Phuong Phap So

PHNG PHP S - Chng 2
Khoa XD DD&CN-BKN 4
Chng 2: B TC CC THUT TON V MA TRN &
H PHNG TRNH.
Trong k thut t khi ta tm c nghim chnh xc ca cc bi ton di dng mt biu thc gii
tch. gii quyt kh khn ny, phng php tnh (PP tnh, hay ton hc tnh ton) cho ta cc
PP gn ng, tm nghim ca phng trnh, h phng trnh i s, ca phng trnh, h phng
trnh vi phn; cch tnh gn ng cc o hm, vi phn, xp x cc hm phc tp hay hm cho
di dng bng s bng cc hm n gin..
1. Khi nim v cc dng ma trn:
1.1. Khi nim:
Trong vng na th k nay, l thuyt ma trn c ng dng vo cc ngnh khoa hc nh
ton, l, c hc v.v.. Dng ma trn c u im l gip cho vic trnh by thut ton c ngn
gn, n gin. ng thi, do mi quan h cht ch gia cc i lng lin quan, cung cp c
nhng thng tin y v nhng iu cn bit trong lp lun tnh ton v thc hnh thit k.
Mt khc, l thuyt ma trn rt thun tin cho vic lp trnh thc hin qu trnh t ng tnh
ton, thit k trn my tnh in t.
Ma trn c s dng rng ri trong PP s v:
1.K hiu ma trn l 1 trong nhng k hiu c ng v r rng trong din ton.
2.Cho php t chc 1 cch c h thng cc s liu, rt ph hp vi tnh ton trn MTT.
3.C th nhn dng, vn dng, iu khin v phn tch nhng mng s liu bng nhng h thc
ton hc cht ch v chnh xc.
Trong thc t ta thng gp 1 h n phng trinh i s tuyn tnh vi n n s, v d:
2 0
3 2
2 4
1 2
1 2 3
2 3
x x
x x x
x x
=
+ =
+ =
;
Nu gp cc h s, cc n s v cc s hng t do vo cc mng, ta c th vit li di dng ma
trn sau:
2 1 0
1 3 1
0 1 2

x
x
x
1
2
3
=
0
2
4
;
Hoc c ng hn: [A] {x} = {b} hay A x

= b

;

Tng qut:
a x a x a x b
a x a x a x b
a x a x a x b
n n
n n
m m mn n m
11 1 12 2 1 1
21 1 22 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
..
..
..
[A] {x} = {b};
Trong c hc kt cu, ta bit rng gia cc thnh phn ni lc v cc thnh phn chuyn v
ca mt phn t thanh trong h phng c mi quan h nh sau:
PHNG PHP S - Chng 2
Khoa XD DD&CN-BKN 5
; .
.
i
i
i i
i
u
L
A E
N =
; .
.
.
.
.
. 12
2
2
1
2 3
i
i
i i
i
i
i i
i
i
i i
i
L
I E
L
I E
v
L
I E
Q =
; .
. 2
.
. 4
.
. 6
2 1
2
1 i
i
i i
i
i
i i
i
i
i i
i
L
I E
L
I E
v
L
I E
M + + =
; .
. 4
.
. 2
.
. 6
2 1
2
2 i
i
i i
i
i
i i
i
i
i i
i
L
I E
L
I E
v
L
I E
M + + =
Trong : N
i
- lc dc trong phn t i; Q
i
- lc ct trong phn t i;
M
1i
- m men un ti u 1 ca phn t; M
2i
- m men un ti u 2;
u
i
- bin dng dc trc ca phn t i; v
i
- chuyn v thng tng i (theo phng
vung gc vi trc thanh) gia 2 u ca phn t;

1i
- gc xoay ti u 1 ca phn t;
2i
- gc xoay ti u 2;
t
=
i
i
i
i
i
M
M
Q
N
S
2
1
gi l vec t ni lc ca phn t;

=
i
i
i
i
i
v
u
U
2
1
gi l vec t chuyn v ca phn t;

=
i
i i
i
i i
i
i i
i
i i
i
i i
i
i i
i
i i
i
i i
i
i i
i
i i
i
L
I E
L
I E
L
I E
L
I E
L
I E
L
I E
L
I E
L
I E
L
I E
L
A E
k
. 4 . 2 . 6
. 2 . 4 . 6
0
. 6 . 6 . 12
0
0 0 0
.
2
2
2 2 3

=
i i i
i i i
i i i
i
e f d
f e d
d d b
a
0
0
0 0 0
gi l ma trn cng
ca phn t;
Cc h thc trn c th vit li di dng ma trn: S
i
= k
i
.U
i
;
Mt s bi ton c th a v i s ma trn:
-Phn tch trng thi ng sut-bin dng trong kt cu, vt th;
-Phn b dng chy trong h thng thy lc phc tp;
-Xc nh bin dao ng trong cc h c hc;
-Phn b dng in trong mng phc tp;
-Cc bi ton trng (nhit, thm..);
-Cc bi ton v sng v chuyn ng sng;
PHNG PHP S - Chng 2
Khoa XD DD&CN-BKN 6
-Cc bi ton khng dng khc;
-Cc bi ton v ti u ha;
-Cc bi ton phn tch thng k v kinh t, x hi..
1.2. nh ngha:
Ma trn l mt mng cc s hoc k hiu c sp xp th t theo m hng v n ct. Ta c
cc k hiu khc nhau:
A [A] [a
ij
]
a a a a
a a a a
a a a a
a a a a
j n
j n
i i ij in
m m mj mn
11 12 1 1
21 22 2 1
1 2
1 2
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
;
Phn t a
ij
nm trn hng th i v ct th j.
Tng qut, MT c m hng v n ct (mng ch nht).
Kch thc (c) ca MT l mxn.
1.3. Cc loi Ma trn c bn:
1.3.1. Ma trn hng:
Ma trn ch c 1 hng, c 1xn (m=1)
K hiu: B [B] [b
1j
] [b
1
b
2
.. b
n
].
Cn gi l vect hng.
1.3.2. Ma trn ct:
Ma trn ch c 1 ct, c mx1 (n=1)
K hiu: c

[c] [c
i1
]
T
[c
1
c
2
.. c
m
]
T

c
c
c
m
1
2
..
;
Cn gi l vect ct hay vect.
1.3.3. Ma trn vung:
Ma trn c s hng v s ct bng nhau (m=n).
Cp ca ma trn vung l s hng (ct)
Tnh ton nh thc v nghch o ch tin hnh c trn ma trn vung.
1.3.4. Ma trn ng cho:
Ma trn vung c cc s hng bng 0 tr cc s hng trn ng cho chnh.
PHNG PHP S - Chng 2
Khoa XD DD&CN-BKN 7
K hiu: D d
11
d
22
.. d
nn
d
ii

tit kim nh, khi lu tr trong MTT ta dng mng 1 chiu D(I) = d
ii

1.3.5. Ma trn v hng:
Ma trn cho nhng cc s hng khc 0 u bng nhau
K hiu: a a a .. a vi a
ij
=
a khi i j
khi i j
=
0 #

S v hng l mt ma trn cp 1 (ch c 1 phn t).
1.3.6. Ma trn n v:
Ma trn cho c mi s hng trn ng cho chnh bng 1.
K hiu: [ I ]
n
1 1 .. 1 vi i
ij
=
1
0
khi i j
khi i j
=
#

C ca ma trn n v thng khng cn bit.
1.3.7. Ma trn rng:
Ma trn c mi s hng u bng 0.
K hiu: [ 0 ]
n

Tng t ta c vect khng {0}.
1.3.8. Ma trn i xng:
Ma trn m cc s hng i xng nhau qua ng cho chnh c gi tr bng nhau.
a
ij
= a
ji

Ma trn i xng rt hay gp trong cc bi ton k thut. tit kim nh thng ch
cn lu tr mt na ma trn theo ng cho chnh.
1.3.9. Ma trn phn xng:
Ma trn m cc s hng i xng nhau qua ng cho chnh c gi tr i nhau. a
ij
= -
a
ji

Tt nhin, cc s hng trn ng cho chnh u bng 0.
1.3.10. Ma trn tam gic:
C 2 loi:
Ma trn tam gic trn (phi): Cc s hng bn di (tri) ng cho chnh u bng 0,
K hiu: U (upper)
Ma trn tam gic di (tri): Cc s hng bn trn (phi) ng cho chnh u bng 0,
K hiu: L (lower)
PHNG PHP S - Chng 2
Khoa XD DD&CN-BKN 8
i xng
=0
Na di
n
0
phn t
1.3.11. Ma trn vt (bng, di):
Vi k ng cho, cc phn t khng nm trn ng cho chnh v mt s ng cho
u bng 0, tr cc phn t khc nm trn bng (c trc l ng cho chnh) c b rng
l k.
Trong cc bi ton c hc ta thng gp cc loi ma trn bng i xng. Khi ta c
iu kin: a
ij
= 0 vi j > i + n
0
.
Trong chiu rng ca bng s l k=2n
0
+1 (n
0
l s ng cho c phn t 0 mt
bn ng cho chnh. Khi n
0
= 0 ma trn cho)

x
x x
x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
..
..
..
..
..
..

x
x x
x x
x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
..
..
..
..
..
..

tit kim b nh trn my tnh, cc phn t ca ma trn c lu tr trong mt ma trn ch
nht: s hng bng s hng ca ma trn gc, s ct l n
0
+1. Cng mt phn t nm trong 2 ma
trn s c chung ch s hng, cn ch s ct c quan h nh sau: j = j - i + 1;
Trong : j l ch s ct trong ma trn ch nht, j l ch s ct trong ma trn vung.
2. Cc php tnh vi ma trn:
2.1. Php chuyn tr: [A]T
[A]
T
l ma trn chuyn tr ca [A] nu hng ca [A]
T
l ct ca [A] v ngc li.
Ta c a
T
ij
= a
ji

V d: Cho [A] =
a b c
d e f
s c [A]
T
=
a d
b e
c f
;
Nu [A] c c mxn th [A]
T
c c l nxm;
MT chuyn tr ca MT i xng l chnh n: A
T
= A;
o li nu c A
T
= A th A l MT i xng.
Chuyn tr ca MT phn xng l MT i: A
T
= -A;
Chuyn tr ca MT chia khi l MT chuyn tr ca cc MT con chuyn tr:
[A] =
A A A
A A A
11 12 13
21 22 23
[A]
T
=
A A
A A
A A
T T
T T
T T
11 21
12 22
13 23
;
0
n
0
phn t
PHNG PHP S - Chng 2
Khoa XD DD&CN-BKN 9
[A
T
]
T
= A;
2.2. Php cng, tr: [A] [B]
iu kin: Cc ma trn phi c cng kch thc (m x n)
Tng (hiu) ca ma trn [A] v [B] l ma trn [C] c cc s hng: c
ij
= a
ij
+ b
ij

V d:
2 3 1
0 1 2

1 1 2
2 4 0
=
+ +
+
3 4 3
2 3 2
1 2 1
2 5 2
( )
( )
tong
hieu

Php cng v tr c tnh cht giao hon v kt hp:
[A] [B] = [B] + [A].
[A] + [B] [C] = ([A] + [B]) [C].
([A] [B])
T
= [A]
T
[B]
T
.
Cng (tr) hai ma trn c (m x n) ni chung phi thc hin m x n php tnh. Nu l ma trn
c bit (i xng, bng) s php tnh c th gim.
2.3. Php phn tch ma trn tha s:
Mi [A] u c th phn tch c thnh tng ca, hoc:
+Hai ma trn: mt ma trn i xng, mt ma trn phn xng.
Cho ma trn [A], nu k hiu: B
1
=
1
2
(A + A
T
) (ma trn i xng)
B
2
=
1
2
(A - A
T
) (ma trn phn xng)
S c A = B
1
+ B
2
;
V d:
1 5
2 7
=
1 35
35 7
.
.
+
0 15
15 0
.
.
;
+Ba ma trn: mt ma trn ng cho, hai ma trn tam gic (trn v di).
A = D + L + U
Nu A i xng th L
T
= U, ta c A = D + L + L
T

2.4. Php nhn ma trn vi 1 v hng :
Tch ca [A] vi v hng l 1 ma trn [C] vi cc phn t c nhn vi :
c
ij
= a
ij
. Ta c: [C] = [A] = [A]
Khi nhn vi (-1) ta c ma trn i du so vi ma trn xut pht: (-1)[A] = [-A].
Php nhn ny c tnh giao hon, tnh phn phi v tnh kt hp:
[A] = [A]; ()A = (A); ( + )A = A + A;
PHNG PHP S - Chng 2
Khoa XD DD&CN-BKN 10
2.5. Php nhn hai ma trn: [A].[B]
iu kin: Hai ma trn phi tng thch, ngha l s ct ca ma trn ng trc phi bng s
hng ca ma trn ng sau.
K hiu:[C]
mxp
= [A]
mxn
.[B]
nxp

Qui tc: mun c s hng tng qut c
ij
phi nhn ln lt cc s hng ca hng th i ca [A]
vi cc s hng thuc ct th j ca [B] ri cng li:
c
ij
= a b
ir rj
r
n
.
=
1
(i= 1 m; j= 1 p)
V d:
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9

a x
b y
c z
=
a b c x y z
a b c x y z
a b c x y z
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
2 3 2 3
4 5 6 4 5 6
7 8 9 7 8 9
;
S php tnh l m x n x p, tuy nhin c th rt bt nu khng thc hin vi cc s hng rng,
v d vi ma trn bng i xng:

2 1 0 0
2 1 0
2 1
1

4
1
2
3
=
( )( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
2 4 1 1
1 4 2 1 1 2
1 1 2 2 1 3
1 2 1 3
+
+ +
+ +
+
=
7
4
0
1
;
y ch thc hin 10 php tnh thay cho 4x4x1 php tnh.
Tnh cht ca php nhn:
2.5.1. Php nhn khng c tnh giao hon:
Ni chung A B # B A
V: -A c th tng thch vi B, nhng B c th khng tng thch vi A.
-Nu c A v B ln B v A u tng thch nhng kch thc 2 tch c th khc nhau, v
d:
1
2
[ ] 3 4 =
3 4
6 8
# [ ] 3 4
1
2
= 11;
-Nu c 2 tch cng kch thc cng c th khc nhau, v d:
0 1
1 0
A

1 1
0 1
B
=
0 1
1 1
1
C
#
1 1
0 1
B

0 1
1 0
A
=
1 1
1 0
2
C
;
Vy bn cn phn bit th t cc ma trn trong php nhn.
Trng hp hon v c khi:
+Nhn MT v hng vi MT vung cng cp:
[A] = [A] = [A]

a a a
a a a
n
n n nn
nxn
11 12 1
1 2
...
..... ... ...
...
;
PHNG PHP S - Chng 2
+c bit vi MT n v v MT rng:
[ I ] [ A ] = [ A ] [ I ] = [ A ] ; [ 0 ] [ A ] = [ A ] [ 0 ] = [ 0 ]
+Nhn 2 MT cho cng cp:
a
ii
b
ii
= a
ii
b
ii
=
a b
a b
a b
nn nn
11 11
22 22
...
= b
ii
a
ii
;
2.5.2. Tnh kt hp v tnh phn phi:
C th p dng cho php nhn nhng phi ch th t MT.
-Kt hp: A B C = (A B) C = (A) (B C).
-Phn phi: A (B + C) = A B + A C
(A + B) C = A C + B C. (tn b nh hn v 1)
(A B) = (A) B = A (B).
2.5.3. Tnh cht ca MT tch chuyn tr:
(A B)
T
= B
T
A
T
; (A B C)
T
= C
T
B
T
A
T
; (A B C.. P Q)
T
= Q
T
P
T
.. C
T
B
T
A
T
;
(A A
T
)
T
= (A
T
)
T
(A
T
) = A A
T
. (Vy A A
T
lun i xng)
Nu A i xng: (B
T
A B)
T
= B
T
A
T
B = B
T
A B. (Vy B
T
A B cng i xng)
Ch :
Trong php nhn MT tch c th bng 0, nhng cha chc 2 MT thnh phn l MT rng
[0].
Nhng ngc li, nu 1 trong 2 MT thnh phn (A hoc B) l rng th chc chn MT tch
(AB hoc BA) l rng.
Ni chung, khng th gim c MT mt cch n gin nh cc s thng v khng c
php chia MT (AB = CB nhng cha chc A = C, ngc li th ng!).
2.6. Php nghch o ma trn: [A]-1
iu kin: 1. Ma trn vung;
2. Khng suy bin (det A # 0)
nh ngha: Nghch o ca MT vung [A] l MT [A]
-1
cng kch thc vi [A] v tha mn
ng thc: [A] [A]
-1
= [A]
-1
[A] = [ I ].
Tnh cht:
1. Nu A kh nghch th A
-1
tn ti duy nht;
Thc vy, nu X l mt ma trn m: X.A = I X.A.A
-1
= I.A
-1
= A
-1
X.I = A
-1

Tc l X = A
-1
.
2. (A B)
-1
= B
-1
A
-1
; (A B .. M N)
-1
= N
-1
M
-1
.. B
-1
A
-1
;
PHNG PHP S - Chng 2
Gi s X = A B X
-1
X = X
-1
A B I = X
-1
A B I B
-1
= X
-1
A B B
-1

B
-1
= X
-1
A.
B
-1
A
-1
= X
-1
A A
-1
B
-1
A
-1
= X
-1
.
Vy B
-1
A
-1
= (A B)
-1
.
Vi k l 1 v hng th: (kA)
-1
=
A
k
1
;
3. (A
-1
)
-1
= A;
D thy: A
-1
(A
-1
)
-1
= I A A
-1
(A
-1
)
-1
= A I I (A
-1
)
-1
= A (A
-1
)
-1
= A.
4. (A
T
)
-1
= (A
-1
)
T
;
Ta c: (A
-1
)
T
A
T
= (A A
-1
)
T
= I
T
= I;
Vy (A
-1
)
T
l nghch o ca A
T
hay (A
T
)
-1
= (A
-1
)
T
;
5. Nu A i xng, A
-1
cng i xng.
Ta c: (A
T
)
-1
= (A
-1
)
T
.
Nu A l ma trn i xng th A
-1
= (A
T
)
-1
= (A
-1
)
T
. Vy A
-1
l ma trn i xng.
6. Vi MT cho gi: A
11
A
22
. . .A
nn

-1
= A
-1
11
A
-1
22
. . . A
-1
nn
.
Cc phng php nghch o 1 MT vung:
1. Gii h n phng trnh n n s: [A] [X] = [I] [X] = [A]
-1

2. Gii bng MT lin hp A
~
vi phn ph S A
ij
.
3. Phng php Gauss (PP kh dn h s)
4. Phng php Jordan (Joocng)
5. Phng php Cholesky (Khaletxki) (phn tch thnh MT tam gic)
6. Phng php vin quanh (o MT tam gic)
7. Phng php lp khc..
Thut ton v chng trnh xc nh MT o theo PP kh Gauss:
Bc 1: Cho MT A, lp MT n v E (ta c A A
-1
= E)
Bc 2: Tin hnh qu trnh kh Gauss i vi MT A, ng thi thc hin cc thao tc
tng t vi MT E. Kt qu nhn c MT o A
-1
t MT E. (Thut ton kh Gauss xem
phn gii h phng trnh i s tuyn tnh)
PHNG PHP S - Chng 2
2.7. Ma trn bin i to :
Trong cc bi ton c hc, ta thng
c nhu cu xc nh cc c trng c
hc ca cc phn t hoc ca h kt
cu (ni lc, ti trng, chuyn v..)
trong cc h to khc nhau cng
nh bin i to ca chng t h
to ny sang mt h to khc.
Gi s c vect A v 2 h to 3
chiu: h to chun (chung, ton
cc) X
G
,Y
G
,Z
G
v h to cc b
(ring) x
L
,y
L
,z
L
. To ca vect A
trn h X
G
,Y
G
,Z
G
l A
xG
, A
yG
, A
zG
,
v trn h x
L
,y
L
,z
L
l A
xL
, A
yL
, A
zL
.

nh ngha csin nh hng gia 2 h to nh sau:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
) 1 . 2 3 (
; , cos ; , cos ; , cos
; , cos ; , cos ; , cos
; , cos ; , cos ; , cos
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
= = =
= = =
= = =
G L G L G L
G L G L G L
G L G L G L
Z Z Y Z X Z
Z Y Y Y X Y
Z X Y X X X

Ta c cng thc chuyn trc to nh sau:
) 2 . 2 3 (
; . . .
; . . .
; . . .
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
zG yG xG zL
zG yG xG yL
zG yG xG xL
A A A A
A A A A
A A A A

Hay h thc ma trn gia A
xL
, A
yL
, A
zL
v A
xG
, A
yG
, A
zG
nh sau:
) 3 . 2 3 ( ; .
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
zG
yG
xG
zL
yL
xL
A
A
A
A
A
A

hay A
L
= T.A
G
; (3-2.3a)
Tng t ta c h thc ma trn gia A
xG
, A
yG
, A
zG
v A
xL
, A
yL
, A
zL
:
) 4 . 2 3 ( ; .
33 23 13
32 22 12
31 21 11
zL
yL
xL
zG
yG
xG
A
A
A
A
A
A

hay A
G
= T
T
.A
L
; (3-2.4a)
Ma trn T gi l ma trn bin i to gia 2 h to x
L
,y
L
,z
L
v X
G
,Y
G
,Z
G
.
Th (3-2.3a) vo (3-2.4a) ta c: A
G
= T
T
. T.A
G
; T
T
. T = I ;
Ngha l T
T
l nghch o ca T. Hay T
T
= T
-1
; Ta gi T l ma trn trc giao.
A
X
G

Y
G

Z
G

A
xG

A
yG

A
zG

x
L

y
L

z
L

A
yL

A
zL

A
xL

PHNG PHP S - Chng 2
3. Gii h phng trnh i s tuyn tnh:

a x a x a x b
a x a x a x b
a x a x a x b
n n
n n
n n nn n n
11 1 12 2 1 1
21 1 22 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
...
...
..... .....
...
[A] {x} = {b};
Trong thc t ma trn h s A c th l:
+Ma trn y , khng i xng.
+Ma trn bng.
+Ma trn i xng.
3.1. Phng php kh Gauss (kh n lin tip):
Thc cht ca phng php Gauss l kh dn cc phn t ca ma trn h s cui cng c
c mt ma trn tam gic trn. Qu trnh thc hin c chia lm nhiu vng, mi vng c
bt u vi hng th 2 ca ma trn, ly hng tr i hng th nht nhn vi phn t u tin
ca hng v chia cho phn t u tin ca hng th nht. V sau mi vng bc ca ma trn
cn bin i gim i 1.
n gin ta trnh by PP gii cho h 4 phng trnh sau (v vic m rng cho n ty l hon
ton tng t):
a x a x a x a x b
a x a x a x a x b
a x a x a x a x b
a x a x a x a x b
11 1 12 2 13 3 14 4 1
21 1 22 2 23 3 24 4 2
31 1 32 2 33 3 34 4 3
41 1 42 2 43 3 44 4 4
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
; (3-3.1)
Sau vng th nht (gi s a
11
# 0, nu a
11
=0 th c th i v tr n s v th t phng trnh
c a
11
#0), ma trn h s c ct th nht ch cn phn t a
11
:

