng b mo. Cho bit vai tr ca K
t
-wm
v t0.
wm
b. Khi a 0 hy ch ra rng tn hiu u ra mch khuch i nhng c xut hin hiu

ng echo (ting vng). Cho bit vai tr ca T v a.
4.2) u vo ca mch trn hnh sau c tn
hiu u1 (t ) te
; R / L . Hy tm ph tn
R
L
u1(t)
hiu u1(t), tn hiu u2(t) v ph ca n.
u2(t)
4.3) Cho mch nh hnh sau, trong e(t) =
w0Sa(w0t)cos(t) v ngun ph thuc u(t) =

w
hy xc nh v v:
i1(t)*k(t) vi k (t ) f 1K (w) v K ( w)
2wo
a. Ph I1(w) vi 0 w0 v 2w0
i2(t)
R1
b. Ph I2(w) vi 0 w0 v w0 2w0
c. Xc nh t s nng lng tiu hao trn R2 v
i1(t)
e(t)
u(t)
R2
R1 ti tn s
d. Qu trnh thi gian ca i2(t) vi = 3w0/2
1
4
t 2
c a qua mch lc c c tuyn tn s K(w) nh hnh
4
4.4) Tn hiu x(t ) Sa
v. Hy tm y(t) u ra mch lc v nng lng Ey ca n.

KHOA IN IN T
K(w)
4.5) Tn hiu x(t) c hm t tng quan x ( ) e
c a qua mch lc l tng c c tuyn tn s

w
K ( w) . Hy tm nng lng ca tn hiu u
2
1
w
-1
vo v u ra mch lc.
4.6) u vo ca mch lc, c c tuyn tn s K (w) A(w)e j (w) biu din nh hnh v.
c a n tn hiu x(t). Hy xc nh v v ph bin , ph pha ca tn hiu u ra
mch lc y(t). Tnh Px, Py ca tn hiu x(t), y(t) tng ng trong cc trng hp sau:
(w)
A(w)
1
/2
w
w
-2
-/2
a. x(t) = 2
c. x(t) = 2cos(t)
b. x(t) = 2.1(t)
d. x(t) = 2sin(t)
e. x(t) = 2cos2t + 4cos(t)cos(2t)

t
T
2T
4.7) Cho tn hiu x(t ) A
a. Hy xc nh nng lng, hm t tng quan v ph X(w) ca x(t)

b. Tn hiu x(t) c a qua mch tuyn tnh c p ng n v h(t ) e t 1(t ) . Hy xc
nh p ng y(t) ca mch khi cho T = 1/, hy tm mt ph ca y(t)
c. Hy tm ph v hm t tng quan catn hiu x1(t) c to t x(t) bng cch lp tun
hon tn hiu x(t) vi chu k To; To 4T:
x1 (t ) x(t )
1 t
||| x(t kTo ); To 4T
To To
k
4.8) Tn hiu xung vung gc bin A tun hon vi chu k T, rng = T/2 c truyn
qua mch lc c c tuyn tn s nh hnh v.
KHOA IN IN T
K(w)
a. Hy tm ph tn hiu x(t)
2
b. Xc nh v v ph tn hiu y(t) u ra ca mch lc
c. Tm mt ph cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu y(t)
-8/T
8/T
4.9) Tn hiu x(t) = z(t)*Sa(4w0t) trong z(t) l tn hiu c dng:

2
2t 1 t
c a qua mch lc c c tuyn tn s K(w) nh hnh
z (t ) ||| , T
wo
T T T
K(w)
v. Hy tm:
a. Mt ph cng sut v cng sut ca tn hiu x(t)
b. Mt ph cng sut v cng sut ca tn hiu

-4w0/T -3w0/T
u ra mch lc y(t)
3w0/T 4w0/T
c. Tm y(t) v hm t tng quan ca n

4.10) u vo ca mch lc c c tuyn bin A(w) v c tuyn pha (w) nh hnh v,
c a n tn hiu x(t) = |sinw0t|.
(w)
A(w)
1
/2
w
a. Hy tm ph Y(w) v
-5w0
5w0
qu trnh thi gian

y(t) ca tn hiu u ra mch lc
y
b. Hy tnh t s k hd ca tn hiu ra v vo (t s gi tr hiu dng)
x hd
KHOA IN IN T
w
-/2
Chng 5
TN HIU IU CH
Mc ch
Mc ch ca iu ch.
Phn loi cc dng iu ch
iu ch tng t.
iu ch xung.
5.1 C BN V IU CH TN HIU
iu ch tn hiu l em tn hiu tin tc (tn hiu iu ch) tc ng lm thay i 1
trong cc thng s (bin , tn s, pha) ca sng mang cao tn.
Tn hiu s c gi cho sng mang truyn i.
Gii iu ch: L qu trnh khi phc li tn hiu ban u t tn hiu cao tn b iu
ch.
5.1.1 V tr ca iu ch trong h thng thng tin
Mi h thng thng tin c nhim v truyn tin tc t i pht n ni nhn tin, n c s
khi tng qut nh sau (Hnh 5.1)
Bin i tin tc thnh
tn hiu
My pht (iu ch,

khuch i, anten
pht)
Bin i tn hiu thnh

tin tc
My thu (khuch i,
gii iu ch)
Tn hiu iu ch
Knh truyn
Nhn tin
Ngun tin
Hnh 5.1: S khi tng qut h thng thng tin n gin
iu ch ng vai tr rt quan trng, khng th thiu trong h thng thng tin.

5.1.2 Mc ch ca vic iu ch tn hiu
Tn hiu u ra b bin i tn hiu c tn s rt thp do khng th truyn i xa v hiu
sut truyn khng cao. Ngi ta phi thc hin iu ch tn hiu vi ba mc ch sau:
bc x tn hiu vo khng gian di dng sng in t. Tc chuyn ph ca tn
hiu ln phm vi tn s cao. Khi kch thc anten pht s hp l. Cn i vi knh
truyn l dy dn th cc tn hiu tn s thp s b suy gim, vic dch tn s lm mt
hiu ng ny.
KHOA IN IN T
Vic iu ch cho php ta s dng hu hiu knh truyn bng cch phn knh theo tn
s
Tng kh nng chng nhiu
5.1.3 Phn loi cc phng php iu ch
iu ch tn hiu c thc hin bn pht, vi mc ch l chuyn ph tn hiu t min tn
s thp ln min tn s cao. Vic dch chuyn ph ca tn hiu ln min tn s cao, c thc
hin bng cch thay i cc thng s ca sng mang c tn s cao. Trong thc t ngi ta
thng dng 2 loi sng mang l cc dao ng iu ho cao tn v cc dy xung, do ta s
c 2 h thng iu ch l: iu ch lin tc (iu ch tng t) v iu ch xung. Vic phn
loi c th c cho bi s Hnh 5.2
Cc h thng iu ch
Lin tc
Xung
Bin
Tng t
Gc
AM-SC AM SSB-SC SB VSB
PM FM
PAM PDM PPM
PCM DELTA
Hnh 5.2: Phn loi cc h thng iu ch
ch
5.2 IU CH TNG T CCH
Trong h thng iu ch tng t, tn hiu tin tc (tn hiu iu ch) s tc ng lm thay

i cc thng s nh: bin , tn s hoc gc pha ca sng mang l cc dao ng iu ha.
Sng mang c thng s thay i theo tn hiu tin tc c gi l tn hiu b iu ch.
5.2.1 Sng mang trong iu ch tng t
Sng mang iu ha l dao ng sin cao tn c dng:
y(t ) Y cos(t )
(5.1)
Trong Y l bin , l tn s gc v l gc pha ban u.

Tn hiu iu ch l sng mang c cc thng s b thay i c vit di dng tng qut l:
y(t ) Y (t ) cos (t ); (t ) t
(5.2)
Trong s Y(t) l bin tc thi hay ng bao, cn (t ) l gc pha tc thi hay gc ca

tn hiu iu ch.
Tn s tc thi:
(t )
KHOA IN IN T
d (t )
dt
(5.3)
V
f (t )
1
d (t )
(t )
2
2dt
(5.4)
Quan h gia pha tc thi v tn s tc thi:

(t ) (t )dt 2 f (t )dt
(5.5)
Tch phn ny c xc nh chnh xc n gc pha ban u

Ta bit rng, tn hiu tin tc ch lm thay i mt trong cc thng s ca sng mang.
Nu (t): khng i; Y(t): thay i y(t)=Y(t)cos(t +): iu ch bin (iu
bin)
Nu (t): thay i; Y(t): khng i y(t) = Ycos(t): iu ch gc
Sau y ta s xt c th cc loi tn hiu iu ch tng t, tng ng vi cc thng s sng
mang b thay i theo tn hiu tin tc, l tn hiu iu ch bin v tn hiu iu ch gc.
5.2.2 iu ch bin (Amplitude Modulation)
a. Phn loi iu ch bin
C 5 loi iu ch bin :
- iu bin 2 di bn trit sng mang AM_SC (Amplitude Modulation with
suppressed
Carrier) hay cn gi l DSB_SC (Double side band with Suppressed
Carrier)
- iu bin 2 di bn AM (DSB)
- iu bin 1 di bn trit sng mang SSB_SC (Single Sideband with Suppressed
Carrier)
- iu bin 1 di bn SSB
- iu bin trit 1 phn di bn VSB (Vestigial Side band AM)
b. iu bin trit sng mang AM_SC
Dng tn hiu:
y(t ) Y (t ) cos(t )
Cc gi thit:
Dng m hnh tn hiu xc nh cho tn hiu tin tc v sng mang
KHOA IN IN T
(5.6)
x(t) l tn hiu tin tc c cng sut trung bnh hu hn v l tn hiu tn s thp c b rng
ph trong khong wmin wmax tc c ph gii hn c c trng bi mt ph cng
sut x (w) .
Tn hiu AM_SC c dng: y AM _ SC (t ) x(t ) cos t
Gi thit tn hiu x(t) c mt ph cng sut nh Hnh 5.3
x ( w)
x(t)
o
t
0
w
-wmax
-wmin
wmin
wmax
Hnh 5.3: Tn hiu x(t) v ph ca tn hiu x(t)
Ta i tm mt ph cng sut y (w) ca tn hiu AM_SC.

Ph ca tn hiu AM_SC cng l ph Fourier gii hn, nh vy tm ph ca
y AM _ SC (t )
Ta s xt n trong khong thi gian hu hn T, tc:

yT (t ) xT (t ) cos t
t
T
trong xT (t ) x(t ) , khi xT (t ) l tn hiu c nng lng hu hn nn ph ca n l

X T (w) , v yT (t ) cng l tn hiu nng lng v ph ca n l YT (w) .
Do :
f yT (t )
1
X T (w ) X T (w )
2
suy ra mt ph nng lng ca yT (t ) s l:

T ( w)
1
2
X T ( w ) X T ( w )
4
(5.7)
v mt ph cng sut ca tn hiu y AM _ SC (t ) l:

T ( w) lim
T ( w)
T
1
1
2
lim
X T ( w ) X T ( w )
4 T T
1
1
2
2
lim X T ( w ) X T ( w )
4 T T
X T (w ) X T* (w ) X T (w ) X T* (w )
KHOA IN IN T
(5.8)
V wmax (thc t l nh vy) nn cc ph X T (w ) va X T (w ) s khng sut hin

bn nhau trn thang tn s, v do :
X T (w ) X T* (w ) X T (w ) X T* (w ) 0
Suy ra:
y ( w)
1
1
2
2
lim X T ( w ) X T ( w )
4 T T
1
2
X T ( w) nn:
T T
Do x ( w) lim
y ( w)
1
x (w ) x (w )
4
(5.9)
Nh vy, mt ph ca tn hiu AM_SC s c m t nh Hnh 5.4 sau:

y (w)
1
o
4
- + wmin - + wmax 0
+ wmin + wmax
Hnh 5.4: Mt ph ca tn hiu AM_SC
Nh vy ta c:
Bng thng: By = 2wmax
(5.10)
1
2
Cng sut: Py Px
H s hiu sut nng lng: K %
(5.11)
Pb
P /2
100% x 100% 100%
Py
Px / 2
iu ch:
Trong thc t, c rt nhiu mch c th thc hin c php nhn tn hiu. S mch
nhn n gin nht c ch ra trn Hnh 5.5 c gi l mch iu ch cn bng, dng cc
phn t khng tuyn tnh l cc diode c c tuyn bc 2: i a1u a2u 2 .
Gii iu ch cho AM-SC:
y g (t ) y AM _ SC (t ) cos t x(t ) cos 2 t
1
1
x(t ) x(t ) cos 2t
2
2
(5.12)
V y g (t ) l tn hiu cng sut nn ta phi a v dng tn hiu c nng lng hu hn:
KHOA IN IN T
t 1
t 1
t
y g (t ) x(t ) x(t ) cos 2t
T 2
T 2
T
i1 a1u1 a2u12
1
5
R
x(t)
y AM _ SC (t )
R
cost
4
i2 a1u 2 a2u 22
Hnh 5.5: Mch iu ch cn bng
1
t 1
f y g (t ) X T ( w) X T ( w 2) X T ( w 2)
4
T 2
Mt ph nng lng:
Tg ( w)
1
1
X T ( w) X T ( w 2) X T ( w 2)
2
4
suy ra:
1 1
1
1
2
2
2
X T ( w)
X T ( w 2)
X T ( w 2)
16
16
T T 4
yg ( w) lim
1
1
x ( w) x ( w 2) x ( w 2)
4
16
(5.13)
1
y (w)
o
4
2 + wmax
2
2 + wmin
2 - wmin
2 - wmax
wmax
wmin
- wmin
1
o
16
- wmax
-2 + wmax
-2
-2 + wmin
-2 - wmin
-2 - wmax
1
o
16
+ wmax
Hnh 5.6: Mt ph ca tn hiu AM-SC gii iu ch
V t y ta c th biu din mt ph ca tn hiu gii iu ch AM-SC (Hnh 5.6).
KHOA IN IN T
Nh vy nhn li x(t) ban u ch cn lc b ht cc thnh phn quanh tn s 2 bng

cch s dng mch lc thng thp RC (Hnh 5.7).
1
5
R
y AM _ SC (t )
x(t)
R
cost
4
Hnh 5.7: Mch tch sng ng b AM-SC
V d 5.1:
Tn hiu tin tc x(t) = Saw0t, y AM _ SC (t ) x(t ) cos t (tch sng ng b)

1) V dng sng iu ch y AM _ SC (t )
2) Mt ph ca x(t), y AM _ SC (t ) ?
x(t)
3) Px , PyAM _ SC ?
Gii:
2
wo
1)
wo
wo
2
wo
y AM _ SC (t )
0
2) X(w) ?
x(t) = Saw0t
t
T
Ta c: TSa
/w0 dao ng
wT
2
t
2wo Sawwo
2wo
w
2wo
Suy ra: 2wo Sawo t 2

Sawo t
wo 2wo
KHOA IN IN T
Vy mt ph nng lng ca tn hiu x(t) l:

2
x ( w) X ( w)

w
2
w
o o
Y AM _ SC (w) ?
v y AM _ SC (t ) x(t ) cos t
w
2wo 2wo
2wo
nn Y AM _ SC ( w)
Vy mt ph nng lng ca tn hiu y AM _ SC (t ) l:

YAM _ SC ( w) Y AM _ SC ( w)
w
w

2
w
2
w
2
w
o
o
o
3) Px ?
Mc d bi yu cu tnh Px nhng y l tn hiu nng lng.
1
Ex
2
wo

1
2
dw
2
w
o 2
wo
2
wo wo
wo
E yAM _ SC
(nu tnh bng cng thc vn cho ra cng kt qu)

Ex
2
2wo
Nhn xt: Vi iu ch AM-SC, vic gii iu ch i hi chnh xc (dao ng ni

phi c tn s n nh, pha phi ng b vi pha ca sng mang i pht) dn n
tn km.
c. iu bin AM
Khc phc nhc im ca AM-SC
Tn hiu AM c dng:
y AM (t ) A x(t )cos t Y (t ) cos t
(5.14)
Gi s x(t) l tn hiu tn s thp, c b rng ph wmin wmax v mt ph cng sut

l
x (w) . Tng t nh phn AM-SC ta c:
y ( w)
A 2
2
(w ) (w ) 1 x (w ) x (w )
4
Tn hiu AM v ph ca n c biu din trn Hnh 5.8

KHOA IN IN T
(5.15)
x(t)
yAM(t)
A
t
-A
y (w)
-
A2/2
1
o
4
+ wmin + wmax
- + wmin - + wmax 0
Hnh 5.8: Tn hiu AM v mt ph ca tn hiu AM
im khc vi AM-SC l 2 dirac c bin
A 2 v tr .
Bng thng: B AM B AM _ SC 2wmax

Cng sut: PY
Trong
A2 1
Px
2
2
(5.16)
(5.17)
A2
l cng sut sng mang Acost (nng lng v ch truyn i)
2
H s hiu sut nng lng:

Pb : cong suat trung bnh cac day ben
P
K % b 100%
Py
Py : cong suat toan bo tn hieu y AM (t )
(5.18)
nh vy:
K % AM
Px / 2
Px / 2
Px
100%
Px / 2 PA cos t Px / 2 A 2 / 2 Px A 2
ng bao AM l Y(t) = x(t) + A. H s A c chn sao cho ng bao ca tn hiu l

khng m, tc:
A max x(t ) : x(t ) 0
khi ng bao ca AM s khng c hin tng qu iu ch.

S khi v mch iu ch AM c m t trn Hnh 5.9
KHOA IN IN T
(5.19)
y AM (t )
x(t)
cost
i a1u a 2 u 2
Acost
x(t)
u
y AM (t )
Acost
Hnh 5.9: S khi to tn hiu AM v mch thc hin
Gii iu ch AM:
Vic gii iu ch AM n gin nht l ta dng mch tch sng ng bao AM (Hnh
5.10).
uc(t)
y AM (t )
u c (t )
t
0
Hnh 5.10: Mch tch sng hnh bao v tn hiu ng ra
Nhn xt:
1) H thng AM c nhc im c bn so vi h thng AM-SC l hiu sut nng
lng ca n khng cao (cng sut sng mang khng ti tin ln, v ch), bng thng
ln gp i cn thit, d nh hng bi nhiu.
2) u im ca AM so vi AM-SC l phn thu, mch gii iu ch n gin.
V d 5.2:
KHOA IN IN T
Cho x(t) = acoswt; w <<

Suy ra:
y AM (t ) A1 m cos wt cos t; m
a
la he so ieu che
A
1
y AM (t ) A cos t mAcos( w) cos( w)
2
Khi , hiu sut nng lng s l:

1 a 2
2 2
Px / 2
m 2 A2 / 2
m2
K
2
2 2
2
Px / 2 PA cos t
A 2 1 a 2 A m A / 2 2 m
2
2 2
Khi m = 1, K = 1/3; nh vy 2/3 cng sut ca tn hiu AM cha trong sng mang.
V d 5.3: Ngi ta thng nh gi cc my pht bng tn qung b bng cng sut sng
mang trung bnh ca chng. Gi s mt my pht AM 5000W c ni ti mt ti 50. Suy
ra bin sng mang l A = 707 (v ta c
1 A2
5000 ). Nu iu ch 100% (m = 1) th
2 50
cng sut tan b tn hiu AM cho tn hiu tin tc x(t) dng sin l:
P
1 A 2 1 A 2 A 2 1
Py x
7500W
2 2 50 2 2
2 50
d. H thng SSB-SC
Trong cc tn hiu AM-SC v AM, cc di bn c t i xng qua tn s , chng u
cha y lng thng tin v x(t). Nh vy, vn c ra l liu c th ch truyn i mt
di bn ca tn hiu DSB (di hoc trn) c th gim nh b rng ph ca tn hiu iu
ch. Cc h thng thc hin vic truyn tn hiu ch mt di bn l cc h thng SSB.
Phng php n gin nht to tn hiu SSB-SC l to tn hiu AM-SC v sau lc b i
mt di bn ca n nh mt mch lc c bit. V d trong trng hp lc b bin di,
mch lc thng di cn c cc tn s ct gn wmin v wmax (Hnh 5.11).
Tuy phng php ny xut pht t tng rt n gin nhng vic thc hin li rt phc tp.
C nhiu phng php thc hin vic to tn hiu SSB-SC v d nh phng php dch
pha, b pha, weaver
Ta s xt n phng php dch pha. n gin, ta gi s tn hiu tin tc l iu ha c
dng: x(t) = acos(wt). Tn hiu AM-SC iu ch iu ha s c 2 vch ph, y mun b i
vch di -w v + w. Vch trn tng ng vi qa trnh cos( + w)t c th vit li di
dng: cos( w)t cos t cos wt sin t sin wt
(5.20)
KHOA IN IN T
ySSB SC (w)
+ wmin + wmax
- + wmin - + wmax 0
Hnh 5.11: Phng php to SSB-SC
to tn hiu (5.19) ta c th thc hin cc php nhn sng mang v tn hiu iu ch trong
cc mch iu bin cn bng nh trn Hnh 5.12.
iu ch cn bng
x(t)
x(t ) cos t
cost
y SSB SC (t )
-/2
sint
-/2
x (t )
iu ch cn bng
x (t ) sin t
Hnh 5.12: To tn hiu SSB-SC bng phng php dch pha
Tn hiu SSB-SC ng ra s c dng nh sau:

y SSB SC (t ) x(t ) cos t x (t ) sin t
(5.21)
trong : x (t ) l bin i Hilbert ca x(t) v biu thc (5.21) l khi qut ha ca (5.20) cho
trng hp x(t) l tn hiu bt k v du + tng ng vi di di v du tng ng vi di
trn.
Cng thc (5.21) c th vit di dng khc:
x (t )
y SSB SC (t ) x 2 (t ) x 2 (t ) cos t arctg

x(t )
(5.22)
T y ta c th thy rng ng bao ca tn hiu SSB-SC s l:

Y (t ) x 2 (t ) x 2 (t )
cn gc pha tc thi:
KHOA IN IN T
(5.23)
(t ) t arctg
x (t )
x(t )
(5.24)
Nh vy tn hiu SSB-SC l tn hiu b iu ch c bin v gc pha. gii iu ch tn

hiu SSB-SC, ngi ta thc hin tng t nh i vi tn hiu AM-SC trong mch tch sng
ng b (Hnh 5.7) v u ra s nhn c:
y SSB SC (t ) cos t x(t ) cos t x (t ) sin t cos t x(t ) cos 2 t x (t ) sin t cos t
1
x(t ) x(t ) cos 2t x(t ) sin 2t
2
(5.25)
C th dng mch lc thng thp u ra mch tch sng ng b ly ra thnh phn

1
x(t ) .
2
e. H thng SSB
Tng t nh trong cc h AM-SC v AM. Tn hiu SSB c to nn t vic thm vo
tn hiu SSB-SC sng mang ln. H thng ny c gi l iu ch mt di bn SSB, tn
hiu iu bin mt di bn c dng:
y SSB (t ) x(t ) cos t x (t ) sin t A cos t
(5.26)
hay:
y SSB (t )
A x(t )2 x 2 (t ) cos t arctg
x (t )
A x(t )
(5.27)
ng bao v gc pha ca SSB:

Y (t )
A x(t )2 x 2 (t )
(t ) t arctg
x (t )
A x(t )
(5.28)
(5.29)
Nh vy, tn hiu SSB cng l tn hiu b iu ch c bin v gc pha. Vic to tn hiu

