Proceeding the 6th Civil Engineering Conference in Asia Region: Embracing the Future through

Sustainability
ISBN 978-602-8605-08-3
DEVELOPMENT OF SEISMIC HAZARD AND RISK MAPS FOR
NEW SEISMIC BUILDING AND INFRASTRUCTURE CODES IN
INDONESIA
Masyhur Irsyam
1
, Wayan Sengara
1
, Fahmi Aldiamar
1
, Sri Widiyantoro
1
, Wahyu
Triyoso
1
, Danny Hilman
1
, Engkon Kertapati
1
, Irwan Meilano
1
, Suhardjono
1
, M.
Asrurifak
1
, M. Ridwan
1
, Daniel Hutabarat
2
, Indra Jati Sidi
2
, and Widiadnyana
Merati
2

1
Team for Revision of Seismic Hazard Maps of Indonesia,
2
Civil Engineering ITB

EXTENDED ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
The current Indonesian seismic hazard map contained in the latest Indonesian Earthquake Resistant
Building Code SNI 03-1726-2002 was issued in 2002 and developed by partially adopting the concept of
UBC 1997 (Figure 1). Since it was published, several great earthquakes occurred in Indonesia. A massive
earthquake occurred in 2004, for example, within 150 kilometers of Aceh Province that followed by a
massive tsunami have increased public and government awareness regarding seismic activities in
Indonesia. It triggered several researchers in earthquake engineering to consider the new conceptual
approach and technological shift as shown in the transition of UBC 1997 to IBC 2000 which evolved
further to IBC- 2009 and the latest ASCE 7-10 into national standard.

Fig. 1: Map of peak ground acceleration at bedrock (S
B
) of Indonesia in
SNI 03-1726-2002
In 2009 the Ministry of Public Works then decided to establish a team to revise the current seismic hazard
maps of Indonesia. The main outcome of the research was the new seismic hazard maps of Indonesia for
revision of national standards. The maps incorporated total probability theorem and deterministic
approach supported by the latest geological and seismological data. Moreover, seismic hazard parameters
were derived from published journals, proceedings, previous researches, and latest information obtained
M.Irsyam et al.
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during this study. It utilized the earthquake catalog, geological and seismological information of active
faults as new earthquakes source parameters. This catalog covered earthquakes from 1900 to 2009,
relocated catalog by the year 2005, and area between 90
o
E to 145
o
E longitudes and 15
o
S to 15
o
N latitudes.
Deterministic hazard for subduction and fault zones and probabilistic hazard for several return periods of
earthquakes ground motions at bed rock of Indonesia were calculated. Maps of Maximum Considered
Earthquake Geometric Mean (MCE
G
) PGA, Risk-adjusted Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE
R
) for
0.2s and 1.0s spectral response acceleration were also developed for new earthquake resistance buildings
code of Indonesia. This paper then presents development of the hazard maps of Indonesia that is
summarized from previous studies conducted by Irsyam et al (2008), Irsyam et al (2009), Irsyam et al
(2010a), Irsyam et al (2010b), Sengara et al (2010), Irsyam et al (2011), and Irsyam et al (2013).
SEISMOTECTONIC MODELS
There are three seismic source models used in this analysis; fault zone, subduction zone, and gridded
seismicity. The source models were derived using seismogenic conditions, focal mechanisms and
earthquake catalogs. This seismogenic conditions include geometry and geomorphological of tectonic
plate such as faults and subduction zones.
Fault source is treated as a plane in 3-D space for calculation of distance from a site to a certain point at
the plane. Parameters of fault required for input of PSHA include fault traces, focal mechanism, slip-rate,
dip, length and width of the fault. Location of each fault was determined based on information obtained
from previous publications and relocated epicenters. The information was then used to trace each fault on
the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) that indicates geomorphology. Using this procedure,
coordinate and length of each fault can be obtained. Other input data required for analysis was obtained
from publications and technical discussions among team members that consist of experts from geology,
geophysics, geodynamics, seismology, and geotechnique (Irsyam et al, 2010a). Figure 2 summarizes
maximum magnitude and slip-rate of fault sources in Indonesia.
Subduction sources were modeled based on well-identified seismotectonic data. Parameters of the sources
include the location of subduction in latitude and longitude coordinates, slope of subduction plane (dip),
rate, and b-value of the subduction zones that can be obtained from historical earthquake data, and limit
depth of subduction zones. The subduction source models were limited to 50 km and commonly
described as Megathrust or interface zones. Earthquake events occurred below Megathrust zones (Benioff
zones) are considered as deep background sources. Subduction earthquake sources are Megathrust
Andaman-Sumatra segment, Nias Megathrust segment (Mid-1) Sumatra, Siberut Megathrust segment
(Mid-2), Sumatra, Java Megathrust segment, Megathrust Sumba segment, Timor Megathrust segment,
Megathrust Banda Sea segment, North Sulawesi Megathrust segments, and Megathrust Philippines
segment. The value of maximum magnitude, a-b value, and historical M
max
for the interface subduction
sources as input parameters for subduction of Indonesia can be seen in Figure 3.