) 1 (
44
) 1 (
43
) 1 (
42
) 1 (
34
) 1 (
33
) 1 (
32
) 1 (
24
) 1 (
23
) 1 (
22
14 13 12 11
0
0
0
a a a
a a a
a a a
a a a a

Sau vng th hai (bin i ma trn vi cc phn t a
(1)
ij
vi i=3..n, j=3..n), c c ma trn h
s:

) 2 (
44
) 2 (
43
) 2 (
34
) 2 (
33
) 1 (
24
) 1 (
23
) 1 (
22
14 13 12 11
0 0
0 0
0
a a
a a
a a a
a a a a
V sau vng th ba:
) 3 (
44
) 2 (
34
) 2 (
33
) 1 (
24
) 1 (
23
) 1 (
22
14 13 12 11
0 0 0
0 0
0
a
a a
a a a
a a a a

H phng trnh (3-3.1) tr thnh h phng trnh i s tuyn tnh c ma trn h s l ma trn
tam gic.
Tng qut: nh vy sau khi thc hin n-1 vng tnh nh trn i vi ma trn h s A v ma trn
cc s hng t do B, ta c c h phng trnh:
PHNG PHP S - Chng 2
) 2 . 3 3 ( ; .. .. .
.. 0 0
.. .. .. 0 0
.. 0
..
) 1 (
) 2 (
1
) 1 (
2
1
1
2
1
) 1 (
) 2 (
1
) 2 (
1 1
) 1 (
2
) 1 (
1 2
) 1 (
22
1 1 1 12 11
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n n
n
n n
n
n n
n n
n n
b
b
b
b
x
x
x
x
a
a a
a a a
a a a a

Cc phn t ca cc ma trn A v B trong mi vng tnh (gi k l ch s th t ca vng lp
ang thc hin) c bin i theo cc cng thc sau:
; .
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (

=
k
ss
k
is k
sj
k
ij
k
ij
a
a
a a a
; .
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (

=
k
ss
k
is k
s
k
i
k
i
a
a
b b b
; , , 2 , 1 , ; 1 , , 2 , 1 n k k j i n k K K + + = =
T ta c gi tr cc n:
;
) 1 (
) 1 (
=
n
nn
n
n
n
a
b
x

( )
;
.
) 2 (
1 1
) 2 (
1
) 2 (
1
1

=
n
n n
n
n
n n
n
n
n
a
x a b
x
; 1 , , 3 , 2 ;
.
) 1 (
1
) 1 ( ) 1 (
K =
=

+ =

n n j
a
x a b
x
j
j j
n
j r
r
j
r j
j
j
j

3.1.1. Trng hp ma trn h s i xng:
Trng hp ma trn h s i xng cch tnh ton thc hin tng t, ngoi ra do tnh cht i
xng a
ij
= a
ji
nn vng th k theo (3-3.3) ta c:
; .
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (

=
k
ss
k
is k
sj
k
ij
k
ij
a
a
a a a
; .
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (

=
k
ss
k
js k
si
k
ji
k
ji
a
a
a a a
Trc php bin i Gauss c a
ij
= a
ji
, v sau bin i theo cc cng thc trn cng c a
(k)
ij
=
a
(k)
ji
, vy trc v sau php bin i Gauss cc phn t i xng vn gi nguyn tnh i xng.
Do , thut ton kh ch phi tin hnh i cc phn t t ma trn tam gic trn. Ap dng cng
thc (3-3.3) vi cc phn t t ma trn tam gic trn (c ji) v a
ij
= a
ji
:
(3-3.3)

(3-3.4)
PHNG PHP S - Chng 2
Min I
(i=1, .. ,n-n
0
)
Min II
(i=n-n
0
+1, .. ,n)
n
0
hng
) 5 . 3 3 (
, , 1 ,
, , 2 , 1
.
.
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (
+ =
+ + =
=
=

n i i j
n s s i
a
a
b b b
a
a
a a a
k
ss
k
si k
s
k
i
k
i
k
ss
k
si k
sj
k
ij
k
ij
K
K

3.1.2. Trng hp ma trn h s l ma trn di i xng:
Tng t nh trng hp ma trn i xng, thut ton kh ch phi tin hnh i cc phn t t
ma trn tam gic trn, ngoi ra trong mi vng php kh ch lm thay i cc phn t trong
phm vi chiu rng ca bng (v sau cc php bin i cc phn t cn li bng 0 hoc khng
thay i). V vy vng th k min tnh ton c xc nh nh hnh v:
x
x x
x x
x x x
x x x x
x x x a
x x x x
x x x x
k
ss
..
..
..
..
..
..
) 1 (

Ap dng cng thc (3-3.5) vi cc phn t c ch s hng t i=s+1 n s+n
0
v ch s ct j=i
n s+n
0
:
) 6 . 3 3 (
; , , 1 ,
; , , 2 , 1
; 1 , , 2 , 1
; .
; .
0
0
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (
+ + =
+ + + =
=
=
=

n s i i j
n s s s i
n k
a
a
b b b
a
a
a a a
k
ss
k
si k
s
k
i
k
i
k
ss
k
si k
sj
k
ij
k
ij
K
K
K

x
x x
x x
x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
..
..
..
..
..
..

Cch tnh cc n s c tin hnh theo 2 min nh sau:
Min I:
;
) 1 (
) 1 (
=
n
nn
n
n
n
a
b
x
;
.
1
ii
n
i j
j ij i
i
a
x a b
x
+ =
=

(3-3.7)
PHNG PHP S - Chng 2
; 1 , , 2 , 1
0
+ = n n n n i K
Min II:
;
.
0
1
ii
n i
i j
j ij i
i
a
x a b
x
+
+ =
=
; 1 , , 1 ,
0 0
K = n n n n i
3.2. Phng php kh Gauss vi php chia cho phn t chnh:
T tng ca phng php ny l chn trong cc h s a
ij
h s c tr tuyt i ln nht c
gi l phn t chnh, dng cha phn t chnh gi l dng chnh. Tip theo thc hin vic kh n
vi dng chnh sao cho ct cha phn t chnh sau khi kh tr phn t chnh cn cc phn t
khc u bng 0. B ct v dng cha phn t chnh (kh i 1 n) v tip tc tng t vi h
phng trnh cn li.
Vic chia cho phn t chnh lm cho gi tr tuyt i ca php chia l b nht v vy gim
c sai s tnh ton.
3.3. Phng php ci tin Jordan Gauss:
Nu trong phng php chia cho phn t chnh mi bc ta khng b i dng cha phn t
chnh v nhng dng cha phn t chnh cc bc trc khng tham gia vo vic chn
phn t chnh trong cc bc tip theo th ta s a h phng trnh cho v h tng ng
vi MT h s dng ng cho.
Kt qu l ta c th xc nh gi tr ca cc n s t tng phng trnh ca h tng ng.

x b
x b
x b
x b
n
n
n
n n n
1 1 1
2 2 1
3 3 1
1
0
0
( )
.... ...
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
= =
=
=
= =
+
+
+
+
;
Ta c th cng mt lc thc hin cc php tnh bin i trn ma trn A v ma trn n v I. Khi
ma trn A tr thnh ma trn n v th ma trn n v I ban u tr thnh nghch o ca ma trn
A. y l thut ton tm nghch o ca ma trn A.
3.4. Phng php cn bc hai: (khi MT h s l MT i xng)
Ni dung ca PP gm 2 giai on:
-Giai on thun:
Biu din MT A di dng tch hai MT chuyn tr ca nhau: A = T
T
.T, trong :
T=
t t t
t t
t
n
n
nn
11 12 1
22 2
0
0 0
...
... ... ... ...
...
, T
T
=
t
t t
t t t
n n nn
11
12 22
1 2
0 0
0
...
... ... ... ...
...
;
(3-3.8)
PHNG PHP S - Chng 2
Nhn T
T
vi T ri ng nht vi cc phn t ca A ta c:
t
11
= a
11
; t
1j
=
a
t
j 1
11
; (j > 1) t
ii
= a t
ii ki
k
i
2
1
1
; (1< i n),
t
ij
=
a t t
t
ij ki kj
k
i
ii
1
1
; (i < j) t
ij
= 0 ; (i > j)
Nh vy h PT Ax = b c chuyn thnh vic gii 2 h tam gic:
T
T
y = b, Tx = y.
-Giai on nghch:
Vit li cc h tam gic di dng tng minh:
t y b
t y t y b
t y t y t y b
n n nn n n
11 1 1
12 1 22 2 2
1 1 2 2
=
+ =
+ + =
.... ...
...

>
=
=
=
) 1 ( ;
;
1
1
11
1
1
i
t
y t b
y
t
b
y
ii
i
k
k ki i
i

t x t x t x y
t x t x y
t x y
n n
n n
nn n n
11 1 12 2 1 1
22 2 2 2
0
+ + =
+ =
=
...
...
.... ...

<
=
=
+ =
) ( ;
;
1
n i
t
x t y
x
t
y
x
ii
n
i k
k ik i
i
nn
n
n

PHNG PHP S - Chng 2
Chng trnh gii h phng trnh i s tuyn tnh theo PP ci tin Jordan Gauss:

Gii HPT STT bng PP kh Gauss

START
Nhp n, A(a
ij
), B(b
i
)
(i, j = 1, 2, .., n).
a
ii
0
(Nu a
ii
=0 phi i v tr n s
v th t phng trnh)
In x
i

(i= 1, 2, ..n)

STOP
i = 1, 2, .., n
j = i+1, .., n
p
j
= a
ji
/a
ii

k = i+1, .., n
a
jk
= a
jk
- p
j
.a
ik

b
j
= b
j
- p
j
.b
i

Gi CT con gii HPT c
h s l MT tam gic
START
Nhp n, A(a
ij
), B(b
i
)
(i = 1, 2, .., n), i j n.
RETURN
Chng trnh con gii HPT c ma
trn h s l MT tam gic
S = b
i

j = i+1, .., n
S = S - a
ij
.x
j

i = n-1, n-2, .., 1
a
nn
0
x
n
= b
n
/a
nn

a
ii
0
x
i
= S/a
ii

Ptrnh
V nghim
ng
sai
ng
sai
PHNG PHP S - Chng 3

Chng 3: CC PHNG PHP TNH GN NG.
1. Thut ton ni suy:
1.1. Gii thiu
Trong thc t ta thng gp bi ton: bng o c hoc thc nghim ta c c gi tr
ca hm s y=f(x) ti cc im x
0
, x
1
, x
2
.. x
n
trn on [a, b] l y
0
, y
1
, y
2
.. y
n
trong khi
cha bit c biu thc gii tch ca hm s . Yu cu xc nh gi tr ca hm ti
mt s im trung gian khc.
gi bi ton trn, ta xy dng hm F(x) c biu thc n gin sao cho: c gi tr trng
vi gi tr ca hm f(x) ti cc im x
0
, x
1
, x
2
.. x
n
, cn ti cc im khc trn on [a. b]
th F(x) kh gn f(x). Bi ton xy dng hm F(x) nh vy gi l bi ton ni suy. Hm
F(x) gi l hm ni suy ca hm f(x) trn on [a, b].
C th c nhiu hm F(x) tho mn cc iu kin ca bi ton ni suy, nhng ngi ta
thng chn a thc lm hm ni suy. V a thc l loi hm n gin, lun c o hm
v nguyn hm, vic xc nh gi tr ca chng cng n gin. Mt khc, nu ta chn
hm ni suy F(x) l a thc bc khng qu n th a thc l duy nht.
1.2. Thut ton ni suy bc nht tra bng 1 chiu:
1.2.1. Bi ton:
Gi s quan h gia 2 i lng x v y c cho trc bi n im di dng bng nh sau:
Khi bit mt gi tr x
0
bt k no v x
0
[x
i-1
, x
i
], ta cn xc nh x y
gi tr y
0
[y
i-1
, y
i
] tng ng. x
1
y
1

Thut ton: xc nh y
0
, gi thuyt rng trn on cho quan x
2
y
2

h gia x v y l bc nht. Khi ta c php ni suy bc nht nh sau: .. ..
-Gi s gi tr tm c ca x
0
trong bng tra tha mn iu kin x
i
y
i

x
i-1
< x
0
< x
i
. .. ..
-Cho rng y bin i bc nht theo x trn on [x
i-1
, x
i
], th biu x
n
y
n

din quan h x-y l on thng AB vi A(x
i-1
, y
i-1
) v B(x
i
, y
i
),
im cn tm C(x
0
, y
0
) c xc nh d dng theo quan h ng
dng ca cc tam gic ABE v ACD:
y
0
= y
i-1
+CD
M
CD
BE
AD
AE
= CD = ( )
y y
x x
x x
i i
i i
i

1
1
0 1
;
y
0
= y
i-1
+ ( )
y y
x x
x x
i i
i i
i

1
1
0 1
; (3-5.1)
y
B
C
E D A
x
i-1
x
i
x
0

y
i

y
i-1

x O
y
0

PHNG PHP S - Chng 3

1.2.2. Chng trnh:
-c s liu bng tra vo cc vect X(n), Y(n). Cho gi tr x
0
;
-Tm v tr ca x
0
trong bng tra tha: x
i-1
x
0
x
i
nh sau:
i:=1;
REPEAT
i:=i+1;
UNTIL (x0<=X[i]) AND ((x0>=X[i-1]);
-Xc nh y
0
theo cng thc trn (3-5.1).
Ghi ch: Nu x
0
<x
1
c th ngoi suy theo khong u tin (x
1
, x
2
).
Nu x
0
>x
n
c th ngoi suy theo khong cui cng (x
n-1
, x
n
).
1.3. Thut ton ni suy bc nht tra bng 2 chiu:
1.3.1. Bi ton:
Gi s quan h hm 2 bin z=f(x,y) c cho di dng bng 2 chiu z(x,y):

y
x
y
1
y
2
.. .. y
j-1
y
0
y
j
.. .. y
n

x
1

x
2

..
x
i-1
z
i-1,j-1
z
i-1,j

x
0
z
1
z
0
z
2

x
i
z
i,j-1
z
i,j

..
x
m

Bit x
0
v y
0
, ta phi xc nh gi tr z
0
= f(x
0
,y
0
) tng ng theo php ni suy bc nht.
-Gi s tm c v tr ca x
0
v y
0
trong bng tra, tha iu kin:
x
i-1
< x
0
< x
i

y
j-1
< y
0
< y
j
.
-Trn ct (j-1) ni suy theo x
0
tm c z
1
(tc l z
1
=f(x
0
,y
j-1
):
z
1
= z
i-1,j-1
+ ( )
z z
x x
x x
i j i j
i i
i
, ,

1 1 1
1
0 1
; (3-5.2)
-Trn ct j ni suy theo x
0
tm c z
2
(tc l z
2
=f(x
0
,y
j
):
z
2
= z
i-1,j
+ ( )
z z
x x
x x
i j i j
i i
i
, ,

1
1
0 1
; (3-5.3)
PHNG PHP S - Chng 3

-Ni suy z
0
t z
1
v z
2
theo y
0
:
z
0
= z
1
+
( )
z z
y y
y y
j j
j
2 1
1
0 1

; (3-5.4)
1.3.2. Chng trnh:
-c s liu bng tra vo cc vect X(m), Y(n) v Z(m,n). Cho gi tr x
0
v y
0
;
-Tm v tr ca x
0
v y
0
trong bng tra tha iu kin:
x x x
y y y
i i
j j
1 0
1 0
;
i:=1;
REPEAT
i:=i+1;
UNTIL (x0<=X[i]) AND ((x0>=X[i-1]);
j:=1;
REPEAT
j:=j+1;
UNTIL (y0<=Y[j]) AND ((y0>=Y[j-1]);
-Xc nh z
0
theo trnh t vi cc cng thc trn.
1.4. Xp x n+1 im mc (nt) cho trc bng a thc bc n:
1.4.1. Bi ton:
Quan h gia hai i lng x v y c cho bi n+1 im ri rc (im mc) bt k.
Gi thuyt dng ca hm y=f(x) l mt a thc bc n:
y = f(x) = a
0
+ a
1
x + a
2
x
2
+..+ a
n
x
n
;
Cn xc nh a thc ny, tc cn xc nh cc h s ca a thc (a
0
, a
1
, a
2
,.. , a
n
) sao cho
th ca hm i qua n+1 im cho.
-S liu cho: x x
1
x
2
.. x
i
.. x
n
x
n+1

y y
1
y
2
.. y
i
.. y
n
y
n+1

Theo iu kin t ra th ca hm i qua n+1 im mc cho ta phi c:
f(x
1
) = a
0
+ a
1
x
1
+ a
2
x
1
2
+..+ a
n
x
1
n
= y
1
;
f(x
2
) = a
0
+ a
1
x
2
+ a
2
x
2
2
+..+ a
n
x
2
n
= y
2
;
.. .. ..
f(x
n
) = a
0
+ a
1
x
n
+ a
2
x
n
2
+..+ a
n
x
n
n
= y
n
;
f(x
n+1
) = a
0
+ a
1
x
n+1
+ a
2
x
n+1
2
+..+ a
n
x
n+1
n
= y
n+1
;
PHNG PHP S - Chng 3


1
1
1
1 1
2
1
2 2
2
2
1 1
2
1
x x x
x x x
x x x
n
n
n n n
n
..
..
.. ..
..
+ + +
a
a
a
n
0
1
..
=
y
y
y
n
1
2
1
..
+
; (3-5.5)
Hay A
n+1,n+1
X = B;
Nh vy vect h s ca a thc cn tm chnh l nghim ca h PT i s tuyn tnh (3-5.5).
1.4.2. Chng trnh:
-c s liu ta ca n+1 im mc vo cc vect x(n+1), y(n+1);
-Xy dng h PT(3-5.5):
FOR i:=1 TO n+1 DO
BEGIN
A[i,1]:=1;
FOR j:=2 TO n+1 DO A[i,j]:= A[i,j-1]*x[i];
B[i]:=Y[i];
END;
-Gii h PT A
n+1,n+1
X = B theo cc PP bit.
1.5. a thc ni suy Lagrng (LAGRANGE) vi nt khng cch u:
1.5.1. Bi ton:
Gi s trn on a x b cho mt li cc im nt a x
0
< x
1
< x
2
<.. <x
n
b v gi tr ca
hm y=f(x) ti cc im nt l y
i
=f(x
i
), i=0, 1, .., n. Yu cu xy dng mt a thc bc n:
P
n
(x) = a
0
x
n
+ a
1
x
n-1
+ .. + a
n-1
x + a
n
.
Sao cho P
n
(x) trng vi f(x) ti cc nt x
i
, ngha l: P
n
(x
i
) =y
i
; i= 0, 1, .., n.
Lagrng xy dng a thc ni suy di dng:
) 6 . 5 3 ( ); ( . ) (
0
=
=
n
j
j j n
x L y x P
Trong :
) 7 . 5 3 ( ;
) ( .. ) ).( ( .. ) ).( (
) ( .. ) ).( ( .. ) ).( (
) (
1 1 1 0
1 1 1 0

=
+
+
n j j j j j j j
n j j
j
x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x
x L Nh vy a thc ni suy
Lagrng tho mn cc iu kin ca bi ton trn.
Tht vy, v L
j
(x) l a thc bc n nn (3-5.6) l a thc bc n.
Ngoi ra:
=
=
j i khi
j i khi
x L
i j
0
1
) ( nn P
n
(x
i
) = y
i
; i =0, 1, .., n.
u im ca a thc ni suy Lagrng l n gin, nhng nu thm nt ni suy th phi tnh li
ton b.
PHNG PHP S - Chng 3

1.5.2. S khi ca thut ton:

STOP
In kt qu f(x)
(f(x) = P)
START
Nhp x, n, x
0
, x
1
,
..x
n
; y
0
, y
1
, ..y
n
.
P = 0
j = 0, 1, 2, .., n
G = 1
k j
sai
G = G.(x - x
k
)/(x
j
- x
k
)
P = P + y
j
.G
k = 0, 1, 2, .., n
ng
PHNG PHP S - Chng 3

1.6. a thc ni suy vi nt cch u:
1.6.1. Sai phn hu hn:
Gi s hm y=f(x) c gi tr y
i
= f(x
i
) ti cc nt cch u nhau vi:
x
i+1
- x
i
= h = const; i = 0, 1, 2, .., n.
Ta nh ngha sai phn hu hn ca hm y = f(x) nh sau:
- Sai phn cp 1: y
i
= y
i+1
- y
i
;
- Sai phn cp 2:
2
y
i
= y
i+1
- y
i
= y
i+2
- 2y
i+1
+ y
i
;
- Sai phn cp 3:
3
y
i
=
2
y
i+1
-
2
y
i
= y
i+3
- 3y
i+2
+ 3y
i+1
- y
i
;
..
- Sai phn cp n:
n
y
i
=
n-1
(y
i
) =
n-1
y
i+1
-
n-1
y
i
;
Sai phn hu hn ca hm s c cc tnh cht tng t nh cc tnh cht ca vi phn. Gi s cho
hai hm f(x), g(x) v hng c, ta c:
(f+g) = f + g;
(c.f) = c.f;

n
(x
n
) = n!h
n
; v
m
(x
n
) = 0 khi m > n;
Cho a thc bc n:
y = a
0
x
n
+ a
1
x
n-1
+ .. + a
n-1
x + a
n
; khi :
n
(y) = a
0
n!h
n
;
1.6.2. Bng sai phn hu hn:
xy dng a thc ni suy ta phi lp bng sai phn nh sau vi cc sai phn y,
2
y,
2
y
c tnh theo (3-5.8):
x y y
2
y
3
y
x
0

x
1

x
2
x
3
..
y
0

y
1

y
2
y
3
..
y
0

y
1

y
2
y
3
..
2
y
0

2
y
1

2
y
2
2
y
3
..
3
y
0

3
y
1

3
y
2
3
y
3
..
1.6.3. a thc ni suy Niutn (Newton) tin:
Khi cho cc nt cch u x
i
= x
0
+ i.h; i = 0, 1, 2, .., n; Niu tn lp a thc ni suy bc n:
P
n
(x) = a
0
+ a
1
(x - x
0
) + a
2
(x - x
0
).(x - x
1
) + ..+ a
n
(x - x
0
).. (x - x
n-1
);
Cc h s a
i
c xc nh sao cho P
n
(x
i
) = y
i
: (i=0, 1, .., n)
Cho x = x
0
ta c a
0
= P
n
(x
0
) = y
0
;
Cho x = x
1
ta c ;
) (
0 0 1
0 1
0 1
1
h
y
h
y y
x x
a x P
a
n

=

=
(3-5.9)

PHNG PHP S - Chng 3

Tng t, cho x = x
i
c: ) 10 . 5 3 ( ;
!
0
=
i
i
i
h i
y
a
Vy a thc ni suy c dng:
); ( ).. (
!
.. ) ).( (
! 2
) (
! 1
) (
1 0
0
1 0
2
0
2
0
0
0

+ +
+ =
n
n
n
n
x x x x
h n
y
x x x x
h
y
x x
h
y
y x P (3-5.11)
Nu t
h
x x
t
0
= , suy ra x=x
0
+ t.h th: x - x
i
= x - x
0
- i.h = (t - i).h
Thay vo (3-5.11) c:
) 12 . 5 3 ( ;
!
) 1 ( ).. 1 (
..
! 2
) 1 (
. ) (
0 0
2
0 0

+
+ +
+ + = y
n
n t t t
y
t t
y t y x P
n
n

Cc a thc theo (3-5.11) v (3-5.12) gi l a thc ni suy Niutn tin xut pht t x
0
vi cc
nt cch u, thng dng khi tnh gi tr hm ti x gn x
0
u bng sai phn.

