Giáo Trình Máy CNC Và Công Nghệ Gia Công Trên Máy CNC

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Gio trnh

My CNC v cng
ngh gia cng trn
my CNC

Ma y CNC & Cong Nghe Gia Cong Tren May CNC

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CHNG 1

T ONG HOA QUA TRNH SAN XUAT S RA I CUA MAY
CNC
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Trong na thap ky qua, the gii a chng kien s ra i va phat trien nh vu bao cua KTK t
ong. Va nhanh chong KTK t ong a c ng dung vao cong nghe che tao san pham c
kh. S phat trien cu a t ong hoa QTSX co the c tom lc nh sau.

1.1/ NC (Numerical Control)
1.1.1/ Lch s ra i cu a NC.

Cung nh cac ky thuat tien tien khac, NC ra i vao au thap nien 50 tai phong th nghiem cua
hoc vien Massachusetts. Khi mi ra i, may NC ch co the cat c nhng ng thang chnh
xac va hieu qua. ieu nay gay ra rat nhieu kho khan v may phai thc hien vo so cac ng
thang ngang, doc e gia cong cac bien dang cong (hnh 1.1)

Hnh 1.1
Van e nay dan en s ra i cu a APT (Automatically Programme Tools). ay la loai ngon ng
lap trnh au tien cho NC, dung cac cau lenh tie ng Anh e nh ngha ng di chuyen hnh hoc,
dung cu va cac ch th can thiet khac. ay cung la tien e c ban cho s phat trien cua NC. Ban
au chng trnh NC c ma hoa tren cac bang uc lo, sau o dung ca c bang t. Sau khi may
tnh ra i, cac bang u c lo, bang t c thay the bi thiet b x ly d lieu cua may tnh.

1.1.2/ Ma y NC la g

May NC bao gom 2 bo phan chnh.
a) Bo ieu khien may (Machine Control Unit : MCU)
La bo phan thc hien ca c chc nang sau:
- oc va giai ma chng trnh
- a ra cac lenh ieu khien
- Nhan cac tn hieu pha n hoi va x ly.
MCU bao gom 2 bo pha n sau:
DPU (Data processing Unit): Bo x ly d lieu
CLU (Control Loop Unit) : Bo thc hien ieu khien
DPU oc cac d lieu t chng trnh tren bang uc lo, a t,va giai ma cac tn hieu nay thanh
cac d lieu so. Sau o gi tn hieu en CLU.
Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com

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CLU nhan cac d lieu c giai ma t DPU, a ra cac lenh ieu khien may, nhan cac tn hieu
phan hoi so sanh va x ly cho en khi at o chnh xac yeu cau. DPU sau o se oc khoi lenh
tiep theo.

b) May cong cu (Machine Tool):
Tng t nh cac may cong cu thong thng, nhng cac chuyen ong cua cac truc c thc
hien bi ong c servo hoac ong c bc thong qua truyen ong vt me ai oc bi (se trnh bay
chng sau).

Tren hnh 1.2 la s o cac thanh phan cau tao cua may NC

Hnh 1.2. thanh phan cu a may NC

May NC a khac phuc c nhng han che ma cac may cong cu truyen thong khong thc hien
c. Vi may NC, o chnh xac gia cong cao hn, tiet kiem dung cu hn, de t ong hoa hn.
S ra i cua NC cung a a en s ra i cua hang loat cac phng phap gia cong hien ai,
tien tien khac nh:
EDM
Laser Cutting
Electron Beam welding
Water jet
So xung v tr cua tru c
Tan so xung: toc o cac truc

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1.2/. DNC (Direct NC):
Vao gi a thap nien 60, vi s ra i cu a may tnh, ngi ta a ngh en viec thay oi viec ma
hoa d lieu tren bang uc lo, bang t bang may tnh nham giam bt cac yeu cau ve phan cng,
lap trnh n gian hn, nhanh chong va linh hoat hn.
Vao thi iem nay, may tnh rat at tien nen ngi ta dung mot may chu (host) e ieu khien
chung nhieu may NC qua mang ket noi. He thong tren goi la DNC (Hnh1.3)

Hnh 1.3. He thong DNC

1.3/. CNC (Computer Numerical Control)

Vao cuoi thap nien 60, s ra i cu a cong nghe vi x ly a a en s xuat hien cu a PLC,
Microcomputer. Cac thiet b nay ngay sau khi ra i a c ng dung tren cac may NC, va the
he may CNC a ra i. Vi CNC, moi may NC c phuc vu bi 1 PLC hoac Computer rieng.
ieu nay cho phep chng trnh co the nhap va lu tr rieng tren moi may CNC. Nhng lai xuat
hien cac van e m i o la quan ly d lieu (gi a cac may khong co s lie n he chat che vi nhau).
Cac thnh phn c bn ca may CNC bao gom: Hnh 1.4
1/. Chng trnh gia cong (Part program )
2/. Thiet b oc chng trnh (Program input device )
3/. Machine control unit (MCU)
4/. He thong truyen o ng (Drive system )
5/. May cong cu (Machine tool)
6/. He thong phan hoi (Feedback system)


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Hnh 1.4. Cau truc cua may CNC

1.4/ DNC II (Distributed NC)

e viec quan ly d lieu gia cac CNC tot hn, he thong DNCII a c a vao ng dung trong
san xuat, la s ket hp gia DNC va CNC. He thong DNC II bao gom cac may tnh chu (Host
Computer) va cac may tnh cuc bo (Local computer) ket noi v i nhau. No cho phep cac chng
trnh gia cong c lu tren may chu nen viec quan ly tot hn. Cac chng trnh nay co the c
download xuong cac local computer hoac PLC. Va ta cung co nhap chng trnh va dao dien
trc tiep t cac may cuc bo (local). Va neu may chu b ngng th cac ma y CNC van co the hoat
ong bnh thng. ay la u iem c ban cua DNC II so vi DNC.

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Hnh 1.5. He thong DNCII

1.5. He thong san xuat linh hoat (FMS: Flexible Manufacturing System)

Vao gi a thap nien 60, cong ty Molins Ltd (anh) a phat trien he thong 24, la tien than cu a he
thong FMS. Tuy nhien do han che ve ky thuat nen he thong san xuat linh hoat van ch dng lai
mc o ly thuyet, y tng trong suot nhng na m 60s, 70s. vao cuoi thap nien 1970, au thap
nien 1980s, vi s phat trien manh cua cong nghe ieu khien phc tap nh may tnh, he thong
FMS a c ng dung thanh cong. He thong FMS dc ng dung chu yeu US trong cac lnh
vc che tao o to, xe c gii, may bayHe thong FMS ien hnh bao gom:
Thiet b x ly: May cong cu, he thong lap rap, Robot.
Thiet b x ly phoi: Robot, bang tai, He thong van chuyen t ong (AGV : Automated
guided vehicles) he tho ng lu kho t ong (AS:Automated storage) va he thong truy xuat
(RS: Retrieval System)

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He thong trao oi thong tin.
He thong ieu khien ba ng may tnh (Computer controlled system)
Con ngi ( Human operator).
He thong thay dao t ong (automated tool changers).
FMS tao nen mot bc tien mi hng en viec tch hp hoan toan qu a trnh san xut, da tren
cac he thong, quan ie m t ong hoa sau:
CNC
DNC II
He thong x ly phoi lie u t ong (Automated material handling system.)
Cong nghe nhom (Group Technology)

Mot so mo hnh FMS ien hnh

Hnh 1.6. Single machine cell

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Hnh 1.7. Multiple workstation Cell

Hnh.8. FMS vi he tho ng lu, xuat kho t ong. AS/RS

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Hnh 1.9. FMS hang san xuat Vought Aircraft

1.6/ He thong san xuat tch hp (CIM: Computer Intergated Manufacturing/ flexible
design and manufacturing)
- Y tng ve he thong sx tch hp c Josheph Harington e cap en vao nam 1974, nhng
phai qua hang chuc nam en au thap nien 1990s, he thong nay mi c ng dung thanh cong
My. CIM la he thong tch hp toan bo cac thanh phan cua qu a trnh sx, c x ly va ieu
khien bi may tnh. T viec phan tch th trng,thiet ke, chuan b pho i lieu, chuan b va to chc
sx, kiem tra chat lng san phm cho en ca vie c phan phoi ra th trng. Vi s ra i cua
cong nghe CIM, lch s phat trien cua san xuat xa hoi a trai qua cac giai oan sau:
- San xuat thu cong
- San xuat c kh ho a, chuyen mon hoa
- T ong hoa san xua t.
- Tch hp san xuat
- Cac thanh phan c ban cua he thong CIM bao gom (Hnh 1.10).
CAD/CAM (Computer-aided design/Computer-aided manufacturing)
CAPP (Computer-aided process planning)
ERP (Enterprise resource planning)
CNC machine tools

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DNC
FMS
ASRS( automated storage and retrieval systems )
AGV ( automated guided vehicles )
Robotics
Automated conveyance systems
Computerized scheduling and production control
CAQ (Computer-aided quality assurance)
A business system integrated by a common database.
Lean Manufacturing

Hnh 1.10 Cac thanh phan cua he thong CIM.

Vi viec tch hp qua trnh san xuat, nang xuat tang len nhieu lan, giam chi ph lao ong, giam
thi gian thiet ke va pha t trien san pham, chat lng thiet ke cao hn, tnh linh hoat cu a he
thong ra t cao giup ap ng nhanh nhu cau cu a th trng, tang li the ca nh tranh. Trong he
thong CIM, can co s chia se thong tin gi a cac bo phan e tang tnh linh hoat va hoat ong cua
cac khau hieu qu a hn.


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Chng 2: MAY IEU KHIEN CHNG TRNH SO

2.1. Khai Niem C Ban
2.1.1/ ieu khien
La s thay oi cu a cac ai lng au ra theo quy luat nhat nh nao o cua cac ai lng au
vao.

2.1.2/ ieu khien so NC ( Numeric Control )
La he thong cac hoat o ng c ieu khien trc tiep bi d lieu so c ma ho a bang
chng trnh. Chng trnh gom cac ch th c ma ho a di dang so, k t ch, va cac k t
ac biet khac. Cac ch th nay bao gom:
Ch th ieu khien: c chuyen thanh 2 dang:
Tn hieu xung ien (Pulse): ieu khien toc o, so vong quay cua ong c truyen
ong.
Tn hieu ong/ngat (ON/OFF) : cung cap chat boi trn va lam nguoi, chon va thay
dao, dng may, kep nha phoi
Thong tin hnh hoc ( Geometrical Information): La he thong thong tin ieu khien
cac chuyen ong tng oi gia dao cu va chi tiet, con goi la thong tin ve ng
dch chuyen.
Thong tin cong nghe ( Technological Information ): La he thong thong tin cho phep
may thc hien gia cong vi nhng gia tr cong nghe yeu cau. Vd: chuan hoa goc to a
o, chieu sau cat, toc o chay dao, so vong quay truc chnh, chieu quay truc chnh,
ong hay tat dung dch trn nguoi...

2.1.3/ ieu khien so ba ng may tnh (CNC)
nh ngha: CNC la he thong NC s dung may tnh thiet lap trc tiep tre n he ieu khien
may.
a c ie m:
c ieu khien bi cac ch th lu tr tren bo nh may tnh e thc hien mot phan
hay toan bo cac chc nang ieu khien so.
c phat trien da tre n nhng thanh tu cu a cong nghe vi ien t, vi x l.
Cac he ieu khien CNC co kha nang thc hien cac chc nang ieu khien bi phan
mem -> n gian cac mach ieu khien, giam gia thanh , tang o tin cay.

*** Hau het cac he ie u khien so the he mi eu dang CNC.
2.1.4/ Ma y cong cu ieu khien theo chng trnh so (CNC Machine)
La the he may cong cu (machine tool) c ieu khien bi bo ieu khie n CNC


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2.2. Cau truc he thong ma y CNC:
He thong may CNC gom 6 phan chnh: Hnh 2.1
- Chng trnh gia cong(part program) - Thiet b oc chng trnh ( program input device)
- Bo ieu khien may (MCU) - He thong truyen ong ( drive system)
- May cong cu (machine tool) - He tho ng phan hoi ( feedback system)

Hnh 2.1. Cau truc cua may CNC
Lu y: oi vi may gia cong CNC, chng trnh gia cong, thiet b oc chng trnh va bo x ly
d lieu (DPU) eu c thc hien bi may tnh.

2.3 . Kha nang cu a ma y CNC
Ve c ban, may gia cong CNC co the thc hien c cac cong viec sau:
+ Nhap d lieu
+ Bien tap chng trnh, lap trnh
+ Lu tr chng trnh
+ Kiem tra chng trnh
+ Chan oan loi
+ Hien th chng trnh va mo phong bang o hoa qua trnh gia cong
+ Tien ch giao tiep
+ Quan l d lieu
+ Cai at he to a o va he n v
+ Co kha nang tnh toan, x ly so lieu

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+ Bu tr ng knh va chieu dai dao
+ Noi suy hnh hoc

2.4. u va nhc ie m cua CNC
u iem cua CNC
+ o chnh xac va o chnh xac lap lai cao
+ ap ng nhanh nhu ca u th trng, gia cong nhieu be mat phc tap
+ Nang cao nang suat ac biet la trong san xuat n chiec cac chi tiet phc tap
+ Giam gia thanh ieu hanh gian tiep
+ Ha gia thanh san xuat
+ Thuan li cho viec t ong hoa qua trnh san xuat

Nhc iem cua CNC.
+ Chi ph au t ban a u cao.
+ Chi ph lap trnh va may tnh kem theo.
+ Chi ph bao tr cao va can phai co th bao tr chuyen nghiep.

2.5. Ca c loai may CNC
Ngay nay, nhieu loai may CNC a c ngien cu va ng dung rong ra i trong che tao c kh
nh:
- May phay CNC
- May tien CNC
- May gia cong tia l a ie n CNC dung ien cc nhung
- May gia cong tia l a ie n CNC dung day cat
- May khoan CNC
- May mai CNC
- May gia cong dung tia laser CNC
- May gia cong tia nc CNC
- May han CNC
- May o to a o CNC (CMM: Coordinate Measuring Machine)


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Hnh 2.2. May Phay CNC ng (CNC Vertical Milling Machine)

Hnh 2.3. Trung tam phay ng CNC (CNC Vertical milling center )

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Hnh 2.4. Trung tam phay CNC ngang (CNC Horizontal machining center )

Hnh 2.5: May khoan ngang CNC (horizontal Drilling CNC)

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Hnh 2.6. May tien CNC

Hnh 2.7. May tien CNC hai au dao (CNC Dual turret turning center )

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Hnh 2.9. May o toa o CNC ( CNC Coordinate Measuring machine)

Hnh 2.10. May gia cong tia l a ien EDM Wire Cut.

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2.6. Mot so bo phan c ban cua may CNC
2.6.1/ He thong ieu khien truyen ong CNC (CNC drive systems)
He thong ieu khien CNC bao gom mach ieu khien toc o (velocity loop) trong he thong
ong c truyen ong va mach ieu khien v tr(position loop control) ben ngoai he thong ong
c truyen ong. He thong ieu khien CNC co the la he thong ieu khie n h (open loop) hoac he
thong ieu khien kn (closed loop). S khac nhau c ban la he thong ie u khien kn co phan hoi
nham am bao o chnh xac yeu cau.
a. He ieu khien h (Open Loop System ) hnh 2.11.
He thong ieu khien h khong co mach phan ho i, bo ieu khien may xem nh s di chuyen ban
may ung nh mong muon. He ieu khien h ra t nhay cam vi s thay oi cua tai trong. Cac sai
so v tr va toc o co the xay ra khi cat vi lc cat ln. Tuy nhien he ieu khien h co u iem la
n gian, re tien. Do va y, he ieu khien h ch nen dung trong di chuye n iem-> iem (PTP)
hoac trong cac may cong suat cat nho.

Hnh 2.11. He ieu khien h (Open loop System)

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b. He ieu khien kn (Closed Loop System )
Vi he ieu khien kn, mach phan ho i c s dung e theo doi ap ng thc cua a i lng ie u
khien va a ra tn hieu sa oi khi co s sai lech gia gia tr mong muo n va ga tr thc. He
thong phan hoi co the la he tng t (analog) hoac so (digital).
Analog systems: o s bien oi cua tn hieu ie u khien (v tr, van toc) di dang tn hieu hieu
ien the. ien hnh la dung may phat toc (Tachometers) e o van toc va resolvers e o v
tr.

Hnh.2.12. Mach ieu khien kn tuan t (Analog type closed loop CNC drive system)
Digital feedback systems: Dung bo xac nh v tr so (digital position transducers ) trong mach
phan hoi. Bo ma hoa (Encoders) c s dung pho bien nhat. Con mach phan hoi toc o van
giong nh he phan hoi tng t. Hnh 2.13

Hnh 2.13. Mach ieu khien CNC kn so (Digital type closed loop CNC drive system)

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Ngay nay a so he ieu khien may CNC eu la he kn, S o ieu khien may CNC kn tong
quat c mo ta nh hnh 2.14.

Hnh 2.14 . S o ieu khien CNC

2.6.2/ Truyen ong vt me ai oc bi (recirculating Ball Screw).

Trong may CNC, he thong truyen ong c s dung la vitme ai oc bi (hnh2.15). e thay ro
u nhc iem cua he thong vitme ai oc bi so vi cac he thong truyen ong khac ta xem bang
2.1

Tn hieu phan hoi toc
o t
Tn hieu
phan hoi
v tr
Cnd o, hieu ien the
e ieu chnh toc o
Tn hieu ieu
chnh v tr
He thong ieu
khien truc
ai o c bi
Vt me bi
ong c
truyen ong
May phat to c

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Hnh 2.15 . Truyen ong vtme ai oc bi

Bang 2.1 : u iem cua truyen ong vt me ai oc bi.
Vt me
ai oc bi
Vt me
thng
Thuy lc Xch, ai Brang &
thanhrang
Cam Kh nen
Ga thanh re X X X X X
Kha nang cong suat
nho
X X X X
Chi ph bao tr thap X
o chnh xac cao X X
o tinh cay cao X
Hieu qua cao X
Kha nang truyen tai
ln
X X X
Ket cau gon X X X

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2.6.3/ ong c b c (Stepper Motor)
Hnh 2.16 mo ta s o nguyen ly dung ong c bc cung cap ieu khien so khong phan hoi ve
v tr cu a ban may khi gia cong tren may CNC. Bo ieu khien nhan tn hieu ve chieu quay va
tnh hieu xung ien e ieu khien goc quay cu a ong c. ng vi moi tnh hieu xung ien, bo
ieu khien se a ra tnh hieu cng o hoac hieu ien the e lam cho ong c quay mot goc
nhat nh nao o (one step). Truc vt me ai oc bi se bien chuyen ong quay thanh chuyen ong
tnh tien cua cac truc.

Hnh 2.16. Dung ong c bc e truyen ong trong may CNC

Ve c ban ong c bc c chia lam 3 loai sau: ong c bc t tr thay oi (Variable-
reluctance), ong c bc nam cham vnh cu (Permanent-magnet ) va ong c bc ket hp
(hybrid stepper motor).

(a) C bc t tr thay oi (b) C bc nam cham vnh cu (c) C bc hybrid
Hnh 2.17

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ong c bc t tr thay oi ra i sm nhat, tuy nhien ngay nay khong c s dung rong rai
v o phan giai va cong suat khong cao. e nang cao cong xuat ta co the dung ong c bc
nam cham vnh cu. Tuy vay, loai ong c nay o phan giai cung khong cao (48-24 bc/vong).
ong c bc c dung rong rai nhat trong co ng nghiep hien nay la Hybrid stepping motor.
ong c bc hybrid co Roto t tr thay oi vi nam cham vnh cu gan trong cac ranh t cu a
no. T hybrid muon ch en s ket hp cua 2 nguon t trng: tr trng t cac cuon day Stato
va t trng cua nam cham vnh cu. Hybrid Stepping Motor thng c dung khi yeu cau cac
bc quay goc nho. ong c bc vi bc goc 1.8 o (200 bc/vong) la ong c tieu chuan
c dung nhieu nhat trong cong nghiep t ong hoa.
0
0
360 360
; 200 / ; 1.8 /
200
N step revolution step
N
= = = =
ieu khien ong c bc co the dung ieu khien ay bc (full step) hoac khong ay bc
(micro step).
a. ieu khien ay bc.
Bang viec ieu khien cng o dong ien cung cap lan lt cho tng cuon day tren Stato cua
ong c bc ta se co c cac v tr chnh xac tng ng cua Roto (nam cham). Toc o quay
cua ong c bc phu thuoc vao tan so xung ien cung cap cho cac cuon day. Trong trng
hp nay, o phan giai v tr cua truc vt dan ong c tnh nh sau.
N
l
u =
Vi: l (lead): bc ren (mm/vong hoac inch/vong)
b. ieu khien khong ay bc(vi bc).
Bang viec ieu khien cung cap cng o dong ien ong thi cho cac cuon day stato ta co
the nh v tr cu a Roto cac v tr trung gian giua cac cuon day tng ng, phng phap
ieu khien ong c bc theo cach nay c go i la ieu khien vi bc. ieu khien vi bc
thng c s dung khi yeu cau o phan gia i cao hn, do vay o chnh xac cao hn. Tuy
nhien viec ieu khien phc tap hn. Cac vi b c thng c s dung la 1/10, 1/16, 1/32,
1/125. Trong trng hp ieu khien vi bc o phan giai c tnh nh sau.
m N
l
u
.
=
; m: so vi bc trong mo t ay bc
Lu y: ay ch neu len nhng khai niem chung nhat ve ong c bc, viec nghien
cu ky cau cao, cach ieu khien cac loai ong c nay noi chung kha phc tap va se
c hoc trong cac mon hoc khac.
Mot so u iem cua ong c bc la.
Gia thanh re (Low cost )
Co the ieu khien mach h (Can work in an open loop , no feedback required)
Duy tr mo men rat tot (khong can thang, bien toc)
Mo men xoan cao toc o thap
Chi ph bao dng thap (khong co choi quet) (Low maintenance , brushless)
nh v chnh xac
Khong phai ieu chnh cac thong so ieu khien

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Nhc iem.
ong c lam viec khong eu, ac biet la to c o thap (ieu khien a y bc)
Tieu thu dong dien khong phu thuoc vao tai
kch c han che
lam viec viec on
Mo men giam theo toc o
khong co phan hoi nen co the xay ra cac sai so.

2.6.4/ ong c Servo.
S khac nhau c ban nhat cua ong c servo so vi ong c bc la ong c servo co mach ieu
khien kn (close loop control).Nh vay trong o ng c servo can phai co he thong phan hoi e
nhan biet cac thong so ve v tr, toc o mong muon. Co nhieu phng phap ieu khien vong kn
trong o phng phap dung bo ieu khien PID la c s dung rong rai nhat.
u iem c ban cua ong c servo so vi ong c bc la.
Mo men tren truc eu hn (High intermittent torque )
Toc o cao hn (High speeds )
Mach ieu khien toc o chnh xac va eu hn (Work well for velocity control)
Co nhieu kch c hn (Available in all sizes )
Lam viec em hn (Quiet)
o chnh xac cao hn
Nhc iem c ban cua ong c servo so vi ong c bc la.
at tien hn
Khong lam viec tot che o mach ieu khien h, yeu cau pha i co he thong phan hoi
Yeu cau phai ieu chnh cac thong so vong ieu khien.
Bao dng ton kem hn, ac biet la ong c DC servo
Hien nay a co ong c DC servo va AC servo. ong c DC servo ra i trc va a c s
dung rat rong rai. Nhng sau ray vi kha nang cua viec s dung cac Transistor vi cng o la m
viec ln , cac ong c AC servo a c che tao va c s dung ngay cang rong ra i.

Hnh 2.18. ong c servo nam cham vnh cu

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Hnh 2.19. Hnh cat cua ong c Servo
2.6.5/ He thong phan hoi

Cac loai c cau phan hoi
- Bien tr (potentionmeter)
- o goc quay (resolvers)
- Bo ma hoa (Encoder)
- May phat toc (Tachometers)
a. Bien tr (chiet ap): Co 2 loai c ban. Bien tr thang tuyen tnh (linear) va bien tr goc
(Rotary). Nguyen ly hoa t ong cua chiet ap c mo ta nh hnh 2.20.

Hnh 2.20-Chiet ap

26
Chiet ap kha pho bien v gia thanh re, khong ca n cac ieu khien x ly tn hieu ac biet. Nhng
chung b gii han ve o chnh xac, thng khoang 1% va hao mon c hoc.
b. Encoder
Encoder la cam bien xa c nh goc xoay tn hieu au ra la tnh hieu so. Theo cach nhan tnh hieu
ta co cac encoder sau: quang hoc (optical), ien dung (capacitive), t (magnetic), ban dan. Theo
nguyen ly xac nh v tr ta chia ra: Encoder tuye t oi va Encoder gia so.

Encoder tuyet oi (Absolute Encoder)
Encoder dang Absolute co ngo ra la tn hieu c ma hoa nh phan. Ben trong Encoder bao gom
mot da tron ben tren co khac cac vach trong suot va cac vach toi xen ke theo ng tron ong
tam. Tuy theo o phan giai cu a Encoder ma so ng tron ong tam o nhieu hay t.
Xet tren mot ng va ch tron, mot diode pha t quang se phat chum tia i xuyen qua cac
vach trong suot va b chan lai nhng vach toi. Ben kia mat a, song song vi diode phat la
mot diode thu co nhiem vu nh mot cam bien, ghi nhan cac tn hieu do diode phat a ti. Co
bao nhieu ng vach tron th co bay nhieu diode thu tn hieu.
Cac tn hieu oc c t diode thu se c a ra ngoai di dang tn hieu ien. Cac tn hie u
ien nay se co dang ma nh phan phan anh v tr cua truc quay Encoder. Thong thng e de
dang trong che tao ng i ta ma hoa cac vach trong suot va vach toi theo ma Gray v vay e ng
dung c trong cac he thong s dung ma Binary th ta phai co chng trnh chuyen oi t ma
Gray sang ma Binary. Mot u iem na cua ma Gray la moi v tr ke nhau th ch co mot bit
c thay oi, do o sai so ngo ra ch co the toi a la mot n v. Co n ma Binary th co the
gay sai so ln v khi thay oi v tr th co the ch co mot bit co trong so cao c thay oi con ca c
bit tren hang khac cha kp thay oi.

H2.24.Cau tao va nguyen ly hoat ong cu a Optical Absolute Encoder


27
Bang 2.2. ma Gray

Encoder loai Incremental:
- Encoder loai Incremental co t kenh ngo ra hn loai Absolute, v the cau tao cua no n
gian hn. Tren be mat da tron ben trong Encoder co hai ng tron ong tam. Moi
ng co cac vach trong suot va cac vach toi xen ke nhau. Cung nh loai Absolute
Encoder, diode phat quang se phat tn hieu i xuyen qua vach trong suot en diode thu.
Hai diode thu nay se chuyen oi thanh tn hieu ien va a ra ngoai.
- V tr cac vach trong suot cua hai ng lech nhau mot goc
0
90 va da vao goc lech
pha gia hai tn hieu ra la sm pha hay tre pha ma ta xac nh chieu quay la thuan hay
nghch.
- Nguyen ly hoat ong cua encoder nh sau
- ng tnh hieu ben ngoai (outer track) dung e xac nh v tr
- ng tnh hieu gi a (middle track) dung xac nh hng quay
- ng tn hieu trong (inner track) dung xac nh so vong.
- Bo em se em so xung (canh len hoac xuong) e xac nh v tr.