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Fig. 2: Maximum magnitude and slip rate of influenced seismic source
(Irsyam et al, 2010a and Irsyam et al, 2013)


Fig. 3: Segmentation model and parameter used in subduction Megathrust zone of
Indonesia (Irsyam et al, 2010a)
Gridded (smoothed) seismicity model are used to estimate the rate of occurrence of small earthquakes on
mapped faults and random earthquakes on unmapped faults (Petersen et al., 2008). This model is used to
predict the likelihood of bigger earthquake for region in which lack of seismogenic data but has seismic
activities report from small to moderate earthquakes. Therefore, this model is very suitable to be applied
on unmapped faults, but have historical earthquake records. The composite catalog was used as input for
background seismicity. It was divided into five depth intervals, i.e. shallow earthquakes (0-50 km),
intermediate earthquakes (50100 km and 100150 km), and deep earthquakes (150200 km and 200
300 km) (Irsyam et al, 2010a, Irsyam et al, 2010b and Irsyam et al, 2011).
M.Irsyam et al.
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ATTENUATION FUNCTIONS
Due to insufficient PGA data needed to derive an attenuation function in Indonesia region, therefore, the
use of attenuation functions derived for other regions cannot be avoided. The selection is based on the
similarity on geologic and tectonic conditions where the attenuation functions were developed. Most of
the attenuation functions used in this study are Next Generation Attenuation (NGA) which were derived
using worldwide historical earthquake data. The attenuation functions used in seismic hazard analysis for
each seismic source model are listed below (Irsyam et al 2010a, Irsyam et al, 2011, and Irsyam et al,
2013):
a. Shallow crustal sources, for fault and shallow background sources model:
(1) Boore-Atkinson NGA (Boore dan Atkinson, 2008)
(2) Campbell-Bozorgnia NGA (Campbell dan Bozorgnia, 2008)
(3) Chiou-Youngs NGA (Chiou dan Youngs, 2008)
b. Interface Subduction (Megathrust) sources, for subduction model:
(1) Geomatrix subduction (Youngs et al., SRL, 1997)
(2) Atkinson-Boore BC rock and global source subduction (Atkinson dan Boore, 2003)
(3) Zhao et al., with variable V
s-30
. (Zhao et al., 2006)
c. Benioff sources (deep intraslab), for deep background sources model:
(1) AB intraslab seismicity Cascadia region BC-rock condition (Atkinson-Boore, Cascadia 2003)
(2) Geomatrix slab seismicity rock, 1997 srl. July 25 2006 (Youngs et al., 1997)
(3) AB 2003 intraslab seismicity worldwide data region BC-rock condition (Atkinson-Boore,
Wordwide 2003)
DEVELOPMENT OF NEW SEISMIC HAZARD MAPS
The team has developed deterministic hazard maps for subduction and fault zones and probabilistic maps
for several return periods of earthquakes ground motions at bed rock of Indonesia. Maps of Maximum
Considered Earthquake Geometric Mean (MCE
G
) PGA, Risk-adjusted Maximum Considered Earthquake
(MCE
R
) for 0.2s and 1.0s spectral response acceleration were also developed for revision of earthquake
resistance buildings code of Indonesia SNI 1726-2012.
In order to compare the hazard level after revision with the map contained in SNI-2002, new probabilistic
map with same hazard criteria is evaluated. The result shows significant differences of PGA value after
revision especially for location near active faults. The increase of PGA values is affected by the increase
of maximum magnitudes and other input parameters and by utilizing 3-D earthquake source model. For
example, in SNI-2002, the PGA level at bedrock in Semarang was 0.15 g whereas in the latest map it is
0.20-0.25 g. In Yogyakarta, the previous map show PGA level was 0.15 g whereas it would be 0.25
0.30 g after revision. Significant difference is also shown in Bandung where it was 0.15 0.20 g and it
become 0.30 0.40 g. This results suggests that continuous updating of hazard maps is required.
The team has developed seven probabilistic seismic hazard levels to represent 50, 100, 200, 500, 1,000,
2,500, and 10,000 years return periods of earthquakes and two deterministic hazard maps for subduction
and fault zones. New Indonesian code for building, SNI 1726-2012, follows the concept of MCE
G
used by
ASCE 7-10 for the purpose of geotechnical calculation. It combines both the results from probabilistic
seismic hazard analysis for 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years (2,500 years earthquake) and
deterministic seismic hazard analysis for area located near active fault. Both approaches are utilized
according to the procedure proposed by Leyendecker et al (2000) as shown in Figure 4. The result of
combining both probabilistic and deterministic analyses is called MCE
G
(Maximum Considered
Earthquake Geometric Mean) and is presented in Figure 5.
M.Irsyam et al.
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Fig. 4: The concept of MCE as the result for near-fault criteria (Leyendecker et al,
2000)