STOP
In kt qu f(x)
(f(x) = P)
START
Nhp x, n, x
0
, h;
y
0
, y
1
, ..y
n
.
t = (x - x
0
)/h
i = 0, 1, 2, .., n - 1
D
i
= y
i+1
- y
i

i = 2, 3, .., n
t = t.(t - i + 1)/i
P = P + t. D
0

j = 0, 1, .., n - i
D
j
= D
j+1
- D
j

P = y
0
+ t.D
0

PHNG PHP S - Chng 3

1.6.4. a thc ni suy Niutn (Newton) li:
a thc ni suy bc n tm c c dng:
P
n
(x) = a
0
+ a
1
(x - x
n
) + a
2
(x - x
n
).(x - x
n-1
) + ..+ a
n
(x - x
n
).. (x - x
1
);
Cc h s a
i
(i=0, 1, .., n) c xc nh sao cho P
n
(x
i
) = y
i
:
Cho x = x
n
ta c a
0
= P
n
(x
n
) = y
n
;
Cho x = x
n-1
, y
n-1
= a
0
+ a
1
.(-h) c ;
1
1
h
y
a
n
=
Tng t, cho x = x
i
c: ) 13 . 5 3 ( ;
!

=

i
i n
i
i
h i
y
a
Vi a
i
theo (3-5.13), a thc ni suy c dng:
); ( ).. (
!
.. ) ).( (
! 2
) (
! 1
) (
1
0
1
2
2
2
1
x x x x
h n
y
x x x x
h
y
x x
h
y
y x P
n
n
n
n n
n
n
n
n n

+ +
+ =

(3-5.14)
t
h
x x
t
n
= , suy ra x=x
n
+ t.h th: x - x
i
= x - x
n
+ x
n
- x
i
= t.h + (n - i).h = (t + n - i).h; thay
vo (3-5.14) c:
;
!
) 1 ( ).. 1 (
..
! 2
) 1 (
! 1
) (
0 2
2
1
y
n
n t t t
y
t t
y
t
y x P
n
n n n n

+ +
+ +
+
+ + =

(3-5.15)
Cc a thc theo (3-5.14) v (3-5.15) gi l a thc ni suy Niutn li xut pht t x
n
vi cc nt
cch u, thng dng khi tnh gi tr hm ti x gn x
n
cui bng sai phn.
u im ca a thc ni suy Niutn l khng phi tnh li t u nu phi thm nt ni suy mi.

Trong nhiu trng hp mc d bit biu thc gii tch ca hm f(x) nhng v n qu phc
tp nn vic tnh ton gi tr hm ti cc im mt nhiu cng sc. cho vic tnh ton n
gin hn, ta cng tnh gi tr hm n+1 im thuc on [a,b] ri xy dng hm ni suy c biu
thc n gin hn. Vic thay th hm f(x) bng hm ni suy nh vy gi l xp x hm.
1.7. Xp x hm bng PP bnh phng b nht:
1.7.1. Gii thiu:
Phng php xp x hm bng a thc nh trn c mt s nhc im sau:
- Nu nhiu nt ni suy th bc ca a thc l rt ln gy kh khn cho tnh ton cng nh
din gii.
- Cc im ni suy xc nh bng thc nghim nn ni chung chnh xc khng cao, v
vy a thc ni suy cn i qua cc nt (y
i
= f(x
i
)) l cha tht hp l.
- Nu hm f(x) l cc hm tun hon th ni suy bng a thc nguyn l khng ph hp.
Trong trng hp ny nn chn hm xp x l a thc lng gic.
PHNG PHP S - Chng 3

Ni dung ca PP bnh phng b nht l chn hm xp x P(x) thuc mt lp hm no n
gin hn f(x). Hm P(x) s ph thuc mt s tham s, cc tham s ny c xc nh sao cho
sai s bnh phng [ ]
=
=
n
i
i i
x P x f S
1
2
) ( ) ( l b nht.
1.7.2. Hm xp x ph thuc cc tham s mt cch tuyn tnh:
1.7.2.1. Trng hp P(x) = ax + b:
Chn P(x) = ax + b;
Khi thay f(x
i
) = y
i
v P(x
i
) = ax
i
+ b vo cng thc tnh sai s bnh phng S ta c:
[ ]
=
=
n
i
i i
b x a y S
1
2
. ; Trong x
i
, y
i
(i = 1, 2, .., n) bit, S ph thuc a, b.
S b nht th a, b phi tho h phng trnh: ;
b
S
;
a
S
0 0 =

Hay:
= +
= +

; .
; .
2
i i
i i i i
y n b x a
y x x b x a

1.7.2.2. Trng hp P(x) = ax2 + bx + c:
Sai s bnh phng S s l: [ ]
=
=
n
i
i i i
c x b x a y S
1
2
2
. . ;
S b nht th a, b, c phi tho h phng trnh: ;
c
S
;
b
S
;
a
S
0 0 0 =

Hay:
= + +
= + +
= + +

; .
; .
; .
2
2 3
2 2 3 4
i i i
i i i i i
i i i i i
y n c x b x a
x y x c x b x a
x y x c x b x a

1.7.2.3. Trng hp P(x) = a + b.cosx + c.sinx:
Khi : [ ]
=
=
n
i
i i i
x c x b a y S
1
2
sin . cos . . ;
Cc tham s a, b, c c xc nh t h phng trnh: ;
c
S
;
b
S
;
a
S
0 0 0 =

Hay:
= + +
= + +
= + +

; sin sin cos sin sin
; cos . cos sin cos cos
; sin cos .
2
2
i i i i i i
i i i i i i
i i i
x y x c x x b x a
x y x x c x b x a
y x c x b n a

PHNG PHP S - Chng 3

2. Gii phng trnh i s v siu vit bng phng php gn ng:
2.1. Gii thiu:
xc nh tt c cc nghim c th c ca PT f(x) =0 trn on [a,b] ta thc hin 2 bc:
2.1.1. Bc 1- Tch nghim:
Hay cn gi l bc phn ly nghim: xc nh trn on [a,b] thnh nhng on nh sao cho
trn mi on con y ch tn ti 1 nghim duy nht. y l cng vic kh khn nht v thng
khng c cng thc xc nh min cha nghim chung cho mi phng trnh m ph thuc
vo tng lp cc bi ton ring bit. tm xp x ban u ca nghim c th theo cc cch sau:
1. Kho st hm y=f(x) trn on [a,b]: PP ny da trn nh l nu hm f(x) lin tc v
n iu (c o hm khng i du) trn [a, b], ng thi f(a) v f(b) tri du th phng trnh
f(x) = 0 tn ti mt nghim duy nht thuc (a, b).
PP ny t dng v PT siu vit thng c tnh cht bin thin phc tp.
2. V th ca hm y=f(x) trn on [a,b] bng mt chng trnh (vit bng NN lp trnh
no , v d Pascal), sau xc nh cc on con c cha nghim da vo th. Nu th
ca hm y=f(x) kh v th c th thay phng trnh f(x) = 0 bng phng trnh tng ng h(x)
= g(x), ri v th ca cc hm y = h(x) v y=g(x). Honh ca giao ca hai th l nghim
cn tm.
PP ny cng t dng v kh nng t ng ha khng cao.
3. Chia on [a,b] thnh cc on con dx b v ln lc xt s tn ti nghim trn cc
on (phn tch nghim di y s gii thiu PP ny)
2.1.2. Bc 2- Chnh xc ha nghim:
Trn nhng on tn ti nghim ta tin hnh lp tm nghim gn ng ca PT vi chnh
xc
0
cho trc.
2.2. Tch nghim:
Chia on [a,b] thnh nhng on b, xt on con bt k c honh cc im u l x
1

v x
2
, f(x) lin tc v n iu trn [x
1
,x
2
]. Ta thy rng nu:
-f(x
1
). f(x
2
) > 0 th khng tn ti nghim trn [x
1
,x
2
].
-f(x
1
). f(x
2
) < 0 th tn ti nghim trn [x
1
,x
2
].
-f(x
1
). f(x
2
) = 0 th x
1
l nghim nu f(x
1
) = 0, hoc/v x
2
l nghim nu f(x
2
) = 0;
2.3. Chnh xc ha nghim:
Gi s PT f(x) = 0 tn ti duy nht 1 nghim trn on [x
1
,x
2
].
2.3.1. Phng php ct tuyn:
K ct tuyn MN, MN ct trc Ox ti x
0
.
ng vi x
0
ta c im N. Nu f(x
1
). f(x
0
) < 0
th nghim thuc on [x
1
,x
0
], ngc li th nghim
thuc on [x
0
,x
2
].
Tip tc v ct tuyn vi on cha nghim mi
(nh hn), cho n khi x
0
dn n nghim ca PT.

y
N
N
N
x
0
x
2

x
1

f(x
2
)
f(x
1
)
x O
PHNG PHP S - Chng 3

Kt lun: tm nghim t chnh xc
0
cho trc ta phi thc hin qu trnh lp trn tm
giao im ca cc ct tuyn vi trc Ox cho n khi khong cch gia 2 giao im lin tip <
0
.
Cng thc xc nh giao im ca ct tuyn v trc Ox:

f x
f x
x x
x x
( )
( )
2
1
2 0
0 1
=

) ( ) (
) ( ) (
2 1
2 1 1 2
0
x f x f
x f x x f x
x
+
+
=
Ch : PP ct tuyn khng phi bao gi cng thc hin c!!

2.3.2. Phng php tip tuyn:
T M v tip tuyn vi th, ct trc Ox ti x
0
. Vi x
0
c
im M, t M li v tip tuyn. C nh th cho n khi
xc nh c nghim ca PT.
PP ny t dng vi PT siu vit phc tp.

2.3.3. Phng php chia i khong nghim:
Gi s on [x
1
,x
2
] c cha duy nht 1 nghim v f(x
1
).
f(x
2
) < 0, f(x) lin tc trn [x
1
,x
2
].
Ni dung ca phng php chia i thc hin nh sau:
Chia i on cha nghim [x
1
,x
2
] bi x
0
=
x x
1 2
2
+

Nu f(x
1
). f(x
0
) < 0 th nghim thuc on [x
1
,x
0
], ngc li
th nghim thuc [x
0
,x
2
].
Lp li vic chia i khong cha nghim mi, trong qu
trnh lp ni trn x
0
s dn ti nghim ca PT.
tm c nghim vi chnh xc
0
cho trc ta lp vic chia i cho n khi x
1
- x
2
<
0
.
Khi im gia x
0
l nghim ca PT tha mn chnh xc
0
.

y
M
N
N
x
0
x
2

x
1

f(x
0
)
f(x
2
)
f(x
1
)
x O

y
M
x
1

<
0

nhng cn xa nghim
x O
x
2

y
M
N
M
x
2

x
1

f(x
2
)
f(x
1
)
O
x
0

M
x
PHNG PHP S - Chng 3

2.3.4. S khi ca thut ton:

START
Nhp a, b, .
x = (a + b)/2
Tnh f(x)
Tnh f(a), f(b)
f(a).f(x) > 0
a = x b = x
ng
|b - a| <
In a, b,
x = (b - a)/2

STOP
sai
ng
sai
Gii PT f(x)=0 bng PP chia i
START
Nhp a, b, .
) ( ) (
) ( . ) ( .
a f b f
a f b b f a
x
=
f(a).f(x) > 0
a = x b = x
ng
|b - a| <
In x
STOP
sai
ng
sai
Gii PT f(x)=0 bng PP dy cung
PHNG PHP S - Chng 3

3. Gii gn ng phng trnh vi phn thng, phng trnh o hm ring
bng PP sai phn hu hn:
3.1. Gii gn ng phng trnh vi phn thng:
3.1.1. M u:
Rt nhiu cc bi ton trong k thut dn n vic gii cc phng trnh vi phn. Tuy nhin ch
c mt s phng trnh vi phn c li gii chnh xc. V vy, cc phng php gii gn ng
phng trnh vi phn c ngha trong vic gii quyt cc bi ton thc t.
Cc bi ton v phng trnh vi phn thng gp vi 2 dng: Bi ton Csi v bi ton bin. Khi
phn tch cc kt cu xy dng, phn nhiu cc yu cu tnh ton c th gii vi dng bi ton
bin, v vy trong phn ny s xt PP gii gn ng cho bi ton bin.
3.1.2. Bi ton bin:
Bi ton bin l dng bi ton phng trnh vi phn, vi iu kin b sung c cho ti nhiu
hn mt im.
V d bi ton bin i vi phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 2 c dng:
Tm hm y = y(x) trn [a, b] tha mn:
y(x) + p(x).y(x) + q(x).y(x) = f(x); a x b. (3-6.1)
Vi iu kin: k
0
.y(a)+ k
1
.y'(a) = ; (3-6.2)
l
0
.y(b)+ l
1
.y'(b) = ; (3-6.3)
Trong p(x), q(x), f(x) l cc hm bit;
k
0
, k
1
, l
0
, l
1,
,

l cc hng s bit.
3.1.3. Gii bi ton bin tuyn tnh bng PP sai phn:
gii bi ton trn, ta chia on [a, b] thnh n phn bng nhau bi cc im x
i
vi
x
i
= x
0
+ i.h; i = 0, 1, .., n; x
0
= a; x
n
= b; ;
n
a b
h

=
Gi tp hp cc im {x
i
} l li sai phn, cc im x
i
l cc nt ca li. Gi h l bc ca
li. Nu h = const ta c li u.
Gi s c hm y(x) l nghim ng ca bi ton. Mc ch ca PP ny l tm gi tr gn ng y
i

ca y(x) ti cc nt x
i
trn li sai phn. V vy PP ny c gi l PP sai phn.
Ta c khai trin Taylor ca hm y(x) c dng:
.. ) (
!
) (
.. ) (
! 2
) ( ' '
) (
! 1
) ( '
) ( ) (
0
0
) (
2
0
0
0
0
0
+ + + + + =
k
k
x x
k
x y
x x
x y
x x
x y
x y x y
xc nh y(x) ta cn xc nh y(x
0
) v cc o hm y
(k)
(x
0
).
Khai trin trn ti x
i
h c dng:
PHNG PHP S - Chng 3

); ( 0 ) (
! 4
) ( ' ' '
! 3
) ( ' '
! 2
) ( '
! 1
) ( ) (
4 ) 4 (
4 3 2
h x y
h
x y
h
x y
h
x y
h
x y h x y
i i i i i i
+ + + + + = +
); ( 0 ) (
! 4
) ( ' ' '
! 3
) ( ' '
! 2
) ( '
! 1
) ( ) (
4 ) 4 (
4 3 2
h x y
h
x y
h
x y
h
x y
h
x y h x y
i i i i i i
+ + + =
Thay gi tr ca hm y(x) v cc o hm ca n ti cc im x
i+1
= x
i
+ h v x
i-1
= x
i
h bng
cc gi tr gn ng vo hai cng thc trn:
) 4 . 6 3 ( ); ( 0
! 4
' ' '
! 3
' '
! 2
'
! 1
4 ) 4 (
4 3 2
1
+ + + + + =
+
h y
h
y
h
y
h
y
h
y y i
i i i i i

) 5 . 6 3 ( ); ( 0
! 4
' ' '
! 3
' '
! 2
'
! 1
4 ) 4 (
4 3 2
1
+ + + =
h y
h
y
h
y
h
y
h
y y i
i i i i i

Ti nt u i = 0, t (3-6.4) c: ); ( 0
0 1 '
0
h
h
y y
y +
=
Ti nt cui i = n, t (3-6.5) c: ); ( 0
1 '
h
h
y y
y
n n
n
+
=

Ly (3-6.4) tr (3-6.5) theo v, c: ); ( 0
. 2
2 1 1 '
h
h
y y
y
i i
i
+
=
+

Ly (3-6.4) cng (3-6.5) theo v, c: ); ( 0
. 2
2
2
1 1 ' '
h
h
y y y
y
i i i
i
+
+
=
+

Xt ti nt x=x
i
, t p(x
i
) = p
i
, q(x
i
) = q
i
, f(x
i
) = f
i
. Thay gi tr cc hm v cc o hm vo cc
phng trnh vi phn, c:
) 6 . 6 3 ( ) 1 , ,.. 2 , 1 ( ;
. 2
. 2
1 1
2
1 1
= = +
+
+
+ +
n i f y q
h
y y
p
h
y y y
i i i
i i
i
i i i

) 7 . 6 3 ( ; .
0 1
1 0 0
=
+
h
y y
k y k
) 8 . 6 3 ( ; .
1
1 0
=
h
y y
l y l
n n
n

Phng trnh (3-6.6) c dng: y
i+1
+ m
i
.y
i
+ n
i
.y
i-1
= g
i
; (3-6.9)
Trong : ;
. 2
. 2
;
. 2
. 2
;
. 2
) 2 . .( 2
2
h p
f
g
h p
h q
n
h p
h q
m
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
+
=
+
=
+

=
Nh vy ta c c n+1 phng trnh i s tuyn tnh. Gii h PT c th tm c cc gi tr
gn ng ca hm y(x) ti cc nt trn li sai phn.
3.2. Gii gn ng phng trnh o hm ring:
3.2.1. M u:
Khi gii cc bi ton c hc, ta phi tm nghim ca cc phng trnh o hm ring trn min D
vi cc iu kin bin khc nhau.
Phng trnh vi phn vng cu tm chu un:
PHNG PHP S - Chng 3

; . 2
4
4
2 2
4
4
4
D
q
y
w
y x
w
x
w
= + +

Trong q l ti trng phn b tc dng trn tm;
D l cng tr cu tm ;
) 1 .( 12
.
2
3

=
t E
D
l h s Pootson;

tnh v thoi, c h phng trnh vi phn V.Z.Vlaxp:
Dng khai trin:
; 0 . 2
2
2
2
2
2
1
4
4
2 2
4
4
4
=
+

+
y
k
x
k h E
y y x x

); , ( 2
4
4
2 2
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
1
y x q
y y x x
D
y
k
x
k =

Hoc vit di dng ton t:

2
2
+ E.h
k
= 0,

2
k
- D
2
2
= -q(x,y);
trong v l cc hm ng sut v chuyn v.
Nghim chnh xc ca cc PT trn di dng mt tch phn hay mt chui. Tuy nhin, nhng bi
ton gii c l rt t v i hi nhng kin thc ton hc nht nh. Phng hng ch yu
gii cc bi ton ny l dng cc PP gn ng, trong PP sai phn hu hn rt rng ri. u
im ca PP ny l tng qut, p dng cho mt lp rng cc bi ton bin, trong min c hnh
dng bt k vi cc iu kin bin khc nhau.
Trnh t thc hin:
- Bc th nht: ri rc ha min D. Thay min D lin tc bng mt s hu hn cc im gi l
nt ca li sai phn. Ty bi ton c th, c th chn cc li sai phn khc nhau. n gin
nht l li hnh vung, hnh ch nht. Ta s tm nghim ca bi ton ti cc im nt ny.
- Bc hai: sai phn ha phng trnh o hm ring. Thay cc o hm ring ca hm cn tm
bng cc t sai phn.Nh vy ta chuyn phng trnh o hm ring thnh mt h cc phng
trnh i s.
- Bc ba: sai phn ha cc iu kin bin.Thay cc iu kin bin bng cc phng trnh i s
c cha gi tr ca hm ti cc nt trn bin hay gn bin.
Tp hp cc phng trnh i s khi sai phn ha phng trnh o hm ring v cc iu kin
bin c gi l mt lc sai phn.
- Bc bn: Gii h PT i s tm gi tr ca hm ti cc im nt. l nghim gn ng ca
bi ton.
Phi chn li sai phn v xy dng lc sai phn sao cho:
- H phng trnh i s c nghim duy nht.
PHNG PHP S - Chng 3

- Nghim gn ng ca bi ton hi t nhanh v nghim chnh xc (khi li sai phn cng
dy), hay ni cch khc l lc sai phn phi n nh.
- Khi lng tnh ton t.
Sau y ta s p dng PP trn gii mt s bi ton phng trnh sai phn o hm ring
thng gp sau:
3.2.2. Bi ton irichl (Dirichlet):
Bi ton:
Tm hm u(x,y) trn min D tha mn phng trnh:
) 10 . 6 3 ( ); , (
2
2
2
2
=
= y x f
y
u
x
u
u
V tha iu kin bin: u(x,y) = (x,y) vi mi (x,y) trn bin S ca min D, (x,y) l hm lin
tc trn S.
Nu f(x,y) =0 th phng trnh ny c gi l phng trnh Laplax.
2
2
2
2
y
u
x
u
u
= l ton t Laplax.
( )
4
4
2 2
4
4
4
2
2
y
u
y x
u
x
u
u u
+

+
= = l ton t iu ha.
Gii bi ton:
- Bc 1: ri rc ha min.
Trong mt phng Oxy cha min D ta xy dng hai h ng thng song song, nu li u ta
c:
x = x
0
+ i.k; i = 0, 1, 2, ..
y = y
0
+ j.h; j = 0, 1, 2, ..
Giao im ca cc ng thng ny gi l nt, tp hp cc nt gi l li sai phn, k l bc
theo x v h l bc theo y.
Cng c th chia min D bng cc li c khong cch gia cc ng thng khng u (tuy
nhin thng c t s bc theo hai phng khng i).
Chia cc im nt nm trong min D thnh 2 loi:
M
ij
l im (nt) trong nu 4 im ln cn n M
i-1,j
, M
i+1,j
, M
i,j-1
, M
i,j+1
u nm trong D.
M
ij
l im (nt) bin nu n khng phi l im trong.
- Bc 2: sai phn ha Pt o hm ring.
Tng t nh khi gii PT vi phn, thay cc o hm ring bng cc t sai phn. Vi cc khong
chia khng i theo mi phng, cc t sai phn c biu din nh sau:
;
2
1 , 1 ,
k
z z
x
z
j i j i +

PHNG PHP S - Chng 3

;
. 2
2
1 , , 1 ,
2
2
k
z z z
x
z
j i j i j i +
+

;
2
, 1 , 1
h
z z
y
z
j i j i +

;
. 2
2
, 1 , , 1
2
2
h
z z z
y
z
j i j i j i +
+

;
. 2
. 2 . 2
3
2 , 1 , 1 , 2 ,
3
3
k
z z z z
x
z
j i j i j i j i + +
+

;
. 2
. 2 . 2
3
, 2 , 1 , 1 , 2
3
3
h
z z z z
y
z
j i j i j i j i + +
+

[ ]
2 , 1 , , 1 , 2 ,
4 2
1 , , 1 ,
2
2
4
4
4 6 4
1
. 2
+ +
+
+ +
+
=
j i j i j i j i j i
j i j i j i
z z z z z
k k
z z z
x x
z

[ ]
+ + + + =
+ + + 2 , 1 , , 1 , , 1 , , 1 , 2 ,
4
2 2 4 2 2
1
j i j i j i j i j i j i j i j i j i
z z z z z z z z z
k

[ ]
j i j i j i j i j i
j i j i j i
z z z z z
h h
z z z
y y
z
, 2 , 1 , , 1 , 2
4 2
, 1 , , 1
2
2
4
4
4 6 4
1
. 2
+ +
+
+ +
+
=

