Wattmeter A dynamometer type which has uniform scale; Dynamometer Most expensive; Mainly used as wattmeter; Can be used for AC or DC works Permanent Magnet Moving Coil Instruments Can only be applied to DC work only; The reason why its scale is uniform is because it is spring controlled; Springs provide the controlling force; Most sensitive instrument Moving Iron instruments Considered as attraction and repulsion instruments; Typical IFS is 50mA; Typical VFS is 50mV; Uses squared scale; Induction watt-hr meter Most commonly used induction type of instrument Watt-hour meter Is an integrating type of instrumenr Rest When both deflecting and controlling torque act, the pointer of an indicating instrument comes to ______ Deflecting force (for analog ins) Causes the moving system to deflect from its zero position Controlling force (for analog ins) Ensures that the deflection of the pointer for a given value of measured quantity always has the same value Damping force (for analog ins) Quickly brings the moving system to rest in its final position Damping and Controlling Torques Opposes the deflecting torque Damping torque is zero If the pointer is in the final deflected position Thermocouple Instrument where output voltage is proportional to the temperature; An ammeter used to measure high freq currents Thermistor Type of resistor used to measure temp changes with change in resistance Never When should a fuse be replaced by a higher rated unit? Pulse width Time interval that a waveform is High or low is _____ of the signal Pulse delay Time delay between pulses Period The interval of a pulse from start to end CRT Heart of CRO (cathode ray oscilloscope) Wheatstone Bridge Measures resistance accurately; Balanced if there is no current the flows through the load; R1/R2 = R3/R4 Potentiometer Bridge Measures Voltage accurately Maxwell Bridge Measures unknown inductance with in terms of known capacitance; Used to measure medium coils (1<Q<10) Wien Bridge Measures capacitance Electrostatic voltmeter Not operated by passage of current; Used for measuring high direct voltages (say 10KV); Used exclusively as voltmeters Conductor and Non magnetic material Disc is made of ______ is eddy-current damping Peak to Peak Value Oscilloscope provides easy measurement of _____ 1V at 10mW DC voltage provided by a diode sensor 0.1nW to 10mW Typical power range of diode sensor Less the 10mV DC voltage provided by a thermal converter 0.1 to 100mW Typical power range of a thermal converter 0.1uW to 100mW Typical power range of a thermocouple sensors Hot wire instrument _____ has a squared scale. Horizontal Scale For Time Measurement, _____ of the scope is used. Vertical Center When the vertical input is 0, the electron beam may be positioned at the _____ of the screen. Vertical Scale _____ is calibrated in V/cm or mV/cm for amplitude measurements. Grid-dip meter Measures tank circuit frequency Milliamter Operates in the magnetic attraction-repulsion principles Multimeter Provides RMS measurements for sinusoids Kelvin electrostatic meter Fluid friction damping is applied to _______ Negligible The temp coef of resistance of a shunt material is _____ Manganin Shunts are generally made of ____ Aluminum Pointers are generally made of ____ Zero adjust Used to balance both halves of the difference in amplifier or cathode coupled amplifier in VTVM DMM Type of meter that provides precise reading of V,I,R where there is generation of samples at the input and feeds it to a digital read-out Sensitivity The smallest signal that can be reliably measured in VTVTM RSH = (IFS x Rm)/(IT IFS) Rm = internal resistance Lissajous Pattern Pattern displayed by the oscilloscope which has steady state char At half of full Indicating instruments are assumed to be most accurate at _____ part of the scale. At far right 0 mark is located ______ for a simple ohmmeter Resolution The smallest change in applied stimulus that will indicate a detectable change in deflection in an indicating instrument CHAPTER 7 Inductor Cannot be fabricated in IC To produce change in output when an input voltage equals a reference voltage Purpose of comparator in OP-AMP OP-AMP Mostly uses positive feedback; High Zin, Low Zout, BW is infinity, open loop gain is infinity; Most commonly used type of linear IC;
