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)
`
=
)
`
i
v
v
1
dx
d
(3)
where: [z
ss
] is (N, N) submatrix related to impedances of insulated sheaths only.
The calculation method presented in this paper is based on the following
assumptions:
Only the fundamental frequency (e.g. 50 Hz) is considered.
Mutual admittances between all conductors are neglected, so the matrix [g]
is a diagonal one.
Uniformly distributed parameters (serial impedance z
11
and shunt
admittance g
11
are applied to the earthing wire circuit presentation.
Self admittances of insulated neutral conductors are neglected
(g
kk
= 0, k= 2, 3, ..,.N+1).
Serial unit-length impedances with earth return [z] and [z
f
], are calculated by
means of the Carson-Pollaczek [6], [7] equations.
The medium surrounding the earthing wire and cable lines is homogeneous
and characterized by soil resistivity (m).
Conductive coupling between the earthing wire and substation earthing grids
is neglected.
The magnitudes of phase conductor fault currents are known from system
studies.
Electrical Engineering and Electromagnetics VI 209
Since the cable metal screens are insulated from ground, we may assume that
g
kk
=0 (for k = 2, 3,,N+1) and eqn (1) yield solutions:
i
k
(x)= const. = I
k
k = 2, 3, , N+1. (4)
Using eqns (1), (2) and (4), it follows:
0 ) x ( g z
dx
) x ( d
1 11 11
2
1
2
= v
v
(5)
The equation (5) may be solved by standard methods to obtain the general
solution which can be written in terms of two arbitrary constants. Using the
general solution for v
1
(x) and eqns (3) and (4), one can obtain the general
solutions for i
1
(x) in terms of the same two arbitrary constants plus the additional
one. Furthermore, integrating eqn (3) and using eqn (4) and the general solution
for i
1
(x), yields the set of general solutions for insulated neutral conductor
voltages v
k
(x), k=2, 3, ,N+1, each of them in terms of a different arbitrary
constant. So the total number of arbitrary constants are N+3. Next, if we assume
that the boundary conditions at x=0 (i.e. at the fault point "A") are known:
i
1
(x=0) = I
1A
v
k
(x=0) = V
A
(k = 1, 2,N+1)
the arbitrary constants can be determined and the required solutions can be
written, as follows:
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
+
=
M
1 k
k
f
k 1
f
1 N
2 k
k k 1
11
c
c A 1 A 1
I z I z
z
) x ( sh Z
) x ( sh Z I ) x ( ch V ) x ( v (6)
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
=
+
=
M
1 k
k
f
k 1
f
1 N
2 k
k k 1
11
A 1
c
A
1
I z I z
z
1 ) x ( ch
) x ( ch I ) x ( sh
Z
V
) x ( i (7)
. V
z
z
1 I
z
z z
z x
, I
z
z z
z x
z
z
) x ( ) x (
A
11
1 s
M
1 k
k
f
11
k 1
f 1 s
k s
f
1 N
2 k
k
11
k 1 1 s
k s
11
1 s
1 s
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
+
=
v v
(8)
s = 2, 3, , N+1
where
210 Electrical Engineering and Electromagnetics VI
11 11
g z =
11
11
c
g
z
Z =
Hence, at x=L (i.e. at point B):
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
+
=
M
1 k
k f k 1 f
1 N
2 k
k k 1
11
c
c A 1 A B
I z I z
z
) L ( sh Z
) L ( sh Z I ) L ( ch V V (9)
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
=
+
=
M
1 k
k f k 1 f
1 N
2 k
k k 1
11
A 1
c
A
B 1
I z I z
z
1 ) L ( ch
) L ( ch I ) L ( sh
Z
V
I (10)
Also, for the boundary condition at point "B" (x=L):
v
k
(x=L)=V
B
. (k = 1, 2,N+1)
from eqn (8) we obtain:
. I
z
z z
z L
z
z
1 ) V V ( I
z
z z
z L
M
1 k
k
f
11
k 1
f 1 s
k s
f
11
1 s
B A
1 N
2 k
k
11
k 1 1 s
k s
=
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
(11)
s = 2, 3, , N+1
Usually, the known values are phase currents coming from all substation
transformers and power lines connected to buses L
1
, L
2
and L
3
of substations "A"
and "B" during the phase-to-ground fault. In order to achieve more realistic