28

Hnh 2.23. Nguyen ly hoat ong cu a Incremental Encoder
Dang xung ngo ra :

B
A
A
B
Quay theo chieu thuan
Quay theo chieu nghch

29
c. Resover
La thiet b tao ra cac tnh hieu ien theo ham so v tr cu a goc quay. S o nguyen ly nh
hnh 2.26.

Hnh 2.26. Nguyen ly hoat ong cu a Resolver
Stato bao gom 2 cuon day, cuon E1 va cuon E2 at vuong goc nhau. Roto gan cuon day E3 c
cap ien bang hieu ien the bien oi hnh sin va quay tron. Tn hieu trong cuon day E3 b cam
ng bi tn hieu trong cuon day E1va E2. Khi quay cuon E3 se gay len s khuech ai tn hieu
cam ng va bien thien theo ham so goc quay. ng vi moi v tr se tao nen mot gia tr ket hp
khac nhau gia hieu ien the cuon E1 va cuon E2 nh hnh 2.27.

Hnh 2.27.

ien ap cuon E
1
la
1
sin( )
i
V V t = + , cuon E
2
la
2
cos( )
i
V V t = + .
V
i
= hieu ien the vao
= van toc goc
t = thi gian
= dch pha
Ta co the xac nh goc quay da vao tng cap gia tr cua V
E1
va V
E2
. ong thi cung co the xac
nh toc o quay d a va o tan so cua xung.
Tnh hieu ra cu a Resolver la tng t, ta thung phai bien thanh tnh hie u so e x ly.


30
d. Bo o van to c go c (Tachometer)
Bo o toc o goc quay o lng van toc goc cu a truc quay. Ta co the dung phat toc DC
(phat ta hieu ien the DC theo toc o quay) hoa c phat toc AC(phat ra hieu ien the AC). Ngoai
ra ta con dung phat toc xung (Frequency type tachometer,Ky thuat pho bien la gan nam cha m
tren truc quay. Khi nam cham di chuyen qua lo i cam bien co nh, dong ien c sinh ra. Moi
vong xoay cua truc ta o ra mot xung ien ap, x ly tnh hieu xung na y ta se biet c toc o
quay) . Hnh 2.28

Hnh 2.28 o van toc goc

31
2.7/ Chuyen ong noi suy

2.7.1/ Phng thc di chuyen dao
co 2 phng thc di chuyen dao trong ieu khie n so

+ Di chuyen iem ti iem (PTP)
+ Di chuyen theo bien dang (Contour)

a. Di chuyen iem ti iem
Theo phng thc nay, dao di chuyen theo cac hanh trnh thang ti v tr yeu cau. Chuyen ong
nay c s dung e di chuyen nhanh - nh v.
Co 3 che o di chuyen PTP (hnh 2.29):
+ Di chuyen hng truc ( axial path )
Dao c di chuyen tua n t theo cac truc : theo phng X, sau o theo phng Y, hoac ngc
lai
u iem: he ieu khien n gian, di chuyen theo cac truc oc lap
+ Di chuyen theo phng xien 45
0
:
Dao di chuyen theo phng xien 45
0
cho en khi at c mot trong hai thanh phan to a o ( X
hoac Y), sau o di chuyen theo mot truc e at c v tr yeu cau
+ Di chuyen trc tiep(linear path):
Dao di chuyen theo ha nh trnh ngan nha t ti iem ch.

Hnh 2.29. Cac phng phap di chuyen PTP
b. Di chuyen theo bien dang (contour)
Dao di chuyen theo bien dang yeu cau e th c hien quy trnh gia cong. Bien dang (contour)
bao gom chuoi cac ng cong(curve), tuy thuoc vao hnh dang cua cac ng cong trong khong
gian ta co the phan ra ng cong 2D, 2.1/2D, 3D, 4D, 5DHnh 2.30->2.33

32

Hnh 2.30. He thong tao bien dang 2D

Hnh 2.31. He thong tao bien dang 2.1/2 D

Hnh 2.32. He thong ta o bien dang 3 D
Ch tao ra cac ng cong trong ma t
phang xy, truc z c ieu khien oc
lap vi xy
Co the ieu khien ong
thi theo hai truc bat ky e
tao nen cac ng cong
trong ma t xy, yz, zx,
phng con lai thng la
phng tien dao
Co the ieu khien ong
thi theo 3truc e tao nen
cac ng cong trong
khong gian. Thng dung
e gia cong cac be mat
phc tap

33
Hnh.2.33. He thong ta o bien dang 4 D
Cac loai ng cong thng gap trong chuyen ong gia cong CNC la:
ng bac 1 (linear) : ng thang
ng bac 2 (conic) : cung tron, elip, parabol, hyperbol
ng bac 3 (cubic)
Cac ng bac cao hn . Thc hien: Cac ng cong bac cao c xap x bi chuoi phan t
hnh hoc c ban bi 3 nhom tren.
# Trong ieu khien so, cac di chuyen c ban na y c goi la chuyen o ng noi suy.

2.7.2/ Chuyen ong no i suy
+ ieu khien so s dung 5 che o noi suy:
- Noi suy ng thang, noi suy cung tron, noi suy ng xoan, noi suy parabol, noi suy bac 3
+ Bo noi suy:
La thiet b ien t ( oi vi he NC), la phan me m ( oi vi he CNC) co cac nhiem vu :
- Tm ra v tr trung gian cho phep hnh thanh mot bien dang cho trc trong mot gii han
dung sai xac nh trc
- Noi suy mot cach thch hp cac yeu to bie n dang oi hoi.
- Toc o a ra v tr trung gian phai phu hp vi toc o chay dao cho trc.
- i ti mot cach chnh xac cac iem ke t thuc chng trnh a a ra trc trong chng
trnh.
He thong CNC thc hien noi suy hai mc:
- Noi suy tho: xac nh toa o cac iem au va iem cuoi cua oan bien dang.
- Noi suy tinh: thc hien tiep noi suy tuyen tnh gia cac iem trung gian nay
Trong hau het cac may CNC thong thng ch s dung noi suy ng thang va noi suy vong
tron cac dang noi suy khac nh parabol, hyperbol hay bac cao hn khong thc hien v chung
hau nh khong co trong oi hoi thc te. Vi noi suy thang va no i suy vong, co the thc hien
c nhng kha nang sau:
Noi suy thang theo 2 trong n truc
Noi suy thang theo n trong n truc
Noi suy vong theo 2 trong n truc
Noi suy vong theo 2 trong n truc ong thi vi noi suy thang theo truc vuong goc ( noi suy
ng xoan oc)
Ngoai 3 truc ieu khien x, y,z con
them vao truc ieu khie n goc quay
cua ban may

34
2.7.3/ Phng phap noi suy:

e xac nh gia tr can ve v tr tren cac truc rie ng le, ngi ta ng dung cac phng phap noi
suy khac nhau.
Neu phan loai theo thuat toan s dung, ta co the phan bo noi suy theo 2 nhom:
- Nhom 1: cac thiet b lam viec theo nguye n tac ham anh gia va bo phan tch vi phan so
- Nhom 2: cac thiet b lam viec theo nguyen tac tch phan so
Neu phan loai theo phng phap thc hien, co 2 loai:
- S dung mach cng
- S dung chng trnh
a. Phng phap noi suy ng thang (linear interpolation)
+ Khai niem:
Dao c di chuyen t iem au t i iem cuoi hanh trnh theo chuoi oan thang. H.2.34
+ Thc hien:
Noi suy ng thang theo 2 hay 3 truc rat tho ng dung
+ Cac thong so yeu cau:
Toa o iem au, to a o iem cuoi
Toc o di chuyen tren moi truc
+ Kha nang:
Ve l thuyet, noi suy ng thang co the lap trnh quy ao cong bat k, nhng lng d lieu
can x l rat ln. S dung noi suy cung tron, parabol, ng xoan lam giam ang ke lng d
lieu can lap trnh.


35

Hnh 2.34. Noi suy ng thang
V du: Noi suy t iem A en iem E
S dung phng phap Phan tch vi phan so DDA ( Digital Differenttial Analyse)
Xet mot dao can chuyen ong t:
P
A
(iem khi xuat) en P
E
(iem ket thu c) theo mot ng thang vi mot toc o chay
dao
u xac nh. (hnh ve )

Goi L: oan ng t P
A
en P
E
.
Vay trong th i gian T = L/u cac oan ng thanh phan (x
E
-x
A
) va (y
E
-y
A
) phai c thc hien.
Toa o v tr cac iem trung gian c tnh theo ham thi gian:

Chia thi gian T thanh cac khoang t= T/N u nho, phep tch phan cho phep thay bi phep cong
so:

36

Vi moi bc cong, gia tr ve v tr lai tang them mot bc bang hang so. e am bao o chnh
xac cua bien dang noi suy, cac bc cong phai nho hn suat n v f cua truyen ong chay dao.
Thong thng f = 0,001 mm.

b. Noi suy cung tron
+ Khai niem:
Dao c di chuyen t iem au t i iem cuoi hanh trnh theo mot cung tron bi mot cau
lenh (block) n gian, thay the cho rat nhieu cau lenh noi suy ng tha ng. Hnh 2,35
+ Thc hien:
Noi suy ng tron theo 2 truc
+ Cac thong so yeu cau:
Toa o iem au, to a o iem cuoi, tam hoa c ban knh cung tron.
Toc o di chuyen tren moi truc
+ Kha nang:
Noi suy cung tron hay toan bo ng tron.
+ Phng phap thc hien:
Phng phap noi suy DDA cung c ng dung trong noi suy cung tron.

Hnh 2.35. Noi suy cung tron
vdu: Noi suy cung tron t P
A
en P
E
:

Noi suy vong
PA: iem khi xuat
PE: iem ch
P: iem thuoc ng cong
T: tg t PA en PE
t: tg t PA en P


37
T hnh ve:
Muon chay cat theo ng cong, nhng iem trung gian tren bien dang phai c xac nh t
bo noi suy trong moi quan he phu thuoc vao th i gian chay ca t.
Theo o:
x = Rcos
y = Rsin
vi = 2 t/T;
T: thi gian chay het toa n vong
th:

Lay tch phan theo thi gian, ta co toc o thanh phan tren tng truc rieng le:

=> dx = -(2 / T)y(t)dt; dy = -(2 / T)x(t)dt;
Vi o chnh xac u du ng, phep tch phan tren co the thay the bi phep cong cac gia so ng
dch chuyen. Do o:

c. Noi suy xoan oc (Helical Interpolation).
La phng phap noi suy ket hp gia noi suy ke t hp gia noi suy cung tron theo hai truc va noi
suy tuyen tnh theo truc th 3. (hnh 2.36)

38

Hnh 2.36. Noi suy xoan oc
d. Noi suy parabol (Parabolic Interpolation)
Dung iem khong thang hang e xap x ng cong co bien dang t do. Laoi noi suy nay thng
dung trong tao khuon mau khi ma cac ng cong bien dang t do(free shape) c yeu cau
thay v la cac ng cong co bien dang chnh xa c. Ta co the dung noi suy Parabol e tao cac
ng cong bac cao. So vi noi suy ng thang, noi suy parabol giam khoang 50 lan so cac
iem can lu tr. Hnh 2.37

Hnh 2.37. Noi suy Parabol
Ta co: x = x
v
+ Au
2
; y = y
v
+ 2Au
=> X
n+1
= x
n
+ (y
n
y
v
)Au + (Au)
Y
n+1
= y
n
+ 2Au

e. Noi suy ba c 3 (Cubic)
La phng phap xap x bien dang bang ng cong bac 3. phng phap nay thng c dung
tao cac be mat rat phc tap nh khuon vo xe hi, may bay

A
P
F
(Focus)
Pv
P
H
P
L
u
L
= y
L
/2A, u
H
= y
H
/2A
u = (u
H
/N -> u
L
/N
n = 1 : N
CONG NGHE GIA CONG CNC PHAY TIEN

40
Chng 3: C S LAP TRNH NC
------------------------------

3.1/ Mot so khai niem c ban.

3.1.1/ Chng trnh NC:
Bao gom chuoi ch th di chuyen dao, ch th ong ngat va phu tr can thiet e ieu khien may t
ong thc hien cong viec gia cong.

3.1.2/ Lap trnh NC:
Xac lap tien trnh di chuyen dung cu cung cac ch th lap trnh cu the va lu tr cac thong tin na y
tren thiet b mang tin di dang ma lenh phuc vu cho qua trnh oc d lieu t ong bi he ieu
khien

3.1.3/ nh dang cu a mot chng trnh NC:
nh dang pho bien nhat la nh dang a ch le nh (word address format). nh dang nay bao
gom cac ma lenh (commands) c truyen en he thong servo, rle, co ng tac e thc hien cac
tac vu gia cong. Cac ma lenh lien ket nhau tao thanh khoi lenh (Block). Bo ieu khien may se
thc hien cac thao tac ieu khien theo tng khoi lenh mot. Ket thuc mot khoi lenh se co dau ket
thuc khoi (EOB). Cau truc cua mot chng trnh CNC c minh hoa nh hnh 3.1.

Hnh 3.1. Cau truc chng trnh NC
a. a ch lenh:
La ch cai alphabet au lenh, ch th v tr lu tr d lieu so theo sau. Cac ch cai c dung
trong ma lenh c the hien tren bang3.1.

41

Bang 3.1. Cac ma lenh NC
Nhom lenh a ch Y ngha
So hieu chng trnh O So hieu chng trnh
So th t khoi lenh N So th t khoi lenh
Lenh G G Phng thc noi suy chuyen ong
Kch thc X,Y,Z Truc chuyen ong tnh tien chnh
U,V,W Truc chuyen ong tnh tien phu
A,B,C Truc quay chnh
I,J,K Toa o tam cung tron
R Ban knh cung tron
Toc o chay dao F Toc o chay dao
Toc o truc chnh S Toc o quay truc chnh
Chon dao T So hieu dao
Lenh phu M Lenh ong/ ngat (ON/OFF)
B ieu khien ban xoay
So hieu thanh ghi dch
chnh
D,H So hieu thanh ghi dch chnh
Dng tam thi P,X Thi gian dng tam thi
Lenh goi chng trnh P So hieu chng trnh con;
So lan lap lai chng trnh con
Tham so P,Q Tham so cua chu trnh

b. Cau Lenh ( Word):
La chuoi k t, so, ch th mot ai lng ieu khien nhat nh.
V du: N10 : so th t khoi lenh; G01 : noi suy ng thang; X2.0: to a o phng X; F300 toc o
chay dao; T07 : so hieu dao; M09 : nga t thiet b chat lam nguoi

c. Khoi lenh (Block) :
La chuoi cac lenh ay u e thc hien mot thu tuc di chuyen hoac mot tac vu hoa t ong cua
may. Khoi lenh c coi la n v c ban cu a chng trnh CNC. Cau truc ien hnh cua khoi
lenh nh sau:
N__ G__ X__ Y__ M__ S__ T__ EOB(;)
Th du:
N05 G21; :he met
N10 G90 G00 X0 Y0; : toa o tuyet oi, cha y dao nhanh en (0,0)

3.1.4/ Cau truc chng trnh CNC:
Cau truc tong quat cu a chng trnh CNC bao go m:
- au tap tin ( Tape start): k t (%) khai bao bat au tap tin chng trnh.
- Nhan tap tin (Leader section): Tieu e tap tin chng trnh.

42
- au chng trnh (Program start) : k t khai bao bat au chng trnh.
- Than chng trnh (Program section): Cac lenh gia cong
- Chu thch (Command section): ch dan hoa c chu thch cho ngi va n hanh
- Cuoi tap tin (Tape end): k t khai bao ket thuc tap tin chng trnh.

Co 2 loai chng trnh:
Chng trnh chnh (main program)
Chng trnh con (subprogram): La chng trnh phu c goi t chng trnh chnh, thng
dung khi trong chng trnh chnh co nhieu oan lap lai.

3.2. Phng thc lap trnh NC

3.2.1/ Lap trnh trc tiep:
Ngi lap trnh co the t bien soan chng trnh NC tren c s nhan dang hoan toan chnh xac
toa o chay dao. Thng s dung cho cac trng hp gia cong n gian. Truyen chng trnh NC
c lap vao he ieu khien may bang 2 phng phap (xem hnh 3.2):
- Nhap t cac thiet b ngoai: a mem, bang t, cong giao tiep
- Nhap t Panel ie u khien theo che o MDI (Manual Data Input)

Hnh 3.2. Phng phap lap trnh trc tiep.

3.2.2/ Lap trnh T ong:
Ngi lap trnh s dung ngon ng ho tr lap trnh hoac phan mem CAD/CAM nh cong cu tr
Khoi lenh 1
Khoi lenh 2
...
Goi chng trnh con
Khoi lenh n
Khoi lenh n+1

Khoi lenh 1
Khoi lenh 2
...
Tr ve chng trnh
chnh


43
giup e chuyen oi t ong d lieu hnh hoc va d lieu cong nghe thanh chng trnh NC. Co 3
phng phap lap trnh t ong:
- Lap trnh bang phan mem NC (NC Editor)
- Lap trnh bang ngon ng x l hnh hoc
- Lap trnh bang phan mem CAD/CAM

Hnh 3.3. Phng thc lap trnh t ong

3.2.3/ Lap trnh theo cong nghe Cad/Cam

Laphng phap lap trnh t ong co rat nhieu u viet. Phng phap lap trnh nay cho phep ta tao
nen c cac chng trnh gia cong nhng chi tiet ra t phc tap mo t cach de dang, chnh xac. Do
vay lap trnh theo cong nghe CAD/CAM ngay nay c s dung ra t rong rai trong cong nghe gia
cong CNC. Ve c ban, CAD/CAM bao gom 2 thanh phan.
CAD : xac lap hnh hoc chi tiet gia cong, tao nen mo hnh vat the can gia cong bao gom cac
iem, ng, be mat, khoi.
CAM : s dung d lieu hnh hoc c tao, e tao ng chay dao va th c hien chc nang quan l
va ieu khien san xua t nh lap trnh che tao, la p ke hoach san xuat, quan l chat lng, hoach
nh nguon lc san xua t

Quy trnh lap trnh NC theo cong nghe CAD/CAM gom cac bc c ban sau:
a.Thiet ke mau gia cong tren phan mem CAD
b.Xac lap tien trnh gia cong
c. La chon cong nghe gia cong NC (phng thc chay dao) cho tng bc gia cong
d. Xac lap thong so NC cho chc nang gia cong NC tng ng
e. Thc thi trnh x l oi vi chc nang gia cong NC e tao ng chay dao (toolpath
generation)
f. Thc thi trnh hau x l (post processing) bien dch d lieu chay dao thanh chng trnh NC


44
CHNG 4: CONG NGHE PHAY NC
---------------------

4.1. May phay CNC
4.1.1. Phan loai:
Viec phan loai may phay CNC ch mang tnh tng oi. Tuy thuoc vao tnh van nang, so dao co
the tch trong o tch dao (tool magazine) ta chia may phay CNC thanh cac loai c ban sau.

a. May phay CNC (CNC Milling machine)
May phay CNC thng dung e ch cac may phay co 1 hoac mot vai dao trong o tch dao, thong
thng o tch dao khong cha qua 12 dao va co dang mam xoay (Turet). Da vao cau truc may
ta phan may phay loa i nay lam 2 loai.
Loai th 1: spindle thang ng (vertical CNC milling machine), Hnh 4.1.a.
Loai th 2: spindle ngang (Horizontal CNC milling machine), Hnh 4.1b.

Hnh 4.1a. may phay CNC ng Hnh 4.1b. May phay CNC ngang

b. Trung tam phay CNC (CNC Milling Center)
La loai may phay CNC co tnh van nang cao hn, thong thng so dao co the tch trong o tch
dao t 12 en hang tram dao. O tch dao (Tool Magazine) thng co dang xch quay, dao c
thay t ong hoac dung Robot cap dao.Hnh 4.2


45

Hnh 4.2. Bo tch dao trong trung tam phay CNC

Tng t may phay CNC, trung tam phay co the la trung tam phay ng (vertical Milling
Center) hoac trung tam phay ngang (Horizontal Milling Center)

c. Trung tam phay-tien CNC (Milling-Turning Center)
La trung tam phay CNC tch hp va co kha nang lam viec nh may tien CNC. Loai may nay co
tnh van nang rat cao. Tuy nhien ket cau rat ph c tap, at tien.

Ngoai ra tuy vao kha na ng ieu khien theo cac truc ta con chia ra may phay CNC 2 truc,
2.1/2 truc, 3 truc, 4 truc va 5 truc.

4.1. 2. Quy nh cac truc tren may phay CNC
Nhng may cong cu thong thng co 3 truc chnh X,Y, Z co chieu nhat nh.Tuy nhien co may
4,5 truc. Them 3 truc quay xung quanh cac truc tng ng ky hieu la A, B hoac C. Tuy theo loai
may ma cac truc bo tr khac nhau va do o co chieu khac nhau. Phng chieu cua cac truc may
c xac nh theo quy tac ban tay phai. Hnh 4.3a mo ta phng phap xac nh phng chieu
cua cac truc X,Y, Z. Hnh 4.3b mo ta cach xac nh chieu quay dng quanh cac truc tng ng

Lu y: lap trnh, van ha nh tuan theo nguyen tac ch co dao di chuyen, con phoi (ban
may) co nh. Mac du thc te co the dao co nh con ban may chuyen o ng.


46
Ngon cai ch chieu dng truc X, ngon tro ch chieu dng truc va ngon gia ch chieu dng
truc Z

Hnh 4.3. Quy tac ban tay phai

4.1.3. Cac iem tham chieu tren may phay CNC ( Reference Zero Points )
Cac iem tham chieu tren may la cac iem c s hoac iem bat au c s dung e tnh toa o
cac iem khac. Ta con goi la iem khong (zero points). He ieu khien CNC dung 4 loai iem
tham chieu sau:
iem khong(zero) cu a may (Machine zero point )
iem rut dao tham chie u (Reference return point )
iem khong (zero) cu a chi tiet (Work zero point )
iem khong(zero) khi lap trnh (Program zero point )
Machine Zero Point
La goc toa o may. c cai a t bi nha che ta o va khong the sa o i. iem khong cua may
c at ten M va ky hieu nh hnh 4.4. Vi ma y tien, iem khong cua may thng at tai tam
mat au cua truc chnh. Vi may phay no thng at tai iem gii han cua cac truc.
Thong thng iem Zero cua may khong dung lam iem tham chieu e lap trnh. iem nay
thng c dung vao cac muc ch sau.
Cai a t ban au cho ma y (Initial setup of the machine)
Lam tham chieu cho cac iem tham chieu khac nh: reference return points, work zeros,
va program zeros.
Lam v tr an toan e thay dao.


47

Hnh 4.4. iem khong cua may
Reference Return Point
Reference return points la cac v tr ma ban ma y hoac truc chnh se tr ve o nham thc hien
mot tac vu nao o. ie m nay c a t ten R va c ky hieu nh Hnh 4.5. Mot so he ieu hanh
cho phep ch nh 4 iem rut dao tham chieu. Thong thng oi vi ma y phay iem khong cu a
may la iem tham chieu th nhat . iem tham chieu th 2,3,4 c ch nh bang viec cai at
cho bo ieu khien may. No co the c at tai bat ky iem thuan tien nao trong vung lam viec
cua may. Vi may tien iem tham chieu la ie m xa nhat trong vung la m viec.

Hnh 4.5. iem tham chieu cua may ( Reference return point)
V tr cua iem tham chieu th nhat c xac nh trc, chnh xac so vi iem khong cua may.
Do vay no co the c s dung cho viec ieu chnh, kiem tra(calibrating and regulating) he
thong o lng cua bang trt ban may va truc chnh.

48
iem tham chieu c dung ac biet trong 4 tnh huong sau:
Khi khi ong may, tat ca cac truc nen luon c a ve iem tham chieu e
kiem tra he thong o lng.
May can a lai ve iem tham chieu e thie t la p lai toa o chnh xac trong cac
tnh huong nh: ma t ie n, van hanh khong ung lam mat i d lieu hie n tai.
Khi thay dao.
Kh ket thuc chng trnh gia cong e Reset lai bo ieu khien.
Work Zero Point
La goc toa o cu a he toa o gan lien vi phoi. V tr nay c cai at bi ngi van hanh may
va c a t tai bat ky v tr thuan li nao o tren phoi. Work Zero Point c at ten la W va k
hieu nh hnh 4.6.

a. at tai be mat mam cap b. at tai mat au chi tie t tien

c. at tai goc chi tiet d. at tai tam chi tiet
Hnh 4.6. iem khong cua chi tiet.

49
Program Zero Points
La goc toa o cu a chng trnh gia cong. No dung e xac nh cac v tr trong chng trnh gia
cong. Do vay phai c ch nh trc khi thc thi chng trnh. Program Zero point c at
ten P va c ky hieu nh hnh ve. Program Zero point thng trung vi Work Zero point.
Tuy nhien no co the c at tai bat ky v tr thuan li nao khac nh Hnh 4.7

Hnh 4-7. iem Zero la p trnh
Ta co the nh ngha nhieu Program Zeros nham thuan li khi lap trnh gia cong cac chi tiet
phc tap. Trong trng hp nay iem khong au tien c goi la program zero tat ca cac ie m
khong sau o (c xac nh so vi Program Zeros) goi la iem khong cuc bo (local zero point).

Hnh 4.7. Local Zero Point
4.2. Dung cu phay CNC

He thong dung cu dung cho may CNC noi chung, cho may phay CNC no rieng bao gom cac
thanh phan sau: He thong thay dao t ong (Automatic Tool Changer: ATC), o ga dao (Tool
Holder), dung cu (cutting tool) nham am bao cac yeu cau sau:
- Ga c nhieu dao v i o chnh xac cao

50
- Thay dao t ong, nhanh
- Co the hoan oi gi a ca c dao.

4.2.1. He thong thay dao t ong.
Co nhiem vu lay dao t o cha dao, ga vao truc chnh va lay dao t truc chnh cat vao o cha
dao mot cach nhanh cho ng. O cha dao (Tool magazine) la he thong lu tr dao co the nhan bie t
c cac v tr va truy xuat t ong. Xem lai hnh 4.2

4.2.2. O ga dao.
O ga dao se giup thuan li cho viec thay oi nhieu dao vao chuc chnh may mot cach nhanh
chong, chnh xac. Cau tao o ga dao nh hnh 4.8

Hnh 4.8. O ga dao (Tool Holder)
au ga con (Tapered Shank )
au ga con dung lap O ga dao len truc chnh. Theo tieu chuan ANSI co 6 c o ga dao con c
ban sau: #30, #35, #40, #45, #50, va #60 may cang ln dung au ga con co so hieu cang ln. o
con tieu chuan la 3.5 in./ft ( he so 7:24).
Taper Shank No. Type of Machine

#60 May rat ln (Very large machines )
#50 May c trung (Medium size machines) (20 to 50 HPs)
#40 May c nho (Small size machines )
#30 May c rat nho (Very small machines)
Vanh o ga dao (Flange )
Dung e o ga dao co the c gap gi bi tay gap thay dao. Co 2loai c ban la V-flange and
BT-flange. V-falnges thng dung oi vi cac dao kch thc he inch, BT-flanges Thng
dung ga dao kch thc he met. BT-Flank c dung nhieu nhat va chau au.