Vi cc o hm hn hp, c th vit theo trnh t sau:
;
+
m
m
n
n
n
n
m
m
n m
n m
x
z
y y
z
x y x
z

Tc l u tin ly o hm ring theo mt hng, ri t o hm ly tip o hm ring theo
hng kia. Vy:
( )
=
+ + + + 1 , 1 1 , 1 1 , 1 1 , 1
2
. 2
1
. 2
1
j i j i j i j i
z z z z
k h x
z
y y x
z

=
k h
z z z z
j i j i j i j i
. 4
1 , 1 1 , 1 1 , 1 1 , 1 + + + +
+
;
=
2
2
2
2
2 2
4
x
z
y y x
z

[ ]
1 , 1 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , , 1 1 , 1 1 , 1 , 1
2 2
2 2 4 2 2
1
+ + + + + +
+ + + +
z z z z z z z z z
k h
Thay cc gi tr
gn ng ca cc o hm ring vo phng trinh (3-6.10) ta c phng trnh sai phn:
;
. 2 . 2
2
, 1 , , 1
2
1 , , 1 ,
ij
j i j i j i j i j i j i
f
h
u u u
k
u u u
=
+
+
+
+ +
(3-6.11)
Trong f
ij
= f(x
j
, y
i
);
j-1 j-2 j j+1 j+2
i+1
i
i+1,j
i,j
i-1,j
i-1
i-2
i+2
k k k
h
h
h
y
x
PHNG PHP S - Chng 3

3.2.3. Xp x cc iu kin bin:
Nu min D l ch nht ta s chn li sao cho bin S nm trn li. Khi gi tr ca hm ti
cc im trn bin f
ij
= bit.
Nu min D l min bt k vi bin l ng cong th gi tr ca hm ti cc nt bin c tnh
theo gi tr ca hm ti cc im trong v iu kin bin ni suy tuyn tnh:
;
.
1
' 1
h
u h u
u
A B
A
+
+
=

;
.
2
' 2
h
u h u
u
C D
C
(3-6.12)
Trong A, C l nhng im nm trn bin S;

1
= AA;
2
= CC;
u
A
= (A); u
C
= (C);
3.2.4. Gii h phng trnh tm nghim:
Tp hp tt c cc phng trnh (3-6.11), (3-6.12) ca cc im li lp thnh mt h PT STT.
Gii HPT ny ta s tm c gi tr ca hm u(x,y) ti cc im li.
Nu min D l hnh ch nht v h = k th h phng trnh ny n gin nht. Khi (3-6.11) c
dng: u
i+1,j
+ u
i-1,j
+ u
i,j+1
+ u
i,j-1
- 4u
i,j
= h
2
.f
ij

D C C
B A A
2
h

PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

Chng 4: NG DNG PHNG PHP S GII CC
BI TON PHN TCH KT CU.
1. Khi nim chung:
Trong my chc nm gn y, din ra nhiu thay i quan trng v phng hng nghin cu
trong lnh vc tnh ton kt cu. S pht trin v p dng rng ri MTT lm thay i su sc
trong cch xem xt v s dng cc PP tnh kt cu.
T ch vic tnh ton kt cu c thc hin bng cc cng c th s, trong mi bi ton
c xem xt nh mt trng hp ring r theo c tnh ca n v gii theo cc phng php
thch hp, ngi ta chuyn sang s dng MTT, trong bao gm vic chn thut ton tng
qut, lp cc chng trnh mang tnh t ng ha v h thng ha cao c th p dng cho mt
lp rng cc bi ton c chung mt s tnh cht ch yu.
Nh vy i hi phi xy dng c cc PP tnh tng qut vi cc cng thc c trnh by n
gin v c n
g. Cc cng thc ny c biu din bng cc ngn ng ph hp vi MTT, m ngn ng ma
trn l mt trong nhng cng c din t l tng nht. Mt khc, hu ht cc MTT hin nay l
my tnh s, ch phn tch cc i lng di dng s. Do cc PP tnh s cn c nghin cu
v p dng.
Trong tnh ton kt cu, ngi ta dng PP tnh dn n vic m t cc nghim ca bi ton theo
mt tp hp s, thng c gi l PP ri rc ha. Thut ng ny v thc cht cng c th
hiu nh thut ng PP s .
Cc PP ri rc ha c th chia lm 2 nhm chnh:
1.1. Cc PP ri rc ton hc:
Trong cc nghim chnh m t cc hm tng ng c thay th bng cc nghim gn ng
c biu din qua cc hm xp x cha mt s hu hn cc i lng s.
1.2. Cc PP ri rc vt l:
Trong h thc c thay th bng m hnh vt l gn ng m li gii ca n cng c xc
nh bng mt s hu hn cc i lng s.
Ngy nay ngi ta xy dng c cc PP tnh s mnh c th gii cc bi ton v mi trng
lin tc (trong bao gm cc bi ton kt cu). C th k mt s PP ch yu sau:
1. Phng php sai phn hu hn;
2. Phng php sai-bin phn;
3. Phng php phn t hu hn;
4. Phng php phn t bin;
5. L thuyt tng ng nng lng;
.. .. ..
Cc PP k trn c phn bit theo bn cht ca cch ri rc ha kt cu lin tc. Chng hn:
PP sai phn hu hn da trn s ri rc ton hc, trong cc o hm c thay th bng cc
sai phn hu hn.
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

PP phn t hu hn (PTHH) xy dng trn c s ca s ri rc ha vt l, vt th lin tc c
thay th bng mt s hu hn cc phn t ri rc c m hnh n gin, chng c ni vi nhau
mt s im gi l cc nt.
L thuyt tng ng nng lng cng da trn c s ri rc ha vt l, vi m hnh c dng
l cc h thanh tng ng. Nh vy vic tnh ton cui cng c thc hin trn h thanh
bng cc PP c hc quen thuc (PP lc, PP chuyn v, PP hn hp).
PP phn t bin cng thuc nhm ri rc ha vt l. Ging nh PP PTHH, PP phn t bin tm
li gii xp x ca bi ton di dng phn tch Green nghim ca cc phng trnh vi phn c
bn trn min ri rc ha. Nhng khc vi PP PTHH cho cc gi tr s ca hm cn tm ti tt c
cc im nt trn ton min ri rc, PP phn t bin cho cc gi tr s ca hm cn tm trn cc
bin c ri rc ca min ang xt. Nh vy trong kt cu nhiu chiu, bi ton dng nh
c n gin bt mt phng trong khng gian, dn n gim ng k s n.
2. Cng thc ma trn ca cc phng trnh c bn trong l thuyt n hi:
Trong l thuyt n hi tuyn tnh (L thuyt n hi tuyn tnh c xy dng trn c s gi
thuyt bin dng nh, l thuyt n hi phi tuyn da trn c s gi thuyt bin dng ln), cc
mi lin h gia cc i lng cn xt i vi mt vt th n hi l: chuyn v-bin dng, bin
dng-ng sut, ng sut-ti trng. Cc quan h c m t bng 15 phng trnh vi phn
o hm ring vi bi ton khng gian:
a. Su phng trnh biu th s lin h gia bin dng v chuyn v,
b. Su phng trnh biu th s lin h gia ng sut v bin dng,
c. Ba phng trnh cn bng hoc chuyn ng (tu theo bi ton tnh hay ng) biu
th s lin h gia ng sut v ti trng,
Tm phng trnh i vi bi ton phng:
a. Ba phng trnh lin h gia bin dng v chuyn v.
b. Ba phng trnh lin h gia ng sut v bin dng.
c. Hai phng trnh cn bng hoc chuyn ng.
2.1. Cc phng trnh chuyn v - bin dng:
2.1.1. Bi ton khng gian:
Trong h trc x,y,z chuyn v ca mt im bt k c xc nh bi 3 thnh phn:
u
x
= u
x
(x,y,z); u
y
= u
y
(x,y,z); u
z
= u
z
(x,y,z);
Bin dng t i theo cc trc c xc nh nh sau:

xx
=
x
u
x
;
yy
=
y
u
y
;
zz
=
z
u
z
;
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

Lin h trn c biu th di dng ma trn nh sau:
zz
yy
xx
z
y
x
0 0
0 0
0 0
z
y
x
u
u
u
;
Bin dng trt t i c xc nh nh sau:

xy
=
y
u
x
+
x
u
y
;
yz
=
z
u
y
+
y
u
z
;
zx
=
x
u
z
+
z
u
x
;
C dng ma trn nh sau:
zx
yz
xy
x z
y z
x y
0
0
0
z
y
x
u
u
u
;
Hp nht thnh mt ma trn cc thnh phn bin dng :
zx
yz
xy
zz
yy
xx
x z
y z
x y
z
y
x
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
z
y
x
u
u
u
;
Hay {} = [].{u};
[] gi l ma trn cc ton t vi phn biu th php bin i tuyn tnh.
V do lut i ngu ta c:
xy
=
yx
;
yz
=
zy
;
zx
=
xz
;
2.1.2. Bi ton phng:
Trong mt phng x,y chuyn v ca mt im bt k gm bi 2 thnh phn:
u
x
= u
x
(x,y); u
y
= u
y
(x,y);
Bin dng t i:
xx
=
x
u
x
;
yy
=
y
u
y
;
xy
=
y
u
x
+
x
u
y
;
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

Dng ma trn nh sau:
xy
yy
xx
x y
y
x
0
0
y
x
u
u
;
Hay {} = [].{u};
2.2. Cc phng trnh ng sut - bin dng:
xx
=
E
1
[
xx
- (
yy
+
zz
)] + T;
yy
=
E
1
[
yy
- (
xx
+
zz
)] + T;
zz
=
E
1
[
zz
- (
xx
+
yy
)] + T;
xy
=
E
) 1 .( 2 +

xy
=
G
1
xy
;
yz
=
E
) 1 .( 2 +

yz
=
G
1
yz
;
zx
=
E
) 1 .( 2 +

zx
=
G
1
zx
;
Trong : E l m un n hi dc trc;
G l m un n hi trt;
l h s Poisson;
h s gin n v nhit;
T l bin thin nhit .
Quan h trn c vit di dng ma trn:

zx
yz
xy
zz
yy
xx
=
E
1
+
+
+

) 1 .( 2 0 0 0 0 0
0 ) 1 .( 2 0 0 0 0
0 0 ) 1 .( 2 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
zx
yz
xy
zz
yy
xx
+T
0
0
0
1
1
1
;
Nu T = 0 th c dng: {} = [D]
-1
.{};
Trong : [D]
-1
=
E
1
+
+
+

) 1 .( 2 0 0 0 0 0
0 ) 1 .( 2 0 0 0 0
0 0 ) 1 .( 2 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1

;
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

T quan h gia ng sut v bin dng trn c th suy ra biu thc xc nh ng sut, thng
c gi l nh lut Hooke tng qut:

xx
=
) 2 1 )( 1 ( +
E
[(1-).
xx
+ (
yy
+
zz
)] -
) 2 1 (
E
T;
xy
=
) 1 .( 2 +
E
.
xy
=
G.
xy
;

yy
=
) 2 1 )( 1 ( +
E
[(1-).
yy
+ (
xx
+
zz
)] -
) 2 1 (
E
T;
yz
=
) 1 .( 2 +
E
.
yz
=
G.
yz
;

zz
=
) 2 1 )( 1 ( +
E
[(1-).
zz
+ (
xx
+
yy
)] -
) 2 1 (
E
T;
zx
=
) 1 .( 2 +
E
.
zx
= G.
zx
;
Dng ma trn l:

zx
yz
xy
zz
yy
xx
=
) 2 1 )( 1 .( 2 +
E
) 2 1 ( 0 0 0 0 0
0 ) 2 1 ( 0 0 0 0
0 0 ) 2 1 ( 0 0 0
0 0 0 ) 1 .( 2 2 2
0 0 0 2 ) 1 .( 2 2
0 0 0 2 2 ) 1 .( 2
zx
yz
xy
zz
yy
xx

+
) 2 1 (
.
T E
0
0
0
1
1
1
;
Nu T = 0 th c dng: {} = [D].{}; (Biu thc ny biu th nh lut Hooke)
Ma trn vung [D] c gi l ma trn n hi:
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

[D] =
) 2 1 )( 1 .( 2 +
E
) 2 1 ( 0 0 0 0 0
0 ) 2 1 ( 0 0 0 0
0 0 ) 2 1 ( 0 0 0
0 0 0 ) 1 .( 2 2 2
0 0 0 2 ) 1 .( 2 2
0 0 0 2 2 ) 1 .( 2

;
Nu vi vt liu l n hi, ng nht v ng hng th ma trn [D] l i xng v khng suy
bin.
2.2.2. Bi ton phng:
Bi ton phng c chia thnh 2 loi l trng thi phng v ng sut v trng thi phng v bin
dng.
2.2.2.1. Bi ton trng thi phng v ng sut:
Khi vt th c dng tm (chiu dy nh so vi hai chiu cn li), v chu ti trng trong mt
phng ca tm.
K hiu Oxy l h trc nm trong mt phng ca tm v Oz l trc vung gc vi mt phng tm:
Tha nhn cc gi thit sau:
zx
=
zy
=
zz
= 0;
Ta c: [ ] ; . .
1
T
E
yy xx xx
+ = [ ] ; . .
1
T
E
xx yy yy
+ =

( )
;
1 1 . 2
xy xy xy
G E

=
+
=
Dng ma trn: ;
0
1
1
. .
) 1 .( 2 0 0
0 1
0 1
1
T
E
xy
yy
xx
xy
yy
xx

Cc bin dng cn li l:
zx
=
zy
= 0;
( ) ( ) ; .
1
1
1
.
1
T T
E
yy xx yy xx zz

+
+ +
= + + =
Nh vy
zz
0. C th b qua
zz
, s gn ng ny vi phm mt s iu kin tng thch, nhng
do chiu dy tm rt b kt qu t c vn chnh xc cn thit.
Suy ra biu thc xc nh ng sut (nh lut Hooke) l:
( ) ; .
1
.
1
2
T
E E
yy xx xx

= ( ) ; .
1
.
1
2
T
E E
xx yy yy

=
; .
) 1 .( 2
xy xy yx xy
G
E

=
+
= =
Dng ma trn l
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

: ;
0
1
1
.
) 1 (
1 0 0
0 2 2
0 2 2
) 1 .( 2
2
T
E E
xy
yy
xx
xy
yy
xx

Nu T = 0 th c dng: {} = [D].{};
Ma trn n hi: [ ] ;
1 0 0
0 2 2
0 2 2
) 1 .( 2
2
E
D
2.2.2.2. Bi ton trng thi phng v bin dng:
Khi vt th c tit din ngang khng i v chiu di ln hn nhiu so vi hai chiu cn li, ti
trng tc dng vung gc vi trc di ca vt th. Gi Oxy l h trc song song vi mt phng
ca tit din ngang.
Tha nhn cc gi thit sau: u
z
= 0; ; 0 =
z
u
z
u
y
x

zx
=
zy
=
zz
= 0;
Ta c: ( ) [ ] ( ) ; . . 1 . 1
1
T
E
yy xx xx

+ +
+
=
( ) [ ] ( ) ; . . 1 . 1
1
T
E
xx yy yy

+ +
+
=
;
1 ) 1 .( 2
xy xy yx xy
G E

=
+
= =
Dng ma trn: ( ) ;
0
1
1
. . 1
2 0 0
0 1
0 1
1
+ +

+
=
T
E
xy
yy
xx
xy
yy
xx

Nu T = 0 th c dng: {} = [D]
-1
.{}; Vi: [ ] ;
2 0 0
0 1
0 1
1
1

+
=
E
D ;
Suy ra biu thc xc nh ng sut (nh lut Hooke) l:
( ) [ ] ; .
. 2 1
. . 1
) . 2 1 )( 1 (
T
E E
yy xx xx

+
+
=
( ) [ ] ; .
. 2 1
. . 1
) . 2 1 )( 1 (
T
E E
xx yy yy

+
+
=
; .
) 1 .( 2
xy xy yx xy
G
E

=
+
= =
Cc thnh phn ng sut cn li l:
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4


zx
=
zy
= 0;
( )( )
( ) ( ) ; . . . .
. 2 1 . 2 1 . 1
.
T E T
E E
yy xx yy xx zz

+ =
+
+
=
Ta thy
zz
0 v c lin h tuyn tnh vi
xx
,
yy
. C th b qua
zz
trong cc cng thc ma
trn nh
zx
,
zy
. Nh vy, dng ma trn ca ng sut l:
;
0
1
1
.
. 2 1
. 2 1 0 0
0 ) 1 .( 2 2
0 2 ) 1 .( 2
) . 2 1 )( 1 .( 2

+
=
T
E E
xy
yy
xx
xy
yy
xx

Nu T = 0 th c dng: {} = [D].{};
Ma trn n hi: [ ] ;
. 2 1 0 0
0 ) 1 .( 2 2
0 2 ) 1 .( 2
) . 2 1 )( 1 .( 2
+
=

E
D
2.2.3. Bi ton mt chiu:
; .
1
T
E
xx xx
+ =
yy
=
zz
=
xy
=
yz
=
zx
= 0;
xx
= E.
xx
- E.T;
C nhng nhn xt sau:
1. Ma trn bin dng gim xung cn mt phn t l bin dng di t i.
2. Ma trn ng sut gim xung cn mt phn t l ng sut php.
3. Ma trn n hi gim xung cn mt phn t l m un n hi E.
4. Nghch o ma trn n hi [D]
-1
tr thnh
E
1
.
2.3. Cc phng trnh cn bng:
Tch khi vt th ang xt ra mt phn t hnh hp dx x dy xdz v thit lp phng trnh cn
bng theo cc trc, ta c: ; 0 = +
x
xz
xy
xx
z y x

; 0 = +
y
yz yy yx
z y x

; 0 = +
z
zz
zy
zx
z y x

PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

Vit di dng ma trn: ;
0
0
0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
z
y
x
zx
yz
xy
zz
yy
xx
x y z
z x y
z y x

Hay []
T
{}+ {} = {0};
Cc phng trnh cn bng trn cn phi c tho mn bt k mi im ca vt th, bn
trong cng nh trn b mt. Nhng im nm trn b mt ca vt th s phi cn bng vi cc
ngoi lc tc dng trn b mt. S cn bng ny c th hin bng cc iu kin b mt nh
sau:
l.
xx
+ m.
xy
+ n.
xz
= p
x
;
l.
yx
+ m.
yy
+ n.
yz
= p
y
;
l.
zx
+ m.
zy
+ n.
zz
= p
z
;
Trong :l, m, n l cc cosin ch phng ca php tuyn ngoi ca mt vt th n hi ti im
ang xt;
p
x
, p
y
, p
z
; l cc thnh phn ngoi lc theo cc phng tc dng trn mt n v din
tch mt ngoi ca vt th n hi.
Dng ma trn: ;
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
z
y
x
zx
yz
xy
zz
yy
xx
p
p
p
l m n
n l m
n m l

Hay [L]{}= {p};
Trong [L] gi l ma trn cosin ch phng ca php tuyn ngoi ca mt vt th n hi.
2.3.2. Bi ton phng:
Trong bi ton 2 chiu vi h trc Oxy, ta c:
; 0 = +
x
xy
xx
y x

; 0 = +
y
yy yx
y x

PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

Vit di dng ma trn: ;
0
0
0
0
y
x
xy
yy
xx
x y
y x

Hay []
T
{}+ {} = {0};
Cc phng trnh th hin iu kin chu vi nh sau: l.
xx
+ m.
xy
= p
x
;
l.
yx
+ m.
yy
= p
y
;
Dng ma trn: ;
0
0
y
x
xy
yy
xx
p
p
l m
m l

Hay [L]{}= {p};
2.4. Cc phng trnh tng thch:
Cc bin dng v cc chuyn v trong vt th cn c s thay i lin tc t im ny sang im
khc, iu ny c m bo bi cc phng trnh lin tc, thng c gi l cc phng
trnh tng thch.
iu kin lin tc gm su phng trnh tng thch sau:
;
2
2
2
2
2
y x
x y
xy yy
xx

y x z x z y
zx
yz xy
xx

2
1
2
;
;
2
2
2
2
2
z y
y z
yz
zz
yy

;
2
1
2
z y x y z x
xy
zx
yz yy

;
2
2
2
2
2
z x
z x
zx xx zz

;
2
1
2
x z y z y x
zy xy
zx zz

2.4.2. Bi ton phng:
Trong bi ton phng ch c mt phng trnh tng thch sau: ;
2
2
2
2
2
y x
x y
xy yy
xx

PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

3. Phng php sai phn hu hn:
3.1. M u:
Trong s ln cc bi ton kt cu, ngi ta phi gii cc PT c bn di dng cc PT vi phn
hoc PT o hm ring c bc t thp n cao. V d:
tnh dm chu un, c phng trnh vi phn: y =
2
2
dx
y d
=
EJ
M
; v quan h gia cc thnh
phn ni lc: q =
2
2
dx
M d
; Q =
dx
dM
;
tnh v thoi, c h phng trnh vi phn V.Z.Vlaxp:
Dng khai trin:
; 0 . 2
2
2
2 2
2
1 4
4
2 2
4
4
4
=
+

+
y
k
x
k h E
y y x x

); , ( 2
4
4
2 2
4
4
4
2
2
2 2
2
1
y x q
y y x x
D
y
k
x
k =
+

+

Hoc vit di dng ton t:

2
2
+ E.hkw = 0,

2
k
- D
2
2
w = -q(x,y);
trong v w l cc hm ng sut v chuyn v.
S dng PP sai phn hu hn (SPHH) gii cc PT vi phn , ngi ta biu th o hm ca
PT bng hiu ca cc gi tr hm tng ng gia mt khong chia hu hn. Ti mi im chia
ca cc khong (cn gi l nt ca li chia) c th vit mt PT biu th PT vi phn bng SPHH.
Cng vi cc iu kin bin (cng c biu th bng SPHH), ngi ta c th thit lp mt h
PT i s cho php xc nh gi tr s ca hm cn tm ti nhng im tnh. Qu trnh tnh ton
khng i hi nhng hiu bit ton hc phc tp v rt tin vi MTT.
3.2. Cch biu th o hm bng cc sai phn hu hn:
Cc o hm
dy
dx
,
d y
dx
2
2
c biu din bng cc y,
2
y.. vi cc khong chia l h, h
2
..
Trong : y,
2
y.. c gi l cc SPHH bc 1, bc 2..
h, h
2
.. l khong chia hu hn v bnh phng ca khong chia hu hn..
C th biu th SPHH ti mt im bng 1 trong 3 cch sau:
3.2.1. Cc sai phn tin:
Tt c cc im tnh ton c t theo mt th t tng dn, v d:
y
n
= y
n+1
- y
n
; (4-1)

2
y
n
= y
n+1
- y
n
= y
n
- 2y
n+1
+ y
n+2
; (4-2)
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

3.2.2. Cc sai phn li:
Tt c cc im tnh ton c t theo mt th t gim dn, v d:
y
n
= y
n
- y
n-1
; (4-3)

2
y
n
= y
n
- y
n-1
= y
n
- 2y
n-1
+ y
n-2
; (4-4)
3.2.3. Cc sai phn trung tm:
S dng cc im c t i xng i vi im ang xt, v d:
y
n
= (y
n+1
- y
n-1
) / 2 ; (4-5)