results (as recommended in Seljeseth et al. [8]), the "reduced fault currents" J
rA
and J
rB
should be calculated. These currents which actually enter the ground
through earthing structures connected at points "A" and "B" respectively, are
calculated separately using power line cross-section data and power line phase or
zero-sequence currents. Therefore, the boundary conditions should be modified
and the terminal impedances Z
A
and Z
B
incorporated as well. According to
Figure 1 these conditions can be written as:
0 I Z V
B B B
= (12)
0 I Z V
A A A
= (13)
rB
1 N
2 k
k B 1 B
J I I I =
+
=
(14)
rA
1 N
2 k
k A 1 A
J I I I = + +
+
=
(15)
Electrical Engineering and Electromagnetics VI 211
where Z
A
and Z
B
are the earthing impedances of substations "A" and "B",
respectively, with neutral interconection conductors excluded. Finally, to obtain
the solution for voltages and currents {X} at both terminals, one has to solve the
set of simultaneous linear eqns (9)-(15) which can be written in the following
matrix form:
| | { } { } B X A = (16)
where { } { } { }
T
T
B A B 1 B A 1 A
I I I V I V I X =
{I} the column vector of sheath currents,
V
A
, V
B
, I
1A
, I
1B
earthing wire terminal voltages and currents,
I
A
, I
B
substation earthing structure currents,
3 Calculation of the resulting screening factor
The current in each neutral conductor has two components. One is caused by
inductive coupling between phase and neutral conductors and the other is caused
by voltage difference between the two earthing grids. The currents exclusively
caused by inductive coupling are of particular interest because they also reduce
negative electromagnetic influence of phase conductor fault currents on
neighbouring communication cables and other metallic installations that are
isolated in relation to the earth. They can be derived from eqns (16) as special
case when Z
A
= Z
B
= 0 or directly from eqns (2) substituting dv = 0. Thus for this
case the next matrix equation is valid:
| | { } | | { }
f f
I z I z = (17)
For a multi-conductor connection, the resulting nominal screening factor (also
known as the current reduction factor), can be defined as:
=
+
=
=
M
1 k
1 N
1 i
k
f
I
i
I
1 r (18)
and using the solution for currents from (17) it can be finally expressed as:
+
=
+
=
=
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1 N
1 k
k
f
I
1 N
1 i
k
f
I
k j f
z
M
1 k
1 N
1 j
j i
Y
1 r
(19)
212 Electrical Engineering and Electromagnetics VI
where Y
ij
are elements of the inverse of the matrix [z]:
[Y] = [z]
-1
(20)
The same procedure applied to the single line power cable conductors (phase and
neutral conductors) yields the value of the so called line screening factor that is
frequently used for substation earthing current calculations (e.q. Seljeseth et. al.
[8]).
4 Illustrative example
As an example of the mathematical model application we have developed,
consider the cable trench of Figure 2 in which the following conductors exist:
Two groups of three single-core 110 kV cables forming two power lines.
One earthing bare conductor (Cu 50 mm
2
) extended at depth 0,7 m.
Cable type: single-core 110 kV, (ABB AXKJ 1000Al mm
2
),
sheath 95 mm
2
Cu, cable length L = 4000 m.
D = 0,086 m; S
1
= 0,35 m; S = 0,7 m; H=0,5 m.
Other relevant data are:
Phase currents: I
f 1
= I
f 4
= 7050-79
o
A; I
f 2
= I
f 3
= I
f 5
= I
f 6
= 413119
o
A.
Soil resistivity: 100 m.
Earthing conductor shunt admittance is: g
11
=0,003 S/m.
Terminal reduced currents: J
rA
= 13503 -78
o
A, J
rB
= 6308 111
o
.
Substation earthing impedances: Z
A
=0,15 , Z
B
=0,1.
D D D D
S1 S
H
Cu 50 mm
1 2
3 6
5 4
Figure 2: Example of cable trench with six 110 kV single-core
cables and an earthing conductor.