51
V-Flange

BT-Flange

Num co nh o dao (Retention Knob )
Num co nh o dao dung e thanh kho a cua tru c chnh (locking drawbar ) keo o ga dao cho siet
chat vao truc chnh va tha no ra t ong. Xem hnh 4.9

Hnh 4.9. Ket cau bo phan ga dao len truc chnh
Adaptors (bo ga than dao)
Bo ga than dao c thiet ke vi nhieu kieu khac nhau nham ga c nhieu loai va nhieu c
dao khac nhau. Thong thng o ga dao c a t ten theo bo ga than dao tng ng. Thng gap
la: end mill holders (o ga dao phay ngon), face mill holders (o ga dao mat au), tap holders
SHANK
SIZE [in.]
A GAGE
LINE
B C D
V30 1.250 1.812 1.875 1/2-13
V40 1.750 2.500 2.687 5/8-11
V45 2.250 3.250 3.250 3/4-10
V50 2.750 3.875 4.000 1-8
MODEL D1 D2 t1 t2 L1 L2 L3 L d1 d2 G
BT20*
BT30 46 38 20 2 48.4 34 24 70.4 31.75 12.5 M12
BT40 63 53 25 2 65.4 70 30 92.4 44.45 17 M16
BT50 100 85 35 3 101.8 90 45 139.8 69.85 25 M24

52
(o ga taro), collet holders (o ga dung ong an hoi), boring bar holders (o ga thanh doa),
Morse taper holders, Jacob taper holders, va straight shank holders (o ga than dao tru).
Hnh 4.10 la s o phan chia cac loai o ga dao khac nhau theo bo ga tha n dao.

Hnh 4.10. Cac loai o ga dao

53
4.2.3. Dung cu phay
La bo phan trc tiep la m nhiem vu cat got. Dung cu dung trong cong nghe phay CNC noi chung
a dang hn so vi may cong cu truyen thong. Tuy thuoc vao tng yeu cau cu the ta s dung
cac loa i dung cu khac nhau. Ve c ban dung cu dung trong cong nghe phay CNC bao gom cac
loai sau.
a. Dung cu gia cong lo: Khoan, khoet, doa, ta ro.
b. Dao phay ngon (End mill): dao phay ngon au phang (flat End Mill), a u chom cau (Ball
End Mill), vat mep (Chamfer End Mill), Dao phay con (Tapper End Mill), Dao cung lun
(Corner End Mill), Dao qua cau (Dove Mill).
c. Dao phay mat au (Face Mill)
Tren hnh 4.11 la mot so loai dao thng gap. e hieu ro hn ve cac loai dao nay, xem lai mo n
cong nghe che tao may, nguyen ly cat.

Hnh 4.11. Mot so dung cu dung trong cong nghe phay

4.3. Cac quy trnh phay CNC ( CNC Milling Process).
Tren may phay CNC ta co the thc hien cac quy trnh sau:Phay kho a mat (Facing ), phay
bien dang bao quanh ( Profiling ), phay ht phan vat lieu ben trong, phay hoc (Pocketing
), phay ranh (Slot cutting ), gia cong lo (Hole machining ), gia cong mat 3D (3-D surface
machining). Cac Quy trnh nay c mo ta cu the cac bang4.1.

54
Bang 4.1 . Milling Processes

( Loai quy trnh) ( minh hoa )

55


56
4.4. Van hanh may phay CNC.

Cac may CNC khac nhau, thao tac van hanh se khac nhau. Muon hieu cu the va co the van hanh
thanh thao ngui van ha nh (operator) can phai tham khao cac tai lieu hng dan s dung van
hanh (Operators Manual) va phai co kinh nghiem. Trong phan nay, ch gii thieu chung ve cac
chc nang van hanh tre n cac may CNC. T cac kien thc chung nay se giup ban de dang hn
khi oc tac tai lieu hng dan van hanh may phay CNC.

4.4.1. Van hanh thu cong (manual operation)

a. Tr ve ie m tham chieu (reference position return, Zero return, Home Return).
Nh tren a gii thieu ve khai niem va cong dung cua iem tham chieu. che o van hanh
bang tay, e tr ve iem tham chieu ta nhan nut <Home Return> sau o chon tng truc e a
dao di chuyen nhanh ve iem tham chieu theo tng truc xac nh hoac co the di chuyen 3 truc
ong thi (ALL). Toc o di chuyen a c cai at trc phan tham so. Khi tr ve iem tham
chieu, en LED bat sang. Co the thay oi toc o di chuyen bang cach s dung chc nang Rapid
Traverse Override.

b. Jog feed:
La phng phap van ha nh bang tay nham di chuyen dao theo truc va chieu t chon. e thc
hien, ta chon chc nang <Jog feed> roi gi lien tuc phm truc muon di chuyen e di chuyen
dao en iem mong muon.Tng t, co the ieu chnh toc o di chuyen bang cach s dung ch c
nang Feed Rate Override. Chc nang Jog feed thng dung cho cac muc ch sau: canh chnh
dao, phoi, cai at toa o gia cong, di chuyen dao xa khoi phoi e thc hien mot tac vu nao o,
gia cong bang tay.

c. Incremental feed (Rapid move):
Khi che o nay, dao se di chuyen theo truc, chieu va khoang cach chon trc. Thc hien bang
cach chon chc nang Incremental Feed (Rapid move), noi chon phiem ch truc va chieu tng
ng, nhap vao khoang cach muon di chuyen.

d. Manual handle feed:
Chc nang nay dung e di chuyen dao theo truc va chieu t chon bang viec quay tay xoay tren
bo phan tao xung bang tay (Manual pulse generator). Luc nay xung tao ra c a trc tiep
vao ong c lam di chuyen cac truc may theo chieu mong muon. Ta co the ieu chnh viec tien
nhanh hay cham cu a cac truc bang viec ieu chnh che o di chuyen tren bo phan nay. Chon
chc nang nay thng e set toa o gia cong, canh chnh dao, a dao vao lai vung lam viec khi
vt c ...
Chc nang nay khong thong qua bo ieu khien cua may nen rat an toan khi van hanh.


57
4.4.2. Van hanh t ong
a. Memory operation:
Chng trnh c lu trong bo nh khi mot chng trnh bat k c chon. Khi nhan nut <cycle
start> tren bang ieu khien, may se t ong chay gia cong chi tiet theo chng trnh c chon.
Luc nay en cycle bat sang. Mot khi qua trnh memory operation c thc hien, cac qua trnh
sau ay se c thc thi:
Mot block t chng trnh c oc.
Block c giai ma.
Lenh tng ng c thc thi
Lenh trong block ke tiep c oc.

e thc hien ta chon che o <Auto> tren bang ieu khien, chon nut Program > Load (select)
program roi chon chng trnh muon chay e na p vao bo nh may CNC.

Lu y: khi v ly do nao o phai thoat khoi chng trnh dang gia cong nh: dao gay phai thay
dao mi, dng khan capSau khi a khac phuc s co ta muon tiep tuc gia cong phan con lai th
lam tng t nh tren, nhng nhan nut <Cycle Restart> , luc nay he ieu hanh yeu cau nhap
vao so cua khoi lenh ma ta muon tiep tuc. Luc nay dao se di chuyen nhanh en v tr trong khoi
lenh tren, cac lenh toc o truc chnh, thay dao van thc hien bnh th ng.

b. MDI operation (manual data input)
La che o ieu khien may bang cac lenh NC trong MDI mode, chng trnh c thc hien cung
cung nh dang nh memory operation nhng c thc hien bang MDI panel (chon nut
MDI tren bang ieu khien may). Chng trnh che o MDI khong dc lu vao may va se mat
i khi ta t nguon hoac khi chuyen qua che o kha c. MDI operation ch s dung cho nhng
chng trnh n gian va khong can lu tr hoa c dung chay th may, kiem tra toa o cai at,
thay dao, ca i to a o G92

c. DNC Operation:
Khi che o nay,may khong van hanh theo chng trnh trong bo nh ma oc trc tiep chng
trnh (thng t mot ma y tnh khac ket noi v i may CNC) thong qua bo nhap-xuat. Che o nay
s dung khi chng trnh qua ln khong the cha trong bo nh may CNC.

4.4.3. Van hanh kiem tra (test operation)

a. Feedrate Overirde:
ai lng tien dao (feedrate) trong chng trnh se c hieu chnh tang hoac giam theo phan
tram c la chon tre n nut Jog feed rate override . Thng s dung e chay kiem tra chng
trnh. oi khi trong chng trnh ta dung lng tien dao be e am bao an toan, khi gia cong ta
thay co the tang lng tien dao ma van am bao cac yeu cau th ta dung chc nang nay e tang
toc o tien dao.

58
Vd: khi F=100mm/min c xac nh trong chng trnh, neu ta chnh nu t Jog feed rate
override en so 50% th dao se di chuyen vi toc o 50mm/min

Chc nang nay con dung e thay toc o tien dao che o Jogfeed

b. Rapid Traverse Overirde:
Cung tng t nh chc nang Jog feed rate override nhng thng ch co 4 bc ( 0, 25%, 50%,
100%). Dung e giam toc o chay dao nhanh. Rapid traver se Overide s dung cho:
- G00
- Tr ve iem tham chieu t ong: G27, G28, G30
- Tr ve iem tham chieu bang tay (Manual Home Return).
- Che o Dry run

c. Dry Run:
Dao di chuyen vi toc o tien dao nhanh. Chc nang nay dung e kiem tra ng chay dao khi
chi tiet cha c ga at hoac ta chnh to a o cho dao chay pha tren chi tiet (khong cat). Dung
nut Rapid Traverse e thay oi toc o tien dao

d. Single Block:
Nhan nut <Single Block> e bat au che o nay (en single block bat sa ng) va nhan lai nut
single block (nha ra) e bo che o nay. che o nay khi chng trnh c thc thi, dao se
dng sau moi block. Chc nang nay giup ta kie m tra tng khoi lenh.

e. Block skip:
Chc nang nay se bo qua khong thc hien cac khoi lenh trong chng trnh c anh dau bang
ky t bo qua khoi lenh au khoi (thng la ky t \). Chc nang nay c kch hoat khi nut
Block skip c chon, luc nay en block single bat sang.

f. Optional Stop.
Dung ket hp vi lenh M01 trong chng trnh e dng chng trnh co chon la. Khi nut
Optional Stop c chon, chng trnh se dng khi gap cau lenh M01, neu Optional Stop khong
c chon, cho du co gap M01 chng trnh van khong dng. e tiep tuc chng gia cong ta
chon nut <Cycle Start>

4.4. 4. chc nang an toan (safety functions)
a. Emergency Stop:
Neu ban nhan Emergency Stop, may se lap tc ngng hoat ong. Emergency Stop ngat tc th
hoat ong cu a tat ca cac motor. Chng trnh c reset lai t au. Emergency Stop ch nen
dung khi gap cac s co rat nguy hiem can dng ngay moi ho at ong cu a may nh: chap mach,
va ap nguy hiem Sau khi dung Emergency Stop can pha i a may ve iem tham chieu .


59
b. Feed Hold :
Khi s dung nut nay, dao se ngng di chuyen (nhng spindle van quay), khi nha nut, dao tiep
tuc di chuyen va moi hoat ong cu a may se tiep tuc. Nut feed hold dung khi gap cac s co can
phai dng di chuyen tru c chnh nh: co nguy c va cham gia dao va phoi, gay dao

c. Over Travel:
Khi dao di chuyen vt qua c hanh trnh (stroke end) c xac nh bi nut gii han pham vi
(limit switch), dao se giam toc va ngng. Luc nay thong bao Over Travel hien th. Nguon ien
cung cap cho cac ong c truyen ong bi ngat.

Khac phuc: nhan nut Reset sau khi di chuyen ve lai pham vi an toan bang Manual Handle
Feed.

4.5. Thong so NC
Bao gom cac thong so ve dung cu (tool parameters) va cac thong so gia cong (machining
parameters):

4.5.1. Thong so dung cu:
a. So hieu dao:
La thong so ch th v tr cha dao tren bo phan tr dao. Vd: khoi lenh M06 T05: se thc hien
lay dao v tr so 5 tren bo phan tr dao gan vao truc chnh va gan dao hien tai tren truc chnh
vao v tr so 5 tren bo tch dao.

b. Thong so hnh hoc cua dao.
La cac thong so ve kch thc dao ca t nh: ng knh dao D, ban knh mui dao R, Chieu dai
dao, goc mui dao

c. Thong so bu tr dao.
e thuan tien cho viec lap trnh cung nh hieu chnh chng trnh, cac he ieu khien CNC co
chc nang lu tr gia tr bu tr chieu da i dao ( tool length offset), tc la khac biet gi a chieu dai
dao gia nh khi lap trnh va chieu dai dao khi gia cong thc te va bu tr ban knh (radius
Compensation). Cac thong so nay c cai at vao trong vung Offset cu a may CNC. Ta se noi
ro van e nay phan bu tr dao.

4.5.2. Thong so gia cong:
Thong so gia cong bao gom cac thong so c ban sau.

a. Toc o truc chnh ( spindle speed):
Xac lap toc o quay tru c chnh theo so nguyen vong/phut, trong chng trnh thong so nay c
ch nh bi lenh S. ta phai dung lenh M03, hoac M04 e kch hoat truc chnh trc khi dung
lenh S. Vd: M03 S1200: quay truc chnh thuan chieu kim ong ho 1200 vong/phut. Ta a biet

60
trong gia cong c kh to c o cat c xac nh theo n v m/ph. e tnh toc o quay truc chnh
t toc o cat ta dung co ng thc sau:
D
V
n
1000
=

e dng truc chnh ta dung lenh M05. Ta co the thay oi toc o truc chnh a ch dnh
trong chng trnh bang Spindle Overide

b. Toc o chay dao( Feedrate):
Xac lap toc o di chuyen dao khi gia cong. Co 2 loai chay dao:
- Chay dao trong mat phang ngang xy ( cutting feed rate).
- Toc o an dao theo phong z (plunge feed rate)
Trong chng trnh, toc o tien dao c ch nh bi lenh F.
V du: trong he met, cau lenh F100 co ngha la tien dao 100mm/ph

c. Lng d gia cong (Stock to leave):
Xac lap be day vat lieu c e lai cho cac b c gia cong tiep theo. Gia tr lng d khac nhau,
pham vi chay dao se khac nhau.

d. Mat phang tien dao ( rapid depth, feed plane) :
Thong so nay xac lap cao o Z dao can di chuyen ti vi toc o chay dao nhanh, trc khi bat
au gia cong. Cao o na y cung la chuan thoa t dao sau khi gia cong(clearance plane).

e. Bc cha y dao ngang ( stepover distance):
La khoang cach ng tam dao gi a hai ng chay dao ke can. Bc chay dao ngang phai nho
hn ng knh dao (40-75% ng knh dao).

f. Chieu sau cat ( Depth cut)
La chieu day lp kim loai c ht di sau moi ng chay dao.

g. Mat phang gia cong (tool plane):
Xac lap mat phang chay dao. Mat phang chay dao co the la: XY, XZ, YZ tng ng ma lenh
G17, G18, G19

h. Dch chnh dao (cutter compensation):
La s dch chnh tam dao so vi ng chay dao lap trnh. Xac lap dch chnh dao theo hai
phng thc:
- Dch chnh theo bo ieu khien CNC: c xac lap bi cac t lenh G41, G42, G40.
- Dch chnh bang cach tnh lai ng chay dao: Chng trnh gia cong khong bao ham cac
t lenh dch chnh G41, G42, G40.

i. Ti nguoi

61
Xac lap che o lam nguoi bang phun sng (M07), bang dung dch (M08),ta t che o lam nguo i
(M09).
Viec xac nh che o ca t got hp ly la cong viec rat phc tap va oi hoi rat nhieu kien
thc ve ly thuyet va kinh nghiem. Cac kien thc nay c trang b trong cac mon:CNCT
may, Nguyen ly ca tSau ay la bang che o cat trung bnh khi gia cong tho mot so vat
lieu dung dao thep gio (HSS).

Bang 4.2
Vat lieu
gia cong
Gang Nhom Thep
ng
knh dao
(mm)
Toc o cat
(m/ph)/ toc o
truc chnh
Lng
tien dao
(mm/ph)
Toc o cat
(m/ph)/ toc
o truc chnh
Lng
tien dao
(mm/ph)
Toc o cat
(m/ph)/ toc
o truc
chnh
Lng
tien dao
(mm/ph)
8 28/1100 115 126/5000 500 25/1000 100
10 28/900 110 129/4100 490 26/820 82
12 29/770 105 130/3450 470 26/690 82
14 29/660 100 132/3000 440 26/600 80
16 30/600 95 133/2650 420 27/530 76

- Khi gia cong bang dao hp kim toc o cat co the chon cao hn gap 2-3 la n.
- Gia cong tinh ta thng chon toc o cat cao hn, con lng tien dao cho n nho hn.

62
4.6. Cac lenh lap trnh c ban

4.6.1. Cac lenh di chuyen dao
Trong Cong Nghe phay CNC, thong thng co 3 phng thc di chuyen dao sau: chay dao nhanh
(G00), noi suy ng thang (G01), no i suy cung tron (G02,G03)

a. Cha y dao nhanh (G00) :
- La lenh Hnh thc (Modal)
- Lenh G00 ch th di chuyen dao theo hanh trnh thang, vi toc o chay dao nhanh.
- Cau truc G00 x_y_z_; Vd: G00 X100.Y100.
- Co 2 hnh thc chay dao nhanh: Chuyen ong trong mat phang XY va chuyen ong tien dao
theo phng Z, trong o lu y van e tien dao va thoat dao.
- Hanh trnh chay dao nhanh c thc hien tr c tiep theo ng thang ti iem ch th.
- Lenh G00 dung e dnh v nhanh dao ca t en v tr can thiet e thc hien gia cong tai o.

* Lu y: Khong s dung feedrate F khi chay dao nhanh.

Ap dung G00 : lap trnh chay dao nhanh trong khong gian XYZ:
T iem (-1.,-1.,0.5) ti iem (4.5,3.,2.)
T iem (20.,20.,50.) ti iem (67.,15.,4.5)

b. Chay dao noi suy ng thang (G01):
- Lenh hnh thc (Modal)
- Ch th di chuyen dao theo bien dang thang, v i toc o nh ngha b i ham Ff (feedrate), ti v
tr xac nh bi t kch thc X_ Y_Z_.
- Neu khong xac nh F, xem nh F=0 => khong di chuyen. Gia tr cua F c s dung cho en
khi co gia tr mi c xac lap.
- G01 c dung e gia cong theo cac ng thang
- Cau truc: G01 X_ Y_Z_ F_;
vd: G01 X100.Y100.F200.;
X12.Y2.5 ;

Ap dung G00,G01 : lap trnh chay dao
T goc toa o en iem A (2.,2.,0.5) -chay dao nhanh
Ti iem B(2.,10.,0.5); Ti iem C(14.0,10.0,0.5); Tr ve A. Chay dao toc o 200mm/phut

c. Cha y dao noi suy cung tron (G02,G03):
- Lenh hnh thc (Modal)
- Lenh G02,G03 ch th di chuyen dao theo bien dang cung tron vi toc o f c nh ngha bi
lenh F. G02 ng di chuyen thuan chieu kim ong ho, G03: ngc chieu kim ong ho.
Co the lap trnh noi suy cung tron theo 2 phng phap: phng phap I-J-K va Phng phap R.

63

Hnh 4.12. Noi suy cung tron

Cau lenh noi suy cung tron gom 4 thanh phan d lieu va co cau truc nh sau:

Bang tom tat:
D lieu Lenh Y ngha
1. Mat phang gia cong G17
G18
G19
Cung song song vi mp XY
Cung song song vi mp ZX
Cung song song vi mp YZ
2. Chieu chuyen ong G02
G03
Cung chieu kim ong ho CW
Ngc chieu kim ong ho CCW
3. Toa o iem cuoi X
P
; Y
P
;
Z
P
-Toa o iem cuoi theo he toa o gia cong (G90)
- Khoang cach iem cuoi so vi iem au (G91)
4. Toa o tam hoac ban
knh
Ii,Jj,Kk
Rr
- Khoang cach tam so vi iem au
- Ban knh cung tron

X
Y
Z
G19G02
G17G02
G18G02
X
Y
Z
G19G03
G17G03
G18G03

64
+ Phng phap IJK:
Tam cung tron c xac nh bi vec t (I,j,k) so vi iem au cung tron.Hnh 4.13

Hnh 4.13. Phng phap I,J,K
Ap dung : S dung phng phap IJK lap quy ao chay dao theo hnh ve sau:

+ Phng phap R:
Lap trnh theo ban knh cung tron, Bai toan xac nh tam co 2 nghiem:
Nghiem 1: (<180
0
) s dung R>0
Nghiem 2: (>180
0
) s dung R<0

Hnh 4.14. Phng phap R
Lu y: - khong the dung phng phap R e noi suy toan bo ng tron
- tuy theo he ieu khien ma ta viet lenh no i suy mot phan hay ca ng tron.

65

Th du: s dung phng phap R lap trnh ng chay dao theo cung tron.

Chng trnh gia cong co noi dung nh sau:
N50 G90 G00 X-2. Y1.;
N55 G01 X0Y0 F8.;
N60 Y4.0;
N65 G02 X2.Y6. R2.0;
N70 G01 X8.0;
N75 G02 X9.0Y2.268 R2.0;
N80 G01 X0Y0;
N85 G00 X-2.0Y-1.0;

d. Noi suy ng xoan oc:
e thc hien ng xoan oc, ta khai bao ay u t kch thc IP : XxYyZz trong lenh noi suy
cung tron. Dao thc hie n chuyen ong noi suy tren mat phang ch th va noi suy ng thang
theo truc th 3.

Bai tap ve cac lenh di chuyen dao.


66
4.6.2. Lenh toa o va kch thc

a. Khai ba o lenh kch thc s dung t kch thc (IP): X_; Y_; Z_, la lenh hnh thc.

b. Toa o tuyet oi va toa o tng oi (G90,G91):
La lenh hnh thc (modal)
ieu khien so s dung hai phng phap o to a o:
- Tuyet oi G90:(ABS: absolute).
Dao chuyen ong ti iem ch th xac nh ba ng gia tr tuyet oi so v i iem chuan
- Tng oi G91: (INC: incremental).
V tr hien tai cu a dao c xem la iem chua n cho chuyen ong ke tiep. Toa o iem ti tnh
t khoang cach iem trc o.
V du s dung ABS va INC:

Di chuyen t A en B: ABS G90G00 X60.0 Y60.0;
INC G91G00 X40.0 Y40.0;
Di chuyen t B en A: ABS G90 X20.0 Y20.0;
INC G91 X-40.0 Y-40.0;
Khi ta s dung cung luc 2 lenh G90 va G91, s khac biet the hien hnh 4.15:

Hnh 4.15. S khac nhau gia G91 va G90.

Ban chon ABS mode hay INC mode la phu thuoc vao s thuan tien khi lap trnh cho chnh
ban.

c. He Inch va he Met (G20, G21):
Lenh hnh thc (modal)
- G20: Chon he inch. Cung can nhac lai la trong he inch dung cac n v sau ay:

67
+ n v dai inch
+ lng tien dao: inch/vong hoac inch/phut
+ Toc o cat: feet/phut
- G21: a n v he met
+ n v dai mm
+ lng tien dao: mm/vong hoac mm/phut
+ Toc o cat: m/phut

Moi he ieu khien co he n v mac nh. Mo t so he ieu khien s dung he mac nh la he s
dung trc o.
Lu y:
Khai bao lenh nay phan au chng trnh.
Khong nen s dung ca hai lenh tren trong cung mot chng trnh.

d. Lenh he truc toa o
V tr cua dao se c xac nh d a tren he toa o. Co 3 loai he to a o c s dung tren may
CNC khi lap trnh:
(1) He to a o may (Machine coordinate system)
(2) He to a o gia cong (Workpiece coordinate system)
(3) He to a o cuc bo ( Local coordinate system)

+ He toa o ma y (Machine coordinate system)
- Nh ta a biet trong phan trc, moi may co mot iem xac nh la iem khong (zero point),
thng no la iem tham chieu th nhat. Cai at iem khong cua may c thc hien bi nha san
xuat. He to a o lay iem khong lam goc c goi la he to a o may
- He toa o may c thiet lap khi tr ve iem tham chieu, gi cho en khi tat may. Khi lap
trnh muon s dung he toa o may ta dung lenh (G53):
- La lenh mot lan (one shot, non-modal): ch ta c dung tren cau lenh.Le nh G53 khong anh
hng he toa o gia cong a c thiet lap.
- Cau truc G53 x_y_z_; vi: x_y_z_; tnh theo toa o tuyet oi.
- Trc khi s dung G53, moi phep bu phai b huy bo,
- G53 ch s dung vi G90

V du ve he toa o may

en v tr iem P1: G90 G53 G00 X-340.0Y-210.0;

68
en v tr iem P2: G90 G53 G00 X-570.0Y-340.0;

+ He toa o gia cong (work coordinate system)
La he toa o gan lien vi chi tiet gia cong. He toa o nay thng c s dung khi lap trnh gia
cong nen goi la he to a o gia cong. e xac nh he toa o gia cong co 2 cach sau.

(1) Dung lenh G92
- La Lenh hnh thc (modal)
- Cau truc: G92 XxYyZz;
x,y,z la to a o hien thi cua dao so vi he toa o can cai at.
- Muc ch :
* e cai a t he to a o gia cong.
* Bu tr s khac biet gia he to a o lap trnh va he toa o gia cong
v du.
G92 X50Y60

Hnh 4.16. V du ve G92
(2) Dung lenh G54-59:
Khi chng trnh yeu ca u s dung nhieu he toa o, viec thay oi gia tr toa o tr nen phc tap.
Phan ln cac he ieu khien CNC eu co kha na ng xac lap cung mot luc nhieu he toa o lam
viec
bang viec s dung lenh toa o G54-G59. Viec s dung G54-G59 co rat nhieu u iem so vi
G92 (se trnh bay sau), do vay khi lap trnh gia cong a so ta s dung G54-> G59 thay cho G92.
- La lenh hnh thc (modal)
- Xac nh cung luc c toi a 6 he to a o t G54 -> G59
V du: Ga 2 phoi tren le n ban may

Hai chi tiet tren co the c gia cong lien tuc vi 1 chng trnh:
O0001;
G90 G54 G00 X0Y0;
Lam viec vi chi tiet ch nhat
G90 G55 G00 X0Y0;
V tr hien tai cu a dung cu
Toa o gia cong can cai at 60
50

69
Lam viec vi chi tiet hnh elipse
M30;
Cai at G54 -> G59:
Neu trong chng trnh s dung G54-> G59, trc khi thc thi chng trnh ta phai cai at
v tr cu a G54-> G59 va o bo nh may. Trnh t cac bc cai at G54 nh sau.
- Ga a t chi tiet gia cong len ban may.
- nh tam chuan (x,y) cua chi tiet so vi iem khong cua he toa o may. Khi khong can
chnh xac ta co the di chuyen dao en v tr mong muon bang che o Jog Feed hoac
Manual Handle Feed roi quan sat bang ma t. Khi can chnh xac ta phai dung cac thiet b
do c kh hoac quang ho c e xac nh v tr to a o can cai at.

