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Agroforestry for Climate Change

Adaptation and Mitigation

Rodel D. Lasco and Florencia B. Pulhin


World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)

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Outline
• Agroforestry and climate change
adaptation
• Agroforestry and climate change mitigation

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I. Introduction

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The vanishing Philippine forests…
Extent of Forest Cover Loss for the last 100 years

70 % 60 % 40 %

34 % 23.7 % 18.3 %
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Source: Dolom, 2006; Adapted from Environmental Science for Social Change, 1999
Imperata grasslands cover > 2 M ha

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18-20 M people live in the uplands

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Basic Concepts (IPCC, 2007)

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II. Agroforestry and Climate
Change Adaptation

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Global context (IPCC, 2007)

• Planet’s warming is unequivocal


• Adaptation will be necessary to address
impacts resulting from the warming which
is already unavoidable due to past
emissions.
• A wide array of adaptation options is
available, but more extensive adaptation
than is currently occurring is required
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Impact of Climate Change
Additional people with
Increased water stress (50C)

20 to 30% species at inc. high


risk of extinction (2-30C)

Decrease (low latitudes) (1-20C)

Increase (mid & high latitudes) (1-20C) (impact is beneficial)


30% loss of coastal
wetlands(3-40C)

Increased mortality due to heatwaves,


floods and drought (10C)

Reconfiguration of coastlines and


inundation of low-lying areas (50C)
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THE PHILIPPINES HIGHLY VULNERABLE TO
CLIMATE EXTREMES

QUEENIE REMING

PAENG
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DENR, 2007
Basic Concepts (IPCC, 2007)
CC adaptation- Adjustment in natural or
human systems in response to actual or
expected climatic stimuli or their effects,
which moderates harm or exploits
beneficial opportunities.

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What is Agroforestry?
• a land-use system in which woody
perennials are deliberately used on the
same land management unit as
agricultural crops, animals or both
• Trees on farms!

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Key Attributes of AF Systems
• Maintain or enhance productivity
(economic benefits)
• Maintain or enhance environmental quality
(environmental benefits)
• Be acceptable to local farmers and
communities (social benefits)

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AF promotes CC adaptation of
small farmers
• Trees on farms enhance coping capacity
of small farmers to climate risks
• Through crop and income diversification
• Soil and water conservation
• Efficient nutrient cycling and conservation

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Alley or hedgerow cropping

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Contour hedgerow systems: Uses and benefits

• Erosion control
• Organic fertilizer
• Fuel wood
• Fodder for ruminants

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Natural vegetative strips (NVS) in Claveria

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Nueva Viscaya province: mahogany in
grasslands

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Leyte island: contour planting with trees

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Isabela Province: tree planting

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East Timor: multisotrey

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Bukidnon: multistorey agroforestry farm

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Claveria: tree farms

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Banuae rice terraces

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Coffee under shade trees

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Cacao under shade trees

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Environmental benefits
• Reduced siltation of water bodies
• Reduced land degradation and
desertification
• Biodiversity
– More trees on farm
– Reduced habitat destruction
• Beauty (eco-tourism)
• Climate change mitigation
– Carbon sequestration
– Remaining forests and other natural covers
saved

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Socio-Economic Benefits

• Increased income opportunities


• Diversify products and reduce risk
• Reduce establishment costs
• Reduce inputs of chemical pesticides and
fertilizers
• Distribute labor needs
• Improve human nutrition and health
• Enhance community development

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III. Agroforestry and Climate
Change Mitigation

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Basic Concepts (IPCC, 2007)

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The Carbon Cycle

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Atmosphere
3.3
Net accumulation 62.3 750 Fossil Deposits
6.3
About
1.6 16,000
The 60
500 Plants 92.3 Fossil emissions
Global Soil
90
Carbon 2000

Cycle Deforestation (20%)

Units Oceans
39,000
Gt C and
Gt C y-1

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CO2

Photosynthesis
Burning

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BIOMASS IS
ABOUT 50%
CARBON BY
WEIGHT

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ABOVE-GROUND BIOMASS

TREES

UNDERSTOREY

NECROMASS
LITTER

ROOTS SOIL CARBON

Carbon poolsRDinLasco
forest ecosystems 37
Fig. Carbon density of various land cover in the project site

180

160

140

120

100
tC/ha
80

60

40

20

0
OGF SGF Gmelina (6yr) Agroforestry Grassland

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189 (48%)

Total C density= 393 t/ha

3.5 (0.9%)

4.8 (1.2%)

Roots = 4.3 (1.1%)


SOC= 191 (49%)

Carbon density (t/ha) of natural


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106 (37%)

Total C density= 283 t/ha

1.7 (0.6%)

1.3 (0.5%)
13.2 (4.7%)

Roots = 0.7 (0.2%)


SOC= 160 (57%)
Carbon density (t/ha) of a mangium plantation in Leyte, Philippines
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Fig. Carbon MAI of various land cover in project site

8.0

7.0

6.0

5.0

tC/ha/yr 4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0
OGF SGF Gmelina Eucalyptus Acacia Mahogany Dipterocarp Agroforestry Grassland

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“Forest” lands that need trees
Forest land cover distribution in the Phillippines (total area= 15.9 M ha)
(Source: Lasco and Pulhin, 2000; FMB, 1996)

Protection forest
17%
Upland farms
34%

Secondary forest
18%

Plantations
3%
Brushlands Grasslands
15% 13%

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Co-Benefits of CDM Forestry Projects

• Ecological and socio-


economic benefits to
local communities
• Agroforestry
promotes climate
change adaptation

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In Summary…
• Agroforestry systems enhance adaptive
capacity of small farmers
• The Philippines has huge potential for
change mitigation through agroforestry

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Thank You!!!

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