50mW typical power dissipated of OP-AMP; 500mW absolute max rating for OP-AMP interval power dissipation 1V/us typical slew rate of OP-AMP 30V absolute max rating for an OP-AMP differential input voltage 20dB/decade rate of gain reduction in OP-AMP
80nA typical input bias current of 741 OP-AMP 25mA short circuit current output of 741 OP-AMP 0.5V/uS slew rate of 741 OP-AMP 2 - # of power supplies required by 741 OP-AMP
OP-AMP magnitude comparator circuit Doesnt use feedback OP-AMP input bias current Is the average of the 2 base currents uA741C OP-AMP Is used for commercial purposes; Its CMRR = 70dB Voltage follower An OP-AMP circuit that has its output tied directly to the inverting terminal Summing Point in an OP-AMP A terminal of the OP-AMP where the input resistors are commonly connected Ratio of Rf/R must be equal to the reciprocal of the number of inputs Condition to convert a summing amplifier to an averaging amplifier Negative The summing amplifier has 2 or more input and its output voltage is proportional to the _______ of the algebraic sum of its input voltages. Power BW The highest undistorted freq output of an OP-AMP for a given slew rate and peak voltage Less than 1W Power dissipation of most low power linear IC 2 mega ohms Typical input resistance of the OP-AMP when measured under open loop 555 timer Most popular IC in used in timing circuits; Can be used in monostable and astable applications Square wave clock _____ is an astable multivibrator (relaxation oscillator) RC synthesis Technique used to eliminate the need for inductive elements in monolithic IC Single-Stone Monos / Lithos SSI Up to 9 gates MSI 10 to 100 gates LSI More than 100 gates VLSI More than 1000 gates (not sure about these ranges kasi iba yung nasa table summary. pero eto yung sagot sa book) BIFET IC OP-AMP that combines FETS and Bipolar transistors Relaxation oscillator Operates on the principle of the charge and discharging of a capacitor Digital IC Possesses digital signals Linear IC Possesses analog signals Thick Film and Thin Film We can use ____ and _____ if higher power ICs are needed. Common Mode signal Signal that is applied with equal strength to both inputs of a differential amplifier or an OP-AMP -55 to +125 deg Celsius Military and space IC -25 to +85 deg Celsius Industrial IC 0 to +70 deg Celsius Commercial IC Military and Industrial After assembly, the ICs are tested and classified as either ______. (Yung letter C choice is Military or Industrial diba dapat EITHER-OR?) DIP packaging Low in cost; Tiniest packaging known; Ruggedly resists vibration ICs advantages over discrete devices (soldered devices) Lower cost; High reliability; Smaller in size VCO It exhibits a freq that can be varied with a DC control voltage Av = Rc / 2Re Voltage gain of a differential amplifier The difference in VBE values Source of output offset voltage manufacturer Letter-prefix code indicates the ______ Packaging type Letter-suffix code indicates the _________ D, J, N Most common packaging type D packaging suffix for Plastic DIP for surface mounting on a PC board P,N packaging suffix for Plastic DIP for insertion in sockets J packaging suffix for Ceramic DIP 1.5 mils x 3 mils Typical dimension of a MOSFET in a single chip IC 3 mils x 4.5 mils Typical dimension of a DIODE in a single chip IC 4 mils x 6.5 mils Typical dimension of a BJT in a single chip IC It has an inherent current limiting Advantage of a shunt regular type over a series regulator type Flat response Type of response that characterizes a single pole low pass filter Single RC circuit The term pole refers to a ________ in terms of circuit component. Stray wiring capacitance Unwanted capacitance between connecting wires and ground 1M transistors Intel i486 32 bit microprocessor has _________ on a single chip Trip point It is the value of the input voltage that switches the output comparator or Schmitt trigger Virtual ground Type of ground that appears at the inverting input of an OP-AMP that used negative feedback CCD (charge-coupled Capacitor) 1969; by WS Boyle and GE Smith 0.5 to 15GHz Microwave ICs cover the freq range The inverting input is connected to the +5V In a 5V level detector circuit, ______________ Ground To use a comparator for zero-level detection, the inverting input is connected to the ___ Czochralsky Pulling technique Most common method used for the growth of single crystals for IC farbrication Compensating Capacitor Prevents oscillations inside an OP-AMP