- a gia tr nay vao bo nh he ieu khien (man hnh work offset). e vao man hnh nay
thong thng ta chon Setting>Offset > WORK > G54 - G59 =>

- nh tam chuan (z) cu a chi tiet so vi iem kho ng cua he to a o may: di chuyen spindle
en v tr mong muon theo phng z. e am ba o o chnh xac ta khong cho dao tiep xuc
truc tiep vi phoi ma dung c o (Block gauge). Toa o z a vao man hnh offset se la
toa o hien tai tr i kch thc cua c o. hnh di, nh cua workpiece c ch nh
la Z=0.

- a gia tr Z1 nay va o bo nh he ieu khien (man hnh work offset)

70
Khi G54 c ch nh, chng trnh se s dung tam cu a workpiece lam iem chuan gia
cong.
Vd:
O0001;
G90 G54 G00 X0Y0;

..
M30;

Khi lap trnh, phai nh xac nh l a chon G54-G59. Mot so he ieu khien mac nh
G54.

So sanh gia G92 va G54 - 59

G92 G54-59
Cach cai at Bang chng trnh
Bang che o MDI
Bang man hnh work offset screen
u n gian, de ca i a t
Thch hp vi he ieu hanh cu
Khong mat khi ngat nguon ien
Co the s dung vi he tao o cuc bo G52
Nhc iem Se mat khi ngat ien hoac tr
ve iem tham chieu

+ He Toa o cuc bo G52 (modal)
e tien li khi lap trnh oi khi ta can phai di toa o lam viec en v tr nao o, trong trng
hp nay ta dung lenh d i truc toa o G52, he toa o gia cong khi c di en toa o mi go i la
he toa o cuc bo.
Lu y: Gia tr to a o gia cong G54, G55 khong thay oi khi dung G52 ma ch tam thi di en
v tr mi.
Cau lenh : (G54, G55,) G52 x_y_z_
Bo G52 bang cau lenh sau: G52x0y0z0.
Vdu.
G54
60
50
G54G90

(G54) G52 X60Y50; (sau cau lenh nay
G54 tam thi di t P1-> P2)
..
(Gia cong theo to a o P2)
G00x0y0 (a dao ve goc P2)
G52 X0Y0 (chuyen G54 ve lai P1)
G00x0y0 (a dao ve la i goc P1)

71
4.6.3. Mat phang gia cong (G17,G18,G19): La lenh Modal

Co 3 mat phang gia cong chnh:XY,ZX,YZ
G17: mat phang XY c nhn t chieu Z
+
en Z
-

Hnh 4.18. Mat phang G17 va quy nh chieu
G18: mat phang ZX c nhn t chieu Y
+
en Y
-

Hnh.4.19. Mat phang gia cong G18
G19: mat phang YZ c nhn t chieu X
+
en X
-

Hnh 4.20. Mat phang gia cong G19
Y
Y
X
Z
X
Z

72
4.6.4. Lenh tr ve iem tham chieu (G28,G29,G30):

Ngoai thao tac tr ve iem tham chieu bang tay, trong chng trnh khi can thiet (thay dao, ke t
thuc chng trnh) ta co the dung G28, G29 hoac G30. G28,G29,G30 la lenh thc hien trong
mot cau lenh (One shot)

* G28: Lenh G28 ch th chay dao nhanh t ie m hien thi ti iem trung gian va sau o tr ve
iemtham chieu th nha t.
- Tr ve iem tham chie u theo 1 truc: G28 Zz;
- Tr ve iem tham chie u theo hai truc: G28 XxYy;
- Tr ve iem tham chie u theo 3 truc: G28 XxYyZz;
iem trung gian chon bat k. Thng la mot ie m an toan nao o.

Hnh 4.21. Lenh tr ve iem tham chieu
Lu y: G28 thng s dung vi mode G91
G28 lam dao di chuyen nhanh ba t chap che o trc o.
Vd: G91 G28 Z0 :rut tha ng dao ve iem tham chieu theo phng z; G91 G28 X0Y0 : tr ve
iem tham chieu theo phng XY.
* G29: Lenh G29 ch th thc hien chay dao nhanh t iem goc may ti iem trung gian va sau
o en iem X_Y_Z_.
- Cau truc G29 X_Y_Z_.;
- G29 s dung iem trung gian a c nh ngha bi G28, do o G29 s dung sau G28.
Th du:

N45 G01 X2.0Y2.0;
N50 G90 G28 X2.0Y10.5;
N55 T2M6;
N70 G29 X1.0Y3.0;
...
+ G30:
Dung e tr ve iem tham chieu th 2,3,4


73
Cau truc G30 Pp X_Y_Z_.;;
Khi Pp = 2 -> tr ve iem tham chieu th 2;
Tng t cho Pp =3 hay Pp =4;
X_Y_Z_.;: ch iem trung gian
v du: rut dao thang ve iem tham chieu th 2
G91G30P2x0y0z0.

4.6.5. Lenh chon va thay dao

* Lenh: TxM06:
- Tx : nh ngha dao so hieu x can thay. Vd: T1 (chon dao so 1)
- M06: lenh thay dao
- Phan ln cac may CNC yeu cau thoat dao theo phng Z trc khi thay dao;
- Lenh T chon dao nhng khong thay dao, do o phai dung vi lenh M06.
- Can bu tr chieu dai dao do moi dao co chieu dai khac nhau.

4.6.6. Lenh tam dng chng trnh (M00, M01)
- M00: khi dung M00, chng trnh se tam dng cho en khi nut <Circle Start> c nhan.
- M01: khi dung M01, chng trnh se tam dng chi khi nut Optional Stop c chon.

4.6.7. Lenh ket thuc chng trnh (M02, M30).

- M30: Ket thuc chng trnh va quay la i au chng trnh( thng dung)
- M02: Ket thuc chng trnh nhng khong quay lai au chng trnh

4.6.8. Lenh cung cap chat lam nguoi (M07, M08, M09):

- M07: khi ong t i nguoi (Flood); M08: Khi ong che o phun sng (Misty)
- M09: Tat che o t i nguoi

4.6.9. Lenh tam dng di chuyen truc chnh G04Pp

Dung e tam thi dng di chuyen truc chnh trong khoang thi gian p micro giay.
Vd:
G01z-5F100
G04p200
G01z10

4.6.10. Lenh lap lai mot khoi lenh L
L
Lenh nay dung e lap lai mot khoi lenh L lan. V du: G91G01X100F100G04P200L3


74
4.7. Bu tr trong cong nghe phay (Tool Compensation)

4.7.1. Bu tr ban knh
+ The nao la bu tr ba n knh?
ieu khien so yeu cau lap trnh theo to a o tam dao (tool center coordinate) nhng khi gia cong
chi tiet s dung iem bien dao ca t. do vay neu lap trnh theo kch thc tren ban ve th phai
dch chnh dao i mot oan bang ban knh dao. Phep dch chnh tren goi la bu tr ban knh
(radius compensation).
Lap trnh bu tr ban knh c thc hien bi lenh G41, G42.Huy bu tr dung lenh G40.

+ ng dung cua bu tr ban knh.
- Dao gia cong khac dao lap trnh. Thay v vie t lai chng trnh, ngi van hanh ch can thay oi
gia tr bu tr.
- Phai thay dao gay va khong co dao tng t nh a lap trnh.
- S thay oi kch thc do dao b mon, hoac mai va sa lai.
- Thc hien gia cong tho va tinh cho cung mot chng trnh.

+ Cach dung G41,G42, G40.

+ Cau truc lenh G41, G42, G40:


75
Lu y:
- Phai xac nh mat pha ng gia cong trc khi thc hien bu
- Lenh khi ong bu tr G41,G42 va ket thuc bu tr G40 phai dung v i lenh G00,G01. khong
dung vi G02,G03.
- Lng bu tr c xac nh bi a ch D va c cai vao bo nh may (offset) trc khi s
dung

+ Down cut (thuan) va Up cut (nghch):
Khi thc hien bu tr, tuy theo hng bu tr va tuy theo chieu chay dao ma co the gay ra up cut
hoac down cut. Hnh 4.22

Hnh 4.22. Up cut va Downcut

Vi may cong cu, thng ta s dung up cut nha m tang tuoi tho dao, giam va ap. Tuy
nhien down cut t gay ra hien tng trt nen nang suat va o bong cao hn thng dung
gia cong tinh va gia cong vat lieu mem.

+ V du:
Dao di chuyen t iem 0,theo chieu CW
bu dao ra ngoai (down cut), roi tr ve
iem 0 vi F100.
O0002;
N1 G90G54G17G00X0Y0S1000M03;
N2 G41 X20.0Y10.0D01;
N3 G01 Y50.0 F100.0;
N4 X50.0;
N5 Y20.0;
N6 X10.0;
N7 G40 G00 X0Y0 M05;
N8 M30;.
10
10
20
30
40
50
20 30 40 50
Y
10
10
20
30
40
50
20 30 40 50
Y
10
10
20
30
40
50
20 30 40 50
Y

Down cut
Up cut
b
a
d
c

76
-> Khi N3 c thc hien, cac ng a,b, c, d c tnh dch so vi ng lap trnh mot kng
bu.
+ Che o bu tr (Offset mode:)
- che o bu tr, sau khi khi ong bu tr, o bu se ap dung cho G01, G02, G03, va G00.
- Thong thng, hai block ke tiep se c oc nham xac nh vec t bu tr tc thi.
- Lng bu tr c tnh theo phng vuong goc vi ng di chuyen cua dung cu.

+ Cat lem khi bu tr (Overcutting:)
Overcutting xay ra khi may khong hieu hng di chuyen tiep theo.Thng la khi oc 2 cau lenh
tiep theo ma khong co lenh nao lien quan en chuyen ong cua dung cu trong ma t phang gia
cong. Trong trng hp nay mot so he ieu hanh se bao loi ve bu tr. Mot so he ieu hanh khac
van thc hien, nhng lng bu tr se c tnh theo phng vuong goc vi lenh di chuyen trc
o. ieu nay thng ga y ra Overcuting (hnh 4.23)
O0002;
N1 G90G54G17G00X0Y01000M03;
N2 Z100.0;
N3 G41 X20.0Y10.0D01;
N4 Z2.0;
N5 G01 Z-10.0 F100.0;
N6 Y50.0 F200;
N7 X50.0;
N8 Y20.0;
N9 X10.0;
N10 G00 Z100.0;
N11 G40 X0Y0 M05;
N12 M30;.

+Ngan nga Overcutting:
e ngan nga Overcutting khi lap trnh ta tranh trng hp trong 2 khoi lenh lien tiep nhau
khong cha lenh ve di chuyen dao trong mat phang gia cong. Sau ay la v du ve cac bien phap
ngan ng a Overcutting cho v du tren
O0002;
N1 G90 G54 G17 G00 X0Y0 S1000 M03;
N2 Z100.0;
N3 X20.0;
N4 Z5.0;
N5 G01 Z-10.0 F200;
N6 G41 Y10.0 D01 ;
N7 Y50.0 F100.0;
N8 X50.0;
N9 Y20.0;
N10 X10.0;

Hnh 4.23. Overcuting

77
N11 G00 Z100.0;
N12 G40 X0Y0 M05;
N13 M30;.
Hoac.

O0002;
N1 G90 G54 G17 G00 X0Y0 S1000 M03;
N2 Z100.0;
N3 G41 X20.0Y10.0 D01;
N4 Z-10.0; --------------------------V tr an toan (G00)
N5 G01 Y50.0 F100;
N8 X50.0;
N9 Y20.0;
N10 X10.0;
N11 G00 Z100.0;
N12 G40 X0Y0 M05;
N13 M30;.

4.7.2. Bu tr chieu dai dao

+ The nao la bu tr chieu dai dao?
La phep hieu chnh theo phng truc z e kh s khac biet gi a chieu da i dao thc te va chieu
dai dao lap trnh.Hnh 4.24

Hnh 4.24. Bu tr chieu dai

+ ng dung cua bu tr chieu dai dao.
- Dung nhieu dao trong mot chng trnh, ta cai at toa o gia cong (G54) cho mot dao nao o,
cac dao con lai phai dung bu tr chieu da i.
- Cat nhieu lp khac nhau vi cung mot chng trnh. Luc nay ta dung lng bu tr dao e nh
chieu sau cat cho cac l p.


78
+ Lenh s dung bu tr chieu dai (modal):
G43: bu tr dng. Khi s dung G43, gia tr bu tr xac nh bi ma H_ se c cong vao gia tr
toa o ch nh bi cau lenh trong chng trnh.Tc la dao c nang len theo chieu dng mot
oan xac nh bi H_. vay G43 dung khi dao thc te dai hn dao lap trnh(dao cai at to a o).
V du:
Khi H1 set 20.0; H2 set 30.0
Cau lenh:
G90 G43 Z100.0 H1 ; Z se di chuyen en 120.0
G44: bu tr theo chieu a m
Khi s dung G44, gia tr bu tr xac nh b i ma H se b tr bi gia tr to a o ch nh bi cau
lenh trong chng trnh. Tc la dao c ha thap theo chieu am mot oa n xac nh bi H_. vay
G44 dung khi dao thc te ngan hn dao lap trnh(dao cai at to a o).
V du:
H1 set 20.0; H2 set 30.0
G49 :huy bu tr chieu dai
Tuy nhien ta cung co the s dung H00 e huy bu chieu dai. H00 luon co y ngha la 0.

Lu y: ta co the dung G43 vi lng bu tr am, e thay cho G44 (thng dung trong lap trnh
bang CAD/CAM)

4.7.3. Cai at lng bu tr.

e cai at lng bu tr vao bo nh cua may, ta chon che o <Offset> Sau o chon tiep <Tool
Offset> hoac <Compensation> Luc nay ta vao man hnh Offset. Khai ba o lng bu tr vao cac
vung offset mong muon. Hnh 4.25

Hnh 4.25. Tool Offset Screen
Offset No Radius (D) Length(H)
01 10.000 5.000
02 5.000 0.000
03 0.000 0.000
04 0.000 0.000

99 0.000 0.000

79
4.8. Chu trnh phay

4.8.1. Khai niem:
- Chu trnh phay nham thc hien quy trnh gia cong co tnh lap lai va c s dung thng xuyen
nh khoan, doa, khoet, taro
- Khai bao quy trnh gia cong bi mot cau lenh, lenh chu trnh han che viec nhap to a o, tiet
kiem c thi gian lap trnh, kch thc chng trnh, han che loi.
- Chu trnh phay c chia lam 2 loai: Chu trnh phay c ban va chu trnh phay ac biet. Cac chu
trnh nay c nha san xuat he ieu khien cai at trc tiep tren he thong.
- Chu trnh phay c ban khong khac biet gi a ca c he ieu khien, nhng chu trnh gia cong ac
biet co the khac nhau.

4.8.2. Chu trnh phay c ban

Chu trnh phay c ban c thc hien bi nhom lenh t G80-G89 e nh ngha 10 chu trnh gia
cong lo c mo ta ba ng sau:

Bang 4.3
Lenh Chc nang Di chuyen Z- Tac vu tai ay lo Di chuyen Z+
G80
Cycle Cancel
Thoat chu
trnh

G81
Drilling
Khoan Chuyen ong cat Thoat dao nhanh
G82
Counterboring
Doa (Khoan) Chuyen ong cat Xoay Thoat dao nhanh
G83
Deep hole drilling
Khoan lo sau Chuyen ong cat
khong lien tuc
Thoat dao nhanh
G84
Tapping
Ta Ro Chuyen ong cat ao chieu quay Thoat dao vi toc
o cat
G85
Bore in-Bore out
Doa tinh Chuyen ong cat Chuyen ong cat
G86
Boring
Doa tho Chuyen ong cat Ngng quay Rut dao nhanh
G87
Back-Boring
Khoet Tien dao nhanh Dch chuyen
ngang, quay thuan
Chuyen ong cat
G88
Boring
Doa Chuyen ong cat Xoay, ngng quay Thoat dao nhanh
G89
Bore in-out with
dwell
Doa tinh Chuyen ong cat Xoay Chuyen ong cat


80
+ Cau truc chu trnh phay c ban

Hnh 4.26. Cau tru c chu trnh phay c ban

+ Cau lenh chu trnh c ban
G8x Xx Yy Zz Rr Pp Qq Ff L_;
G8_ : lenh chu trnh; Xx Yy : v tr tam lo; Zz : chieu sau ay lo ; Rr : cao o tham chieu
Pp: thi gian xoay tai a y lo(Micro giay); Qq: chieu sau moi bc gia cong
Ff: toc o chay dao ; L_: so lan lap lai chu trnh

+ Chuan o chieu sau lo trong chu trnh phay.

Hnh 4.27. Chuan o chieu sau lo

+ Che o thoat dao
Tuy thuoc vao tng trng hp cu the, sau moi chu trnh gia cong lo ta co the chon che o rut
dao ve cao o xuat phat (G98) hoac ch rut dao ve cao o tham chieu (G99). Xem hnh 4.28

81

Hnh 4.28. Che o thoat dao khi dung chu trnh gia cong lo.

+ Chu trnh G80:
Lenh nay nham chc nang huy bo cac chu trnh phay ang thc hien. Lenh G00, G01 cung co
chc nang huy bo che o chu trnh phay.

+ Chu trnh G81-Khoan (spot drill):

Hnh 4.29: Chu trnh khoan G81

Chu trnh nay c s dung e khoan lo thong thng, gom 4 bc:
- Chuyen ong nh v ti toa o tam lo
- Tien dao nhanh theo phng Z xuong cao o R
- Khoan lo t cao o R ti cao o Z
- Thoat dao ve cao o R (G99) hoac cao o xuat phat (G98)

82

Trc khi khai bao G81 can s dung lenh M e nh ngha chieu quay truc chnh.
V du: Dung G81 e khoan cac lo nh hnh di ay.

+ Chu trnh G82 (doa) : Counter Bore
Nguyen cong doa thng s dung sau nguyen cong khoan e m rong va tang o chnh xac gia
cong lo. Ve cau truc, G82 tng t G81, tuy nhien co them bc xoay tai ay lo trong khoang
thi gian P (micro giay)..
V du:
Thay cau lenh G81 chng trnh tren bang lenh doa nh sau:
N25 G99 G82 X3.0Y3.0Z-0.75 R0.2 P1000 F5.0;
Thi gian xoay ta i ay lo la 1 giay (P1000).

+ Chu trnh G83 (khoan lo sau) : Peck Drilling
Khi khoan lo chieu sau ln hn ng knh lo 3 lan, ta s dung G83 bi nhieu bc an dao va
thoat dao xen ke e thoat phoi. Xem hnh 4.30.
Chu trnh thc hien go m cac bc sau:
1- Chay dao nhanh ti toa o tam lo
2- Tien dao nhanh theo phng Z xuong cao o R
3- An dao xuong chieu sau Q
4- Thoat dao ve cao o R e thoat phoi.
5- Chay dao nhanh ti chieu sau cach chieu sau cat trc o khoang d, a n dao xuong chieu sau
Q+d.
6- Lap lai bc 4,5 cho ti khi at chieu sau ay lo.
7- Thoat dao ve cao o R(G99) hoac chieu cao xuat phat (G98).
d: c cai mac nh theo chuan 0.1mm (co the hieu chnh)
Chng trnh nh sau:
O005
N05 G20G90 G54 G80 G40;
N10 T01 M06;
N15 S750 M03;
N20 G00 X0Y0Z1.0;
N25 G99 G81 X3.0Y3.0 Z-0.75 R0.2
F7.5;
N30 X5.0;
N35 X7.0;
N40 Y6.0;
N45 X5.0;
N50 G98X3.0;
N55 G80 G91 G28 Z0;
N60 M05;
N65 G91 G28 X0Y0;
N70 M30;

83

Hnh 4.30. Chu trnh khoan lo sau G83

+ Chu trnh G84 (taro)
- Cau truc lenh: G99/G98 G84 X_ Y_ R_ Z_P_ F_L_;
Mui taro ban au tien xuong,spindle quay vi chieu CW, khi at o sau yeu cau, chieu spindle
ao CCW. Khi mui taro rut len cao iem R, spindle quay CW.
Trong khi thc hien lenh taro, chc nang Feedrate Override, Feed Hold khong tac dung.

Hnh 4.31. Chu trnh Taro ren phai G84
Vd:
M03S100;
G90 G99 G84 X300.0Y-250.0Z-150.0R-120.0P300F120.0;
Y-550.0;
G98 Y-750.0;
G80 G28 G91 X0Y0Z0;
M05;
V du:
M3 S2000; /Khoi ong spindle
G90 G99 G83 X300.0 Y-250.0
Z-150.0 R-100.0 Q15.0 F120;
(khoan lo 1, tr ve ie m R)
Y-550.0; (khoan lo 2)
Y-750.0; (khoan lo 3)
X1000.0; (khoan lo 4)
Y-550.0; (khoan lo 5)
G98 Y-750.0; (khoan lo 6, tr
ve iem xuat phat)
G80 G28 G91 X0Y0Z0;
M5;

84

+ Chu Trnh Doa tinh G85 (bore in, bore out canned cycle).
- Cau lenh: G99/G98 G85 X_ Y_ R_ Z_ F_L_;
- Dao chuyen ong nhanh en mat phang tham chieu, roi chuyen ong cat vi toc o F en
chieu sau yeu cau, sau o chuyen ong len cung vi toc o F en cao o tham chieu hoac cao
o xuat phat.

Hnh 4.32. Chu trnh doa tinh G85

+ Chu trnh doa tho G86.
- Dao di chuyen nhanh e n cao o tham chieu, roi chuyen ong cat en chieu sau cat Z,
dng quay truc chnh va rut dao nhanh en cao o tham chieu R hoac hoac cao o xuat
phat.

Hnh 4.33. Chu trnh doa tho G86

85
+ G87: Bore in, Manual Retract(Doa ru t dao bang tay)
- Dao chuyen ong nhanh en cao o tham chieu R, chuyen ong cat en chieu sau cat Z.
sau o truc chnh ngng quay va ngng di chuye n. Ta dung che o di chuyen bang tay e
thc hien bat ky tac vu can thiet nao. Sau o tie p tuc qua trnh gia cong, dao se rut ve
cao o tham chieu hoac xuat phat.

Hnh 4.34. Chu trnh doa G87

+ G88: Bore in-Dwell-Manual Retract
- Cau lenh: G99/G98 G88 X_ Y_ R_ Z_P_ F_L_;
- tng t G87 nhng co them tac vu xoay tai ay lo trongkhoang thi gian P_.


86
+ Chu trnh doa G89.
- tng t G85 nhng co them tac vu xoay tai ay lo trongkhoang thi gian P_.


4.8.2. Chu trnh phay ac biet

Cac chu trnh gia cong ac biet la san pham rieng cua nha san xuat he ieu khien. ay gii
thieu mot so chu trnh c cac hang Fanuc, Mitsubishi va Bridgeport s dung.

+ G73 (High Speed Peck Drilling) : khoan lo sa u vi toc o nhanh
- Cau lenh: G99/G98 G73 X_ Y_ Z_ R_P_ F_L_;
Tng t nh G83, gom cac bc an dao va thoa t dao xen ke e thoat phoi. Tuy nhien, G73 ch
thoat dao len mot khoang d (do ngi s dung cai at, thng la 0.1mm). Hanh trnh thoa t dao
ngan co tac dung be ga y phoi (Break chip), lam phoi thoat de dang, tang tuoi tho dao, tang nang
suat gia cong.

Hnh 4.37. Chu trnh khoan lo sau toc o nhanh G73

87
+ G74: Taro ren trai
- tng t G84 nhng chieu quay ngc lai.

Hnh 4.38. Chu trnh Taro ren trai G74.

+ Chu trnh doa tinh co dch dao G76.
- Cau lenh: G99/G98 G76 X_ Y_ R_ Z_Q_{or I_J_}_ F_L_;
- Sau khi chuyen ong ca t en ay lo, truc chnh luon dng mot goc nha t nh. Sau o
dch dao theo hng nguc vi mui dao mot oa n la Q.sau o rut dao ve cao o tham
chieu hoac cao o xuat phat ro i dch dao ngc lai mot lng la Q(ve la i tam lo ).Hng
dch dao la X+, X-, Y+ hay Y- phai c ca i a t trc vao bo ieu khie n may. Thay v
dung Q ta co the dung I,J e xac nh vect dch chuyen bat ky.

Hnh 4.39. Chu trnh doa tinh G76.

88
+ Chu trnh doa tinh tien dao ng c G77 (fine back boring).
- Cau lenh G99/G98 G77 X_ Y_ R_ Z_Q_{or I_J_}_ F_L_;
- Dao di chuyen en v tr gia cong, dng quay tru c chnh mot hng nhat nh, sau o di
chuyen (shift) mot oan Q ngc hng cua li cat sau o chuyen ong nhanh en ay
lo Z. Tai ay dao dch chuyen ngc lai mot oan Q, truc chnh quay cung chieu kim
ong ho bat au qu a trnh cat t di len tren e n cao o R. Tai ay truc chnh lai ngng
quay tai v tr nhat nh, dch chuyen theo phng oi dien li ca t mot oan Q va rut
nhanh khoi lo gia cong. Khi en cao o xua t pha t truc chnh dch chuyen lai v tr ban au
va quay thuan chieu kim ong ho.
- Khai bao lng dch chnh va hng dch chnh tng t G76.
- Chu trnh nay thng du ng doa cac ranh, lo bac.
- Mot so may dung G87 cai at loai chu trnh II(Canned cycle II) thay cho G77.

Hnh 4.40. Chu trnh doa ngc G77

+ Chu trnh gia cong lo doc theo ng tron G70 ( Bold Hole Circle).
- Cau lenh: G70 I_J_L_; I: Ban knh ng tron; J: goc cua v tr lo au tien; L: So cac lo phan
bo eu.
- V du: Gia cong cac lo nh hnh sau.

L0: nh cac gia tr Z,R,P,Q va F. Nh v tr lo nhng khong thc hien chuyen ong.


89
+ Chu trnh gia cong lo doc theo cung tron G71 ( Bold Hole Arc).
- Cau lenh: G70 I_J_K_L_
Vi: I: Ban knh ng tron; J: goc cua v tr lo au tien; L: So cac lo phan bo eu.
K: goc gia cac lo (co the am hoac dng)

* Lu y: Mot so may co dung lenh khi ong che o toa o cc G16, va lenh G15 e bo che o
nay. Trong trnghp nay ta co the dung chc nang nay thay cho G70 hoac G71.

V du: gia cong lo theo cung tren ta dung cau le nh sau
G16;
G90G99G81X1Y15 (15 o) Z-0.45R0.1F8.;(gia cong lo au tien)
G91Y30L6;

+ Chu trnh gia cong lo doc theo mot go c G72 ( Bold Hole Angular).
- Cau lenh: G72 I_J_L_
Vi: I:khoang cach gi a cac lo; J: goc nghieng; L: So cac lo phan bo eu.