2
y
n
= (y
n+1
- y
n-1
) / 2 = y
n+1
- 2y
n
+ y
n-1
; (4-6)
3.3. Cch biu din cc o hm ring bng sai phn hu hn:
1. Cc o hm ring ca mt hm z = f(x,y) i vi 1 bin x hoc bin y cng biu th nh
o hm thng nu trn. V d trong trng hp dng sai phn trung tm ta c cc biu thc
di y vi mt im (i,j):
;
2
1 , 1 ,
k
z z
x
z
j i j i +

=

;
. 2
2
1 , , 1 ,
2
2
k
z z z
x
z
j i j i j i +
+
=

;
2
, 1 , 1
h
z z
y
z
j i j i +

=

;
. 2
2
, 1 , , 1
2
2
h
z z z
y
z
j i j i j i +
+
=

Trong : h, k l cc khong chia theo phng y v x.
i, j l tn ca v tr cc im tnh ton (im (i,j) (l giao im ca hng th i
v ct th j ca li chia).
( )
+ =
=
+ + + + 1 , 1 1 , 1 1 , 1 1 , 1
2
. 2
1
. 2
1
j i j i j i j i
z z z z
k h x
z
y y x
z
=
k h
z z z z
j i j i j i j i
. 4
1 , 1 1 , 1 1 , 1 1 , 1 + + + +
+
;
(4-8)
=
2
2
2
2
2 2
4
x
z
y y x
z

=
[ ]
1 , 1 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , , 1 1 , 1 1 , 1 , 1 2 2
2 2 4 2 2
1
+ + + + + +
+ + + +
z z z z z z z z z
k h
(4-9)
[ ]
2 , 1 , , 1 , 2 , 4 2
1 , , 1 ,
2
2
4
4
4 6 4
1
. 2
+ +
+
+ + =
+
=
j i j i j i j i j i
j i j i j i
z z z z z
k k
z z z
x x
z

(3-7)
j-1 j-2 j j+1 j+2
i+1
i
i+1,j
i,j
i-1,j
i-1
i-2
i+2
k k k
h
h
h
y
x
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

(= [ ]
2 , 1 , , 1 , , 1 , , 1 , 2 ,
4
2 2 4 2 2
1
+ + +
+ + + +
z z z z z z z z z
k
= )
[ ]
j i j i j i j i j i
j i j i j i
z z z z z
h h
z z z
y y
z
, 2 , 1 , , 1 , 2
4 2
, 1 , , 1
2
2
4
4
4 6 4
1
. 2
+ +
+
+ + =
+
=

Cc h s ca cc biu thc SPHH (4-8) v (4-9) c th sp xp theo s sau:

2. Phng trnh tng thch ca bi ton phng tha mn hm Airy c dng:

4
4
x
z
+ 2
2 2
4
y x
z

+
4
4
y
z
= 0
hoc:
4
F = 0; (Phng trnh iu ha kp)
Phng trnh ny c biu th di dng PT SPHH
trung tm ti mt im (i,j) bt k c dng:
Ni chung, ti mi im tnh ton (i,j) ngi ta c th
vit mt PT c dng nh trn, kt hp vi cc iu
kin bin ca kt cu s c mt h PT i s vi cc
n F.
T cc gi tr ca F tnh c, ta c th xc nh ni
lc v bin dng ca tt c cc im tnh ton theo cc
quan h bit trong l thuyt n hi.
j-2 j-1 j j+2 j+1
h h h h
i+2
i+1
i
i-1
i-2
h
h
h
h
2 -8 2
-8 20 -8
2 -8 2
1 1
1
1
x Z; 4h.k

2
z
x y
=
j-1 j j+1
i+1
i
i-1
-1 0 1
0 0 0
1 0 -1
x Z; h
2
.k
2

4
2 2
z
x y
=
j-1 j j+1
i+1
i
i-1
1 -2 1
-2 4 -2
1 -2 1
x Z; k
4

4
4
x
z
=
i
j-2
1
j-1
-4
j
6
j+1
-4
j+2
1
x Z;
h
4
4
4
y
z
=
j
i+1
-2
i
4
i-1
-2
i-1
-2
i+1
-2
j
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

3.4. p dng PP SPHH xc nh m men un v vng ca mt dm n
gin:
Nu dm chu ti phn b, m men un v vng c biu th bng PT vi phn sau:
3.4.1. Dm c tit din khng i:
d M
dx
2
2
= q; (4-10)
d y
dx
2
2
=
M
E J
hoc
d y
dx
4
4
=
q
E J
; (4-11)
3.4.2. Dm c tit din thay i:
d
dx
J
d y
dx
2
2
2
2
.
=
q
E
; (4-12)
Trong : M m men un c chiu dng nu lm cng th di;
q Cng ca ti trng phn b c chiu dng l chiu t di ln trn;
y vng c chiu dng hng ln trn;
E M dun n hi ca vt liu;
J M men qun tnh ca tit din ngang ca dm.
3.4.3. Biu th o hm bng cc sai phn hu hn:
Cc PT vi phn ny c bc 2 hoc bc 4 i vi cc bin ( y ch c 1 bin x) v c th biu
th bng cc SPHH trung tm.
Ti im chia j PT (4-10) c dng: M
j-1
- 2M
j
+ M
j+1
= h
2
.q
j
; (4-13)
Cn PT (4-11) c dng: y
j-1
- 2y
j
+ y
j+1
= h
2
.
M
E J
j
; (4-14)
Vit PT (4-13) v (4-14) cho tt c cc im tnh ton, kt hp vi cc iu kin bin, ta lp
c mt h cc PT i s tuyn tnh c s lng bng s n l m men hoc vng ti tt c
cc im tnh ton.
3.4.4. V d:
Xt mt dm c nhp L chu ti trng thay i theo lut tam gic vi tung ln nht q
0
, hng
t trn xung di.
Dm c chia thnh 4 khong, iu kin bin l M
0
= M
4
= 0.
Vit PT (4-13) vi M ti mi im bn trong dm (c 3 im):
(1) 0 - 2.M
1
+ M
2
= -h
2
.q
0
/ 4;
(2) M
1
- 2.M
2
+ M
3
= -h
2
.q
0
/ 2;
(3) M
2
- 2.M
3
+ 0 = -h
2
.q
0
/ 4;
Kt qu gii h PT ta c:
h h h h
2 3
q
o

L
1 0 4
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

M
1
= 0.625 h
2
.q
0
= 0.0391 L
2
.q
0
;
M
2
= h
2
.q
0
= 0.0625 L
2
.q
0
;
M
3
= 0.873 h
2
.q
0
= 0.0547 L
2
.q
0
;
Cc vng ca dm ti cc im chia c xc nh t cc PT dng (4-14) vi iu kin bin
y
0
= y
4
= 0.
- 2.y
1
+ y
2
= h
2
.( 0.625 h
2
.q
0
) / EJ;
y
1
- 2.y
2
+ y
3
= h
2
.( h
2
.q
0
) / EJ;
y
2
- 2.y
3
= h
2
.( 0.873 h
2
.q
0
) / EJ;
Li gii ca h PT trn l:
y
1
= -1.187 h
4
.q
0
/ EJ = -0.00463 L
4
.q
0
/ EJ;
y
2
= -1.749 h
4
.q
0
/ EJ = -0.00682 L
4
.q
0
/ EJ;
y
3
= -1.311 h
4
.q
0
/ EJ = -0.00513 L
4
.q
0
/ EJ;
Nhn xt: Kt qu tnh ton trn ch l gn ng, chnh xc ca tnh ton ph thuc vo s
khong chia hay tr s ca khong cch gia cc im chia lin tip. nh ga sai s c th xem
thm cc ti liu v ton hc.
3.5. p dng PP SPHH tnh dm trn nn n hi:
PT sai phn c bn i vi dm t trn nn n hi c dng:
3.5.1. Trng hp tit din khng i:
EJ
d y
dx
4
4
= -k.y + q; (4-15)
3.5.2. Trng hp tit din thay i:
d
dx
E J
d y
dx
2
2
2
2
.
= -k.y + q; (4-16)
Trong : y l vng ca dm;
k h s nn;
q cng ca ti trng phn b theo chiu di ca dm;
EJ M dun n hi v m men qun tnh ca dm.
Trng hp dm chu ti trng tp trung th c th dng dng khc ca (4-15) v (4-16):

d y
dx
2
2
=
M
E J
; (4-17)
M m men un ca dm do ti trng ngoi v phn lc nn gy ra.
3.5.3. Biu th o hm bng cc sai phn hu hn:
Dng (4-15) vit di dng PT SPHH ti mt im chia j:
y
j-2
- 4 y
j-1
+ 6 y
j
- 4 y
j+1
+ y
j+2
= h
4
(-k y
j
+ q
j
) / EJ; (4-18)
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

Nu t = L k EJ /
4
l cng tng i ca dm, (4-18) c vit li:
y
j-2
- 4 y
j-1
+ (6 +
4
/ m
4
).y
j
- 4 y
j+1
+ y
j+2
= h
4
q
j
/ EJ; (4-19)
Trong : m l khong chia ca dm.
Chiu dng ca ti trng q
j
t di ln trn.
iu kin bin c biu th qua m men v lc ct ti cc u mt ca dm bng 0:
M = EJ.
d y
dx
2
2
= 0; Q =
dM
dx
= EJ.
d y
dx
3
3
= 0; (4-20)
Vit di dng SPHH:
-i vi u mt 0: y
-1
- 2 y
0
+ y
1
= 0; v -y
-2
+ 2 y
-1
- 2 y
1
+ y
2
= 0;
hay y
-1
= 2 y
0
- y
1
; v y
-2
= 4 y
0
- 4 y
1
+ y
2
; (4-21)
-i vi u cui m: y
m+1
= 2 y
m
- y
m-1
; v y
m+2
= 4 y
m
- 4 y
m-1
+ y
m-2
; (4-22)
Nh vy ti mi im chia trn dm, ta vit 1 PT sai phn di dng (4-15). Ti cc im mt 0
v m PT c cha cc n s y
-2
, y
-1
, y
m+1
, y
m+2
. Cc n ny c thay th theo (4-21) v (4-22).
Cui cng ta thu c h PT i s tuyn tnh gm m+1 PT vi m+1 n.
Sau khi xc nh c cc y
j
c th tnh tip m men un v lc ct ti cc tit din chia theo
quan h c vit di dng sai phn l:
M
j
= EJ.
d y
dx
2
2
= EJ (y
j+1
- 2 y
j
+ y
j-1
) / h
2
;
Q
j
= EJ.
d y
dx
3
3
= EJ (y
j+2
- 2 y
j+1
+ 2 y
j-1
- y
j-2
) / (2 h
3
) ; (4-23)
Vy vi cc quan h (4-15), (4-19), (4-21), (4-22) v (4-23) ta c th tnh c dm trn nn n
hi bt k khi bit y cc yu t ban u: E, J, L, k, q (qui lut ti phn b).
Ch : Vi vng dng th cc phn lc nn l m ( l iu kin lin tc gia dm v nn).
3.5.4. V d 1:
Xt dm t trn nn n hi c = L
k EJ /
4
= 4 2
4
; chu ti trng phn b tam
gic (xem hnh v)
Chia dm thnh 4 on:
h = L / 4; m = 4.
Theo (4-19) thit lp cc PT SPHH cho cc im chia:
Ti im 0: y
-2
- 4 y
-1
+ 8 y
0
- 4 y
1
+ y
2
= 0;
Ti im 1: y
-1
- 4 y
0
+ 8 y
1
- 4 y
2
+ y
3
= h
4
(-0.5q
0
) / EJ;
Ti im 2: y
0
- 4 y
1
+ 8 y
2
- 4 y
3
+ y
4
= h
4
(-1.0q
0
) / EJ;
Ti im 3: y
1
- 4 y
2
+ 8 y
3
- 4 y
4
+ y
5
= h
4
(-0.5q
0
) / EJ;
Ti im 4: y
2
- 4 y
3
+ 8 y
4
- 4 y
5
+ y
6
= 0;
L = 4h
q
0

2 1
y
0
x
4 3 -1 -2
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

Thay th cc im chia o (y
-2
, y
-1
, y
1
, y
2
) theo cc iu kin bin (4-21) v (4-22), h PT trn c
dng:
4 y
0
- 4 y
1
+ 2 y
2
= 0;
- 2 y
0
+ 7 y
1
- 4 y
2
+ y
3
= h
4
(-0.5q
0
) / EJ;
y
0
- 4 y
1
+ 8 y
2
- 4 y
3
+ y
4
= h
4
(-1.0q
0
) / EJ;
y
1
- 4 y
2
+ 7 y
3
- 2 y
4
= h
4
(-0.5q
0
) / EJ;
2 y
2
- 4 y
3
+ 4 y
4
= 0;
Gii h PT ta c:
y
0
= -0.0833 h
4
q
0
/ EJ; y
1
= -0.2703 h
4
q
0
/ EJ;
y
2
= -0.3750 h
4
q
0
/ EJ; y
3
= -0.2703 h
4
q
0
/ EJ;
y
4
= -0.0833 h
4
q
0
/ EJ;
Theo cc gi tr xc nh ca y
j
c th tnh c tr s m men v lc ct ti cc im chia
theo (4-23). V d ti v tr j = 2:
M
2
= h
2
q
0
(-0.2703 + 0.7500 - 0.2703 ) = 0.01309 L
2
q
0
;
Q
2
= EJ.
d y
dx
3
3
= h q
0
(-0.0833 + 0.5406 - 0.5406 + 0.0833) / 2 = 0 ;
3.5.5. Vi dm c TD thay i:
PT c bn (4-16) vit di dng PT SPHH ti mt im j:
J
j-1
y
j-2
- 2(J
j-1
+ J
j
) y
j-1
+ (J
j-1
+ 4 J
j
+ J
j+1
+ h
4
k
j
/ E).y
j
- 2(J
j
+ J
j+1
)y
j+1
+ J
j+1
y
j+2
= h
4
q
j
/
E; (4-24)
Trong J
j
v k
j
l m men qun tnh ca TD dm v h s nn ti im chia j.
Nu xem cc u mt ca dm l gi t do th iu kin bin trong trng hp ny c dng:
J
m+1
y
m+2
- 2.J
m+1
y
m+1
+ (J
m+1
+ J
m-1
)y
m
+ 2.J
m-1
y
m-1
- J
m-1
y
m-2
= 0; (4-25)
Trong m l ch s ca u mt.
3.5.6. Vi dm chu ti trng tp trung:
p dng PT dng (4-17), biu th di dng SPHH:
y
j-1
- 2y
j
+ y
j+1
= h
2
M
j
/ EJ; (4-26)
Trong M
j
l tng m men do ti trng tc dng v phn lc nn k.y
j
gy ra ti TD j.
Phn lc nn l i lng phn b
theo mt qui lut no (ph thuc
vng y), c thay th bng cc
lc tp trung t ti cc im chia.
d dng tnh ton thng phi gi
thuyt trc qui lut phn b ca
phn lc nn trong tng khong chia.
C ba gi thuyt sau:
h h
h
2 1
k.y
m
k.y
3
k.y
2
k.y
1
R
0
k.y
0
0 m 3..
R
1
R
2
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

3.5.6.1. Biu phn lc phn b dng bc thang:
Cc phn lc nn c gi thuyt l
khng i trong khong chia h, nh
vy ti mi im chia phn lc tp
trung s l -k.y
j
.h
3.5.6.2. Biu phn lc thay i bc nht trong mi khong chia:
Phn lc tp trung tng ng ti
im chia j c xc nh bng tng
cc phn lc u hai khong k bn
im .

Mun vy ta chia hnh thang thnh 2
tam gic v c c kt qu sau:

-Ti im u 0: R
0
= -(h.k.y
0
/ 3 + h.k.y
1
/ 6)
= -h.k.(2y
0
+ y
1
) / 6;
-Ti cc im gia: R
j
= -h.k.(y
j-1
+ 4y
j
+ y
j+1
) / 6;
-Ti im cui m: R
m
= -h.k.(2y
m
+ y
m-1
) / 6; (4-27)
3.5.6.3. Biu phn lc thay i theo lut Parabol bc 2:
Mt Parabol bc 2 c xc nh theo 3 tung ca n. V d theo 3 tung k.y
0
, k.y
1
, k.y
2
ca
3 im 0, 1, 2 k tip nhau vi cch khong l h:
(-1).Z(x) = (x-h).(x-2h). k.y
0
/ (2h
2
) - x.(x-2h). k.y
1
/ h
2
+ x.(x-h). k.y
2
/ (2h
2
); (4-28)
Z l phn lc phn b ca nn theo lut Parabol bc 2. Vi qui lut ta xc nh c cc phn
lc tp trung tng ng ti cc im chia:
R
0
=
( ). h x z
h
dx
h
0
;
R
1
=
x z
h
dx
h
.
0
+
( ). 2
2
h x z
h
dx
h
h
;
R
m
=
x z
h
dx
h
.
0
; (4-29)
Thay Z theo (4-28) vo (4-29) ta thu c:
R
0
= -h.k (7y
0
+ 6y
1
- y
2
) / 24;
R
m
= -h.k (-y
m-2
+ 6y
m-1
+ 7y
m
) / 24; (cho cc im bin) (4-30)
R
j
= -h.k (y
j-1
+ 10y
j
+ y
j+1
) / 12; (cho cc im gia) (4-31)
h h
h
2 1
k.y
m
k.y
3
k.y
2
k.y
1
R
0
k.y
0
0 m 3..
R
1
R
2
h h
h
2 1
k.y
m
k.y
3
k.y
2
k.y
1
R
0
k.y
0
0 m 3..
R
1
R
2

PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

Bit c cc phn lc tp trung tng ng ta hon ton biu th m men un M
j
trong PT (4-
26) qua cc vng y
j
. Cui cng dn n h PT i s tuyn tnh xc nh c y
j
. V t y
j

hon ton c th xc nh c tr s ca m men un v lc ct ti cc im tnh.
3.5.7. V d 2:
Xt mt dm c trng lng bn thn khng ng k t trn nn n hi c = L k EJ /
4
= 4;
chu ti trng tp trung (xem hnh v). Gi thuyt phn lc nn phn b theo lut Parabol bc 2.
Theo quan h (4-30) v (4-31) xc nh phn lc nn tp trung tng ng:
R
0
= -h.k (7y
0
+ 6y
1
- y
2
) / 24;
R
1
= -h.k (y
0
+ 10y
1
+ y
2
) / 12;
R
2
= -h.k (y
1
+ 10y
2
+ y
3
) / 12;
R
3
= -h.k (y
2
+ 10y
3
+ y
4
) / 12;
R
4
= -h.k (-y
2
+ 6y
3
+ 7y
4
) / 24;
Theo (4-26) vit PT SPHH cho cc im chia:
Ti im 1: y
0
- 2y
1
+ y
2
= h
3
R
0
/ EJ;
Ti im 2 (tri): y
1
- 2y
2
+ y
3
= h
3
(2.R
0
+ R
1
-P) / EJ;
Ti im 2 (phi): y
1
- 2y
2
+ y
3
= h
3
(2.R
4
+ R
3
) / EJ;
Ti im 3: y
2
- 2y
3
+ y
4
= h
3
R
4
/ EJ;
V phng trnh cn bng: Fy = 0 -P + R
0
+ R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3
+ R
4
= 0;
Biu th cc phn lc tng ng theo cc y
j
, ta c h PT i s tuyn tnh sau:
1.2917y
0
- 1.75y
1
+ 0.9583y
2
= 0;
y
0
+ 3.5y
1
- 3y
2
+ 1.5y
3
= -1.5P h
3
/ EJ;
1.5y
1
- 3y
2
+ 3.5y
3
+ y
4
= 0;
0.9583y
2
- 1.75y
3
+ 1.2917y
4
= 0;
0.375y
0
+ 1.1667y
1
+ 0.9167y
2
+ 1.1667y
3
+ 0.375y
4
= -P h
3
/ EJ;
Gii h trn c: y
0
= -0.4773 P h
3
/ EJ; y
1
= -0.4942 P h
3
/ EJ;
y
2
= -0.2592 P h
3
/ EJ; y
3
= -0.0471 P h
3
/ EJ; y
4
= 0.1285 P h
3
/ EJ;
Theo cc gi tr xc nh ca y
j
c th tnh c tr s m men v lc ct ti cc im chia
theo (4-23). V d ti v tr j = 1:
M
1
= EJ (y
2
- 2 y
1
+ y
0
) / h
2
= (-0.2592 + 0.9884 - 0.4773 )
= 0.2519 P.h = 0.0630 P.L;
L = 4h
= 4;
m = 4;
P
2 1
y
0
x
4 3
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

3.6. p dng PP SPHH tnh tm chu un:
Phng trnh vi phn vng ca tm chu un:
; . 2
4
4
2 2
4
4
4
D
q
y
w
y x
w
x
w
= + +

Trong q l ti trng phn b tc dng trn tm;
D l cng tr ca tm D =
E t .
. ( )
3
2
12 1
;
l h s Pootson;
3.6.1. Biu th cc vi phn bng sai phn hu hn:
Vi li sai phn c chia u x = y = h.
Vi im bt k (i,j) vng c biu th di dng PT SPHH vi cc h s xc nh theo s
bn ta c:
w
i-2,j
+ 2.w
i-1,j-1
8.w
i-1,j
+ 2.w
i-1,j+1
+ w
i,j-2
8.w
i,j-1
+ 20.w
i,j
8.w
i,j+1
+ w
i,j+2
+ 2.w
i+1,j-1
-
8.w
i+1,j
+ 2.w
i+1,j+1
+ w
i+2,j
= h
4
q
D
ij
;
iu kin bin:
Vi bin ngm:- vng = 0: w
i,j
= 0
-Gc xoay = 0:
w
x
=
w w
h
i j i j , , +
1 1
2
= 0; w
i,j+1
= w
i,j-1
(w
thc
= w
o
)
Vi bin gi ta: - vng = 0: w
i,j
= 0
-M men un = 0:
Ta c: M
x
= -D

2
2
2
2
w
x
w
y
= 0;
V
2
2
w
y
= 0
2
2
w
x
= 0
w w w
h
i j i j i j , , , +
+
1 1
2
2
= 0;
M w
i,j
= 0 w
i,j+1
= -w
i,j-1
(w
thc
= -w
o
: im thc v im o phn xng)
3.6.2. V d:
Tnh vng ti im trung tm ca tm hnh vung chu ti trng phn b u, bin ta t do.
Vit PT sai phn ca vng ti im O(1,1):
w
-1,1
+ 2w
0,0
- 8w
0,1
+ 2w
0,2
+ w
1,-1
- 8w
1,0
+ 20w
1,1
- 8w
1,2
+ w
1,3
+ 2w
2,0
- 8w
2,1
+2 w
2,2
+
w
3,1
=
a
2
4
.
q
D
;
iu kin bin gi ta nn:
1
4
h
w
j-2 j-1 j j+2 j+1
h h h h
i+2
i+1
i
i-1
i-2
h
h
h
h
2 -8 2
-8 20 -8
2 -8 2
1 1
1
1
i,j+1 i,j-1 i,j
(i,j-1) & (i,j+1) i xng
i,j+1 i,j-1 i,j
(i,j-1) & (i,j+1) phn xng
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

w
0,0
= w
0,1
= w
0,2
= w
1,0
= w
1,2
= w
2,0
= w
2,1
= w
2,2
= 0;
V do tnh i xng nn:
w
-1,1
= w
3,1
= w
1,-1
= w
1,3
= -w
1,1
;
PT sai phn ca vng tr thnh:
20 w
1,1
- 4 w
3,1
=
a
2
4
.
q
D

w
1,1
=
a
4
256
.
q
D
0.00391
a q
D
4
;
So snh vi kt qu tnh theo gii tch l 0.0041
a q
D
4
c sai s l 5%.
Ni lc ca tm c xc nh theo quan h bit:
Mx = -D

2
2
2
2
y
w
x
w
; My = -D

2
2
2
2
x
w
y
w
; Mxy = -D.(1-)

2
w
x y
;
Biu th di dng SPHH cho im tnh ton (i,j):
Mx
ij
= -D

+
+ +
2
, 1 , , 1
2
1 , , 1 ,
. 2 . 2
h
w w w
h
w w w
;
My
ij
= -D

+
+ +
2
1 , , 1 ,
2
, 1 , , 1
. 2 . 2
h
w w w
h
w w w
;
Mxy
ij
= -D.(1-).
2
1 , 1 1 , 1 1 , 1 1 , 1
. 4 h
w w w w
j i j i j i j i + + + +
+
;
Vi ni dung v trnh t tnh ton nh trn, bn c th t lp cc chng trnh cho MTT gii
quyt cc bi ton phc tp hn.