SSB cng nh i vi AM, tc l tn hiu SSB-SC c cng thm vo sng mang. Cn vic
gii iu ch c thc hin trong mch tch sng hnh bao nh trong AM.
f. H thng VSB
Trong h VSB, tn hiu DSB b ct i mt phn di bn trc khi c truyn i bng nhng
mch lc c bit. Mch lc ny c nhim v ct b gn ht di bn di, ch li phn nh
nm gn tn s . VSB s l s kt hp gia SSB (c p ng tn s thp khng tt tc tn
hiu c wmin >> 0, bng thng bng wmax) v DSB (p ng tn s thp tt tc tn hiu c
wmin 0, nhng bng thng bng 2wmax). S pht v ph tn hiu VSB c m t trong
Hnh 5.13. y, ni ln c rng wmin 0 (c th c thnh phn 1 chiu) nn ph ca
tn hiu x(t) tn ti w = 0.
iu ch trn tn hiu VSB c th c khi phc bng mt my thu s dng tch sng
tch hoc, nu c mc mt sng mang ln th s dng tch sng ng bao.
KHOA IN IN T
x(t)
Tn hiu iu ch
s(t)
DSB
B iu ch DBS
B lc VSB
(b lc thng di K(w)
sVBS (t )
VBS
x (w)
w
-wmax
wmax
s (w)
w
--wmax
-+wmax
-wmax
+wmax
K (w)
w
--wmax
+wmax
VSB (w)
w
--wmax
+wmax
Hnh 5.13: Minh ha cch to tn hiu VSB
Tng kt:
1) H AM-SC c u im l hiu sut nng lng cao, nhng nhc im l b rng ph
ln (bng 2 ln tn s cc i ca tn hiu), d bnh nh hng bi nhiu. Vic to tn hiu
AM-SC v gii iu ch n u rt phc tp.
2) H AM ch ci thin h AM-SC ch gii iu ch, nhng thm vo l nhc im
hiu sut nng lng rt thp
3) H SSB-SC c hiu sut nng lng cao, b rng ph nh, t b nh hng bi nhiu,
nhng vic iu ch v gii iu ch phc tp.
4) H SSB c b rng ph nh, d gii iu ch nhng li c hiu sut nng lng thp.
5.2.3 iu ch gc
Tn hiu iu ch gc c dng tng qut l:
KHOA IN IN T
y(t ) Y cos (t )
(5.30)
(t ) PM (t ) t o K p x(t ) th tn hieu la ieu che pha PM

Nu
(t )
FM (t ) t o K f x(t )dt th tn hieu la ieu che tan so FM
(5.31)
Vi cc K p , K f l cc hng s t l
Tn s tc thi ca n thay i theo qui lut sau:
PM (t )
d (t )
dx(t )
Kp
dt
dt
(5.32)
FM (t )
d (t )
K f x(t )
dt
(5.33)
Nhn xt: Trong h thng PM ta c th thc hin c iu ch FM (Hnh 5.14a) v

ngc li trong h thng FM ta cng c th thc hin c vic iu ch PM (Hnh
5.14b).
x(t)
iu
ch
x(t )dt
PM
x(t)
y FM (t )
dx(t)
iu
ch
dt
FM
a)
y PM (t )
b)
Hnh 5.14: a) iu ch PM; b) iu ch FM
a. iu ch pha PM
Tn hiu PM c dng:
y PM (t ) Y cos t K p x(t )
(5.34)
Pha tc thi:
PM (t ) t K p x(t )
(5.35)
Tn s gc tc thi:
PM (t ) K p
dx(t )
dt
(5.36)
lch pha:
PM K p x(t ) max
(5.37)
lch tn:
PM K p
dx(t )
dt max
KHOA IN IN T
(5.38)
Trong h thng iu pha thc t, lun tho mn iu kin: K p
dx(t )
t (5.36) ta hiu
dt
rng tn s tc thi thay i khng nhiu lm so vi tn s sng mang.

i) Xt trng hp tn hiu PM di hp
Mt tn hiu PM di hp tc:
PM K p x(t ) 1
khi :
(5.39)
y PM (t ) Y cos t K p x(t ) Y cos t cos K p x(t ) Y sin t sin K p x(t )

Y cos t YK p x(t ) sin t
(5.40)
v: cos K p x(t ) 1; sin K p x(t ) K p x(t )

Nh vy PM di hp chnh l tn hiu iu bin AM vi thnh phn th nht l sng mang
v th 2 l di bn.
Ph ca PM trong trng hp ny l:
PM ( w)
Y 2 ( w ) ( w )
1
YK p 2 x ( w ) x ( w )
4
(5.41)
Bng thng ca tn hiu PM di hp bng vi ca AM

S khi thc hin iu ch PM gii hp c ch ra trn Hnh 5.15, cn gi l phng
php iu ch Amstrong.
Dch pha
/2
-Ysint
iu ch
cn bng
-YKpx(t)sint
yPM(t)
Ycost
x(t)
Hnh 5.15: S khi thc hin iu ch PM
i hp
d
ii) iu ch PM di rng
Vic phn tch iu ch PM di rng trong trng hp tng qut rt phc tp. n gin
ta s xt tn hiu PM b iu ch bi tn hiu iu ha x(t) = Xsinwt.
Nh vy:
y PM (t ) Y cos t K p X sin wt Y cost PM sin wt
Pha tc thi:
KHOA IN IN T
(5.42)
PM (t ) t K p x(t ) t K p X sin wt t PM sin wt
(5.43)
Tn s gc tc thi:
PM (t )
d (t )
wK p X cos wt PM cos wt
dt
(5.44)
lch pha:
PM K p X
(5.45)
lch tn s:
PM K p Xw PM w
(5.46)
Ta c th vit li tn hiu PM iu ch iu ha nh sau:

z PM (t ) Ye j sin wt e jt ; v y PM (t ) Rez PM (t )
(5.47)
Hm: e j sin wt tun hon vi chu k T = 2/w, c th khai trin thnh chui Fourier:
e j sin wt
J n ( )e jnwt
(5.48)
Trong , h s khai trin J n l hm Bessell loi 1 cp n

2m n
m 2
J n (t ) (1)
m!(m n)!
n
(5.49)
suy ra:
z PM (t ) Ye jt
J n ( )e jnwt Y
J n ( )e j ( nw)t
Khi :
y MP (t ) Rez PM (t ) Y
J n ( ) cos( nw)t
(5.50)
Theo tnh cht ca hm Bessell:

J n ( ) J n ( ); n chan
J n ( ) J n ( ); n le
Nh vy:
(5.51)
y PM (t ) Y J o ( ) cos t J1 ( )cos( w)t cos( w)t
J 2 ( )cos( 2w)t cos( 2w)t ...
KHOA IN IN T
(5.52)
Nh vy, ph ca PM iu ch iu ha l v hn, n gm cc vch i xng quanh tn s

. Mc d th, phn ln cng sut ca tn hiu li tp trung sng mang v cc sng di
bn gn sng mang. Ta c th xem:
BPM 2w nh trong trng hp PM di hp
Trong tng hp PM di rng, b rng ph c tnh gn ng bng cng thc Carson:

BPM 2( PM 1)wmax
(5.53)
Mt s cng thc khc:

BPM 2( PM 2)wmax ; PM 0,5
(5.54)
BPM 2 PM wmax ; PM 10
(5.55)
iu ch PM:
Vic thc hin iu ch PM phc tp hn, c nhiu phng php thc hin. Ta c th thc
hin bng 2 cch l: th nht, ta s s dng Varicap lm sao gi tr in dung trn t
thay i theo bin tn hiu vo hoc th 2 l ta s dng BJT hat ng nh mt in tr
thay i theo tn hiu iu ch, nu tn hiu tng, dng Ib tng s lm cho dng Ic tng v
khi in tr ra ca BJT gim lm tng xoay pha, hay ni cch khc l pha ca tn
hiu ng ra s thay i theo bin tn hiu ng vo. S mch thc hin iu ch PM
c ch ra trn Hnh 5.16.
VCC
VCC
R1
Sng mang
R
Sng mang C1
C2 PM
Tn hiu iu ch C
R2
VC
Tn hiu iu ch
Hnh 5.16: S mch thc hin iu ch pha PM
Gii iu ch PM:
gii iu ch PM ngi ta chuyn n v tn hiu AM v sau dng mch tch sng
ng bao. ng bao ca n c tch ra nhng cha phi l x(t) m l o hm ca n
(do qu trnh iu ch), do phi cho i qua mch tch phn khi phc tn hiu.
KHOA IN IN T
Mch bin i PM thnh AM l mch c tn hiu u ra ph thuc tn s tc thi ca tn

hiu u vo. Trong thc t ngi ta s dng mch cng hng, c tn s cng hng nm
trn tn s sng mang. Ti tn s cng hng, in p ng ra l cc i v nhng gi tr
in p ng ra s thay i ty thuc vo lch khi tn s cng hng ca tn hiu ng
vo.
S mch thc hin c ch ra trn Hnh 5.17.
1
5
C1
R1
L1
u AM 1 (t )
y PM (t )
U
C2
R2
L2
u AM 2 (t )
dx(t )
dt
Hnh 5.17: S mch gii i ch PM
Nhn xt:
1) V cu trc ph, tn hiu PM iu ch iu ha bao gm:
- Thnh phn tn s sng mang
- V hn cc dao ng iu ha c tn s nw
2) V bin , bin ca thnh phn sng mang c xc nh bi hm Bessell cp 0
ti im v bin cc hm c tn s nw c xc nh bi gi tr ca hm
Bessell cp n ti im .
1) Nhc im ca PM: Bng tn ln, cc tin tc khc nhau th bng tn khc nhau
2) u im l kh nng chng nhiu cao
V d 5.4:
Cho tn hiu PM:
y PM (t ) Y cos t K p x(t ) , vi x(t ) X sin 2wmt . Dng xp x bc 2 i vi hm cos, sin.
Xc nh v v ph tn hiu PM.
Gii:
Ta c:
y PM (t ) Y cos t cos K p x(t ) sin t sin K p x(t )
Vi xp x bc 2:
KHOA IN IN T
(*)
1 2 2
1 2 2
2
cos K p x(t ) 1 K p x (t ) 1 K p X sin 2wm t
2
2
sin K p x(t ) K p x(t ) K p X sin 2wm t
thay nhng xp x ny vo (*) ta c:
y PM (t ) Y cos t 1 K 2p X 2 sin 2 2wm t sin t K p X sin 2wm t

2
1
1
y PM (t ) Y cos t YK 2p X 2 cos t YK 2p X 2 cos t cos 4wm t YK p X sin t sin 2wm t
4
4
1
1
y PM (t ) Y YK 2p X 2 cos t YK 2p X 2 cos 4wm t cos 4wm t

4
8
1
YK p X cos( 2wm )t cos( 2wm )t
2
Nh vy, ph ca tn hiu PM s l:
1
YPM ( w) Y YK 2p X 2 ( w ) ( w ) YK 2p X 2 ( w 4wm )
4
8
(w 4wm ) (w 4wm ) (w 4wm )
YK p X ( w 2wm ) ( w 2wm ) ( w 2wm ) ( w 2wm )
T y ta d dng v ph ca n.
b. iu tn FM
Tn hiu FM c dng:
y FM (t ) Y cos t K f x(t )dt
(5.56)
n gin ta gi thit o 0
Dng phc ca tn hiu FM (tn hiu FM iu ch iu ha):
z FM (t ) Ye
jK f x(t )dt jt
Ye
j t K f x(t ) dt
(5.57)
Pha tc thi ca tn hiu FM:

FM (t ) t K f x(t )dt
(5.58)
Tn s gc tc thi:
FM (t ) K f x(t )
lch pha:
KHOA IN IN T
(5.59)
FM (t ) K f
x(t )dt max
(5.60)
lch tn s:
FM (t ) K f x(t ) max
(5.61)
Phn tch tn hiu FM cng ging nh phn tch tn hiu PM bng cch thay v(t ) x(t )dt
i) iu tn gii hp
Nu ta chn K f sao cho lch pha: FM (t ) K f
x(t )dt max 1
ta s c tn hiu FM
di hp.
Nu ta c v(t ) x(t )dt
V x(t ) X (w) nn V ( w)
X ( w)
c cng tn s gii hn vi tn hiu x(t). Tc:
jw
BFM 2wmax
(5.62)
ii) Ph ca tn hiu FM di rng iu ch iu ha