*** Tng t ta co the dung G91 e gia cong ca c lo phan bo nh tren.

N5 G81G99Z-0.45R0.1 L0
N6 G72 I0.5 J20 L7 F8.;


90
4.8.4 Mot so v du minh hoa chu trnh phay

V du 1: Khoan 8 lo nh hnh ve. Dao xuat phat t cao o 100mm so vi be mat workpiece.
Chieu sau cat 20mm. S dung L nh ngha so la n lap lai.

L0: nh cac gia tr Z,R,P,Q va F. Nh v tr lo nhng khong thc hien chuyen ong.
Lenh N20 s dung G91, khoan 4 lo khac nhau, cach nhau 40mm. Neu ta s dung G90, se
khoan tai mot v tr 4 la n.

4.9. Chng trnh con

4.9.1. khai niem
La mot chng trnh nho c goi t chng trnh chnh. S dung chng trnh con thuan tien khi
chng trnh chnh co nhng oan lap lai . Chng trnh con gom 3 phan:
- So hieu chng trnh;
- Noi dung chng trnh;
- Lenh ket thuc chng trnh.

4.9. 2. cach dung chng trnh con
Moi nha san xuat quy nh rieng ve so hieu va cau truc chng trnh. Thong thng lenh goi
chng trnh con co cau truc nh sau: M98 P_ L_;

Hnh 4.42. Lap trnh du ng chng trnh con
+ Chng trnh:
N05 G00 G54 X0Y0 S1000 M03;
N10 Z100.0;
N15 G98 G83 Y40.0 R2.0 Z-20.0
Q1.0 F100.0L0;
N20 G91 X40.0 L4;
N25 X-160.0 Y50.0 L0;
N30 X40.0 L4;
N35 G90 G80 X0Y0 M05;
N70 M30;

91
- M98: lenh goi chng trnh con; P_: so hieu chng trnh con; L_: so lan lap lai
- Khi khong s dung L, chng trnh con c goi mot lan.
- Lenh ket thuc chng trnh con la M99
- Chng trnh con cung c soan thao, at ten va lu tr nh chng trnh chnh.
V du:
Dao xua t pha t t zero point, cat theo chieu kim ong ho va tr ve iem zero point.iem xua t
phat truc z: cach mat workpiece 100mm. Chieu sau ca t: 10mm.

Chng trnh:
Main program: Subprogram
O0001; O100;
G90 G54 G00 X0Y0 S1000 M03; G91 G00 Z-95.0;
Z100.0; G41 X40.0Y20.0 D1;
M98P100; G01 Z-15.0 F100.0;
G90 G00 X80.0; Y30.0;
M98P100; X-10.0;
G90 G00 X0Y0 M05; X10.0Y30.0;
M30; X40.0;
X10.0Y-30.0;
X-10.0;
Y-20.0;
X-50.0;
G00 Z110.0;
G40 X-30.0Y-30.0;
M99;

4.9.3. Cac lu y khi s dung chng trnh con.

- S thay oi cua lenh M, F, hay G90 G91.

92

- Khong nen goi chng trnh con khi ang che o bu.

- Mot chng trnh con co the goi mot chng trnh con khac. Toi a goi c 4 chng trnh
con long nhau.

- Lenh M98P_L_ co the nam trong cung block vi lenh kch thc .
V du:
G00 X_Y_M98P_;
M98P_X_Y_;
Trong trng hp nay, lenh M98P_ se c thc hien sau khi di chuyen truc X va Y.

- Chng trnh con nen s dung che o G91 (INC), neu s dung G90 thng se gay ra s gia
cong trung lap tai mot v tr.
V du s dung subprogram che o ABS (G90):


93

Chng trnh:
O1; O10;
S1000 M03; G90 G00 Z5.0;
G90 G54 G00 X0Y0; G41 X20.0 Y10.0 D01;
Z100.0; G01 Z-10.0 F200;
M98P10;-------(1) Y50.0 F100.0;
G90 G55 G00 X0Y0; X50.0;
Z100.0; Y20.0;
M98P10;-------(2) X10.00;
M30; G00Z100.0;
G40 X0Y0;
M99;

Bai tap: lap trnh gia cong nh hnh sau dung chng trnh con.

O1; O100;

94
S1000 M03; G91 Z-95.0;
G90 G17 G54 G00 X0Y0; G41 X20.0 Y10.0 D01;
Z100.0; G01 Z-15.0 F200.0;
M98 P100 L3 ; Y40.0 F100.0;
G90 G00 X0Y60.0; X30.0;
M98 P100 L3; Y-30.0;
G90 G00 X0Y0 M05; X-40.0;
M30; G00 Z110.0;
G40 X-10.0 Y-20.0;
X50.0; M99;
Chng trnh con O100 c goi ba lan tren mot block.

Lu y: Mot so he ieu hanh cho phep viet chng trnh con ngay trong file cua chng trnh
chnh (Local subroutine). Trong trng hp nay ta thng dung M97(mot so he ieu hanh dung
M98) e goi chng trnh con va dung so khoi N e xac nh phan ba t au chng trnh con.
bai tap tren khi dung M97 chng trnh c viet nh sau.

O1; N100;
S1000 M03; G91 Z-95.0;
G90 G17 G54 G00 X0Y0; G41 X20.0 Y10.0 D01;
Z100.0; G01 Z-15.0 F200.0;
M97 P100 L3 ; Y40.0 F100.0;
G90 G00 X0Y60.0; X30.0;
M97 P100 L3; Y-30.0;
G90 G00 X0Y0 M05; X-40.0;
M30; G00 Z110.0;
G40 X-10.0 Y-20.0;
X50.0;
M99;

94
CHNG 5: CONG NGHE TIEN NC
---------------------

5.1. May tien CNC va cac truc ieu khien chnh

5.1.1. Phan loai:
May tien CNC co nhieu loai, t n gian v i 2 truc toa o en cac trung tam gia cong nhieu
truc:
- May tien 2 truc
- Trung tam tien 4 truc
- May tien van nang co kha nang phay
- Trung tam tien 2 ,3 truc chnh
Trong giao trnh nay, ch trnh bay ky thuat lap trnh cho cac may tien hai truc toa o, tren c s
nay co the m rong cho viec lap trnh tren cac may tien nhieu truc to a o

5.1.2. Cac truc toa o tren may tien CNC
- Truc Z (W) : song song vi ng tam mam cap. ong c truc Z co ta c dung di chuyen ban xe
dao theo doc truc.
- Truc X (U): vuong go c vi truc Z, ong c truc X di chuyen ban xe dao theo phng ngang

- Chieu cac truc to a o :
+ Z (hoac +W): ban xe dao doc truc di chuyen ra xa mam cap
- Z (hoac -W): ban xe dao doc truc di cuyen lai gan mam cap
+ X (hoac +U): ban xe dao ngang di chuyen ra xa truc chnh
- X (hoac -U): ban xe dao ngang di chuyen lai gan truc chnh

Chieu quay cua truc chnh c xac nh khi nhn t mam cap hng ra ngoai doc theo truc Z+.

Hnh 5.1. Cac truc to a o tren may tien CNC

Mam cap
H
n
g

n
h
n
cw
ccw
Mam cap
H
n
g

n
h
n cw
Mam cap
H
n
g

n
h
n
cw
ccw
Mam cap
H
n
g

n
h
n
cw
ccw
Mam cap
H
n
g

n
h
n cw

Z
Z
X
X

95
He thong toa o s dung cho may tien co the la kieu tay phai hoac tay tra i va c xac nh b i
v tr cu a ban xe dao so vi truc chnh. Hnh 5.1

5.2. Dung cu Tien CNC (CNC turning tooling system)

He thong dung cu tien CNC noi chung bao gom 6 thanh phan sau.
au ga dao (Turret head ); Khoi ga lap than dao (Mounting blocks ); Tam ga lap than dao
(Mounting plates ); Tha n dao (Tool holders ); O lap than dao (Sleeves and sockets ); Manh hp
kim, gom s, kim cng (Inserts or cutting tools)

96

Hnh 5.2. He thong ga dao tren may tien (dao khong quay)
Turret Head
(au ga dao)
Turret Head
(au ga dao)
O ga than
dao doa
O ga than
dao doa
O ga than
dao tien
O ga than
dao doa
O ga than
dao tien mat
au
Ga trc tiep

Ga trc tiep tren holder

Ga dao khoan

97

Hnh 5.2. He thong ga dao tren may tien (dao khong quay)

Dao tien ngoai

Dao tien mat au

Khoan ruot ga
Dao doa


98

Hnh 5.3 . O ga cac dung cu quay tren trung tam phay tien

5.2.1. Turret head
Turret head thng co t 6->12 o ga dao ( tool stations) co the nhan biet bi bo ieu khien.
Tuy thuoc vao loai dung cu c dung ma ta co the dung khoi ga (mounting block) hoac tam ga
(mounting plate). Thong thng cac dao tien ngoai va kho a ma t dung tam ga. Dao doa, mui
khoan dung khoi ga. Ta dung ong kep (sleeves) hoac o ga (sockets) e ga dung cu vi cac kch
thc phan than khac nhau. Hnh 5.4 la ket cau cua au ga dao gom 12 o dao vi cac loai dung
cu khac nhau. Vi cac trung tam tien 3 truc: X, Z, C (goc quay cu a truc chnh), o phan giai cu a
truc C oi khi len en 0.001 o. Vi cac trung tam 3 truc nay ta dung cac au dung cu quay
(rotating tools) e thc hien cac nguyen cong khoan, khoet, doa, taro, phay ba t ky v tr na o
Dao Taro
Dao khoan
Khoan tam
Dao khoet
Dao phay ngon
Ong kep an
hoi (collet)
Ong ga
dao


99
tren chi tiet. Cac trung tam tien nay co the ieu khien 3 truc ong thi va ta thng goi la trung
tam phay tien 3 truc (Mill-Turn Center). Hnh 5.5 mo ta au ga dao cu a trung tam phay tien.

Hnh 5.4. au ga dao tien Hnh 5.5. au ga dao trung tam phay-tien

5.2.2. Manh li cat (Cutting Insert)

Khi gia cong tren may CNC, ta thng dung ca c manh li cat c ma hoa(indexable). Mot so
loai manh li cat c minh hoa nh Hnh 5.6.

Hnh 5.6. Cac loai manh li cat (Cutting Insert)

Theo tieu chuan ANSI, cac loai manh li cat c chia thanh 10 ma ky hieu nh Bang 5.1.
trong o 7 ma ky hieu au la bat buoc, 2 ky hieu tiep theo la tuy chon (optional), ky hieu cuo i
cung danh rieng cho nha che tao. Tieu chuan ISO cung phan chia tng t nhng kch thc la
mm.

100
Bang 5.1

101
Khi la chon Insert ta can xem xet ky lng ca c yeu to sau: insert shape, insert size, and chip
breaker.
* insert shape (hnh dang): hnh dang cua Insert se anh hng en o ben, goc, so cac li
cat, nang lng tieu thu va tnh van nang cua du ng cu. Goc Insert cang ln th no cang ben,
Insert tron co o ben ln nhat, Insert co goc 35 o la yeu nhat. Viec l a chon hnh dang Insert
c tom tat nh sau.
80
0
diamond shape: du ng tien ngoai, tien mat, tien trong
60
0
shape: du ng tien ngoai, tien mat, tien trong
55
0
diamond shape: du ng tien ngoai, tien mat nh hnh, tien trong
35
0
diamond shape: tie n mat nh hnh trong va ngoai
Round shape (tron): du ng tien ngoai, tien mat, tien trong
* kch thc manh li cat (Insert Size )
kch thc cua manh l i cat c ac trng bi: vong tron noi tiep (inscribed circle (IC)),
chieu da y (thickness (T)), va ban knh mui (nose radius (R)). xem hnh 5.7

Hnh 5.7. Kch thc manh li cat
+ Viec chon IC phu thuoc vao chieu sau cat ln nhat muon cat. V IC se anh hng en chieu
dai li cat -> anh hng en chieu sau cat ln nhat. Xem hnh 5.8

Hnh 5.8. Quan he gia IC va chieu dai li cat.
Square: L = IC ; Round: L = IC ; Triangle: L = 1.732 IC ; 80
0
diamond : L = 1.015 IC
55 diamond: L = 1.221 IC ; 35 diamond: L = 1.744 IC.

102
+ Chieu day Insert c la chon theo lng tien dao va chieu da i lam viec cua li cat. Dung
o th sau. Hnh 5.9.

Hnh 5.9. Chon chieu day manh li cat
+ Ban knh mui dao c la chon tuy theo lng tien dao F va o bong be mat. Hnh 5.10

Hnh 5.10. La chon ba n kn mui dao
Cat lien tuc
Cat lien
tuc
Lng tien dao
F(in/vong)
Chieu dai li cat


103
- Chip Breaker ( Be phoi).
Can co ket cau insert co kha nang be phoi khi gia cong cac vat lieu de o dai nh thep, nhom,
kim loai mau. Khi gia cong vat lieu don, gia co ng gian oan khong can be phoi.
5.2.3. Than dao (Tool holder)
Than dao c phan loai theo cac ac trng sau.
Khi la chon than dao can xem xet ky lng ca c yeu to sau.
1. Holder style (loai o ga)
2. Insert shape and size(hnh dang kch thc
Insert)
4. Shank dimension (kch thc chuoi dao)
3. Rake angle (goc thoat) 5. Hand type (loai dao trai, phai)
Goc nghieng chnh (lead Angle) cung la thong so rat quan trong khi l a chon than dao. Hnh
5.11 mo ta cach xac nh Lead Angle va cac loa i Lead Angle thng gap.

Hnh 5.11. Goc nghieng chnh (lead Angle)
1. Phng phap kep (Clamping method) 5. Loai dao phai, trai (Hand of tool)
2. Hnh dang Insert (Insert shape) 6. Kch thc than dao (Shank size )
3. Loai o dao (Holder style) 7. Kch thc vong tron IC (Insert IC size)
4. Goc thoat (Rake angle) 8. ieu kien chat lng ( Qualified condition)

104

Hnh 5.12. Phan loai dao tien CNC

105
Lead Angle anh hng truc tiep en goc bien da ng (Profile Angle) khi gia cong. Do vay neu
Lead Angle be, khong the gia cong c cac bien dang co o nghieng ln. Xem hnh 5.13

Hnh 5.13. Quan he gia Lead Angle va Profile Angle
Ta co quan he sau:
Profile angle = 90 + lead angle - insert angle
Trong thc te , Profile Angle ln nhat thng ch nen lay bang goc tnh toan.

5.3. Cac quy trnh Tien CNC ( CNC Turning Process).
Cac quy trnh tien CNC bao gom 10 quy trnh c ban sau.

Facing (khoa ma t) Turning (tien thang)
Profiling(Gia cong mat nh hnh) Grooving (tien ranh)
Drilling (khoan) Boring( Doa)
Threading( gia cong ren) Chamfering (vat mep)
Cutting off (cat t) Milling (Phay)
Cac quy trnh tien tren c mo ta nh bang 5.2.


106
Bang 5.2. Cac quy trnh tien


107
Bang 5.2 (tiep theo)


108
5.4/ C s lap trnh tien NC

5.4.1/ Lap trnh theo ng knh va ban knh

Phoi s dung cho may tien CNC thng co dang tron xoay nhieu bac va oi xng qua ng
tam.
Ban ve k thuat the hie n kch thc chi tiet d i dang ng knh hoac ban knh. He ieu khie n
CNC cung cap hai phng phap lap trnh theo phng X: Lap trnh theo ng knh hoac la p
trnh theo ban knh. Lap trnh theo ng knh hay ban knh tuy thuoc vao cac thong so may a
cai at. Thong thng lap trnh theo ng knh c s dung mac nh v thuan tien hn so vi
lap trnh theo ban knh. Mot so he ieu khien nh SIEMEN dung lenh (G23/G22) e chuyen
oi gia lap trnh theo ng knh hoac ban knh.
V du lap trnh theo ng knh

Toa o Z khong phu thuoc lap trnh theo ng knh hay ban knh.

5.4.2. Cac lenh tien NC c ban

+ Lenh G:
- a so cac lenh G dung trong lap trnh tien CNC giong lenh phan phay, tuy nhien co mot so
lenh khac. Gom cac lenh hnh thc (modal) va phi hnh thc (non modal)
- Lenh G s dung trong cong nghe tien ve c ba n c chia thanh 2 nho m. Nhom A c s
dung vi he ieu khien Nhat, nhom B s dung vi he ieu khien My.
Nhom A Nhom B Chc nang
G00 G00 nh v nhanh
G01 G01 Noi suy ng thang
G02 G02 Noi suy ng tron (CW)
G03 G03 Noi suy ng tron (CCW)
G04 G04 Dng tam thi
iem X Z
A 2 10
B 2 7.5
C 3 5.0
D 3 2.5
E 5 1.5
F 5 0

109
G20 G20 He Inch (G70)
G21 G21 He met (G71)
G27 G27 Kiem tra viec tra ve iem chuan may
G28 G28 T ong di ve iem chuan may
G30 G30 Tr ve iem chuan th 2,3,4
G32 G33 Cat ren
G34 G34 Cat ren vi bc tien ren thay oi
G40 G40 Huy bo bu tr ban knh mui dao
G41 G41 Bu tr ban knh mui dao ve ben phai
G42 G42 Bu tr ban knh mui dao ve ben tra i
G50 G92 Cai a t goc toa o hoac cai at toc o ca t ln nhat
G70 G70 Chu trnh gia cong tinh
G71 G71 Chu trnh tien tru tho
G72 G72 Chu trnh tien mat tho
G73 G73 Chu trnh tien chep hnh
G74 G74 Khoan theo phng Z
G75 G75 Tien ranh theo phng X
G76 G76 Chu trnh cat ren hon h p
G90 G77 Chu trnh cat theo ban knh
G92 G78 Chu trnh cat ren n
G94 G79 Chu trnh tien mat n
G96 G96 Cai a t che o toc o mat khong oi
G97 G97 Huy bo che o toc o mat khong oi
G98 G94 Toc o cat tnh hteo n v/phut
G99 G95 Toc o cat tnh theo n v/vong

+ Lenh M:
Di ay la danh sach cac len M c s dung pho bien cho may tien CNC:
M00 Dng chng trnh
M01 Dng chng trnh khong ieu kien
M02 Ket thuc chng trnh
M03 Quay truc chnh theo chieu kim ong ho
M04 Quay truc chnh ngc chieu kim ong ho
M05 Dng truc chnh
M08 M dung dch trn nguo i
M09 Tat dung dch trn nguoi
M23 Rut dao nghieng 45 o khi cat ren
M24 Huy len M23
M30 Ket thuc chng trnh, t ong tra ve au chng trnh
M68 CLAMP ON
M69 CLAMP OFF
M98 Goi chng trnh con

110
M99 ket thuc chng trnh con, tr ve chng trnh chnh

+ Lenh ve chon, thay dao.

Lien quan en dao tien gom viec la chon dao tren mam dao va hieu chnh kch thc dao cat.
Lenh goi dao bat au ba ng t khoa T va bon ch so i kem.
- Hai ch so au: so th t dao tren o dao
- Hai ch so sau: xac nh thong so hieu chnh dao thong qua so th t hieu chnh dao.
Neu so th t hieu chnh dao la 00 co ngha la huy bo chc nang hieu chnh dao, thng s dung
trc khi goi lenh thay dao hoac khong xet en bu tr dao.
V du: T0101 chon dao so 1 va so th t hieu chnh dao la 1.
T0312 chon dao so 3 va so th t hieu chnh dao la 12
T0500: chon dao so 5 va khong hieu chnh dao.
V du :
Hai dao (T02 va T04) c s dung trong cung mot chng trnh, dao T02 s dung e tien tru
vi so th t hieu chnh dao la 02, dao T04 s dung e gia cong tinh va so th t e hieu chnh
dao la 14.
Chng trnh:
N15 T0202; chon dao 2 va so th t hieu chnh dao la 2
..(lam viec vi dao 02)
N50 T0200; chon dao 2 va huy bo viec hieu chnh dao
N70 T0414; chon dao 4 va so th t hieu chnh dao la 14
..(lam viec vi dao 04)
N90 T0400; chon dao 4 va huy bo viec hieu chnh dao

+ Lenh ve che o cat

- Lng tien dao.
Tng t khi phay, lng tien dao c xac nh bi t lenh F. La lenh hnh thc, co tac dung
trong nhng cau lenh gia cong (G01,G02, G03).
Trong cong nghe tien, lng tien dao co the xa c nh theo 2 loai sau.
+ Theo n v mm/ phut (he met), inch/ phu t (he inch) khi s dung vi G98
+ Theo n v mm/ vong(he met) hoac inch/vong (he inch) khi s dung vi G99
Vdu:
G21 G98 F10.0; toc o cat 10mm/phut
G21 G99 F0.05; toc o cat 0.05mm / vong

- Toc o tru c chnh
Tng t khi phay, toc o truc chnh khi tien c xac nh bi t lenh S. La lenh hnh thc.
Ta biet quan he gia toc o quay truc chnh va toc o mat khi tien theo cong thc sau:
D
v
n
1000
=

111
D: ng knh cat (mm); v: toc o mat (m/phut hoac feet/phut); n (vong/phut)

Do vay, neu toc o ma t khong oi khi ng knh cat ln, toc o vong truc chnh nho. Khi
ng knh phoi nho , to c o vong truc chnh ln. e van toc ma t la kho ng oi khi ng knh
cat thay oi nham am bao cac yeu cau ky thua t, nang xuat gia cong so vong quay truc chnh
phai co the thay oi vo cap theo ng knh cat. Trong cong nghe tien CNC toc o truc chnh co
the cai at theo 2 che o sau.

Cai at che o to c o mat khong oi (G96) :
Toc o mat: la toc o tng oi gia mui dao cat so vi be mat phoi tai iem tiep xuc. Lenh
G96 se gi toc o cat luon on nh theo gia tr khai bao trong cau lenh tai cac v tr khac nhau
tren be ma t chi tiet . Thong so S phai luon i kem trong cau lenh.

V du: G21 G96 S100; toc o mat 100 MPM;
G20 G96 S200 ; toc o mat 200 FPM

Cai at toc o vong l n nhat (G50):
Khi s dung G96, toc o mat khong thay oi tai cac v tr ban knh khac nhau. e am bao c
ieu nay, toc o vong cua truc chnh phai thay oi mot cach vo cap. Khi ban knh tien dan en
0, toc o vong se tien en vo cung. e gii han toc o vong tai mot gia tr cho phep ln nhat
nham am bao an toan va tuy theo kha nang cua may, ta s dung lenh G50.
Cau truc: G50 Ss; Vi s: gia tr toc o vong ln nhat cho phep
V du: G50S3500: toc o vong khong vt qua 3500 v/phut

Cai at toc o vong co nh (G97) :
Lenh G97 dung e cai at toc o vong truc chnh co nh theo n v vong/phut. Do toc o vong
khong oi nen toc o mat se thay oi tuy theo ng knh chi tiet. Lenh G97 con s dung e huy
lenh G96 ( che o toc o mat co nh)

Th du:
S dung mui khoan T01 va dao tien lo T03 gia cong bien dang trong nh hnh ve sau:
Khoan: Toc o khoan 700RPM
Tien lo: Toc o mat khong oi 500 FPM, Toc o ln nhat truc chnh 3500RPM


112
oan chng trnh sau mo ta viec chon dao va cai at toc o truc chnh:
T0101; thay dao T01, so th t bu tr dao la 01
G20
G97 S700; cai at toc o vong truc chnh la 700 RPM
M03; truc chnh quay theo chieu kim ong ho chu trnh khoan v i toc o vong 700 RPM
T0100; huy bo bu tr dao
T0303; thay dao T03, bu tr dao so 03
G50 S3500; cai at toc o truc chnh ln nha t la 3500 RPM
G96 S200; cai at toc o mat khong oi la 2 00 FPM
M03;
. Thc hien lenh tien lo trong
M05;

+ Lenh ve iem chuan ma y tien.

- iem chuan ma y:
oi vi cac may tien NC/CNC , iem chuan may thng la iem nam goc xa nha t tnh t v tr
mam cap (xem chng 4).

- Tr ve iem chuan ma y
Van hanh trc tiep:
Nhan nut chc nang tr ve iem chuan may <Home Return) tren panel ieu khien. May se t
ong di ban dao ve ie m chuan may theo th t tng truc (tng t phay).
+ che o t ong:
Dung lenh G28

\G28 Xx Yy;
G28 Uu Ww;
x,z toa o tuyet oi iem trung gian
u,w toa o tng oi ie m trung gian
Vdu: G28U0W0: Rut dao thang ve iem tham chieu

+ Lenh he truc toa o
Tng t nh phay CNC, trong cong nghe tien CNC ta cung co the dung 3 loai he to a o sau:
(1) He to a o may (Machine coordinate system)
(2) He to a o gia cong (Workpiece coordinate system)
(3) He to a o cuc bo ( Local coordinate system)

- He toa o may (Machine coordinate system)
* Moi may co mot iem xac nh la iem khong (zero point), thng no la iem tham chieu th
nhat. Ca i a t iem khong cua may c thc hie n bi nha san xuat. He toa o lay iem khong

113
lam goc c goi la he toa o may. Tren may tien CNC, thng he toa o may la iem xa nhat
so vi mam cap. Hnh 5.13

Hnh 5.13. He toa o may
* He toa o may c thiet lap khi tr ve iem tham chieu va c gi cho en khi tat may. Khi
lap trnh muon s dung he toa o may ta dung lenh (G53):
* La lenh mot lan (one shot): ch tac dung tren cau lenh. Lenh G53 khong anh hng he toa o
gia cong a c thiet lap.
* Cau truc G53 x_z_; v i: x_z_; tnh theo to a o tuyet oi.
* Trc khi s dung G53, moi phep bu phai b huy bo,
* G53 ch s dung vi toa o tuyet oi

+ He toa o gia cong (work coordinate system)

La he toa o gan lien vi chi tiet gia cong. He toa o nay thng c s dung khi lap trnh gia
cong nen goi la he to a o gia cong. e xac nh he toa o gia cong tren may tien co 3 cach sau.
(1) Dung lenh G50 (mot so he ieu hanh dung G92 )

- La Lenh hnh thc (modal)
- Muc ch :
* e cai a t he to a o gia cong.
* Bu tr s khac biet gia he to a o lap trnh va he toa o gia cong
- Cau truc: G50 XxZz;
Trong o x,z la to a o cua dao v tr hien tai so vi goc to a o mi.
Khi co nhieu dao c s dung trong cung mot chng trnh, can nh ngha lai goc toa
o cho moi dao tuy theo thong so va kch thc dao.Luc nay ta s dung G50 vi gia tr toa o
tng oi:
G50 Uu Ww;
u,w la khoang cach tng oi gia mui dao chuan va mui dao ang xet theo phng X va Z.
V du:
Dao T01 co mui dao cach tam chi tie t X20.3, Z25.5.
Dao T02 co mui dao cach mui dao T01 U0.4, W0.35

114

Hnh 5.14. V du ve G50
oan chng trnh sau nh ngha he to a o chi tiet trong moi trng hp, lenh G50 c s
dung nh sau:
T0101; chon dao T1
G50 X20.3 Z25.5; nh ngha goc to a o chi tiet theo dao T1
..
T0202; thay dao T2
G50 U0.4 W0.35; bu tr dao T2 so vi T1

Lu y:
- Co the dung G50 e cai at to a o gia cong che o MDI hoac trong chng trnh gia cong.