Electrical Engineering and Electromagnetics VI 213
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
x [m]
|
V
1
|
,
|
V
2
|
,
|
V
2
0
|
,
|
I
1
|
,
|
I
1
a
|
[
V
]
,
[
A
]
V1
V2
V20
I1
I1a
Figure 3: Voltage and current distributions along the
earthing wire and power cable sheaths.
The main numerical results obtained using the derived mathematical model are
presented graphically in Figure 3, where.
V1=|V
1
(x)| and I1=|I
1
(x)| are distributions of voltage and current magnitudes
along the earthing conductor, respectively.
V2=|V
2
(x)| and V20=|V
20
(x)| are cable sheath voltage magnitude
distributions obtained with and without earthing conductor presence,
respectively.
I1a=| I
1
|= 863 [A] is the earthing conductor constant current obtained in
case Z
A
= Z
B
= 0 .
Numerical results obtained show a quantitative reduction of the voltage V
1
(x=0)
at fault point "A" as well as the reduction of cable sheath currents, caused by
earthing wire connection. In this example the magnitude of the remote terminal
voltage V
B
is lowered also. Both terminal voltages depend to a great extent on
magnitudes of corresponding reduced current J
r
and substation earthing
impedance.
The resultant nominal screening factor and the earthing wire current (both
obtained in case Z
A
= Z
B
= 0 ) are respectively: r = 0,058-83,8
o
and
I
1a
= 863,7-120
o
A. In case that earthing wire is absent the nominal screening
factor is r = 0,076-78,3
o
. At the same time the screening factor calculated for
single power line is r
1
= 0,152-73,4
o
.
214 Electrical Engineering and Electromagnetics VI
As differences in numerical results show, the calculations with individual line
reduction factors should not be used if more than one power line exist in the
same trench.
5 Conclusion
This paper has derived a set of equations providing a more accurate calculation
of the fault current distribution and related voltages in underground cable neutral
conductors and the accompanied parallel earthing wire interconnecting two
neighboring substations. These equations are based on the assumption of a
uniformly distributed conductance between earthing wire and earth. Furthermore,
the procedure for determining resulting nominal screening factor of multi-
conductor connection between two power substations has been presented. The
paper outlines the effects of inductive coupling between cable neutral conductors
and earthing wire on both current and voltage distributions in the earthing system
during phase-to-ground fault. The earthing wire connection is always in favor of
both the substation safety and cable thermal withstanding. It also provides better
screening for nearby auxiliary cables against inductive interference. The results
obtained show that method using individual line screening factors cannot be
considered as generally recommendable for practical applications when more
power lines are in the same trench.
6 References
[1] Endrenyi, J. Analysis of Transmission Tower Potentials During Ground
Faults, IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, 86(10), pp. 1274-
1283, 1967.
[2] Funk, G. Berechnung der Nullstromverteilung bei Erdkurzschluss einer
Freileitung, ETZ-A, 92(2), pp. 74-80, 1971.
[3] Dawalibi, F. Ground Fault Current Distribution between Soil and Neutral
Conductors, IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, 99(2), pp. 452-
461, 1980.
[4] Gooi, H. B. & Sebo, S. A. Distribution of ground fault currents along
transmission lines an improved algorithm, IEEE Trans. on Power
Apparatus and Systems, 104(3), pp. 663-670, 1985.
[5] Guven, A. N. & Sebo, S. A. Analysis of Ground Fault Current Distribution
Along Underground Cables, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, 1(4), pp. 9-
18, 1986.
[6] Carson, J. R. Ground Return Impedance: Underground Wire with Earth
Return, Bell System Technical Journal, 8, pp. 94-98, 1929.
[7] Pollaczek, F. ber das feld einer unendlich langen wechsel-
stromdurchflossenen Einfachleitung, Elektr. Nachr. Technik, 3(9), pp. 339-
359, 1926.
[8] Seljeseth, H., Campling, A., Feist, K. H. & Kuussaari M. Station Earthing.
Safety and interference aspects, Electra, (71), pp. 47-69, 1980.