2
1
j=0
j= -1
h
h
2 1 i= -1 i=0
h = a/2 h
x
y
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

3.7. S khi ca thut ton:

START
Tp hp ma trn cc h s
ca PT SPHH
Tp hp vect cc thnh
phn t do ca h PT
a iu kin bin vo h
PT tp hp
Gii h phng trnh
Tnh M, Q ti cc tit
din chia ca kt cu
STOP
c cc s liu
tng qut
c cc s liu
ti cc im chia
In kt qu
ni lc tnh c
In kt qu
gii h phng trnh
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

4. Phng php phn t hu hn (PP PTHH) vi m hnh chuyn v thun
ty:
4.1. S ri rc ha kt cu lin tc:
Cc PP hin i phn tch mt vt th n hi lin tc u da trn c s ri rc ha, ngha l
dng mt m hnh l tng ha kt cu thc. M hnh c chn cn phi tha mn hai iu
kin quan trng sau:
1.Xp x cng chnh xc cc tnh cht hnh hc v n hi ca kt cu thc;
2.Trnh c cng nhiu cng tt cc kh khn v mt ton hc trong khi dng m hnh
phn tch kt cu.
Trong PP PTHH cch ri rc ha cho php chia kt cu n hi lin tc thnh mt s hu hn
bt k cc min, cc kt cu con vi kch thc cng nh cng tt (nhng cng hu hn). Cc
kt cu con ny c gi l PTHH, chng c th c dng hnh hc khc nhau, tnh cht n hi
ca cc phn t c th thay i t phn t ny sang phn t khc.
Dng hnh hc v s lng cc PTHH ph thuc khng nhng vo khun kh ca bi ton, m
cn ph thuc vo mc chnh xc cn phi tun theo. Chng hn, i vi bi ton khng gian
cc PTHH c th dng hnh chp, hnh hp.. Cn vi bi ton phng PTHH c th l tam gic
phng, ch nht.. Cn ch rng tt c cc PTHH nu trn u c cc cnh thng (nhng nu
dng hnh hc tng th ca kt cu l hnh cong, ngi ta c th to ra cc PTHH c cc cnh
cong).
Sau khi ri rc, kt cu n hi lin tc c thay th bng mt li cc PTHH. Li ny cng
mau (ngha l s phn t cng nhiu, kch thc cc phn t cng b) th mc chnh xc cng
cao. S phn t cng nhiu th s n ca bi ton cng ln (l hng trm thm ch hng nghn),
i hi tc v b nh ca MTT cng ln (yu cu ny hin nay khng cn l vn ng
ngi).
Mt s v d v cc kt cu lin tc c ri rc ha tin hnh phn tch bng PP PTHH:

4.2. Cc loi PTHH:
Tip theo sau s ri rc ha vt th n hi lin tc, cn t ra vn v mi lin kt gia
cc PTHH nh th no c th m hnh ha cng chnh xc kt cu ban u.

p B tng
Nn v mng
cho php tnh ng thi

Li dng tnh i xng
Tch ra 1/4 tnh
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

Ngi ta xem vic ni kt gia cc PTHH khng phi c thc hin theo ton b cc bin
chung gia cc phn t m ch mt s im c th gi l cc im nt.
Cng mt dng hnh hc nh nhau c th dng nhiu loi PTHH. Ngoi cch phn bit
theo dng hnh hc, ngi ta cn phn bit PTHH theo s lng nt v v tr ca nt:
-Loi PTHH tuyn tnh c cc nt ch c t ti cc nh ca phn t, nh vy trn mi
cnh ch c 2 nt 2 u.
-Loi PTHH bc hai c cha thm mt nt mi cnh (thng nt ny c t gia mi
cnh).

-Ngi ta cn dng loi PTHH bc 3, trong mi cnh c cha 4 nt, nhng cc nt thm
vo c th c t trn mt ca cc PTHH trung gian.
S sp xp cc nt nh trn c lin h chc ch vi hm chuyn v c chn cho mt im bt
k ca PTHH: bc ca phn t v bc ca a thc biu din hm chuyn v phi ph hp nhau
m bo iu kin tng thch gia cc phn t c chung cnh.
Loi phn t hay dng nht l PTHH tuyn tnh tam gic, cng lc vi s ra i ca PP PTHH
(khong nm 1956), v cho kt qu tt khi s dng phn tch cc bi ton phng. Loi PTHH
tam gic bc 2 c a ra t nm 1965, loi phn t ny c u im v chnh xc hn so vi
phn t tam gic tuyn tnh (li gii vi cc phn t bc 2 mau hi t n kt qu chnh xc hn
so vi phn t tuyn tnh).
Loi phn t ch nht tuyn tnh c dng cho cc kt cu c hnh dng ch nht. Trong cc
bi ton tnh tm chu un dng PTHH ch nht cho kt qu kh quan hn PTHH tam gic.
4.3. nh nghi:
tip cn vi PP PTHH c hiu qu, trc ht cn hiu c mt s khi nim v nh ngha
sau:
4.3.1. Chuyn v nt, vect chuyn v nt: {}
Cc im nt ca cc PTHH thng c chn trn bin ca phn t (ch yu l ti cc nh),
trng hp c bit ca cc phn t bc cao im nt c th b tr cc cnh hoc bn trong
phn t (thm ch bn ngoi phn t).
S lng t do ca cc nt l ty thuc tng bi ton. Tt c t do ca cc nt ca phn t
lp thnh mt vect gi l tham s chuyn v nt hay vect chuyn v nt {}.

PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

{} = [
1
,
2
,
3
,..
n
]
T
;
Theo ngha rng, cc chuyn v nt c th gm:
-Cc chuyn v thng (k c vng): u, v, w;
-Cc chuyn v xoay:
x
,
y
..;
- cong (cc o hm bc 2): ..;
V d nh trong cc loi PTHH sau:

4.3.2. Vect bin dng: {}
Theo ngha rng, cc thnh phn ca {} c th bao gm:
-Bin dng thng
x
,
y
,..;
-Bin dng trt (ct)
xy
,
yz
,..;
- cong theo cc chiu
2
2
w
x
,
2
2
w
y
,..;
- vnh do xon ..
4.3.3. Vect ng lc nt: {F}
L tp hp cc ng lc tc dng ti cc nt ca phn t, bao gm:
-Cc ng lc tng ng vi cc chuyn v thng (k hiu l vect n ) F
x
, F
y
..
-Cc m men un, xon tng ng vi cc chuyn v xoay (k hiu l vect kp )
M
x
, M
y
, M
xy
..
V d: Phn t thanh khng gian c ng lc nt {F} [F
x
, F
y
, F
z
, M
x
, M
y
, M
z
]
T
ti mi nt;
Phn t tam gic trong BT phng c vect ng lc nt gm 6 thnh phn (c 3 nt) {F}
[F
x1
, F
y1
, F
x2
, F
y2
, F
x3
, F
y3
]
T
;
4.3.4. Vect ng sut: {}
Thnh phn trong vect ng sut gm:
-ng sut php
x
,
y
,
z
;
-ng sut tip
xy
,
yz
,
zx
;
-Cc ni lc M
x
, Q
x
..;
-z
x
y
1 3

x

2 4
PT ch nht (BT un)
3x4 = 12 CVnt
3
2
1
u
1

v
1

u
2

v
2

u
3

v
3

PT tam gic (BT phng)
2x3 = 6 CVnt
u
x1

x1

z1

u
z1

y1

u
y1

z2

u
z2

y2

u
y2

x2
u
x2

PT dm khng gian
6x2 = 12 CVnt
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

4.4. Hm chuyn v: {}
Biu th trng chuyn v bn trong phn t.
Hm chuyn v (HCV) l 1 hm xp x, t chn. Trong phm vi ca phn t chuyn v s thay
i t im ny sang im khc theo mt qui lut nht nh no cn tuyn chn gn ng theo
cc hm ca ta x, y, z.
Thng thng trong PP PTHH trng chuyn v c chn di dng hm a thc. Bc ca a
thc ny cng vi s cc thnh phn ca hm c xc nh lin h cht ch vi dng, loi
PTHH tng ng.
Cc h s ca hm a thc hp thnh mt vect cc bin tng qut. l nhng h s cn tm
ca a thc c sp xp t bc nh n ln ca a thc: {} = [
1

2

3
..
n
]
T
;
HCV nu la chn khng tt s dn n kt qu tnh khng hi t v li gii chnh xc. Hm
chuyn v cn c nhng c im sau:
1.HCV phi cha s lng bin s tng qut {} bng s lng t do ca phn t:
Ngha l kch thc ca vect {} bng kch thc ca {}.
V d 1: Phn t tam gic chu un mi nt c 3 t do vi 3 tham s chuyn v ,
x
,
y
; Vy
phn t (c 3 nt) c vect {} cng phi vi 9 s hng.
i vi a thc (x,y) tt nht l dng tam gic Pascal b tr cc tha s ca a thc:

Trng hp phn t tam gic chu un, nu chn a thc bc 3:
= (x,y) =
1
+
2
x +
3
y +
4
x
2
+
5
xy +
6
y
2
+
7
x
3
+
8
x
2
y +
9
xy
2
+
10
y
3
;
Theo iu kin 1 phi b i 1 h s bin tng qut.
V d 2: Phn t tam gic trong BT phng gm c 2x3 = 6 chuyn v nt. Chn HCV l a thc
bc 2 l ph hp. (x,y) =
1
+
2
x +
3
y +
4
x
2
+
5
xy +
6
y
2
;
V d 3: Phn t dm bin dng phng khng c lc dc (dm ch chu lc ngang) gm c 2x2 =
4 chuyn v nt. Chn a thc = y(x) =
1
+
2
x +
3
x
2
+
4
x
3
;
2.HCV khng chn u tin cho mt hng no.
Chng hn phn t tam gic chu un ni trn, nu loi b
2
,
3
,
4
,
6
,
7
,
8
,
9
,
10
u
khng c, vy ch c th loi b
1
hoc
5
.
3.HCV phi biu th c tnh cht tuyt i cng khi phn t ch c chuyn v m khng
c bin dng.
V d:
- a thc bc I (3 t do).

- a thc bc 3 (10 bc t do).

1
x y
x
2
xy y
2

x
3
x
2
y xy
2
y
3

x
4
x
3
y x
2
y
2
xy
3
y
4

x
5
x
4
y x
3
y
2
x
2
y
3
xy
4
y
5

Bc 0:
Bc 1:
Bc 2:
Bc 3:
Bc 4:
..
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

Nh v d trn, iu kin ny s tha mn nu phn u ca a thc (tam thc bc 1) c gi
li, ngha l thnh phn
1
+
2
x +
3
y biu th mt phng i qua 3 im nt chuyn v do
un.
4.HCV phi c kh nng i din cho mi trng thi v ng sut v bin dng.
Nu khng tha iu kin ny, ng sut s khng hi t v 1 hm lin tc. Chng hn trong v d
trn nu loi b
2
x s hng xon s vng mt v lc ny ch cn:

2
w
x y
= 2
8
x + 2
9
y; vi x=0, y = 0
2
2
w
x
s trit tiu.
5.HCV phi tha mn iu kin chp chuyn v dc theo bin gii gia cc phn t tip
gip nhau.
Ni cch khc, cc gi tr ca hm chuyn v phi lin tc dc ng bin, i khi c vi phn bc
1 cng vy.
Tuy nhin mt s phn t mu c khng tha mn iu kin ny nhng vn c dng, v tt
nhin iu kin hi t khng m bo.
iu kin cn v mt PTHH tuyn tnh tng thch l cc hm chuyn v ca n l cc a
thc bc mt, trong mi hm c s s hng bng ng s nt ca PTHH.
iu kin cn v mt PTHH bc hai tng thch l hm chuyn v ca n l a thc bc
hai c s s hng cha trong mi hm bng ng s nt ca PTHH tng ng.
4.5. Xy dng ma trn cng-PT c bn ca PTHH:
4.5.1. Hm chuyn v: {}
T chn HCV di dng a thc sau: {} = [U] {};
Trong : {} = Vect hng n (bin tng qut);
[U] = Ma trn ph thuc vo ta chy x, y, z..
V d: -Thanh thng chu lc ngang (phn t 1 chiu):
{} y(x) =
1
+
2
x +
3
x
2
+
4
x
3
[ 1 x x
2
x
3
]
4
3
2
1
= [U] {};
-Tam gic trong BT phng (phn t 2 chiu):
{}
+ + =
+ + =
y x v
y x u
6 5 4
3 2 1

=
y x
y x
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
6
2
1
..
= [U] {};
-T din (phn t 3 chiu):
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

{}
w
v
u
=
z y x
z y x
z y x
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
12
2
1
..
= [U] {};
4.5.2. Vect chuyn v nt: {}
{} = [
1

2
..
n
]
T
;
Nu hm chuyn v (hoc cc vi phn ring phn ca chng theo x, y..) c dng tnh cho
tng chuyn v nt, ta s c lin h gia vect chuyn v nt {} v bin tng qut {} qua cc
ta ca nt.
V d: Thanh phng:
Nt 1:
1
y(x
1
) =
1
+
2
x
1
+
3
x
1
2
+
4
x
1
3
;

2

y
x
x1
= 0 +
2
+ 2.
3
x
1
+ 3
4
x
1
2
;
Nt 2:
3
,
3
xc nh tng t vi x = x
2
;
V nu ly x
1
= 0, x
2
= l th 4 PT ny s n gin hn.
i vi phn t tam gic trong BT phng:
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
k k k
j j j
i i i
y x u
y x u
y x u
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1

;
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
k k k
j j j
i i i
y x v
y x v
y x v
6 5 4
6 5 4
6 5 4

;
Vy tng qut ta c lin h sau:
{} =
1
..
n
= [ C ]
1
..
n
= [ C ] {};
[C] l ma trn cc ta c th ca cc nt.
4.5.3. Hm dng: [N]
T phng trnh trn, nu nhn v tri vi [ C ]
-1
ta c: {} = [ C ]
-1
{};
Thay vo HCV: {} = [U] {} = [U] [ C ]
-1
{} = [N] {};
[N] = hm dng (th hin dng ca pt khi bin dng) ph thuc vo x, y v c ta cc
nt x
i
, y
i
..
4.5.4. Vect bin dng tng qut: {}
Lin h gia bin dng v chuyn v nt: {} = [B] {};
[B] l ma trn cc ton t vi phn, c xem nh MT bin i chuyn v nt thnh bin
dng ring ca PTHH.
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

V thnh phn ca vect bin dng gm bin dng php tuyn, tip tuyn, hoc cc cong un,
xon.. l cc vi phn thng hoc vi phn ring ca cc chuyn v, nn [B] s lin quan cht
ch vi {} (do m hm dng [N] s c nh hng nhiu).
4.5.5. Vect ng sut tng qut: {}
Quan h ng sut-bin dng ca phn t n hi tuyn tnh (PT Hooke tng qut) c vit di
dng ma trn: {} = [D].{};
[D] l MT cng ca vt liu n hi, ph thuc cc h s E, .
Nu thay {} bng h thc vi {} trn: {} = [D] [B] {};
Trong tch [D] [B] gi l ma trn ng lc.
4.5.6. Ma trn cng ca phn t: [K]
Xt mt phn t bt k, ty theo tnh cht ca bi ton m cc tc dng c th l lc th tch ,
lc phn b trn din tch q, l mt h lc tp trung P ti im no ca vt th.
Cng thc ma trn ca nguyn l cng kh d l:
V
T
dV } { } { =

V
T
dV } { } { +

S
T
dS q } { } { + {P}
T
{};
Chuyn tr PT ma trn theo qui tc thng thng:
{ } { }
T
V
dV
= { } { }
T
V
dV
+ { } { }
T
S
q dS
+ {}
T
{P};
Thc hin bin phn bc nht i vi bin dng {} v chuyn v {}, {}, ta c:
{} = [B] {} {}
T
= {}
T
[B]
T
;
V {} = [N] {}; {}
T
= {}
T
[N]
T
;
Thay th vo cng thc trn, c:
{ } [ ] [ ][ ]{ }
T T
V
B D B dV
= { } [ ] { }
T T
V
N dV
+ { } [ ] { }
T T
S
N q dS
+ {}
T
[N]
T
{P};
Do bin phn {} cng nh {} l cc i lng khng ph thuc vo php tnh tch phn trn,
do PT trn c th vit li:
{}
T
[ ] [ ][ ] { } B D B dV
T
V
= {}
T
[ ] { } N dV
T
V
+{}
T
[ ] { } N q dS
T
S
+ {}
T
[N]
T
{P};
Hay {}
T
[K] {} = {}
T
{F}
Trong : [K] = [ ] [ ][ ] B D B dV
T
V
l ma trn cng ca phn t;

{F} = [N]
T
{P} + [ ] { } N dV
T
V
+ [ ] { } N q dS
T
S
l vect ng lc nt;
Vi iu kin {} 0: [ K ] { } = { F };
y l phng trnh c bn ca PTHH.
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

Trong PT ny dng cc k hiu:
[ K ] -Ma trn cng ca PTHH cha cc c trng n hi v hnh hc ca PTHH. N l
mt MT vung c cp bng s cc chuyn v nt ca PTHH.
{ } -Vect cc chuyn v nt.
{ F } -Vect cc lc tc dng ti nt tng ng vi cc chuyn v nt - Cn gi l cc lc nt
tng ng ca PTHH.
n s ca PT l Vect cc chuyn v nt {}. Tht vy, [K] v {F} l cc i lng bit v
cc c trng hnh hc, c hc ca PTHH c cho trc cng nh cc lc tng ng cc
nt c xc nh trc khi tnh ton trng thi bin dng v ng sut ca PTHH.
Ni chung, PT vi 1 phn t cha gii c m qu trnh tnh ton s tip tc nh sau:
-Xc nh MT cng ca tt c cc PTHH v sau tin hnh tp hp cc MT phn t ny
thnh MT cng ca c kt cu theo cc qui tc n gin, h thng v chnh xc m ta s t ra
cho tng PTHH c s dng cho bi ton c th.
-Tnh ton MT cc lc nt tng ng ca tt c cc PTHH v cng tp hp li thnh MT lc
nt tng ng cho ton kt cu theo th t nh khi lp MT cng.
-Tp hp vect chuyn v nt ca c kt cu cng theo th t trn.
Thc hin tt c cc bc trn ta c c PT c bn ca PP PTHH mc kt cu:
[ KK ] { V } = { FF };
Trong :
[ KK ] l MT cng ca ton kt cu, trong MT ny cha tt c cc c trng c hc v
hnh hc ca kt cu.
{ V } Vect cc chuyn v nt ca ton kt cu.
{ FF } Vect cc lc nt tng ng ca ton kt cu.
Ma trn [ KK ] l MT vung suy bin, cn phi kh dng suy bin bng cch a cc iu
kin bin ca kt cu vo PT c bn. Sau c th xc nh c cc chuyn v nt ca kt cu:
{ V } = [ KK
*
]
-1
{ FF };
Trong [ KK
*
]
-1
l nghch o ca MT cng c kh dng suy bin.
Sau khi xc nh c cc chuyn v nt, vic tnh ton c th c tip tc mc PTHH
xc nh bin dng ring, ng sut php, ng sut chnh v cc phng ca n theo cc quan h
lp trong LT n hi.
Bng cch lm nh trn, c th rt ra mt nhn xt v chnh xc ca tnh ton l: kt qu tnh
ton v chuyn v t c tt hn so vi ng sut. Nguyn nhn l do m hnh tnh ton: trng
chuyn v thun ty khng tha mn hon ton cc iu kin cn bng v ng sut trn cc bin
gii chung gia cc PTHH.
Tm tt li, chng ta c th tin hnh phn tch mt kt cu n hi lin tc bng PP PTHH vi
m hnh chuyn v thun ty theo cc bc sau:
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

1.Chn loi v dng hnh hc ca PTHH.
2.Ri rc ha kt cu thc sao cho li cc PTHH dy tha khc nhau ty theo tng vng ca
kt cu m ta c mc quan tm khc nhau.
3.Xc nh trng ca chuyn v ca PTHH thch hp.
4.Xc nh MT cng, vect ng lc nt tng ng i vi tng PTHH ring.
5.Thnh lp MT cng ca c kt cu ri rc ha bng cch tp hp tt c cc MT cng
ca PTHH.
6.Xc nh vect cc lc nt tng ng ca c kt cu ri rc bng cch tp hp cc vect
ng lc nt tng ng ca cc PTHH.
7.Hnh thnh vect cc chuyn v nt ca ton b kt cu.
8.Kh dng suy bin ca MT cng ca ton b kt cu bng cch a vo cc iu kin bin
ca h.
9.Gii PT c bn ca PP PTHH mc kt cu xc nh vect chuyn v nt ca ton b
h.
10.Xc nh cc chuyn v nt ca cc PTHH.
11.Tnh cc ng sut php, ng sut chnh cng vi phng ca cc PTHH.
Tt c cc bc nu trn phn ln c thc hin t ng ha nh mt chng trnh MTT.
Theo trnh t trn, bn c th t lp s khi bin din thut ton.
4.6. Phn t dm (bi ton phng):
4.6.1. S v ta :

- t do l 4 (mi nt 2: vng v xoay);
-Vect chuyn v nt {} [
1

2

3

4
]
T
[ y
1

1
y
2

2
]
T
;
-Vect ng lc nt {F} [ F
1
F
2
.. F
4
]
T
[ Q
1
M
1
Q
2
M
2
]
T
;
4.6.2. Hm chuyn v: {}
{} y(x) =
1
+
2
x +
3
x
2
+
4
x
3
[ 1 x x
2
x
3
]
1
2
3
4
[U] {};
Vi [U] = [ 1 x x
2
x
3
]
{} = [
1

2

3

4
]
T
; l ta (bin) tng qut.
y
x
z
y
1

1

1

2

M
1
F
1
F
1
Q
1

y
2

3

2

4

M
2
F
4
F
3
Q
2

l
x
y
1

Q
1

C th k hiu
1

M
1

y
2

Q
2

2

M
2

x
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

{} [
1

2

3

4
]
T

Nt 1 (x = 0):
1
y(0) =
1
+ 0.
2
+ 0.
3
+ 0.
4
;