(2) Dung lenh G54-59:
Khi chng trnh yeu ca u s dung nhieu he toa o, viec thay oi gia tr toa o tr nen phc tap.
Phan ln cac he ieu khien CNC eu co kha na ng xac lap cung mot luc nhieu he toa o lam
viec
Luc nay ta s dung G54-G59. Ngoai ra dung G54-G59 co rat nhieu u iem so vi G50, do vay
khi lap trnh gia cong a so ta s dung G54-> G59 thay cho G50.
Cai at G54 -> G59:
Neu trong chng trnh s dung G54-> G59. trc khi thc thi chng trnh ta phai cai at v tr
cua G54-> G59 vao bo nh may. Trnh t cac bc cai a t G54 nh hnh sau.
Toa o ie m hien tai. WORK OFFSET SCREEN

100
X:-220
Z: -100

G54 G56
X: -320 X:0.0
Z: -100 Z:0.0

G55 G57
X:0.0 X:0.0
Z:0.0 Z:0.0

115

Hnh 5.15: phng phap cai at to a o G54-> G59 tren may tien CNC

- Ga at chi tie t gia cong len mam cap.
- xac nh toa o x cu a he toa o can cai at so vi iem khong cua he toa o may. Khi khong
can chnh xac ta co the di chuyen dao en v tr mong muon bang che o Jog Feed hoac Manual
Handle Feed roi quan sat bang mat. Khi can chnh xac ta pha i dung phng phap ca t th va
dung thc o e xac nh v tr to a o can cai at.
- a gia tr nay vao bo nh he ieu khien (man hnh work offset). e vao man hnh nay thong
thng ta chon Offset > WORK > G54 - G59
- nh tam chuan (z) cua chi tiet so vi iem khong cua he to a o may: di chuyen dao en v tr
mong muon theo phng z. e am bao o chnh xac ta khong cho dao tiep xuc truc tiep vi
phoi ma dung c o (Block gauge). Toa o z a vao man hnh offset se la to a o hien tai tr i
kch thc cua c o.
- a gia tr Z nay vao bo nh he ieu khien (man hnh work offset)
Khi G54 c ch nh, chng trnh se s dung tam cu a workpiece lam iem chuan gia cong.
Vd:
O0001;
G90 G54 G00 X0z100;
..
M30;
Khi lap trnh, phai nh xac nh l a chon G54-G59.Mot so he ieu khien mac nh G54.
(3) Dung to a o ma y ket hp vi bu tr hnh hoc e xac nh to a o gia cong.

Vi may tien, trong mot so trng hp e n gian va nhanh chong ta du ng lng bu tr hnh
hoc theo cac phng tng ng e xac nh to a o gia cong. Cach cai at lng bu tr cung
tng t nh cai at toa o G54.
Toa o ie m hien tai. TOOL OFFSET SCREEN

Hnh 5.16: Dung bu tr hnh hoc e xac nh to a o gia cong.
Khi lap trnh ta dung ca u lenh T0101, lng bu tr x,z tng ng se c cong them vao toa o
trong chng trnh.

100

OFFSET X Z R TIP
1 -320 -100
2 0 0
3..
4.

X:-220
Z: -100

116
- He toa o cuc bo ( Local coordinate system) : G52
Tng t nh phay, nhng rat t khi c s dung

+ Lenh toa o va n v
- Toa o:
Tng t nh phan phay, co hai cach xac nh toa o trong qua trnh di chuyen dao: to a o tng
oi va toa o tuyet o i. Mot so he ieu khien US s dung 2 lenh G90 va G91. He ieu khien
FANUC da vao t kho a cua a ch e phan biet toa o tng o i hay tuyet oi.
X Z : tuyet oi
U W: tng oi.
- n v:
G20 : he inch
G21 : he met

+ cac lenh di chuyen dao
- Chay dao nhanh (G00)
Toa o tuyet oi: G00 Xx Zz;
Toa o tng oi: G00 Uu Ww;
Va tng oi v a tuyet oi: G00 Xx Ww hoac G00 Uu Zz;

- Chay dao noi suy ng thang (G01)
Cau truc lenh:
G01 Xx Zz Ff; theo toa o tuyet oi
G01 Uu Ww Ff; theo toa o tng oi
Co the s dung G01 e tien mat au, tien tru tha ng, tru con, tien ranh, khoan va doa lo
Tien mat au:
La phng phap tien trong o dao di chuyen doc phng X tao nen be mat vuong goc vi truc Z.
Khi gia cong mat au, e bu tr ban knh mui dao thng phai cho dao i qua v tr tam mot
lng nho (khoang 0,5mm) e hoan tat be mat gia cong

oan chng trnh:
G00 X39.0 Z50.0; nh v nhanh tai iem bat au tien mat
G01 X-0.5 F40.0; gia cong mat au doc truc X

117
G00 X40.0 Z60.0; thoat dao ve iem (40,60)

Tien tru thang:
La qua trnh di chuyen dao doc theo truc Z nham tao nen khoi tru vi ng knh khong oi.
Doa pha i c di chuyen en v tr bat au gia cong trc khi lenh G01 c goi e tien hanh
tien doc theo truv Z

oan chng trnh mo ta qua trnh tien tru thang:
G50 X205.0 Z 88.0; nh ngha goc to a o chi tiet
G00 X60.0 Z3.0; di chuyen nhanh en iem au
G01 Z-55.0 F50; gia cong tru thang
Tien tru con:
Tru con la tru co ng knh giam hoac tang e u theo phng truc.
Co hai loai truc con: tru c con ngoai va truc con trong.
e gia cong tru con co the s dung lenh noi suy ng thang G01, trong o toa o iem au va
iem cuoi cua be mat c s dung e xac nh iem au va iem cuoi trong cau lenh.
oan chng trnh mo ta cac bc gia cong tien tru con:
N5 G50 X10.5 Z13.0; cai at goc to a o chi tiet
N10 T0101; chon dao T1 va bu tr
N15 G50 S1200; cai at toc o truc chnh ln nhat 1200 RPM
N20 G96 S250M03; cai at toc o mat co nh la 250 FPM
N25 G00 X1.5 Z6.3; di chuyen nhanh ti A (1.5;6.3)
N30 G01 Z6.0 F0.003; di chuyen thang en B (1.5;6) vi toc o ca t 0.003 IPM
N35 X2.5Z3.0; tien con BC theo hng t B en C
N40 Z2.0; tien thang t C en D(2.5;2)
N45 X3.7; tien vai truc CE
N50 G00 X10.5 Z 13.0 T0100; di chuyen nhanh en iem au chng trnh, ket thuc bu tr dao

118
N55 M30;

+ Chay dao noi suy cung tron
- Tren cac may tien, cha y dao noi suy cung tron s dung e tao nen cac khoi tru loi hoac lom
hay cac goc ln, mep vat tron xoay. Noi suy cung tron ch thc hien tre n mat phang ZX, tr
mot so may nhieu hn 2 truc.
- Cau truc lenh:
Theo toa o tuyet oi:
G02/G03 Xx Zz Rr Ff; tnh theo ban knh
G02/G03 Xx Zz Ii Kk Ff; tnh theo toa o tam tng oi.
Theo toa o tng oi:
G02/G03 Uu Ww Rr Ff;
G02/G03 Uu Ww Ii Kk Ff;
- Chieu : chieu cua noi suy cung tron tren may tien CNC nh sau.
G02: CW, hng t truc X en truc Z
G03: CCW, hng t truc Z sang truc X. hnh 5.

119

oi vi he toa o tay trai:

hnh 5.17. Noi suy cung tron vi may tien tay tra i

120
oi vi he toa o tay phai:

Hnh 5.18. Noi suy cung tron vi may tien tay phai
Lu y.
- Dung R ch ap dung cho nhng cung nho hn 180
0
. Cung ln hn 180
0
th phai chia cung ra
thanh nhng cung nho.
- Lap trnh theo tam(I,K) co the s dung cho nhng cung co o ln bat k.
- Cach n gian e tranh lam lan gi a G02, G03 la: du may tay phai hay tay tra i, i t ngoai vao
trong (Z-) cung loi la G03, lom la G02 va ngc lai.
V du chng trnh:


121
Goc toa o cua chi tiet c xac nh ngay ta i tam mat au cua mam cap. Lap trnh theo ng.
Dao se di chuyen nhanh en v tr trc iem A khoang 0.3 inch theo phng Z, sau o di
chuyen doc theo bien dang A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H va tr ve iem goc
V du chng trnh ( theo toa o tng oi):
N5 G50 X12.5 Z20.0; cai at goc to a o chi tie t
N10 T0101; thay dao T1 va bu tr
N15 G50 S2000; cai at toc o truc chnh ln nhat 2000RPM
N20 G96 S500 M03; cai at toc o mat khong oi 500 FPM
N25 G0 X0 Z10.3; di chuyen nhanh en (0, 10.3)
N30 G1 W-0.3 F0.003; di chuyen ti A(0,10) vi toc o 0.003IPM
N35 U1.5; tien thang en B(1.5,10);
N40 G3 U1.5 W-0.75 R0.75; tien cung tron BC
N45 G1 W-2.25 ; tien thang en D(3,7)
N50 G2 W-3.0R4.0; tien cung tron lom DE
N55 G1 W-1.5; tien tha ng en F(3,2.5)
N60 G2 U1.0W-0.5 R0.5; tien cung tron FG
N65 G1 U0.5; tien thang en H(4.5,2)
N70 G0 U8.0W18.0; di chuyen dao nhanh en iem ban au
V du chng trnh ( theo toa o tuyet o i):
N5 G50 X12.5 Y.0;
N10 T0101;
N15 G50 S2000;
N20 G96 S500 M03;
N25 G0 X0 Z10.3;
N30 G1 Z10.0 F0.003;
N35 X1.5;
N40 G3 X3.0 Z9.25 R0.75;
N45 G1 Z7.0 ;
N50 G2 Z4.0R4.0;
N55 G1 Z2.5;
N60 G2 X4.0Z2.0 R0.5;
N65 G1 X4.5;
N70 G0 X12.5 Z20.0;
N75 T0100;
N80 M30;

+ Lenh cat ren
- Khai niem.
Tien ren la mot trong nhng chc nang c ban cua may tien.He ieu khien CNC cung cap nhieu
cau lenh va chu trnh e tien ren. Tren may tien CNC ta co the tien cac loai ren sau.

122

Hnh 5.19. Nguyen cong tien ren tren may CNC

Bc tien ren, bc ren va chieu cao ren:
K hieu ren theo he met (ISO);
M5.6x1: ng knh ren 5.6mm, bc ren 1mm.
K hieu ren theo he Anh:
1/4 - 20 UNC -2A: ng knh 1/4 inch, 20 ren/inch, thuoc loai ren to he Anh.
1/2 - 20 UNF -1A :ng knh 1/2 inch, 20 ren/inch, thuoc loai ren nho he Anh
3/4 - 20 -UNEF -2A ren co ng knh 3/4 inch, 20 ren/inch, thuoc loai ren mn he Anh
e tien ren pha i xac nh c cac thong so c ban bao gom: bc ren, chieu cao ren, bc tien
ren.
Chieu cao ren c tnh: h = 0.6495P (he met ISO)
h =0.6403P (he Anh)
Qua trnh cat ren c chia lam nhieu bc, moi bc gia cong vi chieu sau cat giam dan.
Bc tinh cuoi cung vi chieu sau cat ra t nho nham lam tang o bong tren be mat ren.
Khi tien ren ta co the du ng phng phap tien dao nghieng hoac tien dao hng knh.

- Lenh cat ren (G32) :
Lenh G32 s dung e cat ren thang, ren con, ren xoan vi bc tien ren khong oi. ay la
lenh cat ren n, thng c s dung vi lenh G00 e hoan thanh chu trnh cat ren. Cau truc
lenh: G32 Xx Zz Ff; toa o tuyet oi
G32 Uu Ww Ff; toa o tng oi
Trong o x,z la toa o tuyet oi cua iem ket thuc ren, u,w la khoang ca ch tng oi gia iem

123
cuoi ren so vi iem bat au theo hai phng X,Z.
F la toc o cat
Lu y:
- Ngoai viec dung lenh G32 e tien ren ta con dung cac lenh chu trnh tien Ren G92, G76 se gii
thieu phan sau.
- Mot so he ieu hanh dung lenh tien ren la G33.
V du cat ren thang ngoai :
Lap chng trnh e cat ren 3/4 - 10 UNC nh tren hnh ve.

Cac thong so can thiet:
Bc ren = bc tien ren = 1/10= 0.1 inch
Chieu cao ren H = 0.6403 P = 0.064 inch.
Ta lap bang so bc can thiet e tien het chie u cao ren va chieu sau cho moi bc cat nh
sau:
Bc 1 0.0394
Bc 2 0.0276
Bc 3 0.0236
Bc 4 0.0157
Bc 5 0.0157
Bc 6 0.0060
Khoang cach vao ren 0.3 inch
Khoang cach thoat ren 0.15 inch
Toa o X (chieu sau cat) cho moi bc c cho trong bang sau:
Th t Toa o X
Bc 1 0.7106 (=0.75-0.0394)
Bc 2 0.683 (=0.7106-0.0276)
Bc 3 0.6594 (=0.683-0.0236)
Bc 4 0.6437 (=0.6594-0.0236)
Bc 5 0.628 (=0.6437-0.0157)
Bc 6 0.622 (=0.628-0.0060)
Chng trnh:
N5 G20 G50 X4.5 Z5.3; cai at goc to a o chi tiet

124
N10 T0101; dao T01 va bu tr
N15 G97 S200 M3; quay truc chnh 200 RPM;
N20 G00 X0.95; di chuyen nhanh ti (0.95, 3.05)
Z3.05;
N25 X0.7106; di chuyen nhanh ti chieu sau cat cua bc au tien
N30 G32 Z0.6 F0.1; tien bc th nhat, chieu sa u cat 0.0394
N35 G0 X0.95; di chuyen nhanh theo chieu x+ en v tr X0.95
N40 Z3.05; di chuyen nhanh theo chieu z+ en v tr Z3.05
N45 X0.683;
N50 G32 Z0.6 F0.1; tien bc 2
N55 G00 X0.95;
N60 Z3.05;
N65 X0.6594;
N70 G32 Z0.6 F0.1; tien bc 3
N75 G00 X0.95;
N80 Z3.05;
N85 X0.6437;
G90 G32 Z0.6 F0.1; tien bc 4
N95 G00 X0.95;
N100 Z3.05;
N105 X0.628;
N110 G32 Z0.6 F0.1; tien bc 5
N115 G00 X0.95;
N120 Z3.05;
N125 X0.622;
N130 G32 Z0.6 F0.1; tien bc cuoi
N135 G00 X0.95;
N140 X4.5 Z5.3;
N145 M30;
5.4.3. Chu trnh tien tren ma y CNC
+ .Chu trnh n:
1. Chu trnh tien truc thang (G90)
2. Chu trnh tien mat au (G94)
3. Chu trnh cat ren (G92)
+ .Chu trnh hon hp
1. Chu trnh gia cong tinh (G70)
2. Chu trnh tien hng truc (G71)
3. Chu trnh tien hng knh (G72)
4. Chu trnh tien chep hnh (G73)
5. Chu trnh tien Ra nh mat au (G74)
6. Chu trnh tien Ra nh tru (G75)

125
7. Chu trnh cat ren hon hp (G76)
+ .Chu trnh gia cong lo

a. Chu trnh n

+ Khai niem: e thuan li va n gian cho viec
lap trnh tren may tien CNC, cac bo ieu khien
eu ho tr cac lenh chu trnh n nh sau.
G Go o m m 4 4 c ch hu uy ye e n n o o n ng g c c b ba a n n: :
A A: : i ie e m m b ba a t t a a u u c ch hu u t tr r n nh h
B B: : i ie e m m b ba a t t a a u u g gi ia a c co o n ng g
C C: : i ie e m m k ke e t t t th hu u c c g gi ia a c co o n ng g
D D: : i ie e m m l lu u i i d da ao o t tr ru un ng g g gi ia an n
R R: : d di i c ch hu uy ye e n n n nh ha an nh h
F F: : d di i c ch hu uy ye e n n v v i i t to o c c o o c ca a t t F F
H H n nh h 5 5. .2 20 0. . C Ch hu u t tr r n nh h n n. .
+ + C Ch hu u t tr r n nh h t ti ie e n n t tr ru u c c t th ha a n ng g ( (G G9 90 0) )
- - M Mu u c c c ch h: :
G G9 90 0 c c s s d du u n ng g e e g gi ia a c co o n ng g c ca a c c b bi ie e n n d da a n ng g t tr ro o n n x xo oa ay y t th ha a n ng g. .
V V d du u : : t ti ie e n n t tr ru u t th ha a n ng g, , t tr ru u c co o n n
- - T Ti ie e n n t tr ru u t th ha a n ng g
C Cu u p ph ha a p p l le e n nh h: :
G G9 90 0 X Xx x Z Zz z F Ff f; ; t to o a a o o t tu uy ye e t t o o i i
G G9 90 0 U Uu u W Ww w F Ff f; ; t to o a a o o t t n ng g o o i i
x x, ,z z t to o a a o o i ie e m m k ke e t t t th hu u c c g gi ia a c co o n ng g
u u, ,w w k kh ho oa a n ng g c ca a c ch h t t n ng g o o i i c cu u a a
i ie e m mk k e e t t t th hu u c c g gi ia a c co o n ng g s so o v v i i i ie e m m
a a u u
D Da ao o p ph ha a i i c c d di i c ch hu uy ye e n n e e n n
i ie e m m b ba a t t a a u u c ch hu u t tr r n nh h t tr r c c k kh hi i
G G9 90 0 c c g go o i i
V V d du u : :
T Ti ie e n n c ch hi i t ti ie e t t h h n nh h s sa au u. . H H n nh h 5 5. .2 21 1. . C Ch hu u t tr r n nh h t ti ie e n n t tr ru u t th ha a n ng g
L L n ng g d d g gi ia a c co o n ng g 2 2 m mm m. . S S d du u n ng g G G9 90 0 e e g gi ia a c co o n ng g b bi ie e n n d da a n ng g t tr re e n n t th he eo o b ba a b b c c: : h ha ai i b b c c g gi ia a
c co o n ng g t th ho o v va a m mo o t t b b c c g gi ia a c co o n ng g t ti in nh h. .
G Gi ia a c co o n ng g t th ho o : : C Ch hi ie e u u s sa a u u c ca a t t 0 0. .9 9m mm m, , F F1 15 50 0m mm m/ /p ph h
G Gi ia a c co o n ng g t ti in nh h: : C Ch hi ie e u u s sa a u u c ca a t t 0 0, ,2 2m mm m, , F F1 10 00 0m mm m/ /p ph h; ;
i ie e m m b ba a t t a a u u c ch hu u t tr r n nh h A A( ( 8 85 5, ,2 2) )
o oa a n n c ch h n ng g t tr r n nh h g gi ia a c co o n ng g n nh h s sa au u. .
G00X85Z2;
G90X78.2Z-30F150;
X76.4;
C

A
C B
D R

A
B
D R
C

80

76

126
X76.0F100;
..
- - T Ti ie e n n t tr ru u c co o n n: :
C Ca a u u t tr ru u c c l le e n nh h: : G G9 90 0 X Xx x Z Zz z R Rr r F Ff f; ; t to oa a o o t tu uy ye e t t o o i i
G G9 90 0 U Uu u W Ww w R Rr r F Ff f; ; t to o a a o o t t n ng g o o i i
r r: : o o s sa ai i l le e c ch h b ba a n n k k n nh h t ta a i i v v t tr r m ma a t t c ca a t t
b ba a t t a a u u s so o v v i i m ma a t t c ca a t t k ke e t t t th hu u c c . .

r r = = ( (D Di i D De e) ) / /2 2

D Di i: : n ng g k k n nh h m ma a t t a a u u
D De e: : n ng g k k n nh h m ma a t t k ke e t t t th hu u c c

H H n nh h 5 5. .2 22 2. . C Ch hu u t tr r n nh h t ti ie e n n c co o n n d du u n ng g G G9 90 0
L L u u y y : : V V t ta a p ph ha a i i c co o k kh ho oa a n ng g v va a o o d da ao o n ne e n n k kh hi i x xa a c c n nh h c ch h n nh h x xa a c c o o c co o n n t ta a c ca a n n t t n nh h n ng g k k n nh h
D Di i n nh h s sa au u. .
D Di i = = D Ds s ( (e e/ /L L) ). .( (D De e- -D Ds s) )

+ + C Ch hu u t tr r n nh h t ti ie e n n m ma a t t a a u u ( (G G9 94 4) )
D Du u n ng g e e t ti ie e n n m ma a t t a a u u t th ha a n ng g v va a t ti ie e n n m ma a t t a a u u c co o n n. .
T T n ng g t t G G9 90 0, , G G9 94 4 g go o m m h ha ai i n ng g c ch ha a y y d da ao o n nh ha an nh h v va a h ha ai i n ng g c ch ha a y y d da ao o v v i i t to o c c o o F F, , n nh h n ng g
t tr ro on ng g t tr r n ng g h h p p n na a y y d da ao o t ti ie e n n t th he eo o p ph h n ng g h h n ng g k k n nh h. . G G9 94 4 t th h n ng g d du u n ng g e e k kh ho oa a m ma a t t h ho oa a c c t ti ie e n n
c ca a c c b be e m ma a t t c co o n ng g k k n nh h l l n n n nh h n ng g c ch hi ie e u u d da a i i n ng ga a n n. .
- - T Ti ie e n n m ma a t t a a u u t th ha a n ng g: :
C Ca a u u t tr ru u c c l le e n nh h: :
G G9 94 4 X Xx x Z Zz z F Ff f; ;
G G9 94 4 U Uu u W Ww w F Ff f; ;
x x, ,z z t to o a a o o t tu uy ye e t t o o i i d di ie e m m k ke e t t t th hu u c c g gi ia a c co o n ng g
u u, ,w w k kh ho oa a n ng g c ca a c ch h t t n ng g o o i i c cu u a a i ie e m m c cu uo o i i
s so o v v i i i ie e m m a a u u t th he eo o h ha ai i p ph h n ng g X X, ,Z Z
-Tien mat au con:
Cau truc lenh:
G94 Xx Zz Kk Ff;
G94 Uu WwKk Ff;
x,z toa o tuyet oi diem ket thuc gia cong
u,w khoang cach tng oi cua iem cuoi
so vi iem au theo hai phng X,Z
K: chenh lech toa o z gia iem au va cuoi.

A
B
D R

C
De

Di
L
e
Ds
C

A
B
D R

A
B
D
R


127

Hinh.5.23. Chu trnh G94
L L u u y y : : V V t ta a p ph ha a i i c co o k kh ho oa a n ng g v va a o o d da ao o n ne e n n k kh hi i x xa a c c n nh h o o c co o n n t ta a c ca a n n t t n nh h e e n n t tr r n ng g h h p p n na a y y
n ne e u u y ye e u u c ca a u u o o c ch h n nh h x xa a c c c ca ao o. .

+ +C Ch hu u t tr r n nh h t ti ie e n n R Re en n ( (G G9 92 2) )
G G9 92 2 c c s s d du u n ng g e e g gi ia a c co o n ng g R Re en n t tr ru u , , R Re en n c co o n n t th ha ay y c ch ho o v vi ie e c c d du u n ng g l le e n nh h t ti ie e n n r re en n G G3 32 2 v va a l le e n nh h d di i
c ch hu uy ye e n n G G0 00 0, , G G0 01 1. . C Ch hu u t tr r n nh h t ti ie e n n R Re en n G G9 92 2 c c m mi in nh h h ho o a a n nh h h h n nh h 5 5. .2 24 4. .

Hnh 5.24. Chu trnh tie n ren G92
- - T Ti ie e n n r re en n t tr ru u t th ha a n ng g
C Cu u p ph ha a p p l le e n nh h: :
( (M M2 23 3) ) G G9 92 2 X Xx x Z Zz z F Ff f; ; t to o a a o o t tu uy ye e t t o o i i
( (M M2 23 3) ) G G9 92 2 U Uu u W Ww w F Ff f; ; t to o a a o o t t n ng g o o i i
x x, ,z z t to o a a o o i ie e m m k ke e t t t th hu u c c g gi ia a c co o n ng g
u u, ,w w k kh ho oa a n ng g c ca a c ch h t t n ng g o o i i c cu u a a i ie e m m k ke e t t t th hu u c c g gi ia a c co o n ng g s so o v v i i i ie e m m a a u u

L L u u y y : : D Da ao o p ph ha a i i c c d di i c ch hu uy ye e n n e e n n i ie e m m b ba a t t a a u u c ch hu u t tr r n nh h t tr r c c k kh hi i G G9 92 2 c c g go o i i
M23 dung ket hp vi G92 khi ta muon rut dao t t theo mot goc nao o, thng la 45
o. Ta co the thay oi gia tr goc nay trc tiep tren may.
- - T Ti ie e n n R Re en n t tr ru u c co o n n: :
C Ca a u u t tr ru u c c l le e n nh h: :
G G9 92 2 X Xx x Z Zz z R Rr r F Ff f; ; t to oa a o o t tu uy ye e t t o o i i
G G9 92 2 U Uu u W Ww w R Rr r F Ff f; ; t to o a a o o t t n ng g o o i i
r r: : o o s sa ai i l le e c ch h b ba a n n k k n nh h t ta a i i v v t tr r m ma a t t c ca a t t b ba a t t a a u u s so o v v i i m ma a t t c ca a t t k ke e t t t th hu u c c
r r = = ( (D Di i D De e) ) / /2 2
F= p(pitch): bc ren
Goc thoat dao khi dung vi M23

128
D Di i: : n ng g k k n nh h m ma a t t a a u u
D De e: : n ng g k k n nh h m ma a t t k ke e t t t th hu u c c
V V d du u v ve e t ti ie e n n r re en n d du u n ng g G G9 92 2. . R Re en n h he e i in nc ch h 1 1. .0 0- -1 12 2U UN N

2 2. . C Ch hu u T Tr r n nh h T Ti ie e n n H Ho o n n h h p p ( (M Mu ul lt ti ip pl le e R Re ep pe et ti it ti iv ve e C Cy yr rc cl le e) )

+ Chu trnh tien tho doc truc (Rough Turning Cycle (G71))

129
Cong dung: Dung e ht bo vat lieu (stock removal) tren cac truc nham at c kch thc gan
giong vi chi tiet gia co ng e chuan b cho chu trnh gia cong tinh tiep theo. Khi dung G71, dao
cat se thc hien cac ng chay dao lien tiep nhau theo phng doc truc cho en khi at c
kch thc mong muon. Xem hnh 5.25.