Ph ca tn hiu FM di rng iu ch iu ha l ph vch, c b rng khng xc nh.
Tuy nhin, phn ln cng sut tp trung trong b rng ph c xc nh gn ng:
BFM 2( FM 2)w ; w l tn s gc tn hiu tin tc
(5.63)
Nhn xt:
1) Vi PM: B rng ph hiu dng ca PM ph thuc tn s tn hiu tin tc v vi PM
lch pha khng i theo tn s tn hiu nhng lch tn s li ph thuc. V nh
vy, bng thng t l theo n. iu ny lm cho vic tch sng u thu kh thc hin.
2) Vi FM: B rng ph hiu dng khng i khi tn s ca tn hiu tin tc thay i v
vi FM lch tn s khng i theo tn s tn hiu nhng pha t l nghch vi tn s
tn hiu. iu ny dn n vic tch sng u thu FM khng cn phi nht qun, my
thu s n gin v r.
V d 5.5:
Xt tn hiu x(t) = Xcoswt
Suy ra v(t )
X
sin wt
w
y FM (t ) Y cos t K f
sin wt
w
Pha tc thi:
FM (t ) t K f
X
sin wt t FM sin wt
w
Tn s tc thi:
KHOA IN IN T
FM (t )
d FM (t )
K f cos wt FM cos wt
dt
lch pha:
FM K f
X
w
lch tn
FM K f X
Bng thng:
BFM 2( FM 2w) 2 FM
Khi FM c iu ch bi x(t) bt k, c tn s gii hn l wmax . Ngi ta s s dng cc

cng
thc gn ng sau:
FM
BFM 2
1 wmax
wmax
hoc:
FM
BFM 2
2 wmax 2 FM 2wmax 2 FM ; nu FM ln.
wmax
5.3 IU CH XUNG
5.3.1 Sng mang trong iu ch xung
Trong cc h iu ch xung, tin tc s lm thay i mt trong cc thng s ca sng mang l
mt dy xung. Dy xung sng mang thng dng l dy xung vung gc (Hnh 5.18) c
rng tng i nh so vi chu k T.
Hnh 5.18: Dy xung sng mang vung gc
Biu thc ca dy xung trn Hnh 5.18:
t
y(t ) Y
KHOA IN IN T
1 t
t nT
|||
; T
T
T
trong : Y: bin xung; T: chu k lp li xung; : rng xung
5.3.2 iu ch PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation):

iu bin xung l lm thay i bin ca dy xung sng mang sao cho bin ca mi
xung thay i ty thuc vo gi tr tc thi ca tn hiu tin tc ti nhng im xut hin xung
Nh vy vic ri rc tn hiu trong thc t chnh l iu bin xung.
Mt cch tng qut, tn hiu iu bin xung s l:
y PAM (t ) x(t ) y (t ) x(t )Y
t nT
(5.64)
a. H thng PAM l tng

Vi PAM l tng, chui xung vung s l chui xung dirac v biu thc s l:
y PAM (t ) x(t )
1 t
|||
T T
(5.65)
S thc hin vic truyn tn hiu ri rc c m t trn Hnh 5.19

1 t
|||
T T
x(t)
y PAM (t )
y PAM (t )
T
2wm
Hnh 5.19: S mch truyn tn hiu ri rc
Ta i tm ph tn hiu PAM?
Ta c:
x(t ) X (w)
w
w
1 t
1 t
2
; T
||| |||
, Nu T
th ||| |||
T T
T T
wm
wm
wm
2wm
x(t ) y(t )
1
X ( w) Y ( w)
2
suy ra:
x(t )
w 1
1 t
1

|||
X ( w) |||
X (w 2nwm )
T T
2
2wm T n
KHOA IN IN T
x(t)
1 t
v: x(t ) ||| x(t nT )
T T n
Vy:
YPAM ( w)
1
X (w 2nwm )
T n
(5.66)
Tn hiu ri rc c truyn i v c gii iu ch nh mch lc thng thp l tng

w
. u ra ca mch lc s nhn tn hiu x(t) c ph:
K ( w) T
2
w
m
w 1
w

X ( w) YPAM ( w)
X ( w 2nwm )T
2
w
T
2
w
m
m
n
(5.67)
H thng ri rc l tng va xt trn y l khng th thc hin trong thc t v khng

th to ra xung dirac vi rng bng 0, v khng th c mch lc thng thp vi cc c
tuyn tn s l tng.
b. PAM thc t
Trong thc t, sng mang l dy xung vung y(t) vi rng . Gi thit chu k T
tn hiu PAM s c biu din nh sau:
y PAM (t ) x(t ) y (t ) x(t )Y
t nT
By gi ta i tm ph ca tn hiu PAM?
YPAM ( w)
1
X (w) Y (w)
2
Trong :
t 1 t
t 1 t
w w
Y ( w) f y(t ) f Y ||| Yf f ||| YSa

|||
2 2wm
T T
T T
V:
t
wT
TSa
T
2
w
1 t
; T
||| |||
T T
wm
2wm
Ta tip tc:
KHOA IN IN T
wm
. Khi
w
w 1
Y ( w) 2Ywm Sa
|||
2Ywm Sa(nwm ) ( w 2nwm )
2 2wm 2wm
n
Thay vo biu thc tnh ph ca tn hiu PAM thc t ta c:
1
1
X (w) Y (w) 2Ywm X (w) Sa(nwm ) (w 2nwm )
YPAM ( w)
2
2
n
Y
Y
Sa
(
n
w
)
X
(
w
)
(
w
2
nw
)
Sa(nwm ) X (w 2nwm )
m
m
T n
T n
Vy:
Y
Sa(nwm ) X (w 2nwm )
T n
YPAM ( w)
(5.68)
x(t)
X(w)
-wm 0
y(t)
wm
Y(w)
w
2
0
T
-2wm 0
2wm
yPAM(t)
K(w)
YPAM(w)
t
0
w
-wm 0
wm
2wm
Hnh 5.20: Qu trnh ri rc t nhin
y chnh l qa trnh ri rc t nhin, v c biu din trn Hnh 5.20

Nhn xt
KHOA IN IN T
Tn hiu tin tc x(t) hon ton c th c khi phc khi cho tn hiu PAM i qua mch
lc thng thp l tng c c tuyn tn s:
K ( w)
T w
Y 2wm
(5.69)
Tn hiu tin tc cng c th lp li khi dng mch lc thng di l tng c b rng di

thng l 2wm v tn s trung tm l 2nwm , ri sau dch ph c lc v phm vi tn
s thp.
Hn na, khi ta thay php ri rc l tng bng php ri rc t nhin ph ca tn hiu tin
tc khng b mo dng v c th lp li tn hiu x(t) bng mch lc thc t.
Trong ph ca tn hiu PAM, thnh phn tn s thp v mt chiu chim a s, l cc
thnh phn khng c li cho vic truyn i xa. khc phc ngi ta thc hin iu ch
tn hiu PAM mt ln na thng qua h thng iu ch AM (Hnh 5.21) hoc FM. Vi
cch iu ch ny ph tn hiu s c dch ln min tn s cao.
y(t)
y PAM (t )
x(t)
x(t)
cost
LPF
iu ch AM
y PAM _ AM (t )
y PAM _ AM (t )
Tch sng iu bin
Hnh 5.21: S khi h thu pht PAM-AM
V d 5.6:
T
2
t 1 t
, wo 2w1
||| ; vi x(t ) Saw1t ,
4 4wo 2wo
T T
Cho y PAM (t ) x(t )Y
Tm v v ph ca y PAM (t ) ?
Gii:
Ta c:
w w
t 1 t
Y ( w)
Y ||| YSa
|||
2 wo
T T
x(t ) Saw1t
t
2ww1
2w1Sa
2w1Saww1
2
w
2
1
Suy ra:
KHOA IN IN T
2w1Saw1t 2
2
w
1
Saw1t
w 2 w
w1 2w1 wo wo
1
1
w w 2 w
X ( w) Y ( w)
YSa
|||
2
2
2 wo wo wo
w nwo
nw
YPAM ( w) Y Sa o
w
2
o
n
YPAM ( w)
AD : 1 ||| t t t nT
T T
T n T
Vy:
YPAM ( w) Y
nw w nwo
Sa o
2
w

o
n
V YPAM (w)
Ta c:
Sin
nwo
nw T
nw 2
n
Sin o Sin o
Sin
0; n 4k ; k 1,2,3,...
2
2 4
8 wo
4
YPAM (w)
Y
w
0 wo 2wo 3wo 4wo
5.3.3 Cc h thng iu ch xung khc

a. iu ch rng xung PDM (Pulse Duration Modulation)
Tn hiu PDM c cc c im sau:
- Bin xung khng i
- V tr bt u xung khng i
KHOA IN IN T
- rng ca xung thay i theo x(t)
Hnh 5.22: Tn hiu tin tc x(t) v tn hiu PDM
b. iu ch v tr xung PPM (Pulse Position Modulation)

Tn hiu PDM c cc c im sau:
- Bin xung khng i
- V tr bt u xung thay i theo x(t)
- rng ca xung khng i
Hnh 5.23: Tn hiu tin tc x(t) v tn hiu PPM
KHOA IN IN T
BI TP CHNG 5
1) My pht lm vic trong h iu ch AM, c tn s ca sng mang f o 104kHz . B
rng ph ca tn hiu tin tc l 300Hz 3,4kHz. Hi my thu tn hiu trn cn b rng di
thng l bao nhiu v lm vic di tn no?
w
, c a n
wo
2) u vo ca mch lc thng thp c c tuyn tn s K ( w)
tn hiu y AM (t ) (1 m cos w1t ) cos wo t ; cho bit h s su iu ch m = 0,5 v
w1
1
wo . Hy tm tn hiu u ra mch lc z(t), ph Z(w) v cng sut ca tn hiu.
2
3) Tn hiu AM c dng y AM (t ) A x(t )cos 2 105 t , trong tn hiu tin tc x(t) l tn

hiu tun hon c biu din nh sau:
x(t)
3
t
0
-1
100s
Tm bin nh nht ca sng mang Amin , tn hiu y AM (t ) c tch sng khng b

mo trong mch tch sng hnh bao. Hy v tn hiu AM tng ng vi bin tm c
v tn hiu AM SC, y AM _ SC (t ) x(t ) cos 2 105 t .
4) Tn hiu AM c to trong mch iu ch c s khi nh sau:
x(t)
z(t)
Mch phi tuyn
w(t)
K(w)
y AM (t )
y(t)
u vo ca h thng c a ti tn hiu tin tc x(t ) 15 cos 103 t v y(t ) 5 cos 10 6 t .

Hy tnh h s su iu ch ca tn hiu y AM (t ) u ra ca mch iu ch. Cho bit
c tuyn ca mch phi tuyn l w 10 2 z 0,02 z 2 ; cn c tuyn ca mch lc l:
KHOA IN IN T
6
w 106
w 10
K ( w)
3.103
3.103
5) Cho tn hiu iu bin u AM (t ) U (1 m cos wt ) cos t . Hy a ra cng thc tnh h s

su iu ch m, vi m 1, theo cc thng s ca tn hiu:
a) Gi tr cc i U max v gi tr cc tiu U min ca hnh bao u AM (t ) .
b) H s sng hi h
Pm
, trong PAM l cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu v Pm
PAM
l cng sut trung bnh sau khi lc b sng mang.

6) p dng kt qu bi 5, xc nh h s su iu ch ca tn hiu AM sau:
u AM (t ) U (1 0,3 cos wt 0,4 cos 2wt ) cos t
7) u vo ca mt mch lc c c tuyn tn s K(w), c a n tn hiu iu bin

c dng:
xv (t ) A1 x(t )cos t
tn hiu ra ca mch cng l tn hiu iu bin:

xr (t ) B1 y(t )cos t
a) Hy v ph ca tn hiu u ra mch lc
b) Tm qu trnh y(t) v nng lng ca n. Cho bit A = 2, W = 10 rad/s, x(t) = Sa2t
w 10
w 10
K ( w)

4
4
8) Sng mang sin 2wo t b iu ch bi tn hiu Sawo t trong h AM, u ra ca mch

iu ch nhn c y AM (t ) (1 Sawot ) sin 2wo t . Tn hiu u ra y AM (t ) c a n
mch phi tuyn c c tuyn z y , sau cho qua mch lc thng gii, h m t nh sau:
Sa(wo)t
ieu che AM
y(t)
Mach phi tuyen
Sin(2wot)
w 4wo
w 4wo

K ( w)
2
w
2
w
o
o
Hy tm tn hiu w(t) v cng sut trung bnh ca n.