2

y
x
0
= 0 +
2
+ 2.0.
3
+ 3.0.
4
;
Nt 2 (x = l):
3
y(l) =
1
+
2
l +
3
l
2
+
4
l
3
;

4

y
x
l
= 0 +
2
+ 2.
3
l + 3
4
l
2
;
Vit di dng ma trn: {}
1
2
3
4
=
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
1
0 1 2 3
2 3
2
l l l
l l
1
2
3
4
[C] {};
Nhn vi [C]
-1
ta c bin ta tng qut: {} = [ C ]
-1
{};
Trong : [ C ]
-1

1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
3 2 3 1
2 1 2 1
2 2
3 2 3 2

l
l
l
l
l l l l

4.6.4. Hm dng: [N]
Thay [C]
-1
vo HCV: y {} = [U] {} = [U] [ C ]
-1
{} = [N] {};
C th, hm dng s l: [N] [U] [ C ]
-1
= [ 1 x x
2
x
3
]
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
3 2 3 1
2 1 2 1
2 2
3 2 3 2

l
l
l
l
l l l l

[N] [(1 -
3
2
2
x
l
+
2
3
3
x
l
) (x -
2
2
x
l
+
x
l
3
2
) (
3
2
2
x
l
-
2
3
3
x
l
) (-
x
l
2
+
x
l
3
2
)]
Tnh cht hm dng (dng Hermite):
H
1
N
1
= (1 -
3
2
2
x
l
+
2
3
3
x
l
) =
1 0
0
khi x
khi x l
=
=

H
2
N
2
= (x -
2
2
x
l
+
x
l
3
2
) =
0 0
0
khi x
khi x l
=
=
1
=
3
=
4
= 0
y = H
2

2
= 1

2
=
3
=
4
= 0
y = H
1

1
= 1
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

H
3
N
3
= (
3
2
2
x
l
-
2
3
3
x
l
) =
0 0
1
khi x
khi x l
=
=

H
4
N
4
= (-
x
l
2
+
x
l
3
2
) =
0 0
0
khi x
khi x l
=
=

Tt c u l parabol bc 3, th rt quen thuc trong CHKC h
thanh ngm.
Vy ta c th kt lun rng:
-HCV chn l chun xc.
-C th da vo ton hc (kt hp vi ngha vt l) trc tip, chn tm c ngay hm
dng, l hm rt quan trng trong cc bc tip theo.
Trong bi ton ny ly c trng bin dng l cong: {}
1
;
T cc cng thc SBVL hoc CHKC (h thanh), ta c h thc cong-vng:
1
= -
2
2
y
x
; (B qua nh hng ca lc ct)
Thay PT y = [N] {} vo:
{} = -
2
2
x
[N] {} = -
2
2
[ ] N
x
{} = [B] {};
(Nu gi [V] l MT ton t vi phn bc 2 ca PT hnh hc ny, ta c th vit:
{} = [V] [N] {} = [B] {};
Vy [B] = [V] [N];)
Vi hm dng [N] xc nh trn, ta c:
[B] = [(
6
2
l
-
12
3
x
l
) (
4
l
-
6
2
x
l
) (-
6
2
l
+
12
3
x
l
) (
2
l
-
6
2
x
l
)]:
Vi c trng bin dng chn, vect ng sut tng qut tng ng l: {} M;
Cng t cng thc bit v quan h m men- cong: M = EJ.
1

Trong bi ton ny: M {} = EJ.
1
= [D].{};
Vi [D] EJ: cng ca dm (lun dng);

1
=
2
=
3
= 0
y = H
4

4
= 1

1
=
2
=
4
= 0
y = H
3

3
= 1
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

4.6.7. Ma trn cng ca dm: [K]
Sau khi c [B] v [D], thay vo cng thc tng qut tnh [K]:
[K] = [ ] [ ][ ] B D B dV
T
V
= EJ.
36 144 144
24 84 72 16 48 36
4 5
2
6
3 4
2
5 2 3
2
4
0
4 4
l
x
l
x
l
l
x
l
x
l l
x
l
x
l
dx
l
x
+
+ +
... ...
...
... ... ...
;
Ly tch phn t 0->l ca tt c cc s hng ca ma trn trn, cui cng ta c ma trn cng
ca phn t di dng quen thuc:
[K] =
EJ
l
3
12 6 12 6
4 6 2
12 6
4
2 2
2
l l
l l l
l
l
...
... ...
;
Nu lm trc tip vi cc hm dng kiu Hermiter ln lc theo cc bc 4, 5, 6 ta c:
{} = [V] [N] {}; ([V] l ma trn cc ton t vi phn)
[B] = [V] [N] = [ H
1
(x) H
2
(x) H
3
(x) H
4
(x)];
V MT cng c dng k hiu cha hon chnh sau:
[K] = EJ.
( )
( )
( )
( )
H H H H H H H
H H H H H
H H H
H
dx
l
1
2
1 2 1 3 1 4
2
2
2 3 2 4
3
2
3 4
4
2
0
'' '' '' '' '' '' ''
'' '' '' '' ''
'' '' ''
''
...
... ...
;
Ch : Kt qu trn vn ng nu ta ly h
trc nh hnh v:

4.6.8. Vect ti qui i (lc nt tng ng):
Vi ti trng q(x) phn b khng u trn dm m theo mt hm no , qui i v nt ta
dng cng thc tng qut c: {Fq} = [ ] { ( )} N q x dS
T
L
;
Vi ti trng q(x) phn b hnh thang (hnh v), thay hm ti trng cho vo cng thc tng
qut, ta c:
Hm ti trng l: q(x) = q
1
+
x
l
(q
2
-q
1
);
(i xng)
(i xng)
(i xng)
y
x
z
y
1

1

1

2

M
1
F
1
F
1
Q
1

y
2

3

2

4

M
2
F
4
F
3
Q
2

x
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

tnh vect ti qui i v cc nt 1 v 2, nu dng trc tip MT hm dng [N] th kh cng
knh (v l cc hm Hermiter). Tt nht l dng cc thnh phn [C]
-1
v U:
[N] = [U] [C]
-1
vi [U] = [ 1 x x
2
x
3
] s n gin hn.
Vy: {Fq}
F Q
F M
F Q
F M
1 1
2 1
3 2
4 2
= [ ] { ( )} N q x dx
T
l
0
= [ ] [ ] { ( )} C U q x dx
T T
l
1
0
= [C]
-1T
[ ] { ( )} U q x dx
T
l
0
;
Trong [C]
-1T
c th a ra ngoi du tch phn v cc s hng u l hng s.
Sau khi tnh tch phn trn, ta c:
{Fq} =
1 0
3 2
0 1
2 1
0 0
3 2
0 0
1 1
2 3
2
2 3
2
l l
l
l
l l
l
l
( )
( )
( )
( )
q q
l
q q
l
q q
l
q q
l
2 1
2 1
2
2 1
3
2 1
4
2
2
6
3
12
4
20
+
+
+
+
=
l
20
7 3
2
3
3 7
2
3
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
q q
q l q
l
q q
q
l
q l
+
+
+

;

Trng hp c bit q
1
= q
2
= q (ti trng phn b u)
Vi ti trng tp trung P ti im K c ta x, c th dng hm Hermiter khng th nguyn,
tc l vi ta =
x
l
:
{Fq} = [N]
T
.P = [H
1
(l).P H
2
(l).P H
3
(l).P H
4
(l).P]
T
;
c bit khi K gia dm ( = 0.5), ta c:
H
1
(0.5l) =
1
2
; H
2
=
l
8
; H
3
=
1
2
; H
4
= -
l
8
;
Do : {F
P
} =
P Pl P Pl
T
2 8 2 8
;
tin s dng, i khi ngi ta dng c 2 i lng
khng th nguyn v : =
x
l
, =
l x
l
= 1 - ;
Ta c: {F
P
} = [H
1
(,) H
2
(,) H
3
(,) H
4
(,)]
T
P =
= P.[
2
(1+2)
2
l (1+2)
2
-
2
l]
T
;
ql /2
q.l
2
/12
ql /2
- q.l
2
/12
q = const
x
7q
1
+3q
2

q
1
+ 2q
2
l/3
q
2

q
1

x
3q
1
+7q
2

-2q
1
l/3 - q
2
y
x
z
P /2
P.l /8
P /2
- P.l /8
P
x
l
2
(1+2)
2
l
(1+2)
2

-
2
l
P
x
l l
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

Vi m men tp trung M ti im K c ta x (trong bi ton phng m men ny c chiu
theo trc z):
Thnh phn ca vect ng lc nt qui i s gm cc vi phn ca hm dng nhn vi M
z
:

{F
M
}=
x
[N ]
T
.Mz = [H
1
H
2
H
3
H
4
]
T
.M
z
=
=
6 1
1 4 3
6 1
3 2
2

( ) ( )
( )
l l
T
.M
z

c bit khi M
z
gia dm ( = 0.5), ta c: {F
M
} =
3
2
1
4
3
2
1
4 l l
T
.M
z

Ngi ta cng tnh c theo 2 h s khng th nguyn v .
4.6.9. H ta chung:
Cc i lng ca phn t c xc nh trong h ta ring (x, y, z) ca phn t. Khi xt
chung ton b kt cu, h to ring ca cc phn t ni chung khng trng vi h ta
chung ac chn biu th cc phng trnh cn bngca tt c cc nt ca h. Nh vy s pht
sinh yu cu nghin cu vic chuyn ma trn cng ca PTHH c biu th trong h to
ring sang h to mi c chn cho cc h.
Xt trong h ta chung ( X Y Z ):
Vi h phng (z Z ), Ta c:
Z
Y
X
=

1 0 0
0 cos sin
0 sin cos

.
z
y
x
= [ t ].
z
y
x
;
[t] gi l ma trn chuyn gia h ta chung v h ta ring (a phng).
Ch : ma trn chuyn c tnh trc giao nn [ t ]
T
= [ t ]
-1
;
Vi dm c 2 nt, mi nt c chuyn v thng theo trc y v chuyn v xoay quanh trc z nn ma
trn chuyn tng ng l: [T] =[ ] ;
1 0
0 cos
0
0
1 0
0 cos
T ;
V vect chuyn v nt ca phn t (trong h ta chung): { } = T. {}
ng lc nt chuyn v h ta chung: { F } = [T].{ F };
PT cn bng ca PTHH c vit li { F } = [T].([ K ] {}) = [T].[ K ].[T]
T
{ } = [ K].{ };
Phng trnh c bn ca PTHH trong h ta chung: { F } = [ K].{ };
Trong [ K] = [T].[ K ].[T]
T
l ma trn cng ca phn t trong h ta chung.
4

x
y
Z z
x
Y
X
z
F
1
= -3M
z
/ 2l
F
2
= - M
z
/4
F
3
= 3M
z
/ 2l
F
4
= - M
z
/4
M
z

x
l
(=0.5)
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

4.6.10. Ma trn cng tng th ca h: [KK]
t {P} l vect lc (ti trng) t ti cc nt ca h;
t {V} l vect chuyn v nt ca tt c cc nt ca h, ta c lin h gia chuyn v nt ca
phn t (trong h ta chung) v chuyn v ca h: { } = [L] {V};
Trong [L] l ma trn chuyn chuyn v chung ca h v chuyn v ca tng phn t
(xc nh cho mi phn t).
Nguyn l cn bng cng kh d p dng cho ton h, ta c PT cn bng sau:
{V}
T
.P + { }
T
.{ F }= { }
T
.[ K].{ };
Hay l:{V}
T
.{P} + {V}
T
[L]
T
.{ F } = {V}
T
[L]
T
.[ K].[L] {V};
{V}
T
.{P} + {V}
T
([L]
T
.{ F }) = {V}
T
([L]
T
.[ K].[L]){V};
V {V}0 nn c th vit li: {P} + ([L]
T
.{ F })= ([L]
T
.[ K].[L]){V};
t {F
0
} = ([L]
T
.{ F }); (Vect ng lc nt ca h c bn)
[KK] = ([L]
T
.[ K].[L]); (MT cng tng th ca h)
PT cn bng ca ton h: {P} + {F
0
} = [KK].{V};

PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

4.7. Phn t thanh phng:
4.7.1. S v ta :
H trc ta a phng:
trc x trng vi trc ca phn t;
trc y, z theo phng 2 trc qun tnh chnh ca tit din;
- t do l 6 (= 3x2);
1

2
..
12
]
T
[ u
1
u
2
v
1

z1
v
2

z2
]
T
;
1
F
2
.. F
12
]
T

[ N
1
N
2
Q
y1
M
z1
Q
y2
M
z2
]
T
;

4.7.2. Hm chuyn v: {}
Kt hp cc bi ton dc trc, un theo phng z, chn hm xp x cho chuyn v:

+ + + =
+ =
;
;
3
6
2
5 4 3
2 1
x x x v
x u

Vy { } [ ]{ }; .
. . . 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
6
2
1
6 2
3 2

U
x x x
x
v
u
x
=

{} [
1

2
..
6
]
T

i vi cc chuyn v dc trc l hm s tuyn tnh ta c th rt ngay c cc s hng tng
ng ca vect {} v vi x = 0 v x = l ta c:

u
u l
1 1
2 1 2
=
= +

Vy
1 1
2
2 1
=
=
u
u
l
u
l

i vi cc chuyn v v cng nh gc xoay
z
=
dx
dv
, ta c th dng ngay kt qu ca phn t
dm trong bi ton phng c MT [C] v [C]
-1
:
PT thanh phng
3x2 = 6 CVnt
z
x
y

1
=u
1

3
=v
1

4
=
z1
2
=u
2

5
=v
2

6
=
z2
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

{ } [ ]{ }; .
3 2 1 0
1
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
0
0
1
0 1
6
5
4
3
2
1
2
3 2
2
2
1
1
2
1
C
l l
l l l
l
v
v
u
u
z
z
=

Ma trn gi cho ny cth nghch o bng cch nghch o cc MT khi cho tin hnh
mc trc (BT phng):
[ ] ;
1 2 1 2
1 3 2 3
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
0
0
1 1
0 1
2 3 2 3
2 2
1
l l l l
l
l
l
l
l l
C
4.7.4. Hm dng: [N]
Trong trng hp ny ta c hm dng nh sau:
[N] [U] [ C ]
-1

Tuy nhin, khng cn phi khai trin tch ca 2 MT trn, v khi ly vi phn xy dng MT [B],
MT hng [ C ]
-1
s c a ra ngoi du vi phn. Tng t mc trn khi p dng MT cc ton
t vi phn [] ln [N] ta c:
[B] = [][N] = []([U] [ C ]
-1
) = ([][U]) [ C ]
-1
;
Trong bi ton ny ly c trng bin dng l: { }
T
z
x

1
gm chuyn v thng v
cong theo chiu z. V tng ng vi cc c trng bin dng trn, MT cc ton t vi phn []
c dng:
[ ] ;
0
0
2 2
2
2
x
dx
d
dx
d
=
Ly vi phn [] vi MT [U], ta c: [ ][ ] ;
6 2 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0
6 2x
x
U

=
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

V [ ] [ ][ ] ( )[ ] ;
6 2 12 6 6 4 12 6
0 0
0 0 0 0
1 1
.
6 2
2 3 2 2 2 3 2
1
x
l
x
l l
x
l l
x
l l
x
l
l l
C U B
= =

Vi c trng bin dng chn, vect ng sut tng qut tng ng gm lc dc N v m men
un M
z
: ;
1
.
.
=
=
z
z z
x
EI M
EA N

H PT Hooke tng qut l: { } [ ]{ }; .
1
. 0
0 .
D
I E
A E
M
N
z
x
z z
=
4.7.7. Ma trn cng ca thanh: [K]
MT cng: [K] = [ ] [ ][ ] B D B dV
T
V
;
Thc hin php nhn MT, ly tch phn t 0->l ca tt c cc s hng ca ma trn tch.
Theo th t sp xp li ca vect chuyn v nt nh sau: { }
2
1
;
2
2
2
1
1
1
NUT
NUT
v
u
v
u
z
z
;
Ta c ma trn cng ca phn t di dng quen thuc:

[ ] ;
4
6
0 2
6
0
2
12
0
6
2
12
0
0 0
4
6
0
2
12
0
z
I
l
z
I
z
I
l
z
I
l
z
I
l
z
I
l
z
I
A A
z
I
l
z
I
l
z
I
A
l
E
K
Ty theo th t ca cc chuyn v nt, ta c th sp xp cc s hng sao cho tin dng nht.
4.7.8. Vect ti qui i:
Vi cc thnh phn chuyn v dc trc l tuyn tnh, b sung thm 2 hm Hermiter:
(i xng)
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

H
5
(x) = 1 -
x
l
; H
6
(x) =
x
l
;
Vi ti trng phn b khng u trn dm m theo mt hm no :
Vi q
y
(x) qui i v nt ta dng li cc cng thc c ca BT dm phng c cc thnh
phn ng lc nt theo cc phng tng ng F
2
, F
3
, F
5
, F
6
;
Vi (x) ta c: ;
) ( ). (
) ( ). (
0
6
0
5
4
1
l
l
dx x x H
dx x x H
F
F

Trng hp ti trng phn b u: q
z
(x) = q
z
= const; (x) = = const;
Ta c: { } ;
12
.
2
.
2
.
12
.
2
.
2
.
2 2
T
y y y y
q
l q l q
l
l q l q
l
F
=

Vi cc ti trng tp trung T, P
y
: (xem hnh v) c th dng hm Hermiter khng th nguyn
nh sau:
{ } ;
. ). (
). (
). (
. ). (
). (
). (
4
3
6
2
1
5
=
l P H
P H
T H
l P H
P H
T H
F
y
y
y
y
P
;
Vi m men tp trung M
z
cng thc qui i nh trong bi ton dm phng:
C th l: { }
( )
( )
;
). 2 3 (
1 . 6
0
). 3 4 1 (
1 . 6
0
). . ( '
). . ( '
0
). . ( '
). . ( '
0
3
3
3
2
1
=
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
M
M
M
l
M
M
l
M l H
M l H
M l H
M l H
F

4.7.9. H ta chung:
Cc i lng ca phn t c xc nh trong h ta ring (x, y, z) ca phn t.
Xt trong h ta chung ( X Y Z ): [ ] ; . .
cos sin 0
sin cos 0
0 0 1
y
x
z
t
y
x
z
Y
X
Z

y
x
z
(x)
q
y
(x)
F
1

F
2

F
3

F
4
F
5

F
6

P
y

T
x
l
l
y
x
z
l
x
M
z

PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

Tng t nh dm trong BT phng, ta c ma trn chuyn gia h ta chung v h ta ring
ca phn t: [ ]
[ ]
[ ]
;
0
0
=
t
t
T ;
Trong h ta chung:
{ F } = [T].{ F }; (vect ng lc nt tng ng)
[ K] = [T].[ K ].[T]
T
; (ma trn cng ca phn t)
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

4.8. Phn t thanh khng gian:
4.8.1. S v ta :
H trc ta a phng:
trc x trng vi trc ca phn t;
trc y, z theo phng 2 trc qun tnh chnh ca tit din;
- t do l 12 (= 6x2);
1

2
..
12
]
T
[ u
1
u
2
v
1

z1
v
2

z2
w
1

y1
w
2

y2

1

2
]
T
;
1
F
2
.. F
12
]
T

[ N
1
N
2
Q
y1
M
z1
Q
y2
M
z2
Q
z1
M
y1
Q
z2
M
y2
M
x1
M
x2
]
T
;

4.8.2. Hm chuyn v: {}
Kt hp cc bi ton dc trc, un theo 2 chiu v xon, chn hm xp x cho chuyn v:

u x
v x x x
w x x x
x
= +
= + + +
= + + +
= +

1 2
3 4 5
2
6
3
7 8 9
2
10
3
11 12
;
;
;
;

Vy {}
u
v
w
=
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
2 3
2 3
4 12
x
x x x
x x x
x
x
1
2
12
...
[U] {};
{} [
1

2
..
12
]
T

i vi cc chuyn v dc trc v chuyn v xoay (u v ) u l hm s tuyn tnh ta c th rt
ngay c cc s hng tng ng ca vect {} v vi x = 0 v x = l ta c:

u
u l
1 1
2 1 2
=
= +

v

1 11
2 11 12
=
= +
l

Vy
1 1
2
2 1
=
=
u
u
l
u
l
v

11 1
12
2 1
=
=
l l

i vi cc chuyn v v v w, cng nh cc gc xoay
z
=
dv
dx
v
y
=
dw
dx
theo 2 chiu y v z, ta
c th dng ngay kt qu ca phn t dm trong bi ton phng c MT [C] v [C]
-1
:
z
x
y
PT dm khng gian
6x2 = 12 CVnt
1
=u
1

11
=
1

4
=
z1

7
=w
1

8
=
y1

3
=v
1

2
=u
2

12
=
2

6
=
z2

9
=w
2

10
=
y2
5
=v
2

PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

{}
u
u
v
v
w
w
z
z
y
y
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
=
1 0
1
0 0 0
0
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
1
0 1 2 3
0 0
0 0
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
1
0 1 2 3
0
0 0 0
1 0
1
2 3
2
2 3
2
l
l l l
l l
l l l
l l
l
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
[C] {};
Ma trn gi cho ny cth nghch o bng cch nghch o cc MT khi cho tin hnh
mc trc (BT phng):
[C]
-1
=
1 0
1 1
0 0 0
0
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
3 2 3 1
2 1 2 1
0 0
0 0
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
3 2 3 1
2 1 2 1
0 0 0
1 0
1 1
2 2
3 2 3 2
2 2
3 2 3 2
l l
l
l
l
l
l l l l
l
l
l
l
l l l l
l l

4.8.4. Hm dng: [N]
Trong trng hp ny ta c hm dng nh sau:
[N] [U] [ C ]
-1

Tuy nhin, khng cn phi khai trin tch ca 2 MT trn, v khi ly vi phn xy dng MT [B],
MT hng [ C ]
-1
s c a ra ngoi du vi phn. Tng t mc trn khi p dng MT cc ton
t vi phn [] ln [N] ta c:
[B] = [][N] = []([U] [ C ]
-1
) = ([][U]) [ C ]
-1
;
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

Trong bi ton ny ly c trng bin dng l: {} =

x
z y
x
T
1 1
gm chuyn
v thng, cong theo 2 chiu y, z v gc xon n v.
V tng ng vi cc c trng bin dng trn, MT cc ton t vi phn [] c dng:
[] =
d
dx
d
dx
d
dx
d
dx
x
0
0
2
2
2
2
4 4
;
Ly vi phn MT [U], ta c:
[][U] =
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
4 12
x
x
x
;
V [B] = ([][U]) [ C ]
-1
=
1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
6 12 4 6 6 12 2 6
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1
2 3 2 2 2 3 2
4 12
l l
l
x
l l
x
l l
x
l
l
x
l
l l
x
** ** ** **

Vi c trng bin dng chn, vect ng sut tng qut tng ng gm lc dc N, m men
un M
z
, M
y
v m men xon M
x
:
N EA
M EI
M EI
M GI
x
z z
z
y y
y
x x x
=
=
=
=
.
.
.
.
1
1
;
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