Hnh 5.25. Chu trnh tie n tho G71
Tuy theo he ieu khien ma G71 co cu phap kha c nhau.
- Vi he ieu hanh Fanuc: 10T/11T/15T
Cau lenh: G71 Pp Qq Dd Uu Ww(I,K) Ff Ss
- Vi he ieu hanh OT/16T/17T/18T/20T/21T
G71 Ud Rr
G71 Pp Qq Uu Ww Ff Ss
Ff -Roughing feedrate
Ww -Z-axis finish stock(lng d gia cong tinh theo phng z)
Uu -X-axis finish stock(lng d gia cong tinh theo phng x, tnh theo ng knh)
Ud -Depth of cut (chieu sau moi bc cat)
D: depth of cut ( micrometer, khong dung dau thap phan)
Qq -Sequence number of cycle ending block
Pp -Sequence number of cycle starting block
Rr -Retraction amount (lng rut dao)
Ui -Distance of retraction in the X direction (khoang rut dao theo x)
Wk -Distance of retraction in the Z direction (khoang rut dao theo z)
I,K: tuy chon bo sung xac nh chieu sau bc cat cuoi cung (t dung)
** tuy thuoc vao iem au chu trnh va iem P ma ta co the tien c tru ngoai hoac trong.
+ Chu trnh gia cong tinh (Finish Cycle (G70))
c dung ket hp vi cac chu trnh gia cong tho nham gia cong tinh e at c hnh dang chi
tiet gia cong va cac yeu cau ky thuat.

130
Cau lenh: G70 Pp Qq F_ S_
V du ve dung G70 va G71.

Gia cong chi tiet sau

chieu sau cat 4mm, rut dao 2mm, v tr bat au chu trnh x74, z5.
Chng trnh nh sau
%
O0000
G21G99
G28U0Z0
T0101
G50S3600
G96S150M03
G00X74Z5
G71U4.R.2
G71P100Q200U.4W.2F.2

N100G0X20.S200
G1Z-20.F.3
G3X40.Z-30.R10.
G1Z-35.
G2X50.Z-40.R5.
G1X60.
N200X70.Z-80.

+ Chu trnh tien tho tien dao hng knh ( Rough Facing Cycle (G72)
Dung e ht bo vat lieu (stock removal) tren cac truc nham at c kch thc gan giong vi
chi tiet gia cong e chuan b cho chu trnh gia cong tinh tiep theo. Khi dung G72, dao cat se thc
hien cac ng chay dao lien tiep nhau theo phng vuong goc vi truc . Xem hnh 5.26.
G54
G28U0.W0.M05
T0100
M01

T0202
G50S3600
G96S200M03
G70P100Q200

G28U0.W0.M05
T0200
M30
%


131
- Vi he ieu hanh 10T/11T/15T
G72 Pp Qq Dd Uu Ww (I K)Ff Ss
- Vi he ieu hanh OT/16T/17T/18T/20T/21T
G72 Wd Rr
G72 Pp Qq Uu Ww Ff Ss
Wd: Depth of cut
Cac thong so con lai tng t nh G71.

Hnh 5.26. Chu trnh tien tho G72

+ Chu trnh gia cong tho chep hnh (Contour Repeating Cycle (G73)
Dung e ht bo vat lieu (stock removal) tren cac truc nham at c kch thc gan giong vi
chi tiet gia cong e chuan b cho chu trnh gia cong tinh tiep theo. Khi dung G73, dao cat se thc
hien cac ng chay dao lien tiep nhau theo phng doc theo bien dang cua chi tiet can gia
cong.

132

Hnh 5.27. Chu trnh tie n tho chep hnh G73

- Vi he ieu hanh 10T/11T/15T
G73 Pp Qq I.. K..Dd Uu Ww Ff Ss
Vi he ieu hanh OT/16T/17T/18T/20T/21T
G73 Ui Wk Rr
G73Pp Qq Uu Ww Ff Ss
D, R: so lan cat tho.
I,K: Tong chieu sau cat theo phng x,z (co dau).

+ Chu trnh tien ranh tren tru c (Groove cutting cycle G75)
- Cong dung: Dung e gia cong nhieu ranh phan bo eu theo phng doc truc. Hnh 5.28.


133
Hnh 5.28. Chu trnh tie n ranh G75
G75 X. (U) Z..(W) I .. K.. D ..F.. S..
Hoac
G75 R..
G75 X..(U) Z..(W) P..Q.. R.. F..S..
X: ng knh cuoi cua ranh (co the dung to a o tng oi U)
Z: toa o Z cua ranh cuoi (co the dung toa o tng oi W)
I,P: chieu sau moi bc cat (pecking depth), tnh theo ban knh..
K, Q: khoang cach gi a cac ranh.
D, R: khoang dch dao ( s dung phai het sc lu y)
Lu y:
- Neu khoang cach gi a toa o au va cuoi theo phng Z khong chia het cho K, thi bc
cuoi cung se dch chuyen 1 oan nho hn K.
- Co the dung lenh G75 e tien ranh n nh sau.

Hnh 5.29. Tien ranh n vi mot lan cat

134

Hnh5.30. Tien ranh n vi nhieu lan cat dung G75
+ Chu trnh tien ranh mat au (Face Groove cutting cycle G74)
- Cong dung: Dung e gia cong nhieu ranh phan bo eu theo phng doc truc. Hnh 5.31.

Hnh 5.31. Chu trnh tien ranh G74
Cau lenh.
G74 X. (U) Z..(W) I .. K.. D ..F.. S..
Hoac
G74 R..
G74 X..(U) Z..(W) P..Q.. R.. F..S..

135
X: ng knh cua ranh cuoi (co the dung U).
Z: chieu sau ranh (co the dung W)
I,P:khoang cach gi a ca c ranh (tnh theo ng knh, > 0).
K, Q: chieu sau moi bc cat (peck)
D, R: khoang dch dao (s dung phai het sc lu y)
Lu y:
- Co the dung lenh G75 e tien ranh n nh sau.

Hnh 5.32. Tien ranh n dung G74


136

Hnh 5.33. Dung lenh G74 tien ranh n vi nhieu ng cat.

- Chu trnh G74 con dung e gia cong lo sau (Peck drilling), se trnh bay phan sau.

- Neu khoang cach gi a toa o au va cuoi theo phng X khong chia he t cho I, thi bc
cuoi cung se dch chuyen 1 oan nho hn I.

+ Chu trnh tien Ren hon hp (G76).
- Cong dung:
Dung thc hien nhieu la n chay dao lien tiep nhau e tien ren. Hnh 5.34

137

Hnh 5.34. Chu trnh tie n ren tong hp G76
- Cau lenh.
G76X. (U) Z..(W) I .. K.. D ..F.. A..P..
I: o con (tnh theo ban knh).
K: chieu sau ren (tnh theo ban knh)
D: chieu sau bc cat au tien.
A: goc Ren.
P: Cach an dao: co gia tr nh sau.
1: one edge cutting equal amount (tien dao nghie ng dien tch cat cac lan bang nhau),
3: one edge cutting equal depth(tien dao nghieng chieu sau cat cac lan bang nhau),,
2: two edge cutting equal amount. (tien dao 2 phng dien tch cat cac la n bang nhau),
4: two edge cutting equal amount. (tien dao 2 phng chieu sau cat cac lan bang nhau),

Hnh 5.35. Tien dao 1 pha va tien dao 2 pha
Mot so he ieu hanh khong dung t lenh P e xac nh cach tien dao ma ca i a t trc tiep cho bo
ieu khien may. Thong thng ta dung phng phap tien dao nghieng va chieu sau bc cat au
tien c tnh nh sau.
N
K
D = (N: so lan cat, K: chieu cao ren)


138
Hoac
G76 PxxxxxxQqRr
G76 X..(U) Z..(W) P..Q.. R.. F..
P: xxxxxx Gom 6 ch so.
- 2 so au la so lan gia co ng tinh
- 2 so tiep la so Ren rut dao t t cuoi ng ren
- 2 so cuoi la goc ren
Qq: chieu sau cat nho nhat (ko co dau thap pha n)
Rr: lung d gia cong tinh.
R: chenh lech ban knh (dung khi tien Ren con).
P : Chieu cao ren.
Q: chieu sau bc cat dau tien.
Lu y:
Tng t G92, ta co the dung M23 e khi ong che o rut dao t t, huy bo M23 bang M24.

3. Chu trnh gia cong lo.
Tng t nh phay, khi gia cong tren may tien ta co cac chu trnh gia cong lo sau.
a. Chu trnh khoan G81. G81X_Z(W)_R__F_S_ Hnh 5.36

Hnh 5.36. Chu trnh khoan G81

139
b. Chu trnh doa G82. G82X_Z(W)_R_P_F_S_

c. Chu trnh khoan sau G83: G83X_Z(W)_R_Q_F_S_

Hnh 5.38. Chu trnh khoan sau G83
Hnh 5.37.Chu trnh doa, khoan lo G82

140
d. Chu trnh Ta ro ren phai G84. G84X_Z(W)_R_Q_F_S_. Hnh 5.3.38.

e. Chu trnh doa tinh G85 (Bore in, Bore out). G85X(U)_Z(W)_R_F_S_

Hnh.5.40. chu trnh doa tinh G85.
Hnh 3.39. Chu trnh taro phai G84

141
f. Chu trnh doa tho G86. G86X(U)_Z(W)_R_F_S_

Hnh 5.41. Chu trnh doa tho G86
g. Chu trnh doa rut dao bang tay G87. G87X(U)_Z(W)_R_F_S_

Hnh 5.42. Chu trnh doa rut dao bang tay G87

142
h.Chu trnh doa rut dao bang tay co xoay ay lo G88. G88X(U)_Z(W)_R_P_F_S_

Hnh 5.43. chu trnh doa G88

i. Chu trnh doa G89. G89X(U)_Z(W)_R_P_F_S_
Tng t chu trnh doa tinh G85 nhng co them bc dng ay lo. Hnh 5.44

Hnh.5.44. Chu trnh doa tinh G89

143
j. Chu trnh Taro ren trai G184. G184X_Z(W)_R_F_S_

k. Chu trnh khoan sau G74. G74X_Z(W)_K_F_S_
K: lng tien dao tng bc (Pecking depth); xem lai phan chu trnh tien ranh.

Hnh 5.46. Chu trnh khoan sau toc o cao.
Hnh 5.45. Chu trnh taro ren trai

144
5.4.4. Bu dao khi tien.
a. Bu tr hnh hoc (Geometry Offset):
+ cac thong so bu tr dao.
Bu tr dao trong cong nghe tien gom cac thong so sau. Cac thong so na y c a vao man hnh
TOOL OFFSET trc khi chng trnh gia cong c thc thi.

- X offset: Bu tr theo phng x
- Z offset: Bu tr theo phng z
Cac thong so bu tr X, Z dung e bu tr s khac biet ve kch thc hnh hoc gia cac dao.
Thong so nay tng t nh bu tr chieu da i trong cong nghe phay. Khi dao va lng bu dao c
ch nh lng bu tr se c t ong tnh en ma khong can lenh khi ong bu tr.
V du: T0102: lng bu tr trong Offset 02 se c cong them vao cho dao so 1.
- R: Ban knh mui dao.
Do mui dao tien thng co ban knh r nen khi cat cac bien dang cung tro n hoac tien cac mat con,
iem cat thc te va ie m canh chnh dao khong trung nhau. Dan en sai so gia bien dang cat
thc te va bien dang mong muon. Hnh 5.47

Hnh 5.47. Anh hng cua ban knh mui dao e n bien dang gia cong

Mui dao ly thuyet
Bien dang mong muon
Bien dang thc
OFFSET No X Z R Tip
01 . . . .
02 . . .
03 . . .

145
Do vay, e am bao o chnh xac yeu cau, trong cong nghe tien CNC, hau het cac he ieu hanh
eu ho tr chc nang bu tr ban knh mui dao. Tng t phay, bu tr ban knh mui dao c
khi ong bi lenh bu tr G41, G42 va huy bu tr bi lenh G40 (Hnh 4.48). Ban knh mui dao
c a vao OFFSET cua may trc khi chng trnh c thc thi.

Hnh 5.48. Lenh bu tr ban knh G41, G42, G40

- T(tip): Hng mui dao.
Khi bu tr ban knh, can phai ch ro hng mu i dao, hng mui dao se quyet nh en lng bu
tr. Hng mui dao c ch nh bi cac so nguyen t 1-> 9 nh bang 5.3.


146
Bang 5.3


147


148
b. Wear Offset (bu tr mon dao)
Bu tr mon dao la chc nang dung e bu tr do trong qua trnh s dung dao b mon anh hng
en o chnh xac gia cong. Cac thong so trong bu tr mon dao cung tng t nh bu tr hnh hoc
nhng c cai trong man hnh WEAR OFFSET SCREEN. Thong thng khi khong yeu cau o
chnh xac cao ta khong can bu tr mon dao. Bu tr Mon dao theo cac phng X, Z thng c
s dung hn so vi bu tr ban knh mui dao. ac biet la khi cat theo cac phng rieng re (tien
tru, khoa mat). Bu tr ban knh mui dao do mon la do trong qua trnh cat mui dao b mon nen
ban knh mui dao cang ngay cang tang len.


149
5.5/. Mot so v du ve la p trnh gia cong tien CNC
1. v du 1:

Chng trnh gia cong chi tiet tren nh sau (he INCH)


150
V du 2. lap trnh gia cong chi tiet nh sau.


151
V du 3.


152
V du 4. Dung G72/G70


153
V du 4. ien vao oan chng trnh gia cong chi tiet sau dung G72/G70

CONG NGHE GIA CONG CNC CAT DAY

152
Chng 6: CNG NGH CT DY NC

---------------------

6.1. Tng quan v my ct dy v my ct dy CNC

Ct dy tia la in (EDM) c gii thiu vo cui thp nin 1960. Lc n l
cng ngh mang tnh t ph v c nht v nh. Thi im , mc d n th hin c kh
nng gia cng cc vt liu cng nhng chnh xc khng vt tri. Do vy, phng php
gia cng ny khng thu ht c nhiu s quan tm. Trong vi chc nm tr li y, cng
ngh EDM c nhng s pht trin vt bc. Cc my EDM ngy cng tinh vi hn v
ngy cng th hin tnh hiu qu cao v kh nng t chnh xc cao.
My dng dy in cc lm cng c , iu khin bng h thng iu khin s, theo
qu o d nh sn tin hnh ct gia cng linh kin.. Thch hp gia cng cc loi khun

153
mu c chnh xc cao, cng cao, dai cao, cc linh kin c hnh thi phc tp v cc
bn mu.


154

Ct dy tia la in (EDM) c gii thiu vo cui thp nin 1960. Lc n l
cng ngh mang tnh t ph v c nht v nh. Thi im , mc d n th hin c kh
nng gia cng cc vt liu cng nhng chnh xc khng vt tri. Do vy, phng php
gia cng ny khng thu ht c nhiu s quan tm. Trong vi chc nm tr li y, cng
ngh EDM c nhng s pht trin vt bc. Cc my EDM ngy cng tinh vi hn v
ngy cng th hin tnh hiu qu cao v kh nng t chnh xc cao.
My dng dy in cc lm cng c , iu khin bng h thng iu khin s, theo
qu o d nh sn tin hnh ct gia cng linh kin.. Thch hp gia cng cc loi khun
mu c chnh xc cao, cng cao, dai cao, cc linh kin c hnh thi phc tp v cc
bn mu.
6.1.1. Phn loi:
C hai loi my EDM
a. My EDM truyn thng
y l loi my u tin dng dy ct iu khin bng tay. Loi ny c kt cu n
gin, kh nng cng ngh km v chnh xc km. Cht lng khi gia cng trn my ny
ph thuc vo tay ngh cng nhn vn hnh my v ch gia cng c nhng dng hnh hc
n gin, khng gia cng c b mt phc tp nh b mt cn, bnh rng
b. My EDM CNC
y l loi EDM iu khin chng trnh s. Loi ny c kt cu phc tp hn nhiu,
tuy nhin kh nng cng ngh ca n rt cao. N c th gia cng c cc b mt c
phc tp cao vi chnh xc cao.
Bn cnh qu trnh gia cng EDM bnh thng, qu trnh gia cng EDM 5 trc
thc cng ang dn tr nn ph bin. Gia cng EDM 5 trc thc c s khc bit vi gia
cng CNC 5 trc. Thng thng ngi ta ngh rng khi nghing b dn dy ct s thnh gia
cng 5 trc. Trong thc t, gia cng EDM 5 trc thc phi c h thng bn xoay (kiu
indexing) lm xoay chi tit gia cng. Chi tit khi g ln bn xoay ny c th c xoay
ng thi trong qu trnh gia cng. Ph bin hn, cc bn xoay c dng phn chi
tit gia cng vi gia s nh trc, c bit hu dng khi yu cu gia cng chi tit vi dung
sai nghim ngt. Gia cng EDM 5 trc thng c p dng ch to cc chi tit phc tp
trong hng khng, y hc v trong k ngh truyn thng.

155

My ct dy DK3277C
6.1.2 Nguyn l gia cng
Ct dy tia la in l mt hnh thc c bit ca gia cng tia la in. im khc
nhau c bn gia ct dy tia la in v xung in (gia cng bng in cc thi) l thay v
s dng nhng in cc thi c hnh dng phc tp th trong EDM in cc l mt si dy
c ng knh t 0,1 0,3mm. Dy ny c cun lin tc v chy theo mt bin dng cho
trc, ct c b mt 2D v 3D phc tp. Chuyn ng ca dy ct c iu khin theo
mt ng bao nm trong h ta XY. Thng th bn my c iu khin CNC to
ra chuyn ng theo cc phng X v Y. Chuyn ng c iu khin ny to thnh mt
ng lin tc vi chnh xc khong 0,001mm v chuyn ng ny phi c lp trnh
bng cc phn mm CAD/CAM c modul cho my ct dy. Cng c th lp trnh bng tay
cho cc ng dng n gin. Dy ct c dn hng thng qua hai c cu dn hng bng
kim cng. Ty vo ng knh ca dy m ng knh trong ca l c cu dn hng c
gi tr ph hp. Thng nh cung cp km theo my chnh mt s b c cu dn hng
thch hp cho vi loi c ng knh dy ct.
Gia gia cng bng in cc thi v gia cng bng dy ct c mt s khc bit nh
sau:
Gia cng bng in cc thi ngi ta s dng du lm cht in mi th trong EDM
li dng nc kh khong.
Khi gia cng bng in cc thi, s phng in xy ra gia mt u in cc vi chi
tit gia cng cn khi gia cng bng dy ct th s phng in xy ra gia mt bn dy ct vi
chi tit gia cng
Vng phng in khi gia cng bng in cc thi bao gm mt u v gc ca in
cc. Cn vng phng in khi gia cng bng dy ct ch bao gm mt 180o ca dy cc khi
n tin n ct chi tit gia cng.
6.1.3 Dy ct

156

Dy ng EDM (dng cho my ct dy)
Cc dy ct thng ch s dng mt ln, nhng cng c loi c s dng nhiu ln.
i vi gia cng ct dy, vt liu lm in cc phi c cc tnh cht sau:
-Dn in tt
-C nhit nng chy cao
-C gin di cao
-C tnh dn nhit tt
Phn Loi
Da vo thnh phn ca dy ct ngi ta chia ra lm hai loi l loi khng c lp ph (n
thnh phn) v loi c lp ph (a thnh phn).
a. a. Loi khng c lp ph
Dy ct truyn thng s dng trong my ct dy EDM l mt kim loi n thnh
phn nh ng , ng thau v molipen. ng c s dng u tin v n c tnh dn
in cao v d ch to thnh nhng dy c ng knh nh. Khong nm 1979 th dy ng
c thay th bng ng thau ci thin tc gia cng. V tc dng lm ngui ca
km v s to thnh xit km c xu hng gim s t dy.
b. b. Loi dy c lp ph
ng thau chng minh tin cy ca n cho qu trnh EDM v n dung ha gia
bn/ dai, dn nhit v kh nng cho sc cht in mi. Tuy nhin, cc dy ct khng
c lp ph vn cn b hn ch bi mt s dung ha gia cc tnh cht. Cc dy ct c lp
ph c s dng thm vo mt s tnh cht c lp. Cc dy ct c lp ph c bn
ko cao v thot nhit cao trong qu trnh gia cng. Lp ph c th l km, xyt km,
graphit, ng vi li l ng thau Dy ct ph km ci thin ng k kh nng cho sc
cht in mi hn dy ng thau khng ph . Mt lp ph graphit lm tng t ngt kh
nng cho sc cht in mi ca molipen bng cch sinh ra cc kh CO, CO2. Graphit cng
sinh ra mt tia la in nng hn cho php t nng lng cao hn trong khe h phng in.
Cc lp ph thng dy t 5 - 10m .
c. ng knh dy
Nu bn knh trong ln nht trn my khong 0.12mm th ng knh nn chn l 0.2mm
hoc nh hn
Cc ng knh c s dng trong hu ht cc my trn th gii l:
0.11mm hoc 0.12mm

157
0.17mm hoc 0.18mm
0.21mm hoc 0.22mm
0.26mm hoc 0.27mm
0.31mm hoc 0.32mm

6.1.4 Cht in mi v cch s dng
Water chiller

Cht in mi c s dng trong sut qu trnh ct.Dng chy cht in mi bao
quanh dy ct
Cht in mi v s sc ra c cc chc nng sau:
- Cch ly khe h gia cng trc khi mt lng ln nng lng c tch ly v tp
trung nng lng phng in vo mt vng nh.
- Khi phc iu kin khe h mong mun bng cch lm lnh khe h v kh ion ha.
- Ra tri phoi ra khi vng gia cng, lm ngui dy v lm ngui chi tit gia cng.
Hu ht cc my ct dy EDM s dng cht in mi l nc kh khong. Thun li
c bn ca nc l cht lng lm ngui tt. tinh khit ca nc c nh gi bng
in tr sut. in tr sut cng thp th nng sut bc vt liu cng cao. Tuy nhin khng
nn s dng nc c in tr sut qu thp. Khi thm vo mt s cht hu c c th ci
thin tc ct.
Trong gia cng EDM, thng cht in mi c a vo khe h gia cng nh mt
p cao (15 20bar). Dng chy ny c phun ng trc vi dy ct. Thng thng th kt
hp phun t di ln v t trn xung bng hai vi phun.
Mc d nc c u im l cht lng lm ngui tt, tc ct cao. Nhng nc c
nhc im l n mn chi tit gia cng v cc c cu my. V th trong mt s trng hp
ngi ta s dng du thay cho nc v du khng n mn chi tit gia cng. Vi in tr sut
cao lm pht sinh d dng cc tia la in cc nh, to nn b mt chi tit c bng cao.
V th du l mi trng l tng gia cng tinh chnh xc vi dy cc mnh. Khng c
n mn in ha v n mn b mt trong du nn lng coban trong hp kim cng khng b
suy gim.
Cht lng b mt v bn lu sau khi gia cng trong du cao hn nhiu so vi khi

158
gia cng trong nc. Khi gia cng trong du c th dng dy in cc rt mnh vi ng
knh 0,025 0,03mm.

6.1.5 Tc ct
Tc ct th c nh mc rt cht ch trong mi mi ct trn chi tit. S dng tc
cao cao cho mi ct th v tc chm cho mi ct tinh.
6.1.6 Cht lng b mt khi gia cng EDM
Dng nhm b mt khi gia cng bng EDM hon ton khc so vi cc phng php
gia cng truyn thng. Trn b mt chi tit c gia cng bng EDM c nhiu ch li hnh
cu v lng chy. Ngi ta gi chng l cc nh v ming ni la. Chng thay th cho
cc ng nh v y ca profile nhm b mt gia cng bng phng php truyn thng.
Gia cc ch li v lng cho l vng bng phng chuyn tip, trong khi b mt c gia
cng bng phng php truyn thng ch xut hin vt dao ct thng thng. Do , b mt
gia cng bng ct dy EDM t b tp trung ng sut hn, b mt a hng ch khng theo
mu nh hng nh gia cng truyn thng.
Gi tr ca nhm b mt ph thuc vo nhiu yu t trong c cng dng
in. Cng dng in cng ln th trn b mt cng xut hin nhiu ming ni la cng
ln. t c bng cao th sau khi ct th phi ct tinh thm mt s ln.
Nh nu trn, khi ct trong du th t bng vo chnh xc cao hn khi ct trong
nc. Sau y l mt v d c th khi ct tungsten carbide, 1 = 3mm vi 4 ln ct, dy ct
bng tungsten c ng knh 0,03mm. bng t c l Rmax = 0,92m (Ra = 0,12m).
B mt vt ct nh nht sau 4 ln ct l 48m vi chnh x bin dng t -1,5 1,5m.
6.1.7 ng dng

Ni chung, EDM c y nhng u nhc im ca mt phng php gia cng
EDM. EDM c th gia cng nhiu dng b mt khc nhau vi chnh xc cao nh:
- Gia cng cc l trong khun t, khun p kim loi
- Gia cng in cc cho my EDM in cc thi
- Ct cc ng bin dng phc tp: bin dng thn khai ca bnh rng, bin dng
cam, ct ng c bin dng spline
- Ct cc mt 3 chiu c bit nh b mt bnh rng nghing, b mt cnh tuabin, cc
khi nn, khi xon c, khi parabol, khi elip

159
Ngoi nhng ng dng ca gia cng EDM ni chung, EDM cn c ng dng ng
ch l n c th gia cng cc vt liu siu cng nh kim cng a tinh th (PCD), nitrit bo
lp phng (CBN) v mt s loi vt liu composite. Mc d cc vt liu composite nn si
ccbon c ng dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc nh hng khng, ht nhn, t v cng
nghip ha cht nhng chng rt kh gia cng bng cc phng php gia cng truyn thng
do trong qu trnh gia cng chng thng b trc, tch lp, ba via v tui th dng c thp.
Cc tin b v EDM ngy nay cho php gia cng cc vt liu ny m khng b
xon hay ba via. Ngay c vt liu s cch in cng c th c gia cng bng phng php
ny. Hin nay, vic nghin cu gia cng s cch in vn ang c nghin cu v trin
khai p dng rng ri trn nhiu ni trn th gii, nht l cc trng i hc.
6.2 Lp trnh ct dy CNC
6.2.1 Miu t my ct dy
Cu hnh ca my ct dy c th thay i t cc i my khc nhau. Phn ny lm
quen vi nhng thnh phn ca my v h iu khin. Bn di l hnh biu din ca my
AP500.

M hnh ny c to ra t ba thnh phn c bn:
+Phn my c kh
+H thng cht in mi
+B phn iu khin.
1. My:

160

Bao gm b phn iu khin, b phn c s, b phn lm vic, b phn t ng nh in
my v.v.
Chiu cc trc ta
Nhng may cong cu thong thng co 3 truc chnh X,Y, Z co chieu nhat nh.Tuy
nhien co may 4,5 truc. Them 3 truc quay xung quanh cac truc tng ng ky hieu la A, B
hoac C. Tuy theo loai may ma cac truc bo tr khac nhau va do o co chieu khac nhau.
Phng chieu cua cac truc may c xac nh theo quy tac ban tay phai. Hnh 4.3a mo ta
phng phap xac nh phng chieu cua cac truc X,Y, Z.
Trc X di chuyn t bn phi n bn tri v ngc li.
Trc Y di chuyn t trong ra ngoi
Trc Z ch hng ln trn v xung

161

Ngn ci ch chiu dng trc X, ngn tr ch chiu dng trc Y, ngn gia ch
chiu dng trc Z.