9) H thng PAM nh hnh v
KHOA IN IN T
z(t)
K(w)
w(t)
y PAM (t )
x(t)
y (t )
1 t
|||
2 2
YPAM (w)
2
1
-
-w0
a) y PAM (t ) ?
b) x(t) ? x (w) ?, E x ?
KHOA IN IN T
w0
Chng 6
TN HIU NGU NHIN
Mc ch
Xc sut v phn b xc sut
Tn hiu ngu nhin.
Biu din tn hiu ngu nhin.
Phn tch tn hiu ngu nhin.
6.1. NHNG KHI NIM XC SUT C BN
6.1.1. Khng gian xc sut
Khng gian xc sut l b ba , B, P trong :
: Khng gian cc thc nghim, cc phn t e ca n l cc bin c s cp e
B: L tp con ca tp , tp cc bin c ngu nhin
P: L nh x ca tp B vo tp s thc trong khong ng < 1, 0 > tha cc tin :
0 P( ) 1; B
P( ) 1
(6.1)
6.1.2. Bin ngu nhin

Bin ngu nhin l nhng i lng m gi tr ca n ph thuc vo cc bin c s cp
(cc s kin hoc cc phn t ca h thng xc sut). y ta ch xt bin ngu nhin thc.
Gi l bin ngu nhin thc th : R ( l nh x ca tp vo tp s thc R)
tha mn cc iu kin:
e : (e) x B, x R
Pe : (e) Pe : (e) 0
(6.2)
e : (e) x B tc: bin ngu nhin
(e) s nh x mt bin c ngu nhin thnh mt s

thc e < x R v e tp cc bin c ngu nhin B trong khng gian cc bin c s cp .
Pe : (e) tc: xc sut bin ngu nhin (e) nh x mt bin c ngu nhin thnh
mt s thc e = - l 0.
Mt v d m t cch m ta nh x mt bin c ngu nhin thnh mt s thc c ch ra
trong Hnh 6.1 sau:
KHOA IN IN T
P(x)
0,4
A
B
C
0,3
Bin ngu nhin (.)

nh x cc s kin
0,2
Sang cc gi tr trn
trc s thc
0,1
x
-3
-2
-1
Hnh 6.1: nh x bin c ngu nhin thnh

mt s thc v hm xc sut
T hnh trn ta thy rng, xc sut ca s kin (bin c ngu nhin) B l P(B) = P(1,5) =
0,2.
6.1.3. Hm phn b tch ly (CDF Cumulative Distribution Function)
Hm phn b tch ly ca bin ngu nhin (e) c cho bi:
F ( x) Pe : (e) x
(6.3)
F (x) lxc sut bin ngu nhin (e) nh x mt bin c ngu nhin thnh mt s thc
e
thuc tp cc bin c s cp sao cho e < x R.
Vi cc bin ngu nhin ri rc th:
L
F ( x) P( xi ) 1(x-xi)
i 1
trong : L l s nguyn ln nht sao cho x L x v L M (s im trong phn b ri rc)

Nh vy hm phn b tch ly trong v d hnh 6.1 s c m t hnh 6.2 sau:
Cc tnh cht ca hm phn phi:
0 F ( x) 1
(6.4)
F ( x1 ) F ( x2 ) nu x1 x2
(6.5)
F () 0
(6.6)
KHOA IN IN T
F () 1
(6.7)
6.1.4. Hm mt xc sut
Hm mt xc sut c ngun gc t ch xc sut ca bin c x1 (e) x2 . Gi
f (x) l hm mt xc sut th:
P( x1 (e) x2 ) P( (e) x2 ) P( (e) x1 ) F ( x2 ) F ( x1 )
x2
f ( x)dx
x1
f (x)
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
x
-2
-3
-1
Hnh 6.3: Hm mt xc sut
Hnh 6.3 m t hm mt xc sut cho v d trn hnh 6.2.

F (x)
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
-3
-2
-1
Hnh 6.2: Hm phn b tch ly
Cc tnh cht ca hm mt xc sut:

KHOA IN IN T
(6.8)
f ( x ) 0
(6.9)
f ( x)dx F () F () 1
(6.10)
6.1.5. Bin ngu nhin ri rc

Vi bin ngu nhin ri rc, ngi ta thng xt 2 tp sau:
( ) xi , i 1,2,3,..., M : tap cac the hien cua bien ngau nhien
P ( xi ) : i 1,2,3,..., M : tap xac suat tng ng vi cac the hien o
Trong : P ( xi ) Pei : (ei ) xi

6.1.6. Cc thng s ca bin ngu nhin
a. Moment gc cp r ca bin ngu nhin
r dF ( x); r 1,2,3,...
(6.11)
r f ( x)dx
(6.12)
( )
Vi cc bin ngu nhin ri rc th:

r
xir P ( xi )
(6.13)
i 1
b. Moment trung _ cp r
( )
dF ( x) ( x ) r f ( x)dx
(6.14)
Nu cc bin ngu nhin l ri rc th:

r
( )
( xi ) r P ( xi )
(6.15)
i 1
c. ngha moment ca bin ngu nhin

Moment gc cp 1: l gi tr trung bnh hay k vng ton hc ( gi tr mong i, ly xung
quanh gc ta ) ca bin ngu nhin . K hiu: E( ) hoc m .
Moment gc cp 2: 2 l gi tr trung bnh bnh phng ca bin ngu nhin. Thng
c k hiu l E( 2 )
KHOA IN IN T
Moment trung tm cp 2: ( ) c gi l variane (phng sai, ly xung quanh gi tr

trung bnh) ca bin ngu nhin . K hiu: 2 hay D 2 ( ) v 2 c gi l lch chun
ca bin ngu nhin 2 v k hiu l: .
y, trong cc bi ton k thut in, tr trung bnh, phng sai, cc mmen khc c
ngha g? Nu x biu din mt dng sng in p hoc dng in th gi tr trung bnh s cho
gi tr DC ca dng sng. Mmen th 2 (r = 2) ly xung quanh gc ta l
s l cng
sut chun ho.

2 cho cng sut chun ho trong dng sng AC tng ng. Do , 2 l gi tr hiu dng
ca dng sng v l gi tr hiu dng ca thnh phn sng AC tng ng.
6.1.7. Hm mt xc sut kt hp c iu kin

Cho 2 khng gian xc sut (1 , B1 , P1 ) v ( 2 , B2 , P2 ) ta c th to ra khng gian xc sut kt
hp ( , B, P) sao cho 1 2 , B B1 B2 , v P l o xc sut trong tp B.
Gi , l 2 bin ngu nhin xc nh trn cc tp bin s s cp 1 va 2 th quan h xc
sut gia cc bin ngu nhin , c m t bi hm mt xc sut kt hp ca cc bin
, n c k hiu l: f ( x, y) ,t :
f ( x )
f ( x, y)dy
(6.16)
f ( y )
f ( x, y)dx
(6.17)
Hm mt xc sut c iu kin:
f / ( y / x)
f / ( x / y )
f ( x, y )
f ( x )
f ( x, y )
f ( y )
(6.18)
(6.19)
Nu cc bin ngu nhin , ri rc, c cc th hin hu hn, s c tp hp xc sut kt

hp:
P ( xi , yk ) : i 1,2,..., M ; k 1,2,..., N v tng ng s c:
KHOA IN IN T
P ( xi )
P ( xi , yk )
(6.20)
k 1
P ( y k ) P ( xi , y k )
(6.21)
i 1
P / ( y k / xi )
P / ( xi / y k )
P ( xi , y k )
(6.22)
P ( xi )
P ( xi , y k )
(6.23)
P ( y k )
6.1.8. Moment kt hp (Tn hiu ngu nhin 2 chiu)

Hai bin ngu nhin va c moment gc kt hp:

r s
r s
y f ( x, y )dxdy; r , s 1,2,...
(6.24)
Moment trung tm kt hp ca 2 bin ngu nhin:

(x )
( ) r ( ) s
( y ) s f ( x, y)dxdy; r , s 1,2,...
(6.25)
y cp moment l r + s
ngha:
1) Moment gc kt hp cp 2: ( ) c gi l k vng tch ca cc bin ngu nhin
va hay l h s tng quan khng chun ha hoc l tng quan ca 2 bin
ngu nhin va .
2) Moment trung tm kt hp cp 2: ( )( ) c gi l hm hp bin ca cc

bin ngu nhin , v c k hiu l cov( , ).
H s tng quan chun ha:
cov( , )
( )( )
( ) 2 ( ) 2
6.1.9. Bin ngu nhin n chiu

Tng t ta c bin ngu nhin n chiu vi:
(1 , 2 ,..., n ) : vect bien ngau nhien
x (x1 , x 2 ,..., x n ) : la cac the hien cua
KHOA IN IN T
(6.26)
Cc bin ny c m t bng hm xc sut kt hp n chiu: f1 2 ... n ( x1 , x1 ,..., xn )

6.1.10. Hm ca bin ngu nhin
a. Hm tuyn tnh ca bin ngu nhin
Th hin ca bin ngu nhin l x
Th hin ca bin ngu nhin l y = f(x)
Mt cch tng qut hm mt xc sut ca l:
f ( y )
1
f x
dy / dx
trong : f (x) l hm mt xc sut ca

Nu th hin ca bin ngu nhin l y = ax + b (trong trng hp tuyn tnh ang xt)
Th hm tuyn tnh ca bin ngu nhin l hm ngu nhin: a b
Nu hm mt xc sut ca l f (x) th hm mt xc sut ca l:
f ( y )
1 y b
f
a a
(6.27)
V d 6.1:
Gi thit c tuyn V-A ca mt diode c m t bi c tuyn l tng nh trong hnh
6.4, trong y l dng in chy qua diode v x l in p trn 2 u diode v:
Bx ; x 0
y
0 ; x 0
Nu f (x) c phn b Gauss c gi tr trung bnh bng khng, khi :

f ( y )
1
f x
dy / dx
y, ta cn lu l hm mt xc sut f ( y ) c gi tr ti y = 0 (v din tch bn di

f (x) khc 0 vi x 0) v:
f ( y 0) P( y 0). ( y ) P( x 0). ( y )
khi ta c:
KHOA IN IN T
f ( x)dx. ( y) 2 ( y)
1
B f ( y / B) ; y 0
1
f ( y ) ( y )
;y0
2
;y 0
0
1
y 2 /(2 B 2 2 )
;y0
B 2 e
1
f ( y ) ( y )
;y0
2
;y 0
0
Nh vy, hm mt xc sut ca f (x) v f ( y ) c m t trong Hnh 6.4.
y = f(x)
f (x)
dc B
x
0
f ( y )
Hnh 6.4: c tuyn V-A ca diode, cc hm mt xc xut

b. Tng ca 2 bin ngu nhin ,
Gi x, y, z ln lt l th hin ca , v vi z = x + y,
xc nh mt xc sut ca bin ngu nhin cn phi bit hm mt xc sut kt
hp f ( x, y) ta c:
f ( z )
f ( z y, y)dy
6.1.11. Cc tnh cht ca cc moment

Nu va l 2 bin ngu nhin th:
a a
KHOA IN IN T
(6.28)
C th thy rng php ly trung bnh ngu nhin c tnh tuyn tnh. Suy ra:
2 2 2
cov( , )
6.1.12. Bin ngu nhin c lp

Hai bin ngu nhin va c gi l c lp nu vi x (1 ), y ( 2 ) ta c:
f ( x, y) f ( x) f ( y)
(6.29)
Suy ra trng hp 2 bin ngu nhin ri rc:

P ( xi , yk ) P ( xi ) P ( yk ); i 1, M ; k 1, N
(6.30)
Nu 2 bin ngu nhin , c lp th bin s c hm mt xc sut c xc

nh bi tch chp ca cc hm mt c xc sut ca va
f ( z )
f ( z y) f ( y)dy
(6.31)
2 2 2
(6.32)
; tng quan bng tch k vng
(6.33)
Nhn xt: Nu va l 2 bin ngu nhin c lp th cov( , ) = 0 suy ra