Fig. 5: Map of Maximum Considered Earthquake Geometric Mean (MCE
G
) at
bedrock (SB) of Indonesia in SNI 1726-2012
In order to evaluate the seimic hazard for low and high risk structure (e.g. building), the spectral
acceleration maps are required. The team has developed the 0.2s and 1.0s spectral acceleration maps by
taking into account the probability of collapse for a structure. Probability of collapse of a structure is
influenced by the structural capacity that has uncertainty. The uncertainty that includes as site-to-site
variability in the shape of hazard curve, material properties, nonstructural components, etc. will result in a
lack of uniformity in structural capacity (Luco, 2006). In the new Indonesian seismic design code, this
aspect is adopted in line with international codes (e.g., ASCE 7-10, IBC 2012).
The structural capacity of a structure is not easy to determine due to its uncertainty, therefore it is logical
to express it as a probability distribution. A common probability distribution for structural capacity is the
lognormal distribution that parameterized by a logarithmic standar deviation (Luco, 2006). Once the
probability distribution have been developed, the new concept of risk-targeted ground motion as new
value to represent the probability of collapse (P[Collapse]) is possible to determined.
The P[Collapse] at a certain coordinate principally is the risk-integral of the product from the seismic
hazard curve and the probability distribution of structural capacity at that coordinate over all the
acceleration value. For the new national standard, P[Collapse] was targeted in advance to be equal to 1%
in 50 years probability of collapse according to ASCE 7-10. Once the targeted probability of collapse is
determined, the iteration process over the integration calculation is performed to obtain a particular value
of acceleration denoted as Risk-Targeted Ground Motion (RTGM). All the RTGM value from every
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coordinate in Indonesia is then mapped into a Risk-Targeted Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE
R
)
maps as shown in Figure 6 for and Figure 7.
MCE
R
is intended to provide the spectral acceleration value as the hazard spectrum to do the response
spectra analysis for low to high risk building. Procedures to obtain the response spectra at the surface
follows international codes such as ASCE 7-10 or IBC 2012.

Fig. 6: Map of Risk-Targeted Maximum Consider Earthquake (MCE
R
) at bedrock
(SB) of Indonesia at 0.2s Spectral Response Acceleration in SNI 1726-2012

Fig. 7: Map of Risk-Targeted Maximum Consider Earthquake (MCE
R
) at bedrock (SB) of
Indonesia at 1.0s Spectral Response Acceleration in SNI 1726-2012
CONCLUSIONS
Probabilistic and deterministic maps for estimation of seismic hazard in Indonesia have been developed
based upon updated available seismotectonic data, implementing new fault models, incorporating new
ground-motion prediction equations as Next Generation Attenuation (NGA), and dividing seismic sources
into fault, subduction, and background zones. Maps of Maximum Considered Earthquake Geometric
M.Irsyam et al.
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Mean (MCE
G
), Risk-adjusted Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE
R
) for 0.2s and 1.0s spectral
response acceleration have also been produced for the new earthquake resistance building code SNI 1726-
2012.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors gratefully acknowledge the Ministry of Public Works, the Ministry of Research and
Technology, National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) through AIFDR (Australia-Indonesia
Facility for Disaster Reduction ), and USGS for their supports and assistances during this study.
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