2. H thng Cht in mi:
H thng cht in mi l b lc nc c nh v ng sau hoc bn cnh ca
my. Thng ny cha b lc v nhng h thng de- ion ha lm sch nc
cho s s dng trong my.
3. H thng iu khin:
H thng iu khin cho php bn kch hot nhng chc nng ca my. Nhng chng
trnh c nhp vo thng qua h iu khin. Nhng chng trnh CNC c th c nhp
vo, c sa i, v chy thng qua b iu khin. Nhng iu kin iu khin c th c
to ra v sa i.


162

Mn hnh iu khin
6.2.2 Cac iem tham chieu tren may ct dy
Cac iem tham chieu tren may la cac iem c s hoac iem bat au c s dung e
tnh toa o cac iem khac.
iem khong(zero) cu a may (Machine zero point )
iem khong (zero) cu a chi tiet (Work zero point )
iem khong(zero) khi lap trnh (Program zero point )
iem khong(zero) cua may
La goc toa o may. c cai a t bi nha che ta o va khong the sa o i. iem khong cua
may c a t ten M va ky hieu nh hnh 4.4. Vi may tien, iem khong cua may thng a t ta i
tam mat au cua truc chnh. Vi may phay no thng at tai iem gii han cua cac truc.
Thong thng iem Zero cua may khong dung lam iem tham chieu e lap trnh. iem nay
thng c dung vao cac muc ch sau.
+Cai at ban au cho may (Initial setup of the machine)
+Lam tham chieu cho cac iem tham chieu khac nh: reference return points, work zeros, va
program zeros.

163
iem khong (zero) cu a chi tiet
La goc toa o cu a he toa o gan lien vi phoi. V tr nay c cai at bi ngi van hanh
may va c at ta i ba t ky v tr thuan li nao o tren phoi.
iem khong(zero) khi lap trnh
Phn ny miu t th no l gc ta khi lp trnh gia cng ct dy.c tnh ny cho
php lp trnh vin chn mt im tin li lm vic.
Khi lp trnh theo ct chng ta c th chn tng im gc ta cho ph hp.Chng ta
c th chn im bt u dy nh im gc chng trnh . Hoc chng ta c th chon logic hn l
chn im dy bt u ct ln chi tit. S dng k thut ny, nhng kch thc i vo trong chng
trnh s ph hp vi nhng kch thc trn chi tit.
Khi lm vic gc ta ca chng trnh, n c gi l lp trnh kiu tuyt i. Ngha l,
tt c cc kch thc tuyt i bt u t gc ta ca chng trnh. iu ny khc vi kiu lp
trnh tng i, ni m mi v tr l v tr c ly t v tr cui cng ca dy ct (khng lp trnh
sn n t gc ta c sn).


164
6.2.3 C s lp trnh my ct dy
1. Ch gia cng ca my ct dy
Ty theo tng loi my ch ct s c tm thy trong ti liu ch ct km theo
my , hay chng c th c trnh by ti my. C mt thc n trong mn nh son tho
khi c gi bi vic nhn nt " COND " ti y ca mn nh iu khin. Mt ln thc n
c lm x ln trong l tp hp nt nhn ,sau tr li ch ct v ACC (iu khin
gc) s c thm vo nh chng trnh NC nh l mt u mc. Chng trnh s gi " C1
v H1 " cho ch ct v offset u tin, sau chng trnh s gi " C2 v H2 " cho ch
ct v offset tip theo ,c nh vy tip tc ln 3 v 4.

Workpiece Material :
Vt liu ca chi tit gia cng. Di mi ng knh dy sn c, s c vi nguyn liu
chn n.
Workpiece Thickness :
Chiu dy ca chi tit gia cng. Mi vt liu c lit k s cho php bn chn mt n
t vi b dy chi tit khc nhau.
Wire Diameter:
ng knh dy.Dy s c chon theo yu cu ct. la chn ng knh dy s
dng nn tham kho ti liu hng dn s dng tm thy nhng trang thch hp cho
ng knh dy la chn ph hp vi vt liu ct.
Cycles

165
S chu k bn mong mun chy vng quanh chi tit gia cng. S la chn ny phi lm
vi nhng yu cu chnh xc v kt thc nh mong mun. Nhiu chu k hn sn phm s tt
hn v chnh xc hn
Offset
y l s lng mun thm vo hay tr ra t kch thc danh trong bng iu kin
ct.
V d
u mc trn my c to ra bi ch ct
"(***** Mat'l = STEEL : THICKNESS = 3.2inch : WIRE = .010inch );"
"(***** NOZZLE = close : CYCLE = 4 );"
"C000 = 014 014 2215 000 0240 040 8 0012 0 160 130 001 000;"
"C001 = 014 014 2215 000 0244 013 8 0012 0 160 130 001 000;"
"C002 = 002 023 2215 000 0750 048 8 6008 0 160 130 001 000;"
"C003 = 000 001 1015 000 0000 030 8 7020 0 160 130 001 008;"
"C004 = 000 001 1015 000 0000 018 4 7024 0 160 130 001 008;"
";"
"H000 = +000000039;"
"H001 = +000000875;"
"H002 = +000000616;"
"H003 = +000000540;"
"H004 = +000000530;"
";"
"Q_ACC( 2,1,0.00490,008.0,0.00670,0.00320,032.0,0002,0007,15,035 ) ;"
"N0001 H101=0.002;"
";"
"N0002 (Chng trnh chnh);"
"N0003 G54 G90;"
"N0004 G92 X.03333 Y.3;"
"N0005 G29;"
";"
"CRT(JOB 1 CNT2X ROUGH CUT FORWARD);"
"N0006 T84;"
"N0007 C1;" C1 c gi l thit lp cc iu kin ct.Thng s ny s c ci t vo lc
u khi ng my.Ti liu hng dn tm trong phn sau
"N0008 G41 G51 A0 H0;"
"N0009 G01 Y.1;"
"N0010 A+H101 H1;"
"N0011 X.1;"
"N0012 Y-.1;"
"N0013 X-.1;"
"N0014 Y.1;"
"N0015 X-.03667;"

166
"N0016 A0 H0;"
"N0017 G40 G50 Y.11;"
"M0;
3. Cc lnh NC c bn
G-code
G00 nh v nhanh
G01 Ni suy ng thng
G02 Ni suy cung trn (cng chiu kim ng h)
G03 Ni suy cung trn (ngc chiu kim ng h)
G04 Dng tm thi (vd G04 x5. 0 ngng trong 5 giy)
G05 X
G06 Y
G08 i trc X-Y
G09 Hy b lnh G05, G06, G08
G11
G12
G13 AWT REF=1 s khi phc t dy
G14 AWT REF=0 hy b khi phc t dy
G15 AWT REF=2 s khi phc t dy
G20 H inch
G21 H met
G22 Soft Limit On
G23 Soft Limit Off
G26 Pattern Rotation On
G27 Pattern Rotation Off
G28 Quay li im tham chiu G29
G29 im tham chiu ca my
G30 Quay li s nh v G92 cui cng
G40 Hy b b tr bn knh dao
G41 B tr bn knh dao bn tri
G42 B tr bn knh dao bn phi
G50 Hy b ct dang cn

167
G51 Cn bn tri
G52 Cn bn phi
G54 Thit lp h ta lm vic 0
G74 M ch 4 trc
G75 Tt ch 4 trc
G80 M cm bin tip xc
G81 Dy chuyn n im gii hn
G82 Move To Half Of Axis Display
G83 c v tr hin tai v lu mt h trc ta H
G90 Lp trnh tuyt i
G91 Lp trnh tng i
G92 Ghi li nhng gi tr trc ta hin thi
G97 Ghi li nhng gi tr trong tt c cc h trc ta
G104 Dwell At All Sharp Corners
G105 Hy b G104
G140 Hy b offset 4 trc
G141 Offset 4 trc bn tri
G142 Offset 4 trc bn phi
G154 TO G159 Lm vic ti Ta mn hnh 10 ti 15

168
T80 Khi ng dy ct
T81 Dng chuyn ng dy
T82 ng thng cht in mi
T83 M thng cht in mi
T84 Bt u phun cht in mi
T85 Ngng phun cht in mi
T86 M bm cht in mi
T87 Tt bm cht in mi
T89 Chuyn sang ch ct khng nc
T90 Cut Wire By Auto Wire Threader Sequence One
T91 Thread Wire By Auto Wire Threader Sequence Two
T94 Chuyn sang ch ct di nc
T96 Worktank Fill Pump On
T97 Worktank Fill Pump Off
M-code
M00 Dng chng trnh
M01 Dng chng trnh ngu nhin
M02 Kt thc chng trnh
M03 AWT Jump
M05 Dng sensor
M06 Disable EDM Power During Movement.
M33 Rotate Wire Tip Disposal Arm Forward. Use to remove the wire tip container.
M43 Rotate Wire Tip Disposal Arm Back.
M98 Jump to a Sub-Routine from the main program.
M99 Return from a Sub-Routine to the main program.
4. Miu t v cc lnh
M00 Dng chng trnh
c t v tr cui ca chng trnh NC.Khng xut hin cc v tr khc
M01 Dng chng trnh ngu nhin
M03 AWT Jump : Nu T91 thao tc li (li dy) ti v tr hin ti, chng trnh s c b
qua ti v tr M03 k tip
V D:

169
G92 X0 Y0
G29
M98P0000
M03 (M03 u tin ny khng thc s cn )
T90
G00X1.500 Y2.500
T91 Nu lun dy b li,chng trnh s c b qua ti v tr M03 k tip
M98P0001
M03
T90
G00X2.500 Y2.500
G00 nh v nhanh ( khng ct)

G00 X2.000 Y-.690
Lnh G00 lm cho dy di chuyn nhanh nht c th. B cp in (tip in) khng
phi bt, EDM s khng c thc hin.
G01 Ni suy ng thng

N0150 G01 X 2.000

170
The Lnh G01 c dng ct mt ng thng. Chng hn, nu bn ch cn di
chuyn thng ch dc theo trc X, Mt lnh X cn thit trong lnh G01. Nu cn mt s
chuyn ng gc Trong X V Y, Bn c th bao gm C hai X v Y Trong lnh G01.
G01 cng bt chc nng bt u ct.Bt u ct v hng lot lnh khc c bt u
khi G01 c ra lnh.
+B ct c lm y
+Bm nc c m
+Dy ct c bt
+in ti dy bt
G02 v G03 Ni suy cung trn
G02 l ni suy cung trn theo chiu kim ng h v G03 ni suy cung trn ngc
chiu kim ng h.
G02 v G03 c s dng iu khin dy di chuyn dc theo mt vng trn
ng dn trong cc ch ct. G02 v G03 cng gy ra cng mt my c chc nng nh
G01 nh in y nc vo b ct, m bm nc, dy chy v v cc ch ct
Xc nh X v Y gi tr trong ni suy cung trn
Trong cc dng lnh phi c gi tr cho cc trc X v Y. Nhng gi tr ny l nhng X v Y
kt thc im ta ca cc arc.
I v J l to tm ca cung trn
I l khong cch t im bt u n tm ca cung trn tnh theo trc X
J l khong cch t im bt u n tm ca cung trn tnh theo trc Y
. V d v G02 v G03 ni suy s dng I v J

G92 X0. Y0.
1 G01Y1.25

171
2 G02 X.5 I.25 J0.
3 G01 Y.75
4 G03 X1. I.25 J0.
5 G01 Y1.25
6 G02 X1.5 I.25 J0.
7 G01 Y0.
8 X0.
M02

G92X0 Y0
1 G01Y.500
2 G01X.400
3 G02X.500Y.400 J-.100
4 G01Y-.400
5 G02X.400 Y-.500 I-.100
6 G01X-.400
7 G02X-.500 Y-.400 J.100
8 G01Y.400
9 G02X-.400 Y.500 I.100
1 G01 X0
G01 Y0
M02

Ni suy cung trn s dng R
Mt cch khc ni suy cung trn l lp trnh bng cch s dng bn knh R. lp
trnh R bng cch s dng t ng, lp trnh bng cch s dng thm cc R v cc gi tr
ca n cui ca dng lnh. V d "G01 X1.234 Y.5678 R.100". V d ny s to ra mt
bn knh ,100 s c thc hin (suy ngh ny nh mt gc bo trn). iu ny theo
phong cch ca chng trnh s lm vic nu lp trnh tuyt i trong G90 hay G91.

172

G92X0 Y0
G42H000
1 G01Y.500
3 G01X.500 R.100
5 G01Y-.500 R.100
7 G01X-.500 R.100
9 G01Y.500 R.100
1 G01 X0
G40G01 Y0
M02
V d v s dng G01, G02,G03

173

N005 G59 G92X0Y0(gn gi tr cho G59 Trong qu trnh thit lp)
N010 G00 X.75 Y.5 (di chuyn n im 1)
N015 M00 (dng chng trnh)
N020 G54 (chn h trc to ca h thng)
N025 G92 X.3 Y-.2 (chn im 0)
N030 C1 (chn ch ct)
N035 G90 (chn lp trnh tuyt i)
N037 T84 (M bm cao p)
N040 G42 H1 (b tr dy bn phi v chn gi tr )
N045 G01 Y0 (di chuyn n im 2)
N050 X.4 (di chuyn n im 3)
N055 G03 X.5 Y.1 J.1 (di chuyn n im 4)
N060 G01 Y.4 (di chuyn n im 5)
N065 G03 X.4 Y.5 I-.1 (di chuyn n im 6)

174
N070 G01 X.1 (di chuyn n im 7)
N075 G03 X0 Y.4 J-.1 (di chuyn n im 8)
N080 G01 Y.1 (di chuyn n im 9)
N085 G03 X.1 Y0 I.1 (di chuyn n im 10)
N095 G40 Y-.02 (di chuyn n im 12, hu Offset)
N100 M00 (dng li v bc n bo)
N110 Y-.2 (tr v im 1)
N115 M02 (kt thc chng trnh)
6.2.3 Nhng tham s t bit ca my ct dy
Nhiu nhn t (h s) l nhng tham s kim sot qu trnh EDM xut hin. Nhng
con s i theo sau gii thch ngha ca chng. Ch ct c pht trin bi nh sn xut
thng thng pht sinh s ct khng nh mong mun m bn phi iu chnh h. Tuy nhin,
sau mt thi gian bn quen thuc hn vi nhng tham s v th bn c th d dng tinh
chnh nhng kt qu mong mun v thm ch to ra ch ct ti u ca mnh.
Mi nhn t trc tip thay i tc ct, kt qu khi hon thnh, v s chnh xc.
Bn di l mt th cho thy rng qu trnh ct gm 3 bc. in p c np vo
dy cho n khi ion ha ton b dy.Sau st in p v tng in p t ngt v cng
dng in chy gia dy v chi tit gia cng trong chiu di trong thi gian tt m ng
lc. Qu trnh lp li hng nghn ln trn giy.


175
Nhng tham s iu kin ct trong nhng trang sau y c th c iu chnh
c chng trnh NC nh mong mun.

"( ON OFF IP HRP MAO SV V SF C WT WS WP WC);"
"C001 = 007 011 2215 000 252 018 8 0020 00 160 120 000 000;"
ON
Gi tr tham s t 000 031
"On " thay cho m ng gi. Nhng tp hp tham s ny l khong thi gian m in np
vo dy .
Chn ng lc mt h s c th thm sc mnh ti dy. Trong khi bn m ng gi my s
ct nhanh chng hn,Tuy vy nhng bng b mt tr nn xp hn v s chnh xc c th
b gim bt bi v tc ct ang gia tng.
Nu thi gian m qu ln dy c th b h hng v gy
OFF
"Off " thay cho tt ng gi. Nhng tp hp tham s ny ny l khong thi gian m in
np vo dy c tt gia mi ln pht tia la in
Off l thi gian rt quan trng v trong thi gian thi gian off m nhng ht c thot ra
khi l hng. Khng c thi gian off qu trnh EDM khng th xy ra v s vng vng
v t s b gy dy hn ang gia tng.
Off thi gian l mt h s m lm gim sc mnh t dy. Ngy cng gim thi gian ct v
s ct chm hn, Tng s vng vng v t s b gy dy hn.
Thng thng thi gian ON v thi gian OFF c xem xt cng nhau cho nhng hiu ng.
Thi gian OFF khng th l thp hn so vi ON.
IP
"IP " Thay th cho Hiu in th cc i. IP iu khin cng dng in hin thi
m c ng dng vo dy ct, v cng iu khin mch " AC " hay Mch " DC ".
"IP " l mt trong s nhng nhn t thm sc mnh vo dy ct. Nh vi ON, bc
cao "IP " ti v tr cn nh gia cng c kh, nhng s chnh xc v bng b mt s
gim.
HRP
Tham s HRP in hnh c s dng ct vi cht in mi l du. Khi nc c s
dng, mch khng cn.
+ H Gi tr tham s t 0 9

176
Gi tr H ca HRP l mt mch in p cao c dng tng in p khe h. Bn c
th s dng gi tr ny c dng trn chi tit c chiu dy hn 7 inch.
+ R Gi tr tham s t 0 9
Gi tr R ca HRP l gi tr in tr s dng cho mch in p cao.
+ P Gi tr tham s t 0 9
Gi tr R ca HRP l gi tr thay i mch in p in tr ng b cao.
MAO
"MAO" ci t mch iu khin thch nghi. Ci t gi tr iu khin mc nhy cm v
iu chnh thi giam " ON " v nhng ln " OFF ". Khi my iu khin s mch thch
nghi xc nh gi tr no sai trong khi ang ct th bn thn n s t iu chnh tham s
thi gian "ON " v "OFF " c nh ch ct hin ti.
+ M Gi tr tham s t 0 9
+ A Gi tr tham s t 0 9
+ O Gi tr tham s t 0 9
tng tc ct trn b mt ct sn si, rt gn " A" v tng " O ".
V d MAO = 252 iu chnh tng thnh 234
Nu dy ct c vn th tng A v rt gn O
V d MAO = 252 iu chnh tng thnh 234
SV
"SV " Thay th cho gi tr in p ph. in p ph c t b tr s chnh lch
in p gia dy v chi tit. S thit t ny lm s chnh lch in p gia dy v chi tit
nh hn.
Nhng tp hp gi tr ny l mt in p thc t my s c gng t c. Nu gi tr
ci t l 25, th my s duy tr mt in p b tr l 25 vn. Tham s " SV " iu chnh in
p b tr tng tng gi tr l 1 vn. Nhng s tng dn vn. Phng php ny ci t chnh
lch in p nh hn, ci m c yu cu cho bng b mt tt hn .
WT
Phm vi ca tham s: (000-250)
"WT" ci t gi tr cng dy. Gi tr vo l 1 / 10 gi tr thc t trc tip v n v l grams.
V d: 160 = 1600 grams0
WS

177
Phm vi ca tham s: (000-250)
"WS" ci t tc dy. Gi tr u vo l gi tr ca tc dy trc tip n v l mm /
pht. V d: 120 = 120 mm / pht.
WP
Phm vi ca tham s: (000 - 001)
Tham s ny lt BT hoc TT gi tr an ton interlocks trn my.
"0" = Interlocks ang hot ng.
"1" = Interlocks khng hot ng.
WC
Phm vi ca tham s: (**0 - **8)
"WC" ci "ACW" (ty chn) v lt v mc pht kt thc mch. Tham s ny s
c t "000" cho 1. Hai vt ct, sau n s c t ti "008" tm cc kt thc tt
p qua 2 v 3.
WC 2 5 8
2 5 Cc ch s t "ACW" cp. "ACW" l mt ty chn c ngha l him khi
used.Please xem "ACW" s tay bit chi tit.
8 iu ny t ra nhng ch s HF relays Ngy kt thc mch hoc TT. Kt thc
nm HF mch thng c s dng trn 2. V 3. Skim qua.
"O" = HF relays TT.
"8" = HF relays ngy.


178
V d chng trnh NC
V d 1
Bn di chng trnh l mt v d lm chi tit 0.5 inch vung, vi gc bo 0.1 inch.
cch tip cn ti mt gc vung ti ng vin, v bt u X0 Y0.

N0001;
N0002 G54 G90
N0003 G92 X0. Y0. G29
N0004 T84 (High Flush)
N0005 T94 (Submerged)
N0006 C1 (Cutting Condition)
N0007 G42 H1 (Offset Right)
CRT(JOB 1 CNT2X ROUGH CUT FORWARD)
N0008 G52 A.5000 G01 Y.25 (Taper Right, .500 Degree)
N0009 X.15
N0010 G02 X.25 Y.15 I0. J-.1
N0011 G01 Y-.15
N0012 G02 X.15 Y-.25 I-.1 J0.
N0013 G01 X-.15

179
N0014 G02 X-.25 Y-.15 I0. J.1
N0015 G01 Y.15
N0016 G02 X-.15 Y.25 I.1 J0.
N0017 G01 X-.1
N0018 X0.
N0019 G50 A0. G40 Y0. (Cancel Offset and Taper)
CRT(JOB 1 CNT2X SKIM 1 CUT REVERSE)
N0020 T85 (Low Flush)
N0021 C2
N0022 G41 H2
N0023 G51 A.5000 G01 Y.25
N0024 X-.15
N0025 G03 X-.25 Y.15 I0. J-.1
N0026 G01 Y-.15
N0027 G03 X-.15 Y-.25 I.1 J0.
N0028 G01 X.15
N0029 G03 X.25 Y-.15 I0. J.1
N0030 G01 Y.15
N0031 G03 X.15 Y.25 I-.1 J0.
N0032 G01 X0.
N0033 G50 A0. G40 Y0.
N0034 M02
V d 2
Bn di chng trnh l cng hnh dng vi v d trn, nhng kt hp bn knh
0.10inch vo ng ct.


180

CRT(JOB 1 CNT2X ROUGH CUT FORWARD)
N0008 G52 A.5000 G01 X-.1 Y.15
N0009 G02 X0. Y.25 I.1 J0.
N0010 G01 X.15
N0011 G02 X.25 Y.15 I0. J-.1
N0012 G01 Y-.15
N0013 G02 X.15 Y-.25 I-.1 J0.
N0014 G01 X-.15
N0015 G02 X-.25 Y-.15 I0. J.1
N0016 G01 Y.15
N0017 G02 X-.15 Y.25 I.1 J0.
N0018 G01 X-.1
N0019 X0.
N0020 G02 X.1 Y.15 I0. J-.1
N0021 G50 A0. G01 G40 X0. Y0.
CRT(JOB 1 CNT2X SKIM 1 CUT REVERSE)
N0022 T85
N0023 C2
N0024 G41 H2
N0025 G51 A.5000 G01 X.1 Y.15
N0026 G03 X0. Y.25 I-.1 J0.

181
N0027 G01 X-.15
N0028 G03 X-.25 Y.15 I0. J-.1
N0029 G01 Y-.15
N0030 G03 X-.15 Y-.25 I.1 J0.
N0031 G01 X.15
N0032 G03 X.25 Y-.15 I0. J.1
N0033 G01 Y.15
N0034 G03 X.15 Y.25 I-.1 J0.
N0035 G01 X0.
N0036 G03 X-.1 Y.15 I0. J-.1
N0037 G50 A0. G01 G40 X0. Y0.
N0038 M02
V d 3

NC Program for figure 9-2 Using Sub Routines
C000 = 014 014 2215 000 0240 040 8 0012 0 160 130 001 000;"
"C001 = 014 014 2215 000 0244 013 8 0012 0 160 130 001 000;"
"C002 = 002 023 2215 000 0750 048 8 6008 0 160 130 001 000;"
"C003 = 000 001 1015 000 0000 030 8 7020 0 160 130 001 008;"
"H000 = +000000039;"

182
"H001 = +000000875;"
"H002 = +000000616;"
"H003 = +000000540;"
"H004 = +000000530;"
N005 G54 (SELECT COORDINATE SYSTEM IN MAIN PROGRAM)
N010 G92 X.3 Y-.2 (SET PROGRAM ZERO)
N015 G90 (SELECT ABSOLUTE MODE)
N020 C1 (SELECT CONDITION FOR FIRST PASS)
N021T91 (AUTO WIRE THREAD)
N025 G42 H1 (.OFFSET TO THE RIGHT)
N026 T88 (SUBMERSE FOR SUBMERSIBLE MACHINES ONLY)
N027 T84 (TURN ON HIGH PRESSURE FLUSHING PUMP)
N030 M98 P1000 (JUMP TO N1000 AND MAKE FIRST PASS)
N033 T85 (TURN OFF HIGH PRESSURE PUMP)
N035 C2 (SELECT CONDITION FOR SECOND PASS)
N040 G41 H2 (SET OFFSET LEFT, SECOND PASS)
N045 M98 P2000 (JUMP TO N2000 AND MAKE SECOND PASS)
N050 C3 (SELECT CONDITION FOR THIRD PASS)
N055 G42 H3 (SET OFFSET TO RIGHT THIRD CUT)
N058 M98 P1000 (JUMP TO N1000 FOR THIRD PASS)
N060 M00 (STOP TO APPLY MAGNETS FOR CUTOFF)
N065 C1 (SELECT ROUGHING CONDITION FOR CUTOFF)
N066 T84 (HIGH PRESSURE)
N070 G01 X.3 (CUT OFF TO POINT 17)
N075 Y-.2 (MOVE BACK TO START POINT)
N080 M02 (END OF MAIN PROGRAM)
(COUNTER CLOCKWISE SUB ROUTINE)
N1000 G01 Y0 (MOVE TO POINT 2)
N1005 X.9 (MOVE TO POINT 3)
N1010 G03 X1. Y.1 J.1 (MOVE TO POINT 4)
N1015 G01 Y.4 (MOVE TO POINT 5)
N1020 G03 X.9 Y.5 I-.1 (MOVE TO POINT 6)

183
N1025 G01 X.6 (MOVE TO POINT 7)
N1030 G02 X.5 Y.6 J.1 (MOVE TO POINT 8)
N1040 G03 X.4 Y1. I-.1 (MOVE TO POINT 10)
N1050 G03 X0 Y.9 J-.1 (MOVE TO POINT 12)
N1060 G03 X.1 Y0 I.1 (MOVE TO POINT 14)
N1070 G40 Y-.02 (CANCEL OFFSET AND MOVE TO POINT 16)
N1075 M99 (END OF SUB ROUTINE, JUMP BACK TO MAIN)
(CLOCKWISE SUB ROUTINE)
N2000 G01 Y0 (MOVE TO POINT 15)
N2005 X.1 (MOVE TO POINT 14)
N2010 G02 X0 Y.1 J.1 (MOVE TO POINT 13)
N2020 G02 X.1 Y1. I.1 (MOVE TO POINT 11)
N2030 G02 X.5 Y.9 J-.1 (MOVE TO POINT 9)
N2040 G03 X.6 Y.5 I.1 (MOVE TO POINT 7)
N2050 G02 X1. Y.4 J-.1 (MOVE TO POINT 5)
N2060 G02 X.9 Y0 I-.1 (MOVE TO POINT 3)
N2070 G40 Y-.02 (CANCEL OFFSET AND MOVE TO POINT 17)
N2075 M99 (END OF SUB ROUTINE, JUMP BACK TO MAIN)

Giáo Trình Máy CNC Và Công Nghệ Gia Công Trên Máy CNC

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Giáo Trình Máy CNC Và Công Nghệ Gia Công Trên Máy CNC

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