0 (khng c iu ngc li).
6.1.13. Bin ngu nhin trc giao v khng tng quan
Hai tn hiu ngu nhin trc giao khi tch v hng ca n: 0
(6.34)
Hai bin ngu nhin khng tng quan khi: cov( , ) 0
(6.35)
Nhn xt:
3) Nu cc bin ngu nhin , khng tng quan th ch cn t nht 1 trong chng
c gi tr k vng = 0 ( 0 hoac 0 ), hai bin s trc giao. Variance tng ca 2
bin ngu nhin khng tng quan bng tng cc variance:
2 2 2
(6.36)
4) Nu 2 bin ngu nhin c lp th n l 2 bin ngu nhin khng tng quan

6.1.14. ngha cc thng s ca bin ngu nhin
~
Mt bin ngu nhin c th c vit di dng:
KHOA IN IN T
(6.37)
: l k vng ca
~
l bin ngu nhin nh tm

~
Tng t i vi tn hin xc nh: tng ng vi thnh phn DC, tng ng vi

thnh phn AC. Nh vy, khi bin ngu nhin m t tn hiu in p hay dng in th tr
trung bnh bnh phng 2 ca n l gi tr k vng ca cng sut tn hiu trn in tr n
v.
6.1.15. Cc bin ngu nhin bng nhau
a. S bng nhau khp ni
Hai bin ngu nhin c coi l bng nhau khp ni nu chng c xc nh trn tp cc
bin c s cp ca cng mt khng gian xc sut ( , B, P) v nu vi mi bin c s cp
e , cc th hin ca 2 bin ngu nhin l nh nhau
b. Bng nhau vi xc sut 1
Hai bin ngu nhin bng nhau vi xc sut 1 (gn khp ni) nu chng c xc nh trn
tp cc bin c s cp ca cng mt khng gian xc sut ( , B, P) v nu:
Pe : (e) (e) 1
Trong trng hp cc bin ngu nhin bng nhau gn khp ni, c th c mt s bin s
cp m cc th hin tng ng ca cc bin ngu nhin khng bng nhau.
Bin ngu nhin bng 0 vi xc sut 1 khi v ch khi tr trung bnh bnh phng ca n
2 0 c ngha l hu nh vi tt c cc bin c s cp, cc th hin ca n u bng 0.
Bin ngu nhin khng i vi xc sut 1 khi v ch khi phng sai 2 ca n bng 0. C
ngha l gn nh vi tt c cc bin c s cp, cc th hin ca n u bng nhau v bng
c. Bng nhau theo trung bnh bnh phng
Hai bin ngu nhin c gi l bng nhau theo trung bnh bnh phng nu chng c
xc nh trn tp cc bin c s cp ca cng mt khng gian xc sut v nu: ( ) 2 0
6.1.16. Khi nim v s hi t
a. Hi t khp ni
Dy cc bin ngu nhin 1 , 2 ,..., n xc nh trn tp cc bin c s cp c gi l hi
t khp ni n bin c xc nh trn cng tp bin s cp nu:
(e) lim n (e); e
n
b. Hi t vi xc sut 1 (gn khp ni)

KHOA IN IN T
(6.38)
Dy cc bin ngu nhin n c gi l hi t n bin ngu nhin vi xc sut 1 nu:
P e : lim n (e) (e) 1

n
(6.39)
c. Hi t theo trung bnh bnh phng

Dy cc bin ngu nhin n c gi l hi t theo trung bnh bnh phng n bin
ngu nhin nu:
lim ( n ) 2 0
n
(6.40)
6.2. QU TRNH NGU NHIN

6.2.1. nh ngha
Qu trnh ngu nhin c nh ngha l mt hm 2 bin e v t , vi mi bin c s
cp e ti thi im t ta s c mt s thc (e, t ) .
Bin t thng l thi gian. Tp c gi l tp xc nh ca qu trnh ngu nhin.
6.2.2. Phn loi tn hiu ngu nhin
Da vo tp xc nh v bin tn hiu m ta c 4 loi tn hiu:
Tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian lin tc
Tn hiu ri rc theo thi gian lin tc
Tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian ri rc
Tn hiu ri rc theo thi gian ri rc
6.2.3. Biu din tn hiu ngu nhin
a. Biu din tn hiu bng hm mt xc sut kt hp n chiu
Gi vect bin ngu nhin l:
1 , 2 ,..., n
Vect bin n chiu:
x x1 , x2 ,...xn
Vect n chiu ca cc im trong khong 0, T : t t1 , t 2 ,..., t n

Hm mt xc sut kt hp n chiu: f ( x, t ) f ... x1 , x2 ,..., xn ; t1 , t 2 ,..., t n s m t
1 2 n
tn hiu ti n thi im t1 , t 2 ,..., t n
b. Biu din tn hiu bng gi tr trung bnh hm t tng quan
Vic biu din tn hiu ngu nhin bng hm mt xc sut n chiu vi n ln l cch
biu din chnh xc nhng rt phc tp.
KHOA IN IN T
Ta gi thit tn hiu (t ) xc nh trn tp , v gi tr ca n i (ti ) cng l bin xc

nh trn tp , c gi tr trung bnh bnh phng hu hn. Gi thit ny ng trong a s
cc tn hiu ngu nhin thc t.
Gi tr trung bnh (k vng) ca tn hiu ngu nhin (t ) l hm khng ngu nhin theo thi
gian (t ) . Gi tr ca n ti thi im t i bng gi tr k vng i ca bin ngu nhin i mi
thi im ti :
(t )
xf ( x, t )dx
(6.41)
Vi tn hiu ri rc th:
(t )
xi P ( xi , t )
(6.42)
i 1
trong : P ( xi , t ) l xc sut bin ngu nhin nhn th hin xi ti im ti

Trung bnh bnh phng tn hiu ngu nhin (t ) l hm khng ngu nhin ca thi gian:
(t )
x (t )
(6.43)
f ( x, t )dx
Quan h:
2 (t ) 2 (t ) (t )
(6.44)
Hm tng quan ca tn hiu ngu nhin (t ) l hm khng ngu nhin ca thi gian:
R(t1 , t 2 ) (t1 ) (t 2 )
x1 x2 f1 2 ( x1 , x2 ; t1, t 2 )dx1dx2
(6.45)
Hm t hp bin ca tn hiu ngu nhin (t ) l hm khng ngu nhin ca 2 bin t1 ,t 2 :
C (t1 , t 2 ) (t1 ) (t1 ) (t 2 ) (t 2 )

x1 (t1 )x2 (t 2 ) f1 2 (x1 , x2 ; t1 , t 2 )dx1dx2
= R(t1 , t 2 ) (t1 ) (t 2 )
c. Biu din tn hiu bng hm tng quan
Hm tng quan ca 2 tn hiu ngu nhin (t1 ) v (t 2 ) l hm:
KHOA IN IN T
(6.46)
R (t1 , t 2 ) (t1 ) (t 2 )
xyf ( x, y; t1, t 2 )dxdy
(6.47)
6.3. TCH PHN O HM TN HIU NGU NHIN

6.3.1. Tch phn
Gi thit (t ) l tn hiu ngu nhin xc nh trn tp t , , t , , v vi mi th hin x(t)
ca n tn ti tch phn thng thng:
t ,,
y
x(t )dt
(6.48)
t,
Nh vy vi mi th hin ta c tch phn ca n l mt s y, tp tch phn cc th hin ca

(t ) s cho ta mt tp s, tp s ny s l th hin ca mt bin ngu nhin khc l . Nh
vy tch phn thng thng ca tn hiu ngu nhin l:
t ,,
(t )dt
t,
(6.49)
6.3.2. o hm
Xt tn hiu ngu nhin (t ) xc nh trn tp , gi thit rng vi mi th hin x(t) ca
(t ) , tn ti trong tp o hm thng thng:
x , (t ) lim
0
x(t ) x(t )
(6.50)
Cc hm x , (t ) s to nn tp cc th hin ca tn hiu ngu nhin khc , (t ) c vit

di dng:
, (t )
d (t )
(t ) (t )
lim
dt
(6.51)
6.4. TN HIU DNG

6.4.1. Tn hiu dng cht v dng bc n
a. Tn hiu dng cht
Mt tn hiu ngu nhin (t ) xc nh trn tp (, ) c gi l dng cht (dng hon
ton) nu vi mt s t nhin bt k v mt s thc bt k, hm mt xc sut kt hp n
chiu ca tn hiu (t ) v ca tn hiu b dch chuyn (t ) l bng nhau vi mi dy
KHOA IN IN T
im t1 , t 2 ,..., t n ; ti ; i 1, n tc:
x , x ,..., xn ; t1 , t 2 ,..., t n (6.52)

f ... x1 , x2 ,..., xn ; t1 , t 2 ,..., t n = f , ,
1 2 n
1 2 ... , n 1 2
Trong : i (ti ); , (ti ) (ti ); i 1, n
b. Tn hiu dng bc n
Hm mt xc sut kt hp n chiu ca tn hiu dng bc n tha mn iu kin:
f ... x1 , x2 ,..., xn ; t1 , t 2 ,..., t n = f ... x1 , x2 ,..., xn ; 1 , 2 ,..., n 1
1 2 n
1 2 n
(6.53)
Vi: i ti 1 ti ; i 1, n 1
Nhn xt:
1) Tn hiu dng bc n th cng l tn hiu dng bc k n
2) Hm mt xc sut kt hp n chiu ca tn hiu dng bc n khng ph thuc vo
vic chn cc im t1 , t 2 ,..., t n m ch ph thuc vo khong cch gia cc im .
3) Trong trng hp n = 1, hm mt xc sut f ( x, t ) l nh nhau vi mi t , tc
cc moment khng thay i theo thi gian.
4) Vi n = 2: f1 2 ( x1 , x2 ; t1 , t 2 ) f1 2 ( x1 , x2 ; ) l hm mt bin, m l hm mt
bin th cng nh dng bc 1 nn tr trung bnh, trung bnh bnh phng, phng sai
ca tn hiu dng bc 2 u khng i.
6.4.2. Tn hiu dng rng (dng yu)
Nhng tn hiu c ngha thc t l tn hiu dng yu. Tn hiu ngu nhin (t ) c gi
l dng nu:
1) (t ) const
2) R(t1, t 2 ) R( ); t1 t 2
Nhn xt:
1) Tn hiu dng rng l tn hiu c tr trung bnh bng hng s
2) Tn hiu dng rng l tn hiu c hm t tng quan l hm mt bin
3) Mt tn hiu dng bc 2 c th suy ra tn hiu l dng rng
6.5. TN HIU EGODIC
Mt lp con ca tn hiu dng l tn hiu Egodic. Mt tn hiu ngu nhin c c tnh
Egodic nu c trng xc sut ca n nh: tr trung bnh, trung bnh bnh phng, phng
sai, hm t tng quan, t hp bin, c th suy ra t mt th hin ca tn hiu c quan
st trong tng thi gian di.
KHOA IN IN T
Trong thc t, tt c cc tn hiu c nghin c v o lung u l tn hiu Egodic, tc

trong thc t, ta ch o lng i vi mt th hin ca tn hiu vt l.
6.6. TN HIU NGU NHIN PHC
Xt 2 tn hiu ngu nhin thc (t ), (t ) c tp xc nh , tn hin ngu nhin
phc xc nh trn tp l tn hiu:
(t ) (t ) j (t )
(6.54)
sao cho, nu x(t) l th hin ca (t ) , y(t) l th hin ca (t ) th th hin ca (t ) l:

z(t) = x(t) +jy(t)
(6.55)
6.6.1. Tr trung bnh ca tn hiu ngu nhin phc

Tr trung bnh ca tn hin ngu nhin phc l 1 hm phc khng ngu nhin:
(t ) (t ) j (t )
(6.56)
6.6.2. Hm t tng quan v t hp bin