H PT Hooke tng qut l: {}
N
M
M
M
z
y
x
=
EA
EI
EI
GI
z
y
x
0
0
x
z
y
x
1
1
[D].{};
4.8.7. Ma trn cng ca thanh: [K]
Thc hin php nhn v ly tch phn, ta s c MT cng: [K] = [ ] [ ][ ] B D B dV
T
V
;
Theo th t sp xp li ca vect chuyn v nt nh sau:
{} = u v w u v w
y z
NUT
y z
NUT
T
1 1 1 1 1 1
1
2 2 2 2 2 2
2

1 2 44444 3 44444 1 2 44444 3 44444
;
Thc hin php nhn MT, ly tch phn t 0->l ca tt c cc s hng ca ma trn tch, cui cng
ta c ma trn cng ca phn t di dng quen thuc:

[K]=
E
l
z
I
l
z
I
z
I
l
z
I
y
I
l
y
I
y
I
l
y
I
E
x
GI
E
x
GI
l
y
I
l
y
I
l
y
I
l
z
I
l
z
I
l
z
I
A A
z
I
l
z
I
y
I
l
y
I
E
x
GI
l
y
I
l
z
I
A
4 0 0 0
6
0 2 0 0 0
6
0
4 0
6
0 0 0 2 0
6
0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2
12
0 0 0
6
0
2
12
0 0
2
12
0
6
0 0 0
2
12
0
0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
6
0
4 0
6
0 0
0 0 0
2
12
0 0
2
12
0

Ty theo th t ca cc chuyn v nt, ta c th sp xp cc s hng sao cho tin dng nht.
(i xng)
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4


V d vi h dm trc giao chu lc thng gc vi mt sn (c 8 CVnt c 2 nt ca phn t),
ta c th c MT cng ca phn t:
[K] =
E
l
4
6 12
2
6
4
6 12 6 12
0
0
0 0
0 0
2
2 2
I
I
l
I
l
I
I
l
I
I
l
I
l
I
l
I
l
A
A A
GI
E
GI
E
GI
E
x
x x

;
V nu b qua chuyn v dc trc, MT cng s cn n gin hn.
4.8.8. Vect ti qui i:
Vi phn t khng gian, b sung thm 2 hm Hermiter:
H
5
(x) = 1 -
x
l
; H
6
(x) =
x
l
;
Vi ti trng phn b khng u trn dm m theo mt hm no :
Vi q
y
(x), q
z
(x) qui i v nt ta dng li cc cng thc c ca BT phng c cc
thnh phn ng lc nt theo cc phng tng ng F
2
, F
6
, F
8
, F
12
v F
3
, F
5
, F
9
, F
11
;
Vi (x), m(x) ta c:
F
F
F
F
1
7
4
10
l
l
l
l
dx x m x H
dx x m x H
dx x x H
dx x x H
0
6
0
5
0
6
0
5
) ( ). (
) ( ). (
) ( ). (
) ( ). (

Trng hp ti trng phn b u: q
y
(x) = q
y
= const; q
z
(x) = q
z
= const;
(x) = = const; m(x) = m = const;
z
x
y
F
1
F
4

F
6

F
3

F
5

F
2

F
7
F
10

F
12

F
9

F
11

F
8

x
z
y
(x)
q
z
(x)
m(x)
q
y
(x)
(i xng)
(i xng)
z
x
y
PT dm trc giao
4x2 = 8 CVnt
5
-
7

2

-
1

-
8

6

4

-
3

PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

Ta c: {Fq} =
T
y
z z
y y
z z
y
l q
l q l m l q
l q
l
l q
l q l m l q
l q
l

12
.
12
.
2
.
2
.
2
.
2
.
12
.
12
.
2
.
2
.
2
.
2
.
2
2
2
2

Vi cc ti trng tp trung P: (xem hnh v) c th dng hm Hermiter khng th nguyn nh
sau:
{F
P
} =
l P H
l P H
P H
P H
T H
l P H
l P H
P H
P H
T H
y
z
z
y
y
z
z
y
. ). (
. ). (
0
). (
). (
). (
. ). (
. ). (
0
). (
). (
). (
4
4
3
3
6
2
2
1
1
5
;
Vi m men tp trung M cng thc qui i tng qut vi m men un l:
{F
M
} =
x
[N]
T
.M = [H
1
H
2
H
3
H
4
]
T
.M;
Vi m men xon l: {F
M
} = [H
5
H
6
]
T
.M;
C th l:
{F
M
} =
z
y
x
y
z
z
y
x
y
z
M l H
M l H
M l H
M l H
M l H
M l H
M l H
M l H
M l H
M l H
). . ( '
). . ( '
). . (
). . ( '
). . ( '
0
). . ( '
). . ( '
). . (
). . ( '
). . ( '
0
4
4
6
3
3
2
2
5
1
1
; hay {F
M
} =
+
+

+
z
y
x
y
z
z
y
x
y
z
M
M
M
M
l
M
l
M
M
M
M
l
M
l
) 2 3 (
) 2 3 (
.
6
) 1 (
6
) 1 (
0
) 3 4 1 (
) 3 4 1 (
) 1 (
6
) 1 (
6
) 1 (
0
3
3

;
P
z

T
P
y

x
l
l
l
x
z
y
l
l
l
x
z
y
M
z

T
x
M
x
M
y

PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

4.8.9. H ta chung:
Cc i lng ca phn t c xc nh trong h ta ring (x, y, z) ca phn t.
Xt trong h ta chung ( X Y Z ):
Tng t nh dm trong BT phng, y ta c: [ T ] =
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
t
t
t
t
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
;
Trong : [ t ] =
' ' '

' ' '
' ' '
zz yz xz
zy yy xy
zx yx xx
l l l
l l l
l l l
vi l
xx
, l
xy
, l
xz
ln lc l cosin ch phng ca trc x so
vi cc trc X , Y , Z .
Trong h ta chung:
{ F } = [T].{ F }; (vect ng lc nt tng ng)
[ K] = [T].[ K ].[T]
T
; (ma trn cng ca phn t)

PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

4.9. Phn t tuyn tnh tam gic (bi ton phng):
4.9.1. Ma trn cng ca PT:
4.9.1.1. Trng thi ng sut phng:
Cho mt kt cu n hi tuyn tnh, trong khun kh ca bi ton S phng chn phn t tam
gic tuyn tnh c trng chuyn v nh sau:
{}
u x y
u x y
x
y
= + +
= + +

1 2 3
4 5 6
=
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
x y
x y
1
2
6
..
= [U] {};
iu kin tng thch c tha mn v cc hm chuyn v
l cc a thc tuyn tnh vi x v y, c s thnh phn bng
s nt ca phn t l 3.
thun tin, chn h ta ring Oxy nh hnh v (s c
3 trong 6 ta ca cc nt ca PTHH bng 0, cn cc ta
khc cho trn hnh v)
Chiu dy ca phn t khng i bng h = const.
Ap dng trng chuyn v cho cc im nt ca PTHH, ta c:
u
u
u
u
u
u
x
y
x
y
x
y
1
1
2
2
3
3
=
1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
a
a
b c
b c
1
2
3
4
5
6
= [C] {}; hay {} = [C] {};

Phng trnh ny c gii theo {}, ngha l phi nghch o MT [C]. Chng ta dng PP bin
i MT [C] ban u v thnh MT ca cc MT con bng cch hon i cc hng (th t cc hng
trong MT ban u c ghi li bn cnh):
[C]
135246
=
1 0 0
1 0
1
0
0
1 0 0
1 0
1
a
b c
a
b c
; [C]
-1
=
1
ac
ac
c c
b a b a
ac
c c
b a b a
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0
;
Vic nghch o c a v vi cc MT vung cp 3. Sau khi c c MT nghch o, cn
thc hin hon v cc ct theo th t hon v hng c c MT nghch o ca MT [C] ban
u.
Ta c: {} = [U] {} = [U] [C]
-1
{}= [N] {};
III (b,c)
II (a,0) I (0,0)
h/2
h/2
y
O
x
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

Khai trin php nhn MT, ta c hm dng [N] = [U] [C]
-1
c th nh sau:
[N] =
1
ac
( ( ) ) ( )
( ( ) ) ( )
ac ax b a y cx by ay
ac ax b a y cx by ay
+
+
0 0 0
0 0 0

Bin dng c xc nh theo cc o hm ring ca cc trng chuyn v theo LTH:
{} =
xx
yy
xy
=
0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 1 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
=
0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 1 0
[C]
-1
{}= [B] {};
Trong [B] =
0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 1 0
[C]
-1
=
1
ac
c c
b a b a
b a c b c a
0 0 0 0
0 0 0
0

Quan h gia S v bin dng ca trng hp S phng l:
{} = [D].{}; hay
xx
yy
xy
=
E
1
1 0
1 0
0 0
1
2
2
xx
yy
xy
;
Trong [D] =
E
1
1 0
1 0
0 0
1
2
2
gi l MT n hi;
Sau khi c [B] v [D], thay vo cng thc tng qut tnh ma trn cng ca PTHH [K]
(nhn xt rng [B] v [D] l cc MT khng cha bin s no ph thuc du tch phn):
[K] = [ ] [ ][ ] B D B dV
T
V
= [B]
T
[D] [B] dV
V
= = [B]
T
[D] [B].V;
Trong V l th tch ca PTHH ang xt: V = s.h; (s =
1
2
ac l din tch ca PTHH).
Nhn xt MT cng [K] l 1 MT vung i xng bc 6 vi cc phn t nm trn ng cho
chnh l cc phn t lun mang du dng.
4.9.1.2. Trng thi bin dng phng:
Trong trng hp khi kt cu lin tc c phn tch trong phm vi ca trng thi bin dng
phng, vic tnh ton c tin hnh mt cch tng t, s dng cc quan h ging nh trng
hp ca bi ton S phng. iu khc nhau dy nht l b dy ca phn t xt l bng n v (vt
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

th c chiu di rt ln so vi TD ngang, khi tnh ton ch xt trn 1 n v di ca vt th), v
MT n hi [D] c tnh nh sau: [D] =
E
2 1 1 2
2 1 2 0
2 2 1 0
0 0 1 2
( )( )
( )
( )
+
;
Sau cc php tnh ton trung gian, cui cng c MT cng [K] ca phn t.
4.9.2. Xc nh vect lc nt tng ng:
Trong PP PTHH cng thc tng qut ca lc nt tng ng:
{F} = [N]
T
{P} + [ ] { } N dV
T
V
+ [ ] { } N q dS
T
S
;
Trng hp ti trng phn b u trn din tch ca phn t q
x
= const, q
y
= const:
{F} =
[ ]
F F F F F F
x y x y x y
T
1 1 2 2 3 3
=
ac
6
1 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1 0 1
T
q
q
x
y
;
Nhn xt: 3 lc nt tng ng theo cc hng x (hoc y) 3 nt ca PTHH c gi tr bng
nhau v bng 1/3 ca ton b ti trng phn b u trn phn t.
Trng hp ti trng phn b u trn cc cnh ca phn t:
t chiu di cc cnh l: l
12
= a; l
13
= b c
2 2
+ ; l
23
= ( ) a b c +
2 2

-Trn cnh I-II: q
12
=
q
q
x
y
12
12
= const
{F} =
[ ]
F F F F F F
x y x y x y
T
1 1 2 2 3 3
=
l
12
2
1 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0
T
q
q
x
y
12
12
;
-Trn cnh I-III: q
13
=
q
q
x
y
13
13
= const
{F} =
[ ]
F F F F F F
x y x y x y
T
1 1 2 2 3 3
=
l
13
2
1 0 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 1
T
q
q
x
y
13
13
;
-Trn cnh II-III: q
23
=
q
q
x
y
23
23
= const
{F} =
[ ]
F F F F F F
x y x y x y
T
1 1 2 2 3 3
=
l
23
2
0 0 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 1
T
q
q
x
y
23
23
;
Nhn xt: cch xc nh lc nt tng ng do ti trng phn b tc dng trn cnh ca PTHH
c thc hin ging nh xc nh phn b lc trong dm n gin.
Ch : Phng chiu ca cc ti trng tc dng ln phn t ang xt c xc nh trong h ta
ring chn mc trc.
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

4.9.3. Phng trnh c bn ca PTHH:
vit v hiu r ngha ca phng trnh c bn ca PTHH tuyn tnh tam gic, ta thc hin
nh sau:
-MT cng [K] ca phn t xc nh mc trc c phn thnh cc MT con 2x2;
-Vect chuyn v nt cng c phn thnh cc vect con 2x1;
-Vect lc nt tng ng cng c phn thnh cc vect con 2x1;
Vi cch phn chia nh vy phng trnh c bn ca PTHH c vit nh sau:
[ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ]
K K K
K K K
K K K
e e e
e e e
e e e
11 12 13
21 22 23
31 32 33

{ }
{ }
{ }
u
u
u
1
2
3
=
{ }
{ }
{ }
F
F
F
e
e
e
1
2
3
;
Trong ch s e l s th t ca phn t trong h kt cu, mi MT con c ngha nh sau:
[ ]
K
ij
biu th cng ca nt i do nh hng ca cc chuyn v nt j;
{u
j
} biu th chuyn v ca j;
{F
j
} l cc lc nt tng ng nt j;
Gia 3 loi MT ny c mt mi quan h cht ch c xc nh trc, mi MT con c mt v tr
nht nh trong PT c bn ca phn t, v tr cn c tn trng v n s nh hng n PT
c bn ca c h kt cu.
4.9.4. H ta chung:
Cc i lng ca phn t c xc nh trong h ta ring (Oxy) ca phn t.
Xt trong h ta chung ( O X Y ):
H phng vi 2 chuyn v thng, Ta c:

X
Y
=
cos sin
sin cos

.
x
y
= [ t ].
x
y
;
[t] gi l ma trn chuyn gia h ta chung v h ta
ring (a phng).
Ch : ma trn chuyn [ t ] c tnh trc giao nn
[ t ]
T
= [ t ]
-1
;
V vect chuyn v nt ca phn t (trong h ta chung): { } = [T]. {}
Hay: { } =
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
t
t
t
0 0
0 0
0 0

{ }
{ }
{ }
u
u
u
1
3
2
;
Y
O X
3
2
1
y
x
O

PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

ng lc nt chuyn v h ta chung:
{ F } = [T].{ F } = [T].([ K ] {}) = [T].[ K ].[T]
T
{ } = [ K].{ };
Trong [ K] = [T].[ K ].[T]
T
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

4.10. Phn t tam gic trong bi ton un tm:
4.10.1. S v ta :
- t do: 3x3= 9;
-Chuyn v nt: {} = [
1

2
..
9
]
T
= [ w
1

x1

y1
w
2

x2

y2
w
3

x3

y3
]
T
;
-Vect ng lc: {F} = [ F
1
F
2
.. F
9
]
T
= [ F
z1
M
x1
M
y1
F
z2
M
x2
M
y2
F
z3
M
x3
M
y3
]
T
;
4.10.2. Hm chuyn v: {}
Hm chuyn v {} c chn cho vng w, cn cc chuyn v xoay
x
,
y
suy ra t w.
Hm chuyn v c chn l hm xp x bc 3. a thc bc 3 c 10 s hng, phi b bt 1 s
hng bng s bin tng qut {}. y chn gii php ly
8
=
8
, c trng chuyn v nh
sau:
{} w =
1
+
2
x +
3
y +
4
x
2
+
5
xy +
6
y
2
+
7
x
3
+
8
(x
2
y+xy
2
) +
9
y
3
=
= [1 x y x
2
xy y
2
x
3
(x
2
y+xy
2
) y
3
]
1
2
9
..
= [U] {};
y l dng hm khng tng thch.
Cc chuyn v xoay c xc nh theo w:
x
=
w
y
=
3
+
5
x + 2
6
y +
8
(x
2
+2xy) + 3
9
y
2
;
y
= -
w
x
= -
2
- 2
4
x -
5
y - 3
7
x
2
-
8
(2xy+y
2
);

Ap dng trng chuyn v cho cc im nt ca PTHH, ta c:
{} =
w
w
w
x
y
x
y
x
y
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
=
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 2 0 0 3 0 0
1
0 0 1 0 2 0 2 3
0 1 0 2 0 3 2 0
2 3
2
2
2 2 3 2 2 3
2 2
2 2

+
+
+
a a a
a a
a a
b c b bc c b b c bc c
b c b bc c
b c b bc c ( )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
;
hay {} = [C] {};
(b,c)
(a,0) (0,0)
3
1 2
y
O
x
Z
1y

w
1
1x

PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

4.10.4. Hm dng: [N]
Ta c: {} = [U] {} = [U] [C]
-1
{}= [N] {};
c trng bin dng l cc cong ca mt vng, c xc nh theo cc o hm ring bc 2
ca trng chuyn v theo LTH:
{} =

2
2
2
2
2
2
w
x
w
y
w
x y
=
0 0 0 2 0 0 6 2 0
0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 6
0 0 0 0 2 0 0 4 0
x y
x y
x y ( ) +
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
= [U] {};
{} = [U] [C]
-1
{} = [B] {};
M
x
, M
y
, M
xy
l cc ni lc n v ti im ang xt.
Quan h gia ni lc n v v bin dng theo Hooke:
{} =
M
M
M
x
y
xy
=
D D
D D
D
x
y
xy
1
1
0
0
0 0 2

2
2
2
2
2
2
w
x
w
y
w
x y
= [D].{};
i vi tm mng n hi trc hng:
D
x
- cng un ca tm trc hng theo phng x;
D
y
- cng un ca tm trc hng theo phng y;
D
1
- cng un do bin dng ngang ca tm trc hng;
D
xy
- cng xon ca tm trc hng;
i vi tm mng n hi ng hng: (L trng hp ring ca tm trc hng)
D
x
= D
y
= D =
E h .
( )
3
2
12 1
- cng tr ca tm un;
D
1
= .D; D
xy
=
1
2

D;
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

Tt c cc c trng trn u c xc nh vi 1 n v di ca tit din tm vung gc vi
cc trc x, y.
4.10.7. Ma trn cng ca phn t: [K ]
Sau khi c [B] v [D], thay vo cng thc tng qut tnh ma trn cng ca PTHH [K]:
[K] = [ ] [ ][ ] B D B dV
T
V
=
[ ]
[ ] [ ' ' ] [ ][ ' ' ][ ] C U D U C dV
T
T
V

1 1
;
MT [C]
-1
khng ph thuc cc bin s nn c th a ra ngoi php tnh tch phn:
[K] =
[ ]
[ ] [ ' ' ] [ ][ ' ' ] [ ] C U D U dV C
T
T
V

1 1
;
Thc hin php tnh tch phn ca tch cc MT trong du tch phn (bn t thc hin), ta c c
MT cng ca PTHH. Kt qu c th l:
[U]
T
[D][U] =
0
0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 0
44
55
64 66
74 76 77
84 85 86 87 88
94 96 97 98 99
k
k
k k
k k k
k k k k k
k k k k k
;
Trong k
44
= 4 D
x
; k
64
= 4 D
1
; k
74
= 12xD
x
;
k
84
= 4(yD
x
+xD
1
); k
94
= 12yD
1
;
k
55
= 8D
xy
; k
85
= 16(x+y)D
xy
;
k
66
= 4D
y
; k
76
= 12xD
1
; k
86
= 4(yD
1
+xD
y
); k
96
= 12yD
y
;
k
77
= 36x
2
D
x
; k
87
= 12x(yD
x
+xD
1
); k
97
= 36xyD
1
;
k
88
= 4y(yD
x
+xD
1
)+4x(yD
1
+xD
y
)+32(x+y)
2
D
xy
; k
98
= 12y(yD
1
+xD
y
);
k
99
= 36y
2
D
y
;
(i xng)
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

V [ ' ' ] [ ][ ' ' ] U D U dV
T
V
= .h
0
0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 0
44
55
64 66
74 76 77
84 85 86 87 88
94 96 97 98 99
kk
kk
kk kk
kk kk kk
kk kk kk kk kk
kk kk kk kk kk

Trong kk
44
= 4 D
x
; kk
64
= 4 D
1
; kk
74
= 4D
x
.(a+b); kk
84
=
4
3
[D
x
.c+D
1
(a+b)];
kk
94
= 4D
1
.c;
kk
55
= 8D
xy
; kk
85
=
16
3
D
xy
(a+b+c);
kk
66
= 4D
y
; kk
76
= 4D
1
.(a+b); kk
86
=
4
3
[D
1
.c+D
y
(a+b)]; kk
96
= 4D
y
.c;
kk
77
= 6D
x
(a
2
+b
2
+ab); kk
87
= D
x
(ac+2bc)+2D
1
(a
2
+b
2
+ab);
kk
97
= 3D
1
(ac+2bc);
kk
88
=
2
3
[D
x
.c+D
1
(ac+2bc)+D
y
(a
2
+b
2
+ab)+8D
xy
(a
2
+b
2
+c
2
+ab+ac+2bc)];
kk
98
= 2D
1
.c+D
y
(ac+2bc); kk
99
= 6D
y
.c
2
;
4.10.8. Xc nh vect lc nt tng ng: {F}
{F}= [ F
z1
M
x1
M
y1
F
z2
M
x2
M
y2
F
z3
M
x3
M
y3
]
T

Trong PP PTHH cng thc tng qut ca lc nt tng ng:
{F} = [N]
T
{P} + [ ] { } N dV
T
V
+ [ ] { } N q dS
T
S
;
Tm chu un vi ti trng tp trung P v ti phn b q(x,y) vung gc vi tm:
{F} = [[C]
-1
]
T
[U]
T
.P +
[ ]
[ ] [ ] . ( , ) C U q x y dS
T
T
S
1
;
Trng hp ti trng phn b u q(x,y) = q = const:
(i xng)
PHNG PHP S - Chng 4

{Fq} =
F
M
M
F
M
M
F
M
M
z
x
y
z
x
y
z
x
y
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
=
[ ]
[ ] C
T
1

1
3
3
1
6
1
12
2
6
1
10
19
1
30
3 2 3
1
10
2 2
2
3 3 2 2
2 2
3
a b
c
a b ab
ac bc
c
a b a b ab
a b ab ac bc
c
+
+ +
+
+ +
+ + + +
( )
( )
( )
( )
.q;
4.10.9. H ta chung:
Cc i lng ca phn t c xc nh trong h ta ring (Oxyz) ca phn t.
Xt trong h ta chung ( O X Y Z ):
Mi im vi 1 chuyn v thng (theo phng trc z Z ),
v 2 chuyn v xoay theo cc trc x v y, Ta c:
Z
X
Y
=
1 0 0
0
0
cos sin
sin cos

.
z
x
y
= [t].
z
x
y
;
[t] gi l ma trn chuyn gia h ta chung v h ta
ring (a phng).
MT chuyn ca phn t s l [T] =
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
t
t
t
0 0
0 0
0 0
;
V vect chuyn v nt ca phn t (trong h ta chung): { } = [T]. {}
ng lc nt chuyn v h ta chung:
{ F } = [T].{ F } = [T].([ K ] {}) = [T].[ K ].[T]
T
{ } = [ K].{ };
Trong [ K] = [T].[ K ].[T]
T

3
2
1

Y
O
Z
X
y
Z Z
x
O

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PHNG PHP S - Chng 2

gi l vec t chuyn v ca phn t;

l ma trn cng ca phn t;

' ' '

= [C] {}; hay {} = [C] {};

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