Hm t tng quan v t hp bin ca tn hiu ngu nhin phc l nhng hm 2 bin
khng ngu nhin:
R(t1 , t 2 ) (t1 ) * (t 2 )
(6.57)
C (t1 , t 2 ) (t1 ) (t1 ) * (t 2 ) * (t 2 )
(6.58)
Khi t1 t 2 t ta c:
R(t , t ) (t )
C (t , t ) (t ) (t )
(6.59)
2
(6.60)
chnh l tr trung bnh v phng sai ca tn hiu phc (t )

6.7. TN HIU CHUN GAUSS
Mt trong nhng hm phn b mt xc sut c ngha thc t rt ln l hm phn b
chun. Phn b chun m t cho nhiu tn hiu vt l, nhng tn hiu c gi l tn hiu
chun.
6.7.1. Bin ngu nhin chun
Bin ngu nhin c gi l bin ngu nhin chun nu hm mt xc sut ca n c
dng:
KHOA IN IN T
(x )2
; x (- , )
exp
2
2
2
2
f ( x)
(6.61)
Trong va 2 l k vng v phng sai ca bin ngu nhin

Phn phi ca bin ngu nhin chun:
x
F ( x)
f ( x , )dx ,
1
(x )
erf
2
Trong , hm sai s: erf ( z )
(6.62)
exp( x
2 0
/ 2)dx
Hm mt xc sut kt hp ca 2 bin ngu nhin:
(x )2
1
( x )( y ) ( y ) 2
f ( x, y )
exp
2
2(1 2 ) 2
2 2 2 (1 2 )
(6.63)
6.7.2. Tn hiu ngu nhin chun
Xt tn hiu ngu nhin lin tc (t ) xc nh trn tp . Tn hiu ny c gi l chun
nu cc gi tr ca n (t1 ), (t 2 ),..., (t n ) l nhng bin ngu nhin chun kt hp vi mi n
v ti mi im t1 , t 2 ,..., t n .
Hm mt xc sut 1 chiu ca tnh hiu ngu nhin f ( x, t ) l hm ngu nhin Gausse
c dng:
f ( x, t )
x (t ) 2
exp
2
2
(
t
)
2 2 (t )
(6.64)
6.8. V D V CC TN HIU NGU NHIN

6.8.1. Tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian lin tc (tn hiu tng t)
a. Tn hiu c gi tr khng i
Tn hiu ngu nhin (t ) c gi l tn hiu c gi tr khng i nu cc th hin ca n
l hm khng i theo thi gian.
N l tn hiu dng (t ) const nhng khng phi egodic v khi ly trung bnh theo
thi gian cc thng s ca tn hiu cho ta kt qu khc nhau i vi cc th hin khc nhau
ca n
KHOA IN IN T
b. Tn hiu iu ha ngu nhin

Tn hiu iu ha ngu nhin c dng:
(t ) cos(t )
(6.65)
Ttrong : , , l nhng bin ngu nhin c m t bng nhng hm mt xc sut

no . Mt th hin ca (t ) l tn hiu iu ha xc nh c dng: x(t) = Xcos(wt + ).
Trong : X, w, l cc th hin ca cc bin ngu nhin , , .
b1. Tn hiu iu ha c pha ngu nhin phn b u
Gi s pha ngu nhin phn b u trong (-, ), X, w0 khng i:
(t ) x cos(wo t )
Pha l bin ngu nhin c hm mt xc sut nh sau:

f ( )
1

2 2
Xt xem tn hiu ny c phi l dng rng hay khng?

R rng nu l bin ngu nhin c phn b u trong (-, ) th cos( ), sin( ) l
nhng bin ngu nhin c k vng cos( ) = sin( ) = 0, t suy ra (t ) 0
Ta c:
(t ) (t ) X cos(wot ) X coswo (t )
X2
X2
cos wo
cos(2wo t wo 2)
2
2
X2
X2
X2
cos wo
cos(2wo t wo )cos 2
sin(2wo t 2wo )sin 2
2
2
2
X2
cos wo R ( ) khng ph thuc vo t nn tn hiu (t ) l dng rng.

2
Tn hiu (t ) l tn hiu egodic theo tr trung bnh v x 0

b2. Tn hiu iu ha c bin ngu nhin
(t ) cos(wot ) vi wo , const, la bien o ngau nhien co phan bo eu
Tn hiu ny khng phi l tn hiu dng v:

(t ) cos(wo t ) cos(wo t )
(t ) (t ) cos(wo t ) cos wo (t )
KHOA IN IN T
2
2
cos wo cos(2wot 2 )phu thuoc vao t
b3. Tn hiu iu ha c bin v pha ngu nhin

(t ) cos(wot ) cos cos wot sin sin wot
(t ) cos cos wo t sin sin wo t

1
2
1
2
1
2
(t ) (t ) 2 cos wo 2 cos cos(2wo t wo ) 2 sin sin(2wo t wo )
Gi thit , l cc bin c lp. Cho nn chng s khng tng quan. Suy ra,
va cos , va sin , 2 va cos2 , 2 va sin2 cng khng tng quan.
Gi tr trung bnh v hm t tng quan ca tn hiu:
(t ) (cos cos wo t sin sin wo t )
1
2
1
2
(t ) (t ) 2 cos wo 2 cos 2 cos(2wo t wo ) sin 2 sin(2wo t wo )
Nh vy n l tn hiu dng khi phn b trong (-p, p)

L tn hiu Egodic theo tr trung bnh v khng Egodic theo hm t tng quan
Ngi ta chng minh c hm mt xc sut ca tn hiu ny l:
f ( x, t )
; t ,
X 2 x2 2X
1
Suy ra cc thng s: 0
1
2
2 2
1
R ( ) 2 cos wo
2
b4. Tn hiu iu ha chun c bin v pha ngu nhin

c. Tn hiu iu ch iu ha ngu nhin
Tn hiu iu ch iu ho l trng hp m rng ca tn hiu iu ho c bin c bin
v pha ngu nhin. Bin ca n thay i theo tn hiu tin tc ngu nhin (tn hiu iu
ch) (t ) .
Tn hiu iu ch u ha c dng:
(t ) (t ) cos(wo t )
Vi cc gi thit:
KHOA IN IN T
(6.66)
cos(wo t ) c pha ngu nhin phn b u trong (-p, p) tc f ( )
1 t

2 2
(t ) l tn hiu dng khng ph thuc vo sng mang cos(wo t )
T cng thc:
R ( ) (t ) (t ) (t ) (t ) (t ) (t ) (t ) (t ) (t ) (t ) R ( ) R ( )
1
v hm t tng quan ca cos(wo t ) l: R ( ) cos(wo ) suy ra:

2
R ( )
1
R ( ) cos(wo )
2
d. Dao ng tng qut

Dao ng tng qut ngu nhin l dao ng c dng:
(t ) (t ) coswo t (t )
(t ) (t ) cos( w t ) (t ) sin( w t )
o
o
(6.67)
Trong : (t ), (t ), (t ), (t ) l nhng tn hiu ngu nhin

Tn hiu (t ) (t ) cos(wot ) (t ) sin( wot ) l tn hiu dng khi v ch khi (t ), (t ) tho:
1) (t ), (t ) l dng kt hp
2) 0
3) R ( ) R ( )
4) R ( ) R ( )
Hm t tng quan ca tn hiu (t ) khi s l: (t ) R ( ) cos wo R ( ) sin wo
Nu (t ), (t ) tha 1 4 v chng l cc tn hiu trc giao hoc khng tng quan vi tr
trung bnh = 0. C ngha l vi mi t ta c: R ( ) R ( ) 0 th:
R ( ) R ( ) cos wo
Nu (t ), (t ) tha 1 4 v hn na chng c lp v chun th tn hiu (t ) l tn hiu

chun, dng chc v Egodic. Hm t tng quan ca n vn l: R ( ) R ( ) cos wo
Khi (t ) v (t ) c lp c hm mt xc sut l:
f ( X , t )
f ( , t )
X
X 2
exp
1( X ) ; phn phi Reyleigh
2 R (0)
R (0)
1
; phn b u
2 2
KHOA IN IN T
e. Tng cc tn hiu iu ha ngu nhin

Tn hiu c dng:
(t )
n cos wnt n sin wnt ; n , n l cc bin ngu nhin thc; n 1, N
(6.68)
n 1
Nh vy (t ) l tn hiu dng khi v ch khi cc bin ngu nhin:

n , n khng tng quan c cc k vng = 0 cc variance 2 2 2 ; n 1, N
n
n
n
tt nhin cc gi tr trung bnh ca tn hiu = 0

Suy ra hm t tng quan:;
R ( )
n2 cos wn
(6.69)
n 1
Nu vi mi n 1, N ta c: wn nwo th tn hiu (t ) l tn hiu tun hon theo trung bnh

bnh phng vi chu k T = 2p/w0 v N c th l .
f. Tn hiu hm m phc ngu nhin
Dng tn hiu:
(t ) e jwt
(6.70)
Trong l mt bin ngu nhin thc hoc phc, cn w l thc. Gi tr trung bnh v
hm t tng quan ca tn hiu ny l:
(t ) e jwt ~
e jwt
(6.71)
2 jwt
(t ) * (t ) e jwt *e jw(t ) ~
e
(6.72)
Tn hiu s l dng khi 0 v hm tng quan ca n l hm phc.

g. Tng cc tn hiu hm m phc ngu nhin
Dng tn hiu:
(t )
n e jwn t
(6.73)
n 1
Nu cc bin ngu nhin phc n khng tng quan v k vng ca chng = 0, tc n 0

vi mi n th tn hiu (t ) l dng c tr trung bnh = 0 v hm t tng quan c xc nh
bi biu thc:
KHOA IN IN T
R ( )
n2 e jwn trong n2
; n 1, N
n 1
6.8.2. Tn hiu ri rc theo thi gian lin tc

a. Tn hiu khng ng b
Tn hiu khng ng b ri rc l nhng dy hay mt tp hp cc im ngu nhin
i ; i 0,1,... c t ngu nhin trn thang thi gian

Cc im trn thang thi gian t i l cc th hin ca cc bin ngu nhin i
Cc tn hiu ngu nhin c m t bi dy Poison c gi l tn hiu ri rc khng ng
b
P k ; t
Vi
e t (t ) k
k 0,1,...
k!
(6.74)
l mt phn b u cc im trn thang thi gian
k l s im sut hin trong khong thi gian t

b. Tn hiu ng b
Vic nh ngha tn hiu ng b da trn tp im phn b c qui tc trn trc thi gian.
Thng thng cc im ny cch nhau nhng khong thi gian bng nhau.
c im ca tn hiu ny l gi tr ca n khng thay i trong mt khong gia 2 im
k tip nhau (tn hiu nh phn ng b bn ngu nhin, tn hiu nh phn ng b ngu nhin
hon ton)
6.9. BIU DIN GII TCH TN HIU NGU NHIN
6.9.1. Biu din ri rc cc tn hiu ngu nhin
Xt v d v biu din ri rc tn hiu ngu nhin bng chui phc Fourier ca tn hiu
ngu nhin tun hon theo trung bnh bnh phng.
a. Chui phc Fourier ca tn hiu tun hon theo trung bnh bnh phng
Tn hiu ngu nhin dng (t ) c gi l tn hiu tun hon theo trung bnh bnh phng
nu hm t tng quan R( ) ca n l hm tun hon. Tc:
R( T ) R( )(*)
S T nh nht tho (*) c gi l chu k ca tn hiu tun hon (t )

Tn hiu ngu nhin dng (t ) tun hon theo trung bnh bnh phng vi chu k T c th
c biu din bng chui phc Fourier:
KHOA IN IN T
(t )
n
T
n e jnwo t ; wo
2
T
(6.75)
1
n (t )e jnwo t dt ; n 0,1,...
T
0
Cc h s n gi l cc bin ngu nhin trc giao, khng tng quan v tho mn cc iu

kin sau:
; n 0
n
0; n 0
R ; n m
m * n n
0; n m
Trong Rn l h s khai trin Fourier ca hm t tng quan R( ) ca tn hiu (t ) .

b. Chui phc Fourier ca tn hiu khng tun hon
Tn hiu ngu nhin dng (t ) c hm tng quan khng tun hon c th c biu din
bng chui Fourier trong khong (-T/2 ; T/2):
(t )
n e jnwo t ; wo
2
;t T /2
T
(6.76)
Trong cc h s n l cc bin ngu nhin c k vng khc 0 khi n = 0; khng trc giao
v do tng quan, c xc nh bng tch phn ngu nhin:
1
n
T
T /2
(t )e
jnwo t
dt; n 0,1,...
(6.77)
T / 2
c. Chui Shanon
(t )
(nT )Sa2f m (t nT )
(6.78)
6.9.2. Biu din lin tc tn hiu ngu nhin

a. Bin i Fourier ngu nhin
Xt tn hiu ngu nhin (t ) c th hin l x(t) l tn hiu nng lng hu hn vi xc sut
1 tc l (t ) khng phi l tn hiu dng. Khi vi mi th hin x(t) ca tn hiu (t ) s c
bin i Fourier sau:
X ( w)
x(t )e
jwt
dt
ng thi tn ti bin i ngc:

KHOA IN IN T
(6.79)
x(t )
1
2
X (w)e
jwt
(6.80)
dw
Ta cng c bin i Fourier ngu nhin:
( w) (t )e jwt dt
(6.81)
V bin i ngc:
1
(t )
2
(w)e
jwt
(6.82)
dw
b. Bin i ngu nhin Hilbert (tn hiu gii tch)

Cp bin i ngu nhin Hilbert ca tn hiu ngu nhin c nh ngha bi cc tch phn
ngu nhin sau:
(t ) (t )
1 1
( )
t
1
1
(t ) (t )
( )
t
(6.83)
d
Tn hiu gii tch ngu nhin ca tn hiu (t ) l:

(t ) (t ) j(t )
(6.84)
c dng m t tn hiu ngu nhin iu ch

6.10. PHN TCH PH TN HIU NGU NHIN
6.10.1. Bin i Fourier gii hn
Ta c cp bin i Fourier ngu nhin (6.80 , 6.81) vi (t ) l tn hiu c nng lng
hu hn, ngha l cc th hin x(t) xa n tha mn iu kin sau vi xc sut 1:
x(t )
dt
(6.85)
Cp bin i Fourier gii hn: (t ) (w)

6.10.2. Cc c tnh tn s ca tn hiu ngu nhin
a. Mt ph cng sut
Mt ph cng sut ca tn hiu ngu nhin dng (t ) l bin i Fourier (xc nh) ca
KHOA IN IN T
hm t tng quan R( ) ca n
S ( w) R( )e jw d
1
R
(
S ( w)e jw dw
(6.86)
Cc tnh cht ca S(w);

1) S(w) l hm thc v R( ) R* ( )
2) Nu (t ) l thc th S(w) l thc chn: S(w) = S(-w)
3) Din tch gii hn di th ph mt cng sut chia cho 2 chnh l cng sut
tn hiu
1
R(0)
2
S (w)dw
(6.87)
Suy ra c 3 cch xc nh trung bnh bnh phng tn hiu:

Theo f ( x)
Theo R(0)
Theo S(w)
b. Mt ph cng sut tng h

Xt cc tn hiu (t ), (t ) l cc tn hiu dng kt hp. Mt ph cng sut tng h
c nh ngha nh sau:
S ( w)
R ( )e
jw
R ( )e
jw
S ( w)
R ( )
R ( )
R(0)
(t )
1
2
1
2
1
2
(6.88)
S (w)e
jw
S (w)e
jw
dw
dw
S (w)dw : cng sut k vng ca 2 cc c in p
KHOA IN IN T
(t ) v qua n c dng
c. V d v mt ph cng sut ca tn hiu ngu nhin

V d 6.2: Cho tn hiu c dng:
(t ) X cos(wo t )
f ( )
1
l phn b u ca bin ngu nhin
2 2
R ( )
X2
cos wo
2
Suy ra: S ( w)
X 2
2
(w wo ) (w wo )
V d 6.3: Cho tn hiu tun hon theo trung bnh bnh phng. Hm t tng quan ca tn
hiu tun hon theo trung bnh bnh phng l hm tun hon v c khai trin thnh chui
Fourier:
R ( )
Rn e jnwo ; wo 2 / T
Suy ra: S ( w) 2
Rn (w nwo )
V d 6.4: Cho tn hiu iu ch iu ha ngu nhin c dng:

(t ) (t ) cos(wo t ) trong , tn hiu tin tc (t ) c lp vi sng mang cos(wo t ) ,
cn pha ngu nhin phn b u trong (- , ) c:
R ( )
1
R ( ) cos wo
2
Suy ra: S (w)
1
S ( w wo ) S ( w wo )
4
V d 6.5: Cho tn hiu dao ng tng qut:

(t ) (t ) cos wot (t ) sin wot tha cc iu kin trong phn 6.8.1 th:
S ( w)
1
S (w wo ) S (w wo ) j 1 S (w wo ) S (w wo )
2
2
V d 6.6: Dy poisson ca cc xung dirac:

Dy poisson ca cc xung dirac l tn hiu dng c gi tr trung bnh l v hm t tng
quan:
R ( ) 2 ( ) suy ra S (w) 2 2 (w)
V d 6.7: Tn hiu nh phn bin hon ton ngu nhin:

KHOA IN IN T
Tn hiu nh phn bin hon ton ngu nhin l tn hiu dng c:

0 v R ( ) ( / T )
wT
Suy ra: S ( w) TSa 2
6.10.3. Truyn tn hiu ngu nhin qua mch tuyn tnh

Cho h thng tuyn tnh (h6.5)
x(t)
h (t)
k(t)
K(w)
e(w)
h (w)
Hnh 6.5: H thng tuyn tnh
Ta c:
k (t t ) (t )dt
(t ) k (t ) (t ) (t ) k (t )
(t t , )k (t , )dt ,
(6.89)
Tng t trong min tn s:

(w) K (w) (w)
(6.90)
(w) K (w) (w)
(6.91)
arg (w) (w) arg (w)
Ta c: (t )
(6.92)
k (t t ) (t )dt
,
(t t , )k (t , )dt ,
Theo gi thit tn hiu vo l dng nn vic dch chuyn khng lm thay i tr trung bnh
ca n v ta c:
(t )
,
,
(t )k (t )dt
k (t )dt
,
K (0)
Xt quan h gia cc hm tng quan v mt ph cng sut (h6.6)

R ( )
S ( )
k(t)
K(w)
R ( )
S ( )
. Cc c trng ca tn hiu vo ra
Hnh 6.6.
KHOA IN IN T
Ta c: (t ) * (t )
, *
,
,
, *
,
,
(t t ) (t )k (t )dt (t t ) (t )k (t )dt R ( )
M: (t t , ) * (t ) R t t , (t ) R ( t , )
Suy ra: R ( )
R ( t )k (t )dt
,
K ( ) R ( )
Tm mi lin h gia hm t tng quan u vo v u ra
Ta c: (t ) ( ) (t ) (t t , )k * (t , )dt , (t ) * (t t , )k * (t , )dt , R ( )
*
M: (t ) * (t t , ) R t (t t , ) R (t t , )
Suy ra: R ( )
R ( t )k
,
(t )dt , K * ( ) R ( )
* ,
Mc khc: R ( ) K ( ) R ( ) suy ra: R ( ) K ( ) K * ( ) R ( )

Cc mi quan h trong min tn s
1) S (w) K (w)S (w)
2) S ( w) K * (w) S (w)
3) S (w) K (w) K * (w)S (w) K (w) 2 S (w)
4) S (w) K (w)S (w) K * (w)S (w)
Tm li: Nu tn hiu ngu nhin dng (t ) c t u vo ca mt h thng
tuyn tnh, c c tnh xung k(t) v hm truyn K(w) th tn hiu u ra (t ) cng l
tn hiu dng v c 2 l dng kt hp.
K (0)
R ( ) K ( ) K * ( ) R ( )
S ( w) K ( w) 2 S ( w)
KHOA IN IN T
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] TS.Phm Th C, L thuyt tn hiu,Trng H Bch Khoa TP HCM.
[2] John Wiley & Sons, Signal and Systems Simon Haykin - 1999.
KHOA IN IN T

Bai Giang Tin Hieu Va He Thong

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-1Bi ging: TN HIU & H THNG

-2Bi ging: TN HIU & H THNG

2.3.2. Tn hiu cng sut ................................................................................................. 23

-3Bi ging: TN HIU & H THNG

Chng 6 .................................................................................................. 100

-4Bi ging: TN HIU & H THNG

6.1.2. Bin ngu nhin .................................................................................................. 100

TI LIU THAM KHO .............................................................................. 127

-5Bi ging: TN HIU & H THNG

-6Bi ging: TN HIU & H THNG

nhu cu mong mun.

Hnh 1.2: S khi h thng thng tin a chiu

-7Bi ging: TN HIU & H THNG

1.2PHN LOI TN HIU

1.3TN HIU XC NH TN HIU NGU NHIN

-8Bi ging: TN HIU & H THNG

Tn hiu xc nh l tn hiu m qu trnh bin thin ca n c biu din bng mt hm

1.3.2Tn hiu ngu nhin

-9Bi ging: TN HIU & H THNG

Nu tn hiu c biu din bi cc hm ca cc bin ri rc th tn hiu c gi l

1.5 TN HIU NNG LNG TN HIU CNG SUT

- 10 Bi ging: TN HIU & H THNG

Hnh 1.5: Mt s loi tn hiu khc

- 11 Bi ging: TN HIU & H THNG

1.7.2Biu din vc t tn hiu

T dng tng qut trn ta thy rng dy th t cc h s k to nn mt b n s xc nh

; K=1 hoc K=1/T

- 12 Bi ging: TN HIU & H THNG

ii) Tch v hng ca hai tn hiu

Tng t, c th nh ngha tch v hng ca hai tn hiu (l cc hm thc hay phc i

iii) Tn hiu trc giao

1.7.3Biu din tn hiu bng chui hm trc giao

Hiu e(t) = x(t) ~x (t ) l mt tn hiu ca sai s xp x gn ng ca chun, theo (1.5) th:

- 13 Bi ging: TN HIU & H THNG

Gi ~x (t ) k k (t ) l xp x gn ng bc m ca x(t) sao cho sai s e(t) = x(t) ~x (t ) tha

mn iu kin trc giao (1.11). Xt mt xp x gn ng khc ty cng bc

Ta c: d2(x, x ) = d2(x - ~x , x - ~x ) = || x - ~x ||2 + || x - ~x ||2 2Re < x - ~x , x * - ~x * > (1)

x(t ) y(t )x * (t ) y * (t )dt

= < x, x* > + < y, y* > - < x, y* > - < x*, y >

= || x ||2 + || y ||2 2Re < x, y* >

v theo gi thit < x - ~x , *k > = 0 vi mi k.

Khi thay ~x bi trin khai (1.9) ta c tp m phng trnh:

Gii h ny ta s nhn c tp cc h s k ti u. H ny s c n gin nhiu nu

Nh vy ta s c c khai trin chui cc hm trc giao (1.9).

- 14 Bi ging: TN HIU & H THNG

Chnh l biu din Fourier ca tn hiu, trong :

Chui Fourier thng gp c dng:

cos nw0 t bn sin nw0 t )

x(t ) cos nw0tdt

x(t ) sin nw0tdt

Chu kca tn hiu trn hnh v l 3T, tn s gc 0

A cos nw tdt 3Tnw

- 15 Bi ging: TN HIU & H THNG

(an cos nw0t bn sin nw0t ) =

ii) Chui Shanon (hm Sa)

Mt tn hiu x(t) c ph tn s thp, nh hn f m. C th biu din bng chui Fourier

Nhn xt: Chui ny c c im l cc h s ca n chnh bng gi tr ca tn hiu x(t)

a. Dng tng qut

Vi: (t , s) l nhn lin hp v (s, t ) l nhn bin i tch phn.

- 16 Bi ging: TN HIU & H THNG

V d 1.2: Tm ph tn hiu x(t) = e

c. Biu din Hilbert

- 17 Bi ging: TN HIU & H THNG

- 18 Bi ging: TN HIU & H THNG